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EXPORT DATE: 25 June 2023
Opoku R., Obeng G.Y., Darkwa J., Kwofie S.

AUTHOR FULL NAMES: Opoku, Richard (36698278900); Obeng, George Y. (26536446800);
Darkwa, Jo (55805429300); Kwofie, Samuel (57216462947)
36698278900; 26536446800; 55805429300; 57216462947
Minimizing heat transmission loads and improving energy efficiency of building
envelopes in sub-Saharan Africa using bio-based composite materials
(2020) Scientific African, 8, art. no. e00358
DOI: 10.1016/j.sciaf.2020.e00358
https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-
85082664826&doi=10.1016%2fj.sciaf.2020.e00358&partnerID=40&md5=581ee66224d18d9e4b54
fa68ba42a7c7
ABSTRACT: Increasing effect of climate change coupled with global warming has
necessitated the need for mechanical cooling in buildings to provide indoor thermal
comfort. Many countries in tropical climates, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa,
use sandcrete blocks for constructing building envelopes which have relatively high
thermal conductivity. This leads to increased heat transmission through the
building walls resulting in increased building electricity consumption using air-
conditioners. This study focused on opportunity of minimizing the thermal
conductivity of sandcrete blocks by mixing it with available bio-based local
materials, specifically treated sawdust and palm fibers. Experiments were conducted
to determine the thermal conductivity, compressive strength and densities of
sandcrete mixed with 10%, 20%, 30% and 40% of treated sawdust and palm fiber to
form building block composites. The study results showed that incorporating the
bio-based material into the sandcrete decreases its density and thermal
conductivity, thereby decreasing the wall heat transmission load. Using a minimum
standard limit of 3 MPa for compressive strength for building envelopes, the
composite samples: S10, P10, P20 and P30 were found to be appropriate to be used to
minimize wall heat transmission. The composite of 70% sandcrete with 30% treated
palm fiber (P30) exhibited the best thermal performance with 38% reduction in
thermal conductivity compared to the control sandcrete block. Maximum wall heat
flux reduction of 52 W/m2 was attained at peak load with the composite P30 compared
to the control sample P0 (100% sandcrete). In addition, using the degree-days
cooling for Ghana, the analysis indicated maximum electricity saving potential of
453.40 kWh per year for an office space cooling using the sandcrete-palm fiber
composite P30 as the building envelope. �0�8 2020
AUTHOR KEYWORDS: Bio-based composite blocks; Compressive strength; Energy efficient
building materials; Thermal conductivity; Wall transmission load
Omoregie A., Alutu O.E.

AUTHOR FULL NAMES: Omoregie, A. (41661856100); Alutu, O.E. (25821884700)
41661856100; 25821884700
The influence of fine aggregate combinations on particle size distribution, grading
parameters, and compressive strength of sandcrete blocks
(2006) Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering, 33 (10), pp. 1271 - 1278
DOI: 10.1139/L06-059
https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-33947498745&doi=10.1139%2fL06-
059&partnerID=40&md5=8a32ef6ca40be22cbfe4ab24884dcd64
ABSTRACT: The current extensive use of low priced fine aggregate (sand) deposits in
sandcrete block making in Nigeria is of concern because there appears to be a level
of ignorance surrounding their existing properties and implications. To this end,
silt contents and some grading parameters of the most commonly used fine aggregate
deposits in parts of midwestern Nigeria (Benin City), the coefficient of uniformity
(Cu), curvature coefficient (Cc), and the fineness modulus (Fm) were derived by
laboratory experiments to ascertain these basic properties. In addition, the
strength and durability properties of sandcrete blocks made from these sands were
also established. It revealed that the low priced sands exhibited worse properties
in comparison to the more expensive sand. As a way of improving the properties of
these frequently used low priced sands, a combination approach was adopted that
used the weaker and commonly used sands with those that are more expensive and less
frequently used. Findings revealed that combining the two created significant
improvement in compressive strength, durability, and grading parameters of low
priced sands with only marginal impact on cost. �0�8 2006 NRC Canada.
AUTHOR KEYWORDS: Compressive strength; Curvature coefficient; Durability; Fine
aggregates; Fineness modulus; Nigeria; Silt contents; Uniformity coefficient
INDEX KEYWORDS: Africa; Nigeria; Sub-Saharan Africa; West Africa; Aggregates;
Compressive strength; Durability; Particle size analysis; Sand; Silt; Aggregates;
Compressive strength; Durability; Particle size analysis; Silt; aggregate;
compressive strength; durability; particle size; sand; Curvature coefficient;
Fineness modulus; Grading parameters; Sandcrete blocks; Uniformity coefficient;
Sand
Awolusi T.F., Oke L.O., Akinkurolere O.O., Ubani D.P., Bamisaye R.T., Aluko O.G.
AUTHOR FULL NAMES: Awolusi, Temitope Funmilayo (57196152185); Oke, Lanre Oluwaseyi
(57204846236); Akinkurolere, Olufunke Olanike (14832305000); Ubani, Dawodu Prince
(57219187675); Bamisaye, Raphael Temitayo (57219185975); Aluko, Oluwatobi Gbenga
(57205260185)
57196152185; 57204846236; 14832305000; 57219187675; 57219185975; 57205260185
The Application of Response Surface Methodology in Understanding the Compressive
Strength and Water Absorption Capacity of Sandcrete Blocks
(2021) Silicon, 13 (11), pp. 4123 - 4132
DOI: 10.1007/s12633-020-00701-0
85091613823&doi=10.1007%2fs12633-020-00701-
0&partnerID=40&md5=e2716be47f69560097563f7725a923a5
ABSTRACT: It becomes pertinent to improve the performance of sandcrete blocks with

the use of eco-friendly material because it is the conventional walling unit system
in Nigeria. This study evaluates the presence of calcined clay as a locally sourced
material in producing hollow sandcrete blocks, using the Box and Behnken Design of
Response Surface Methodology as experimental design. The design considers three
independent variables, which are; percentage calcined clay, binder to aggregate
ratio, and curing days. Calcined clay was used as a partial replacement for cement,
and varied between 0% and 40%. The binder-aggregate ratio was varied between 0.125
and 0.25, while the curing days was varied between 28 and 90. The result of the X-
ray fluorescence (XRF) analysis before and after calcination shows that visual
observation of color change and the samples have similar pozzolanic content. The
density of the sandcrete blocks produced ranged from 2146.46�0�2kg/m3to
2209.60�0�2kg/m3. Previous studies have shown that an increase in the percentage of
cement replacement with pozzolana causes a reduction in density. However,
experimental results obtained show that the density was not impaired by the
replacement of cement with calcined clay. Besides, the water absorption results
were far less than the maximum value of 12% specified by the Nigerian Industrial
Standard (NIS). The compressive strength also exceeds the minimum amount set by the
NIS. From the RSM analysis, a prediction model and an optimal condition of 16%
calcined clay, binder to aggregate ratio of 0.20, and curing days of 61 were
achieved for compressive strength. Keywords sandcrete blocks; calcined clay; binder
to aggregate ratio; curing days; compressive strength. �0�8 2020, Springer Nature
B.V.
AUTHOR KEYWORDS: Binder to aggregate ratio; Calcined clay; Compressive strength;
Curing days; Sandcrete blocks
INDEX KEYWORDS: Aggregates; Calcination; Cements; Curing; Predictive analytics;
Sandwich structures; Surface properties; Water absorption; Binder-aggregate ratio;
Eco-friendly materials; Independent variables; Industrial standards; Locally
sourced materials; Response surface methodology; Water absorption capacity; X ray
fluorescence analysis; Compressive strength
Bamigboye G.O., Michaels T., Ede A.N., Ngene B.U., Nwanko C., Davies I.
AUTHOR FULL NAMES: Bamigboye, G.O. (57190001377); Michaels, T. (57212385251); Ede,
A.N. (56299797200); Ngene, B.U. (56915976400); Nwanko, C. (57212382722); Davies, I.
(57203116354)
57190001377; 57212385251; 56299797200; 56915976400; 57212382722; 57203116354
The Role of Construction Materials in Building Collapse in Nigeria: A Review
(2019) Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 1378 (4), art. no. 042022
DOI: 10.1088/1742-6596/1378/4/042022
https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85077769221&doi=10.1088%2f1742-
6596%2f1378%2f4%2f042022&partnerID=40&md5=a9972638e5709387b973a12849ee7495
ABSTRACT: Building failure or collapse happens both in the developed and developing
countries but the rate of occurrence in the developing country such as Nigeria is
quite alarming and therefore call concern. The menace of building collapse in
Nigeria is very alarming and appalling. Building collapse in Nigeria has become the
norms they are easily swept under the carpet whenever it occurs. It is rather
unfortunate that both human and economic loss we record each time there is a
failure or building collapse is rather humongous. There is also a lot of blame game
among professional stakeholders in the industry once failure or collapse of
building occur and unfortunately, there is no proper scientific investigation in
most developing countries such as Nigeria to ascertain the cause of failure or
collapse as the case may be in order to avoid any future occurrence. In the cause
of this review, it was discovered that building materials such as reinforcing
steel, cement, sand, granite, sandcrete blocks and concrete play huge important
role in either the collapse or stability of buildings in Nigeria. The roles of
these materials are so vital that they contribute immensely to the collapse of
buildings. It was concluded that 10-25% of buildings that collapse in Nigeria are
as a result of the use of poor quality building materials. The review has
extensively dealt with building collapse in relation with the role of building
materials during construction. �0�8 Published under licence by IOP Publishing Ltd.
AUTHOR KEYWORDS: building; Collapse; construction materials
INDEX KEYWORDS: Building materials; Buildings; Concrete blocks; Developing
countries; Losses; Safety engineering; Building collapse; Building failure;
Collapse; Economic loss; In-buildings; Reinforcing steels; Sandcrete blocks;
Scientific investigation; Construction
Abanda H., Tah J.H.M., Elambo Nkeng G.

