Abrogation of the Constitutions and Martial Laws

In Pakistan's political history, there have been several instances of

abrogation of constitutions and the imposition of martial law. These
events have had significant impacts on the country's governance and
democratic development. Here is an overview:

1. First Martial Law (1958):

● Background: The 1956 Constitution was the first constitution

of Pakistan, but it faced challenges due to political instability,
regional disparities, and power struggles.
● Abrogation: On October 7, 1958, President Iskander Mirza,
with the support of the military, abrogated the 1956
Constitution and imposed martial law.
● Outcome: General Ayub Khan assumed control, deposing
Mirza, and served as President. He introduced the 1962
Constitution and ruled until 1969.

2. Second Martial Law (1969):

● Background: The 1962 Constitution introduced by Ayub Khan

established a strong presidential system, but it faced criticism
for concentrating power in the executive and limiting
democratic processes.
● Abrogation: Amidst widespread protests and political unrest,
General Yahya Khan imposed martial law on March 25, 1969,
abrogating the 1962 Constitution.
● Outcome: Yahya Khan's rule saw the tragic events of the
Bangladesh Liberation War in 1971. After the war and the loss
of East Pakistan, Yahya resigned, and Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto took
over as President.
 3. Third Martial Law (1977):

● Background: Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto introduced the 1973

Constitution, which established a parliamentary system and
was seen as a major step toward democracy. However, his rule
faced challenges from the opposition.
● Abrogation: General Zia-ul-Haq staged a military coup on July
5, 1977, suspending the 1973 Constitution and imposing
martial law.
● Outcome: Zia-ul-Haq ruled as President and Chief Martial Law
Administrator. He amended the 1973 Constitution and
introduced Islamic laws, ruling until his death in 1988.

4. Fourth Martial Law (1999):

● Background: Following years of political instability and

corruption allegations, General Pervez Musharraf seized power
on October 12, 1999, overthrowing Prime Minister Nawaz
Sharif.
● Abrogation: Musharraf suspended the 1973 Constitution and
declared himself Chief Executive.
● Outcome: Musharraf ruled until 2008, making several
amendments to the constitution during his tenure.

These periods of martial law disrupted Pakistan's democratic

development and often led to the concentration of power in the hands of
military leaders. The cycles of constitutional abrogation and martial law
have left lasting impacts on the country's political landscape.