KEYNOTES ON

RADIOLOGY & MEDICAL

IMAGING
MACHINES UTILIZING IONIZING
RADIATION
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MACHINES NOT UTILIZING IONIZING
RADIATION
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IMAGE INTERPRETATION
 W G B

XR Dense Lucent

Hyper Iso Hypo

US echoic echoic
echoic

Hyper Iso Hypo

CT dense
dense dense

Hyper Iso Hypo

MRI
intense intense intense
 WATE META
AIR FAT BONE
R L
B B G W W
XR
W G/W B W* W*
US
B B B W W
CT
T1/B
MRI B W B W
T2/W
 HOW TO COMMENT ON AN IMAGE

• Annotations
• Machine used
• Anatomical part
• Xray or sectional
If Xray – orientation
If sectional —Ax COR SAG
• CT or MRI
IF CT – window
If MRI – sequence
• Contrast
 PATIENT POSITIONING

X-RAY US CT MRI
 CM

POSITIVE NEGATIVE

DENSE Iodine, Ba LUCENT AIR

XR XR
HYPERECHO microbubbles HYPOECHOI
US IC
US C
HYPERDENS Idodine, Ba HYODENSE AIR , WATER
CT E
CT
HYPOINTEN Ba
MRI HYPERINTE Gd MRI SE
NSE
 CONTRA INDICATIONS TO
IODINATED IV CONTRAST
• Medication : Metformin
• Renal function
• Pre existing disease: PCC, MM, MG, TT
• History of reaction
• Fasting?
 RADIATION
NATURAL ARTIFICIAL
SOMATIC EFFECTS OF RADIATION

CARCINOGENESIS
CATARACT
SKIN DAMAGE
INFERTILITY
GENETIC EFFECTS
PRINCIPLES OF RADIATION PROTECTION
TIME

DISTANCE

SHIELDING
 ICRP
1 mSv/yr
5 mSv/5y
DOSEMETRY
Devices used to measure ionizing radiation
TLD
PERSONAL PROTECTION
PATIENT PROTECTION
10 DAY RULE
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For women of child-bearing potential, X RAY examinations
should be restricted to the first 10 days of the menstrual cycle.
The rationale is to avoid irradiating a fetus before the mother
realizes that she is pregnant.
CT SCAN
HOW THINGS APPEAR ON
CT
ULTRASONOGRAPHY
POSTERIOR ACOUSTIC
SHADOWING
POSTERIOR ACOUSTIC ENHANCEMENT
 STROKE

ISCHEMIC HGIC
 IC HGE

EXTRA INTRA
AXIAL AXIAL
EPIDURAL HEMATOMA
SUBDURAL HEMATOMA
MRI SEQUENCES
CXR
 THE WHITE LUNG
Consolidation
Interstitial opacities
Nodule or mass
Atelectasis
Pleural collection
 THE BLACK LUNG
COPD
PNEUMOTHORAX
CYSTS
ABDOMINAL XRAY
AXR
 INDICATIONS
• BOWEL OBSTRUCTION
• BOWEL PERFORATION
• STONES
• FOREIGN BODY
• MASSES
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DON'T MAKE IONIZING RADIATION YOUR FIRST
CHOICE