AUTHOR FULL NAMES: Abanda, H. (23466278300); Tah, J.H.M. (6701862415); Elambo
Nkeng, G. (56884588100)
23466278300; 6701862415; 56884588100
Earth-block versus sandcrete-block houses: Embodied energy and CO2 assessment.
Embodied energy and CO2 assessment.
(2015) Eco-efficient Masonry Bricks and Blocks: Design, Properties and Durability,
pp. 481 - 514
DOI: 10.1016/B978-1-78242-305-8.00022-X
https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84942900957&doi=10.1016%2fB978-
1-78242-305-8.00022-X&partnerID=40&md5=e38619e43ee281fded18a8d7e367ce02
ABSTRACT: The extraction of materials for the construction of buildings consumes

embodied energy and emits CO2 that impacts negatively on the environment. With the
recent interest in sustainability, most building regulations, policies, codes and
standards require buildings to achieve some stated levels of environmental
performance. In Cameroon, a West-Central African country, studies about the
assessment of embodied energy and CO2 of building projects are scarce. Hence,
professionals find it difficult to make informed decisions about the environmental
performance levels of materials in their different building projects. In this
study, the embodied energy and CO2 of earth-block and sandcrete-block houses, two
of the most popular housing types in Cameroon, have been assessed. This is achieved
by using a process analysis approach. Revit, a popular building information
modeling (BIM) software, was used to validate the computational results obtained
using the process analysis approach. The findings revealed that the embodied energy
and CO2 for the earth-block house are 137,934.91MJ (2007.8MJ/m2) and 15,665.56kgCO2
(228.03kgCO2/m2), and for the sandcrete-block house are 292,326.81MJ (3065.51MJ/m2)
and 37,829.19kgCO2 (396.7kgCO2/m2), respectively. Thus, the sandcrete-block house
expends at least 1.5 times more embodied energy and emits at least 1.7 times more
embodied CO2 than the earth-block house. Although these findings cannot be
generalized, they nonetheless indicate the importance of considering embodied
energy and CO2 in making alternative choices for use in different building
projects. �0�8 2015 Elsevier Ltd All rights reserved.
AUTHOR KEYWORDS: BIM; Cameroon; Earth-block house; Embodied CO<sub>2</sub>;
Embodied energy
INDEX KEYWORDS: Building codes; Carbon dioxide; Environmental management;
Environmental regulations; Houses; Sustainable development; Building Information
Model - BIM; Cameroon; Computational results; Construction of buildings; Earth
blocks; Embodied CO2; Embodied energy; Environmental performance; Architectural
design
Odigure J.O.
AUTHOR FULL NAMES: Odigure, Joseph O. (6603917778)
6603917778
Deterioration of long-serving cement-based sandcrete structures in Nigeria
(2002) Cement and Concrete Research, 32 (9), pp. 1451 - 1455
DOI: 10.1016/S0008-8846(02)00802-5
https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0036721921&doi=10.1016%2fS0008-
8846%2802%2900802-5&partnerID=40&md5=442d2a81f08a1419a2e64f7e1d3263dd
ABSTRACT: The fall in living standard of the Nigerian citizenry, starting from the
mid-1980s, has encouraged massive importation of secondhand goods, most especially
industrial machines, cars, motorcycles, etc. It is a well-known fact that the
majority of these equipment are very inefficient and produce a lot of pollutants
(Cl-, SO2, CO2, CO, NxOy, etc), particularly as a result of incomplete fuel
combustion. The presence of these pollutants has contributed not only to the
depreciation of the people's quality of life, but also to the degradation of
cement-based structures' physicochemical, mechanical and aesthetic qualities. This
paper is aimed at developing a deterministic model, based on a mechanism of cement
corrosion, to predict the deterioration of cement-based structures in Nigeria. The
developed model equation showed that intensive diffusion of pollutants takes place
within 0- to 10-mm-depth of the sandcrete block. It represents the relationship
between concentration of pollutant and depth of their penetration and gives a
comparative measure of the ease of diffusion of the latter into the structure at
various depths. Variation in the type of pollutant and possible reaction, including
leaching need to be considered in order to develop an acceptable model. �0�8 2002
Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
AUTHOR KEYWORDS: Degradation; Diffusion; Hydration products; Kinetics; Pollutants
INDEX KEYWORDS: Combustion; Degradation; Deterioration; Diffusion; Hydration;
Pollution induced corrosion; Pollutants; Sandcrete structures; Cements
Oyebisi S., Ede A., Ofuyatan O., Oluwafemi J., Akinwumi I.

AUTHOR FULL NAMES: Oyebisi, Solomon (57200627228); Ede, Anthony (56299797200);
Ofuyatan, Olatokunbo (57172954100); Oluwafemi, John (57203504051); Akinwumi, Isaac
(55923337600)
57200627228; 56299797200; 57172954100; 57203504051; 55923337600
Comparative study of corncob ash-based lateritic interlocking and sandcrete hollow
blocks
(2018) International Journal of GEOMATE, 15 (51), pp. 209 - 216
DOI: 10.21660/2018.51.45918
85048803903&doi=10.21660%2f2018.51.45918&partnerID=40&md5=ead562f1eb4fa7abd49d83cb9
c844a9e
ABSTRACT: The high cost of conventional walling materials, increase in emission of

CO2 due to cement production and improper disposal of corncob lead to persistent
bottlenecks in low-cost and sustainable housing delivery, environmental pollution,
and agricultural wastage respectively. This study investigates the use of corncob
ash (CCA) as cement additive in producing lateritic interlocking blocks (LIB) and
compares its physical characteristics and production cost with Sandcrete hollow
block (SHB). Portland limestone cement (PLC) was replaced by CCA in varying
percentages 5, 10 and 15%. The density, compressive strength and water absorption
of the blocks were determined and compared with the Nigerian standard requirements
and specifications. The experimental results showed optimal strength at 3% PLC and
10% CCA with a compressive strength of 4.13MPa, water absorption of 6.60% and
density of 1869.47Kgm-3 at 28 days curing for LIB. For 450mm �� 225mm �� 225mm SHB,
compressive strength, water absorption and density at 28 days curing were 3.86MPa,
4.69%, and 1849.95Kgm-3 respectively. All the blocks produced satisfied the
recommendations of both the Nigerian Building and Road Research Institute and the
Nigerian Industrial Standards. The cost per square meter of SHB and LIB was 4.62
USD and 2.35 USD respectively. The experimental results indicated that LIBs have
better strength and are cheaper than SHBs. Recycling of CCA as a supplement
material seems to be a feasible solution not only to the problem of adopting
indigenous waste material in the production of LIB but also to the environmental
problem. �0�8 2018, Int. J. of GEOMATE.
AUTHOR KEYWORDS: Compressive strength; Corncob ash; Lateritic interlocking block;
Portland-limestone cement; Sandcrete hollow block
Cisse I.K., Laquerbe M.

AUTHOR FULL NAMES: Cisse, I.K. (6701811322); Laquerbe, M. (6701405487)
6701811322; 6701405487
Mechanical characterization of filler sandcretes with rice husk ash additions.
Study applied to Senegal
DOI: 10.1016/S0008-8846(99)00182-9
https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0033908128&doi=10.1016%2fS0008-
8846%2899%2900182-9&partnerID=40&md5=fed84e05330370ca2295520214931c5a
ABSTRACT: To capitalize on the local materials of Senegal (agricultural and

industrial wastes, residual fines from crushing process, sands from dunes, etc.),
rise husk ash and residues of industrial and agricultural wastes have been used as
additions in sandcretes. The mechanical resistance of sandcrete blocks obtained
when unground ash (and notably the ground ash) is added reveals that there is an
increase in performance over the classic mortar blocks. In addition, the use of
unground rice husk ash enables production of a lightweight sandcrete with
insulating properties, at a reduced cost. The ash pozzolanic reactivity explains
the high strengths obtained.
INDEX KEYWORDS: Crushing; Fillers; Hulls (seed coverings); Pozzolan; Filler
sandcretes; Rice husk ash; Concrete additives
Srisaisoruban S., Jamesbager S., Kajalakshi M., Priyadarshana M.S.T.

AUTHOR FULL NAMES: Srisaisoruban, S. (57939248000); Jamesbager, S. (57939930500);
Kajalakshi, M. (57939248100); Priyadarshana, M.S.T. (57336465100)
57939248000; 57939930500; 57939248100; 57336465100
Evaluate the Feasibility for Making of Non-load Bearing Blocks Using Plastic Waste
as Partial Replacement for Fine Aggregate
(2023) Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering, 266, pp. 589 - 602
DOI: 10.1007/978-981-19-2886-4_42
981-19-2886-4_42&partnerID=40&md5=ecd21c0ace3bd3398bf273d8575c90a9
ABSTRACT: Solid waste disposal can contribute to the problem of environmental

degradation. Most of the waste material is plastic-based because nature is not
susceptible to plastic degradation. Numerous studies have been conducted to
overcome the issue of the reuse of plastic waste in various fields such as civil
engineering and construction. In this study, rejected polythene packaging covers
from the manufacturing industry were used for partially replacing the sand in
cement-sand non-load bearing block production. The high-density polyethylene (HDPE)
and low-density polyethylene (LDPE) raw plastic waste used in this study were
obtained from a packaging factory ��Cleanpoly Packaging Pvt. Ltd, Kegalle,�� and
they were obtained in the fine particle size form from the ��GREEN EARTH Waste
Management Technologies Pvt Ltd, Negombo.�� About 1:6 cement-sand mix design and
0.45 water-cement ratio were maintained with partial replacement of recycled
plastic waste instead of sand in the percentages 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, and 35%,
respectively, for the sandcrete block production. All specimens were included for
testing and for determining the compressive strength, split tensile strength, and
water absorption at the 7th and 28th days. The density of the specimens was also
measured. The findings show that specimens with 15% recycled plastic waste partial
replacement at 28�0�2days of age curing show the highest compressive strength and
highest tensile strength which are 3.39�0�2N/mm2 and 0.38�0�2N/mm2 compared to the
controlled specimen 2.8�0�2N/mm2 and 0.28�0�2N/mm2, respectively. �0�8 2023, The
Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.
AUTHOR KEYWORDS: Compressive strength; Recycled plastic waste (RPW); Sandcrete
INDEX KEYWORDS: Compressive strength; High density polyethylenes; Particle size;
Sand; Tensile strength; Tensile testing; Waste disposal; Water absorption; Bearing
block; Fine aggregates; Non-load bearings; Partial replacement; Plastic
degradation; Plastics waste; Recycled plastic waste; Recycled plastics; Sandcrete;
Solid waste disposal; Cements
Abejide O.S.
AUTHOR FULL NAMES: Abejide, O.S. (6507612532)
6507612532
Solid soilcrete blocks for low-cost buildings: A Nigerian case study: Results of
tests comprehensively indicate that solid soilcrete blocks of standard size
fabricated from lateritic soils give high compressive strength similar to that of
sandcrete building blocks
(1997) Building Research and Information, 25 (2), pp. 115 - 119
DOI: 10.1080/096132197370516
5844291800&doi=10.1080%2f096132197370516&partnerID=40&md5=75ad2763e2bc9854dd83485fb
81f0010
ABSTRACT: The main component of the investigated block is a lateritic soil deposit
obtained below the layer of vegetable top soil. The case study is a useful guide in
recording case study knowledge in a number of countries and will enable low-cost
housing to be constructed safely using local material and labour.
AUTHOR KEYWORDS: Lateritic; Nigeria; Soilcrete blocks; Tests
Awolusi T.F., Oguntayo D.O., Babalola O.E., Oke O.L., Akinkurolere O.O.
AUTHOR FULL NAMES: Awolusi, T.F. (57196152185); Oguntayo, D.O. (57219695308);
Babalola, O.E. (57033851000); Oke, O.L. (57204846236); Akinkurolere, O.O.
(14832305000)
57196152185; 57219695308; 57033851000; 57204846236; 14832305000
Investigation of micronized laterite sandcrete block compressive strength
(2021) Case Studies in Construction Materials, 14, art. no. e00530
DOI: 10.1016/j.cscm.2021.e00530
85102625245&doi=10.1016%2fj.cscm.2021.e00530&partnerID=40&md5=9616667142e14bd1c85e7
d8e97a63eae
ABSTRACT: The demand for affordable and eco-friendly construction materials is on

the increase. Using locally source materials in construction will result in budget
and environmentally friendly structures. In this study, the effect of incorporation
of micronized laterite in hollow sandcrete block was investigated using a sandcrete
block of 450 �� 150 �� 225 mm size, with mix ratio of 1:6, water-binder ratio of
0.5. The cement was partially replaced with micronized laterite at 0%, 10 %, 20 %,
and 30 % by volume fraction. The material properties of Micronized Laterite
Sandcrete Block (MLSB) including density, compressive strength at room and elevated
temperatures were investigated. Results showed a decrease in density and
compressive strength with increasing Micronized Laterite (ML) content in the mix,
indicating that the micronized laterite did not improve the compressive strength of
the sandcrete block. However, compressive strength of sandcrete obtained with
micronized laterite replacement up to 20 % is satisfactory and satisfies the
standard specified by the National Building Code (NBC) in Nigeria. Furthermore,
micronized laterite has shown to be suitable for replacing cement in sandcrete
block production and gives better performance over conventional sandcrete block
where lightweight walling system is desired. �0�8 2021 The Authors
AUTHOR KEYWORDS: Cement; Compressive strength; Density; Micronized laterite;
Sandcrete block
INDEX KEYWORDS: Budget control; Building codes; Cement industry; Cements; Soils;
Eco-friendly construction; Elevated temperature; National Building Code; Nigeria;
Sandcrete; Sandcrete blocks; Source material; Water binder ratio; Compressive
strength
Ogunbayo B., Aigbavboa C.

AUTHOR FULL NAMES: Ogunbayo, Babatunde (57200441689); Aigbavboa, Clinton
(54956705100)
57200441689; 54956705100
Quality assessment of sandcrete blocks produced with river sand in Ogun State,
Nigeria
(2019) International Conference on Construction in the 21st Century
85101639151&partnerID=40&md5=7189ff3c6f93cd2d10a8786173b5e4f7
ABSTRACT: In Nigeria construction industry sandcrete block is an important building

material, it is used in the construction of the building and other useful physical
infrastructure. Many of the sandcrete blocks are produced at different location and
environment using different aggregate materials without resort to the minimum
quality standard expected of the sandcrete block. It is on this bases that the
study assessed the quality of sandcrete block produced with river sand in order to
determine their compliance level to the standard expected of a sandcrete block.
Eighteen (18) numbers of sandcrete blocks of size 225mmx225mmx450mm were gotten
from three different production locations in Ifo, Ogun state Nigeria. Sieve
analyses, bulk density, silt content, and the compressive test was carried out to
determine the property quality of aggregate material (river sand) used for the
production of the blocks and its strength. The result shows that the aggregate
material used was of good quality suitable for the production of the sandcrete
block. The result also shows that the average compressive strength of 1.16N/mm2 for
sandcrete blocks from different production sites does not meet up with the minimum
requirement for sandcrete block compressive strength as stipulated by NIS 2007 and
ISO 848492-1994. The study revealed that the quality of the block produced is not
affected by the quality of aggregate used but by poor quality control of aggregate
and other materials used in the production of the blocks. It further revealed that
the block quality is also affected by shoddy/improper curing of blocks produced.
The study, therefore, concluded that regulatory and professional bodies should
organize seminars for the local producers of sandcrete blocks on the best practice
of producing quality blocks in meeting the required quality standard for
construction work to avoid structural cracks and collapsing of building. �0�8 2019
International Conference on Construction in the 21st Century. All Rights Reserved.
AUTHOR KEYWORDS: Bulk density; Compressive strength; Sandcrete block; Sieve
analysis; Silt content
Onuamah P.
AUTHOR FULL NAMES: Onuamah, Patrick (57204038149)
57204038149
Development and optimization of mechanical strength model of cement-laterite-sand
solid sandcrete blocks
(2016) REHABEND, 2016-May, pp. 1040 - 1051
85054184210&partnerID=40&md5=0cb29f1fbc6e380148724d823fdcd3d5
ABSTRACT: This investigation delves into the model development and optimization of
the compressive strength of 67/33 laterite/sand solid sandcrete block. Laterite is
a reddish soil layer often belying the top soil in many locations and further
deeper in some areas. The study applies the Scheffe��s optimization approach to
obtain a mathematical model of the form f(xi1,xi2,xi3,,xi4), where xi are
proportions of the concrete components, viz: cement, laterite, sand and water.
Scheffe��s experimental design techniques are followed to mould various solid block
samples measuring 450mm x 225mm x 150mm and tested for 28 days strength. The task
involved experimentation and design, applying the second order polynomial
characterization process of the simplex lattice method. The experimental design
model is �0�8c = 2.06X1+ 2.25X2 + 2.13X3 + 2.67X4-0.77X1X2-0.71X1X3-2.70X1X4
+1.58X2X3-1.97X2X4-1.61X3X4. The model adequacy is checked using the control
factors. Finally a software is prepared to handle the design computation process to
take the desired property of the mix, and generate the optimal mix ratios. �0�8
2016, University of Cantabria - Building Technology R&D Group. All rights reserved.
AUTHOR KEYWORDS: Optimization; Pseudo-component; Sandcrete; Simplex-lattice;
Transformation matrix
Agbede I.O., Joel M.

AUTHOR FULL NAMES: Agbede, Isaac Olufemi (25923309000); Joel, Manasseh
(25923407200)
25923309000; 25923407200
Use of cement-sand admixture in laterite brick production for low cost housing
(2008) Leonardo Electronic Journal of Practices and Technologies, 7 (12), pp. 163 -
174
57549114869&partnerID=40&md5=cc634bd80632b6a2c0cfe9039d9bc19d
ABSTRACT: Laterite was modified with 45% sand content by dry weight and stabilized
with up to 9% cement content respectively and used in the production of 330 mm ��
150 mm �� 150 mm bricks through the application of a pressure of 3 N/mm2 with a
brick moulding machine. Results showed that laterite used in this study cannot be
stabilized for brick production within the economic cement content of 5% specified
for use in Nigeria. However, bricks made with laterite admixed with 45% sand and 5%
cement attained a compressive strength of 1.80 N/mm2 which is greater than the
specified minimum strength value of 1.65 N/mm2. Cost comparison of available
walling materials in Makurdi metropolis showed that the use of bricks made from 45%
sand and 5% cement resulted in a saving of 30 - 47% when compared with the use of
sandcrete blocks while the use of fired clay bricks resulted in a savings of 19%
per square meter of wall. The study therefore recommends the use of laterite bricks
in Makurdi and other locations because it is more economical and environmental
friendly than fired clay bricks.
AUTHOR KEYWORDS: Brick production; Cement; Laterite; Sand
Lasisi F., Osunade J.A.
AUTHOR FULL NAMES: Lasisi, Fola (6602481065); Osunade, J.A. (6602571992)
6602481065; 6602571992
Effect of grain size on the strength of cubes made from lateritic soils
(1984) Building and Environment, 19 (1), pp. 55 - 58
DOI: 10.1016/0360-1323(84)90014-3
1323%2884%2990014-3&partnerID=40&md5=097f5b335f2d48298248ebc8a001d872
ABSTRACT: Lateritic soils are known to be available in large quantities and in

different types all over Nigeria, in particular, and in most tropical countries all
over the world in general. This paper reports the results of the investigations
carried out on the grain size effect on the strength properties of the cubes made
from lateritic soils without cement stabilization. This is with the view to
recommending the production of blocks from graded lateritic soils in supplementing
sandcrete blocks in the building construction industry, especially for low-cost or
rural housing. Sieve analysis of soil samples collected from three different
locations has been carried out. It is on the basis of the results obtained that
five different grain sizes of each soil sample have been chosen for this
investigation. The compressive strenghts of cubes made from each grain size range
have been established. The relationship between the strength characteristics of the
cubes and the sources of the lateritic soils used for making the cubes has also
been investigated. It is found that the finer grained samples had more strength.
This finding could have been predicted due to the additional cohesiveness from
finer elements in the clay zone. �0�8 1984.
INDEX KEYWORDS: MATERIALS TESTING; PARTICLE SIZE ANALYSIS - Monitoring; LATERITIC
SOIL BLOCKS; LOW-COST BUILDING MATERIALS; SOILS
Hagan J.K., Adomako K., Olympio S.O.

AUTHOR FULL NAMES: Hagan, J.K. (37461175200); Adomako, K. (36704435500); Olympio,
S.O. (55795957800)
37461175200; 36704435500; 55795957800
Effect of incorporation of heat-tolerant genes into Lohmann Brown layers on egg
production and quality under hot and humid environments
(2013) Indian Journal of Animal Sciences, 83 (7), pp. 725 - 729
84880323668&partnerID=40&md5=79d9f399c19cd03e905b0d4078afc4a5
ABSTRACT: A breed development strategy aimed at incorporating naked-neck and

frizzle genes into Lohmann Brown layers to make them more productive even under
warm and humid environment is underway at Akate Farms in Kumasi, Ghana. The present
experiment was carried out to find out the effect of the genes on egg production in
hot and humid environments. Three genetic groups comprising naked-neck, frizzle,
their normally feathered sibs were obtained after 4 successive generations of
crossing. In this present experiment, a total of 360, 16-week old pullets, 90 each
of the 3 groups in addition to pure Lohmann Brown layer lines (used as the genetic
control group) were selected randomly and assigned to a completely randomized
design experiment with 3 replicates, with 30 birds in each replicate group and kept
up to 72 weeks. The birds were kept in a partitioned open-sided deep-litter house
constructed with sandcrete blocks with 30 pullets in each compartment. They were
fed ad lib with layer diets containing 18% crude protein and 2800 Kcal ME/kg.
Results obtained showed that the Lohmann brown layers (used as the control group)
were significantly superior in terms of rate of lay, egg mass, egg weight and feed
efficiency, but were however significantly inferior in egg quality as compared to
their counterparts with the naked-neck and frizzle traits. Within the genetic
groups with the heat-tolerant traits, the naked-neck layers out-performed their
frizzle and normally feathered sibs in terms of the egg production parameters
measured even though they all segregated from similar parents.
AUTHOR KEYWORDS: Crossbred; Frizzle; Lohmann Brown; Naked-neck; Normally feathered;
Phenotypes
Khan W., Fahim M., Zaman S., Khan S.W., Badrashi Y.I., Khan F.
AUTHOR FULL NAMES: Khan, Wajid (58280007500); Fahim, Muhammad (57193877897); Zaman,
Saeed (57221961765); Khan, Sajjad Wali (57201983307); Badrashi, Yasir Irfan
(55348733100); Khan, Fayaz (57217988336)
58280007500; 57193877897; 57221961765; 57201983307; 55348733100; 57217988336
Use of Rice Husk Ash as Partial Replacement of Cement in Sandcrete Blocks
(2021) Advances in Science and Technology Research Journal, 15 (2), pp. 101 - 107
DOI: 10.12913/22998624/133470
85122070434&doi=10.12913%2f22998624%2f133470&partnerID=40&md5=be8c4e122dbf72d8f2e24
8487bbc87ae
ABSTRACT: This paper presents the outcome of a research study aimed at the
performance evaluation of rice husk ash as partial replacement of cement in
sandcrete blocks used as masonry units. Rice husk from the rice cultivated in the
North of Pakistan was used in the study. It was first combusted in a locally
manufactured incinerator to convert it into rice husk ash (RHA) and then finely
ground to powder form for use with cement. Blocks with the size of 305��203��152 mm
were molded with 0, 10, 30, 40 and 50% replacement of cement with RHA to find
compressive strength at 3, 7, 14 and 28 days age of curing. The results showed that
water requirement for the required workability of the sandcrete increased along
with the RHA content, whereas the compressive strength decreased with increase in
RHA content. However, the comparison of compressive strengths of RHA sandcrete
blocks with the strength of commercial concrete blocks available in the market and
used as masonry units in Pakistan showed that sandcrete blocks having the sand to
binder ratio of 1:8 and using up to 40% of RHA as replacement of cement gave larger
compres-sive strength than that of commercial concrete blocks and only marginally
lower strength for 50% replacement. �0�8 2021, Politechnika Lubelska. All rights
reserved.
AUTHOR KEYWORDS: Compressive strength; Masonry units; Pozzolanic; Rise husk ash;
Sandcrete blocks
Tetteh G.M., Tetteh H.N.

AUTHOR FULL NAMES: Tetteh, G.M. (57195353115); Tetteh, H.N. (57195352396)
57195353115; 57195352396
Strength analysis with respect to mode of preparation of concrete and sandcrete
blocks
(2017) International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology, 8 (7), pp. 1263 -
1272
85027398583&partnerID=40&md5=13fe5e8cc39fe127f41df6986e4f224e
ABSTRACT: Concrete and sandcrete blocks produced from known proportions of cement,
coarse and fine aggregates and which were left to cure for various days, were
evaluated for changes in weight and uniaxial compressive strength (UCS). The
strength of the blocks made from various proportions of materials (cement: coarse
aggregate: fine aggregate) was highest for 1:2:1; moderate for combination of
1:2:2; and least for 1:2:4 mixtures. Hence, higher quantity of coarse aggregate in
mixtures produced higher strength of blocks. Again higher strength was realised
after 28 days curing on mixing ratios of 1:3:2 and 1:2:3; moderate for a
combination of 1:0.5:3; and least for 1:3:0.5, 1:2:4 and 1:4:2. Weight of blocks
was generally reduced with increase of curing days though this was irregular in
concrete blocks. Density of concrete blocks ranged between 2.30 and 2.70 and for
sandcrete blocks it ranged between 1.60 and 2.20. �0�8 IAEME Publication.
AUTHOR KEYWORDS: Aggregates; And Weight; Cement; Concrete; Sandcrete; Uniaxial
Compressive Strength
Aguwa J.I.
AUTHOR FULL NAMES: Aguwa, James Isiwu (36730800400)
36730800400
Performance of laterite-cement blocks as walling units in relation to sandcrete
blocks
(2010) Leonardo Electronic Journal of Practices and Technologies, 9 (16), pp. 189 -
200
78650973080&partnerID=40&md5=987c37ad452e388067770ec3727bcd33
ABSTRACT: A study of the performance of laterite-cement blocks as walling materials

in relation to those of sandcrete was conducted, for the purpose of establishing a
cheaper building material in Minna, Niger state, Nigeria and surrounding towns, in
the present ever increasing cost of building material. An A-2-6 laterite according
to the AASHTO classification system was stabilized with 0-10% cement content by
weight of the soil at a constant interval of 2% to produce 20 blocks of size 100mm
�� 100mm �� 100mm for each mix. One hundred laterite-cement blocks were produced,
cured under laboratory conditions and subjected to compressive strength test at 7,
14, 21, and 28-days of age, in five applications for each cement mix ratio. The
average compressive strength was determined from five blocks crushed in each mix at
every age of curing and the same procedure was repeated using sandcrete blocks. At
a common cement content of 6%, the compressive strengths, densities, water
absorption and the cost per square metre of wall for both types of blocks were
determined. The study recommends the use of lateritecement blocks as walling
materials in Minna and environs because it has better engineering properties and
more economical with a saving of 30% per square metre of wall when compared with
the use of sandcrete blocks.
AUTHOR KEYWORDS: Blocks; Laterite-cement; Mix; Performance; Sandcrete; Walling-
units
Alabo E.H., Dike C.A., Ikechi S.P.

AUTHOR FULL NAMES: Alabo, E.H. (6506261762); Dike, C.A. (6602397173); Ikechi, S.P.
(6503971994)
6506261762; 6602397173; 6503971994
Effects of partial replacement of cement in light weight concrete (sandcrete)
blocks by a known pozzolan
(1998) Discovery and Innovation, 10 (3-4), pp. 225 - 232
DOI: 10.4314/dai.v10i3.15519
3042905918&doi=10.4314%2fdai.v10i3.15519&partnerID=40&md5=4242137cfb0e1a272ace08f3c
1f243bb
ABSTRACT: Nigeria depends heavily on imported Portland cement at huge costs in

foreign exchange (about 9 million tonnes annually) for its construction works,
because local supply is inadequate, (about 3 million tonnes annually). As a result
Of the above, substitutes and supplements for cement are being researched into and
one of such is a pozzolan from the mangrove swamp of the Niger Delta. The purpose
of this study is first to investigate the possibility of replacing substantial
amounts of ordinary Portland cement (OPC) in light weight concrete (sandcrete)
blocks with the pozzolan, and secondly to determine the effects of such a
replacement on the strength, density, shrinkage and fire-resistance properties of
the resulting sandcrete blocks. Samples for the project were obtained from the
mangrove swamp behind the Rivers State University of Science and Technology, Port
Harcourt. The pozzolan was used in increasing percentages to replace Portland
cement in normal sandcrete mixes. The blocks produced were air/and moist cured for
7 and 28 days respectively and tested for compressive strength, density, shrinkage
and fire-resistance. For a constant workability, the pozzolan - cement mix required
more water and gave a comparatively higher strength as shown by the MT17/8.61 and
MT17/9. Results demonstrated that for both air and moist cured samples, about 15-
20% by weight of cement requirement can be replaced by the pozzolan without
appreciable loss in strength at the ages of curing. There was a considerable
reduction in the average density of the pozzolan-cement blocks when moist cured.
Thus to achieve greater density and strength air curing should be preferred. The
value of shrinkage increased with increase in the pozzolan content of the blocks.
While the increase in fire-resistance with higher pozzolan content was controlled
by moist curing.
AUTHOR KEYWORDS: Air curing; Compressive strength; Concrete blocks; Density; Fire-
resistance; Portland cement; Pozzolan; Sandcrete; Shrinkage
Advances in Materials and Systems Technologies II; from the 2008 International
Conference on Engineering Research and Development: Innovations, ICERD 2008
(2009) Advanced Materials Research, 62-64
70349381932&partnerID=40&md5=7dba77b383f07cc1fc71b6e4be02ce56
ABSTRACT: The proceedings contain 109 papers. The topics discussed include: lime
stabilization of black cotton soil using bagasse ash as admixture; durability-based
appropriateness of sawdust concrete for rigid pavement; the influence of vibration
time and sand time on the compressive strength of sandcrete hollow blocks; accuracy
of static differential GPS techniques: implications for structural deformation
monitoring; an assessment of torsional parameters of steel reinforcement used in
the Nigerian construction industry; application of particle swarm optimization
approach to optimal tuning of load frequency controller; differential evolution
based optimal tuning of load frequency controller; design and implementation of a
GSM activated automobile demobilizer with identification capability; and the
investigation of the characteristics of radio signal propagation in indoor
environment.
Baiden B.K., Asante C.K.O.

AUTHOR FULL NAMES: Baiden, B.K. (8257221800); Asante, C.K.O. (6505449677)
8257221800; 6505449677
Effects of orientation and compaction methods of manufacture on strength properties
of sandcrete blocks
(2004) Construction and Building Materials, 18 (10), pp. 717 - 725
DOI: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2004.04.032
5144233398&doi=10.1016%2fj.conbuildmat.2004.04.032&partnerID=40&md5=25e80452f2513d5
029eaf3f0bcf8423c
ABSTRACT: There are predominantly three modes of compaction in sandcrete block

manufacture in Ghana. The mould incorporated in each method comes in either
vertical or horizontal orientations. Majority of local sandcrete block producers
however do not make use of both orientations for any compaction method. This
research therefore, examines the three methods of production and assesses their
effect on strength properties. For any compaction method, different orientation
produced different strength properties. Differences also exist in strengths for the
same orientation in different compaction modes. Vertically oriented blocks in a
motorised vibration compaction mode produced the highest consolidation of mix and
consequently strength. In the absence of electric power, the hand ramming method
produced the desired strength. Manual tamping method should be discouraged, as they
are unable to consolidate the mix properly and consequently produce block of
unacceptable strength. The local industry must explore alternative modes of block
manufacture or improve existing ones if the requisite standards and strength
properties are to be satisfied. �0�8 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
AUTHOR KEYWORDS: Hand ramming; Manual tamping; Motorised vibration; Sandcrete
blocks
INDEX KEYWORDS: Absorption; Aggregates; Cements; Compaction; Crystal orientation;
Grading; Masonry construction; Sand; Seawater; Strength of materials; Water;
Compaction methods; Manual ramming; Manual tamping; Motorised vibration; Sandcrete
blocks; Concrete blocks
Muhammed A., Folorunso C.O., Fadairo G.

AUTHOR FULL NAMES: Muhammed, Adamu (57208881729); Folorunso, Clement Oluwole
(55768534100); Fadairo, Gabriel (55350696800)
57208881729; 55768534100; 55350696800
Assessment of sandcrete hollow blocks�� thermal performance as a walling material
for tropical buildings in Lokoja, Nigeria
(2022) International Journal of Building Pathology and Adaptation
DOI: 10.1108/IJBPA-07-2021-0096
85125888870&doi=10.1108%2fIJBPA-07-2021-
0096&partnerID=40&md5=bbe0eae3b776f771c8bc2fb7629ba2c3
ABSTRACT: Purpose: Understanding the thermal performance of sandcrete hollow block

walls in the tropic is very essential for occupants' well-being, productivity and
efficiency, due to its widespread application in buildings in the study area.
Lokoja, in Nigeria, lies in the warm humid zone with its attendant's high
temperatures all year round. Thus, providing an acceptable walling material that
will control the high indoor air temperature becomes imperative. This paper
assessed sandcrete hollow blocks as a walling material used in Lokoja, to determine
the thermal performances for effective thermal comfort of the residents.
Design/methodology/approach: It involves the construction of a habitable model
building with the commonly available sandcrete hollow blocks in the area. One unit
of Cryopak iMINI Temperature and Relative Humidity Data Logger called new
generation intelligent iMINI with Serial Number and Product Code MX-CI-145�C0009
and MX-HE-S-16-L was installed, to record the indoor air temperature and relative
humidity data at an interval of one hour, for 12 months covering dry and wet
seasons. The results of the recorded data were downloaded to an excel spread sheet
for assessment and analysis throughout the seasons. The values were computed using
the temperature�Chumidity index (THI) equation, with a view to determine the indoor
thermal comfort level category. Findings: The study revealed that sandcrete hollow
block walls provide thermal discomfort of the indoor environment for both seasons,
with attendant adverse effects in the comfort of the occupants. The paper concludes
that proper orientation of buildings, planting of trees, use of low absorbing or
reflective surface materials, application of cavity walls to receive insulation
materials in between the hollow spaces provided, instead of the single walling as
well as providing shading device elements, can improve users' comfort and also
ameliorate the heat effect on the external surface of building transferred into the
interior by conduction, radiation or convection within the area and in the tropics
at large. Other thermally eco-friendly wall materials available in Lokoja includes
timber, stabilized laterite�Ccement blocks, burnt bricks and earth-mud bricks which
can be used to replace sandcrete hollow block walls. These alternative wall
materials are used for construction of residential and office buildings by the
colonial government of Sir Fredrick Lugard in the study area. Practical
implications: The application of sandcrete hollow blocks as a wall material is in
vogue, not minding its thermal discomfort to the users and the environment; this is
due to its availability and ease of production. The acceptability of this walling
material requires holistic study to unravel the best way to reduce the thermal
discomfort inherent in its application. Originality/value: The author succeeded in
revealing the thermal performance of sandcrete hollow blocks as walling material in
Lokoja, the study area. It is a first attempt at understanding the performance for
human comfort in the area. This will greatly assist the resident and other
researchers to improve on the application of sandcrete hollow blocks as walling
material towards ensuring that maximum indoor thermal comfort is achieved. �0�8
2021, Emerald Publishing Limited.
AUTHOR KEYWORDS: Blocks; Indoor temperature; Performance; Relative humidity;
Sandcrete; Thermal comfort; Walls
INDEX KEYWORDS: Atmospheric temperature; Brick; Construction; Office buildings;
Soils; Thermal comfort; Thermal insulation; Tropical buildings; Tropics; Block;
Block walls; Hollow blocks; Indoor temperature; Performance; Sandcrete; Study
areas; Thermal; Thermal Performance; Wall; Walls (structural partitions)
Akinyele J.O., Toriola I.O.

AUTHOR FULL NAMES: Akinyele, J.O. (8652384500); Toriola, I.O. (57203205902)
8652384500; 57203205902
The effect of crushed plastics waste on the structural properties of sandcrete
blocks
(2018) African Journal of Science, Technology, Innovation and Development, 10 (6),
pp. 709 - 713
DOI: 10.1080/20421338.2018.1496614
85050928134&doi=10.1080%2f20421338.2018.1496614&partnerID=40&md5=f7e3ee30408406a641
83b02ecd511f34
ABSTRACT: The need for proper disposal of plastic waste has prompted researchers to
consider the best way of recycling this non-biodegradable material. This research
has looked into the production of sandcrete blocks, using shredded waste plastic in
replacing fine aggregate at 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20% and 100%. The laboratory
experiments conducted were: compressive strength, flexural strength, density and
water absorption tests. Both the compressive and flexural tests revealed that
sandcrete blocks that contains 5% partial replacement of fine aggregate with
shredded plastic have the highest strength when compared with other mixes, the
density and water absorption test showed that the control sample has the best
result. The study concluded that plastic waste can be used to partially replace
fine aggregate in sandcrete block at not more than 5%. �0�8 2018, �0�8 2018 African
Journal of Science, Technology, Innovation and Development.
AUTHOR KEYWORDS: compressive strength; fine aggregate; flexural strength; plastic
waste; sandcrete blocks
Kolawole J.T., Olalusi O.B., Orimogunje A.J.

AUTHOR FULL NAMES: Kolawole, John Temitope (57191872607); Olalusi, Oladimeji
Benedict (57203455661); Orimogunje, Ademola Johnson (57212875704)
57191872607; 57203455661; 57212875704
Adhesive bond potential of compressed stabilised earth brick
(2020) Structures, 23, pp. 812 - 820
DOI: 10.1016/j.istruc.2019.12.024
85077455444&doi=10.1016%2fj.istruc.2019.12.024&partnerID=40&md5=68fdacaff791f526ed1
1cfa024373fd9
ABSTRACT: Huge embodied energy, carbon footprint and cost of fired brick gave way
for compressed stabilised earth bricks (CSEB). However, in order to improve its
surface erosion durability, another problem arose due to CSEB plastering, which is
poor long-term bonding. This problem gave rise to this research aimed at
investigating and improving the adhesive bond between mortar and compressed
stabilised earth bricks. Four variants of CSEB were made from inclusions of sand
and used motor oil while six variants of mortar containing cement, sand, used motor
oil and earth were used. Sandcrete block served as the control. Dry and wet shear
bond strengths between the CSEBs and mortars were determined by an innovative
loading system. The results from the investigation show that the inclusion of sand
and oil in CSEB improved the dry unconfined strength by 88.2% but reduced the wet
unconfined strength by 19.5%. The inclusion of sand and oil has relatively no
impact on the water absorption properties of CSEB. All four variants of CSEB have
the best bond with cement mortar in dry condition but worst bond under wet
condition. Cement mortar containing earth/and oil have the best bond with the four
variants of CSEB in wet condition. This study concludes that CSEB plaster should
contain earth in the right proportion to avoid spalling associated with plastered
CSEB in water prone surfaces. Also, sand and used motor oil can be included in CSEB
for heavy load masonry works. �0�8 2019 Institution of Structural Engineers
AUTHOR KEYWORDS: Adhesion; Compressed stabilised earth brick; Laterite; Motor oil;
Plaster; Shear bond
Kumi-Larbi Jnr A., Galpin R., Manjula S., Lenkiewicz Z., Cheeseman C.
AUTHOR FULL NAMES: Kumi-Larbi Jnr, Alexander (57455082700); Galpin, Richard
(57455082800); Manjula, Silva (57456176000); Lenkiewicz, Zoe (57411779000);
Cheeseman, Christopher (8547688000)
57455082700; 57455082800; 57456176000; 57411779000; 8547688000
Reuse of Waste Plastics in Developing Countries: Properties of Waste Plastic-Sand
Composites
(2022) Waste and Biomass Valorization, 13 (9), pp. 3821 - 3834
DOI: 10.1007/s12649-022-01708-x
85124728207&doi=10.1007%2fs12649-022-01708-
x&partnerID=40&md5=958622ce929cb1233382a5c397487654
ABSTRACT: Waste plastics are a major problem in developing countries, where

efficient collection and recycling systems often do not exist. Plastic bonded sand
composites provide a low-cost recycling alternative for selected waste plastics.
This research has investigated the production and properties of plastic bonded sand
manufactured using low-density and high-density polyethylene (LDPE and HDPE).
Plastic bonded sand production in The Gambia was used as a case study to identify
potential barriers to the technology. Processing was done by oven moulding, or a
heat-mixing technique, and the properties of the LDPE and HDPE bonded sand samples
formed have been determined. Processing at temperatures between 250�0�2��C and
325�0�2��C produced optimum compressive and flexural strengths. Higher processing
temperatures reduced strength and lower temperatures produced inhomogeneous
samples. Thermal plastic degradation occurs at 400�0�2��C in N2 and 250�0�2��C in
air. Processing at temperatures below 250�0�2��C in anoxic conditions is necessary
to control off-gases. The optimum sand addition to produce the highest compressive
strength was between 65 and 80%, depending on the sand particle size. HDPE produced
higher maximum compressive strengths (37.1�0�2MPa) compared to LDPE (27.2�0�2MPa).
Plastic bonded sand has increased strength, toughness, ductility, and thermal
conductivity compared to C20/25 concrete and sandcrete and it can be used for wall
construction blocks and paving tiles. The potential applications and implications
of processing waste plastics in developing countries into plastic bonded sand are
discussed. Graphical Abstract: [Figure not available: see fulltext.]. �0�8 2022,
The Author(s).
AUTHOR KEYWORDS: Circular economy; Ocean plastics; Sustainable development; Waste
plastic recycling
INDEX KEYWORDS: Compressive strength; Developing countries; Elastomers; High
density polyethylenes; Particle size; Plastic products; Sand; Sustainable
development; Thermal conductivity; Circular economy; Collection systems; Low-costs;
Low-high; Ocean plastic; Property; Recycling systems; Reuse; Waste plastic; Waste
plastics recycling; Plastic recycling
Adegoke D.D., Afuwape R., Olukanni D.O., Bamigboye G.

AUTHOR FULL NAMES: Adegoke, D.D. (57211045630); Afuwape, R. (57213353302);
Olukanni, D.O. (24512645000); Bamigboye, G. (57190001377)
57211045630; 57213353302; 24512645000; 57190001377
Utilization of Palm Fruit Fibers as Constituent Materials for Hand Mould Clay
Bricks
(2019) Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 1378 (2), art. no. 022044
DOI: 10.1088/1742-6596/1378/2/022044
6596%2f1378%2f2%2f022044&partnerID=40&md5=5baa79cd1084e4f3ed3a26aa2fb4f3ce
ABSTRACT: The production process of palm oil generates a huge amount of waste. As
Nigeria is one of the largest producing countries, the fruit fiber wastes from palm
oil processing have received a low level of waste management and have been a long-
term environmental concern. This study is focused on recovery of the palm fruit
fibers and its utilization as a constituent material for locally hand mold clay
bricks. Varying percentages (1% to 3%) of palm fruit fiber was introduced into
local hand mold clay. The bricks produced were tested for optimum moisture content
and dry density. Some preliminary tests such as natural moisture content
determination (wet and dry), Specific gravity test, Particle size distribution test
(Sieve analysis), Atterberg limit test, Compaction test (Standard Proctor), Water
absorption test, and Compressive strength test was carried out. The results show a
decrease in optimum moisture content as the percentage of the palm fruit fibers
increased from 1% to 3% in the soil sample while the maximum dry density increased.
With the addition of 1% to 3% of the palm fruit fibers and the mix sun-dried,
noticeable improvement in the compaction characteristics of the soil sample was
observed. It can be deduced from the results that for a good construction clay
soil, the lower the moisture content, the higher the dry density and the better the
quality of bricks. Production of clay bricks with palm fruit fibers could serve as
an economic substitute for the growing cost of sandcrete blocks. �0�8 Published
under licence by IOP Publishing Ltd.
AUTHOR KEYWORDS: Clay Bricks; Moisture Content; Palm Fruit Fibres; Waste Management
INDEX KEYWORDS: Clay; Compaction; Compressive strength; Fibers; Fruits; Moisture;
Moisture determination; Molds; Palm oil; Particle size; Particle size analysis;
Soil surveys; Testing; Waste management; Water absorption; Clay bricks; Compaction
characteristics; Constituent materials; Content determination; Environmental
concerns; Maximum dry density; Optimum moisture content; Production process; Brick
Aka A., Bamgbade A.A., Saidu I., Balogun O.M.

AUTHOR FULL NAMES: Aka, Adefemi (57195714475); Bamgbade, Abosede Adebisi
(57209214402); Saidu, Ibrahim (57737384400); Balogun, Oladimeji Moses (57209207030)
57195714475; 57209214402; 57737384400; 57209207030
A conceptual framework for waste identification and reduction in Nigerian sandcrete
blocks production process
(2019) Construction Innovation, 19 (3), pp. 405 - 423
DOI: 10.1108/CI-11-2017-0091
https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85066832200&doi=10.1108%2fCI-
11-2017-0091&partnerID=40&md5=a8e1dce72b069d5e2ee825a6850d1bdc
ABSTRACT: Purpose: Non-value adding activities or waste have been a major challenge
for the construction industry. Researchers worldwide have investigated how such
activities can be reduced or overcome in the industry. However, much has not been
done regarding waste in the production process of building blocks. Therefore, this
study aims to investigate the various waste in sandcrete blocks production process
(SBPP). The study also aims to find out the causes of the waste and their impacts
on the factory performance. Design/methodology/approach: To achieve the aims of
this study, a qualitative study was conducted in five sandcrete blocks firms in
Minna. Physical observation and interviews were the main instruments used for data
collection. The data obtained were analyzed through content analysis. Samples of
blocks (low standard only) were also taken to the laboratory for compressive and
porosity tests. Thereafter, questionnaires were administered to other sandcrete
blocks producers in six firms. The essence of this was to investigate the
applicability of the identified waste in other factories in the study context and
for further data analysis. Findings: Typical forms of waste in SBPP are excessive
stocking of sand and cement, long distance covered from the store to the mixing or
production location, excessive quantity or over design of materials and over
vibration or compaction of the newly produced blocks. It is anticipated that
adoption of lean concepts, tools and techniques in the production of sandcrete
blocks will help to eradicate the identified waste in the process and stimulate a
future state value stream mapping (VSM). The practicality of the expected future
state VSM is presently being investigated by one of the five firms in the study
context. Research limitations/implications: The findings of the study mainly
provide further insights on the various process waste in Nigerian sandcrete blocks
production. Practical implications: The study provides knowledge on how lean
thinking can be adopted to identify and reduce waste in SBPP. Such knowledge may be
beneficial to the present and prospective sandcrete blocks producers. The study
also provides insight on how the overall cost of production of sandcrete blocks and
the quantity of CO2 that is being released into the atmosphere in the production
process can be reduced. The VSM in the proposed framework also serves as a tool
that can be globally adopted for waste identification by producers of other forms
of blocks such as bricks. Originality/value: This paper satisfies all the tenets of
originality as it has not been previously published and all the information
obtained from other studies have been duly referenced. The study is also original
as it is first in the study context to propose for a lean framework that can be
used to reduce waste in SBPP. �0�8 2019, Emerald Publishing Limited.
AUTHOR KEYWORDS: Blocks; Building; Firms; Framework; Industry; Waste
INDEX KEYWORDS: Buildings; Construction industry; Data acquisition; Industry;
Surveys; Wastes; Blocks; Conceptual frameworks; Design/methodology/approach; Firms;
Framework; Production locations; Tools and techniques; Value adding activities;
Cement industry
Olanitori L.M.
AUTHOR FULL NAMES: Olanitori, L.M. (34979008500)
34979008500
Effectiveness of foundation concrete slabs in preventing termite attack on wooden
roof trusses
(2010) Journal of Building Appraisal, 6 (1), pp. 63 - 68
DOI: 10.1057/jba.2010.8
77956357899&doi=10.1057%2fjba.2010.8&partnerID=40&md5=fc23f98389e524ddde3b572cfd6da
d2b
ABSTRACT: This article examines the effectiveness of foundation concrete slabs in

preventing termite attack on wooden roof trusses. Twenty residential bungalow
buildings, constructed with hollow sandcrete blocks, were investigated for a period
of 5 years. The buildings were grouped into four. The first group belongs to
buildings without foundation concrete slabs; the second group is buildings with
foundation concrete slab constructed from bush gravel. The third group of buildings
has their foundation slabs constructed with crushed granite, manually mixed, while
the fourth group belongs to buildings with foundation concrete slab constructed
from crushed granite but mechanically mixed. It was discovered that the fourth
group of buildings had 100 per cent proof against termite penetration, the third
group of buildings had high resistance to termite penetration, but not 100 per
cent, while the second group of buildings had limited resistance to termite
penetration, and the first group of buildings had no resistance against termite
penetration. �0�8 2010 Macmillan Publishers Ltd.
AUTHOR KEYWORDS: buildings; foundation; roof trusses; slab; termite; wood
Gooding D., Thomas T.

AUTHOR FULL NAMES: Gooding, D. (35865364800); Thomas, T. (7401541942)
35865364800; 7401541942
Soilcrete blocks: Experimental work to determine whether cement or compaction
pressure is more effective
(1997) Building Research and Information, 25 (4), pp. 202 - 209
DOI: 10.1080/096132197370327
5844406194&doi=10.1080%2f096132197370327&partnerID=40&md5=dfcd2fe35908376a2984e83d2
7b47de6
ABSTRACT: This paper presents research conducted to determine the relationship

between compaction pressure, cement content and cured compressive strength for
soilcrete building blocks (soil-cement, cement stabilized or sandcrete). This
relation is then used as the basis for a simple economic model to evaluate the
economics of manual compaction to 2 and 10 MPa. Other authors have shown that
higher compressive strengths result from increased compaction pressure. However,
for a given compressive strength it is more usual to be interested in trading
increased compaction pressure for reduced cement content so that maximum economy is
achieved. This paper describes experimental work carried out to determine an
empirical relation which uses compaction pressure and cement content to define
cured strength. The relationship presented in this paper suggests that cured
strength is more dependent on cement content than it is on compaction pressure for
a well-cured block. The economic model suggests that low pressure manual compaction
using increased quantities of cement is a more economic method of block production
unless the cost of high pressure compaction machinery can be reduced.
AUTHOR KEYWORDS: Block-making compaction pressure; Cement content; Economics; Soil-
cement
Assiamah S., Agyeman S., Adinkrah-Appiah K., Danso H.

AUTHOR FULL NAMES: Assiamah, Sampson (57208592443); Agyeman, Stephen (57045955200);
Adinkrah-Appiah, Kwadwo (57454872000); Danso, Humphrey (55249579300)
57208592443; 57045955200; 57454872000; 55249579300
Utilization of sawdust ash as cement replacement for landcrete interlocking blocks
production and mortarless construction
(2022) Case Studies in Construction Materials, 16, art. no. e00945
DOI: 10.1016/j.cscm.2022.e00945
85124707214&doi=10.1016%2fj.cscm.2022.e00945&partnerID=40&md5=6aa8e93253134105a684d
dea8751d95b
ABSTRACT: This study aimed to partially replace ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) with
sawdust burnt ash (SDBA) in making interlocking laterite soil blocks. Four sets of
mixes were considered: 0, 10, 20, and 30 wt%. Mix proportion was 1:6 (cement +
SDBA: laterite) with a 0.70 water-to-cement ratio. 192 specimens of size 185 mm ��
220 mm �� 120 mm were produced and cured at normal temperature and humidity under
shady and sunny conditions for 7, 14, 21 and 28 days. The research targeted four
tests using 48 specimens apiece at these ages: bulk density, compressive strength,
traction, and water absorption. A minimum density of 2123 kg/m3 and a maximum
density of 2288 kg/m3 were recorded at 28 days when 10% and 20% of SDBA
respectively replaced cement. Average compressive strengths at 0, 10, 20, 30 wt% of
SDBA were respectively 6.20 �� 0.213, 6.52 �� 0.268, 6.32 �� 0.231 and 5.73 ��
0.339 N/mm2 at 28 days. Also, water absorption rates increased as the contents of
SDBA replacement were increased. It was also shown that 20 wt% of SDBA is the
optimum replacement level for OPC to make interlocking blocks and achieve desirable
engineering properties. Though strength properties of compression and traction did
not significantly improve, SDBA's pozzolanic and cementitious properties could
prevent the blocks from premature failure. Conclusively, interlocking blocks failed
to significantly outperform reference samples (0%) after 28 days of testing.
However, 20 wt% of SDBA on day 21 produced an average compressive strength of 6.22
�� 0.042 N/mm2 satisfying minimum allowable sandcrete blocks strength of 2.75 N/mm2
for load-bearing masonry structures per Ghana Building Code. �0�8 2022 The Authors
AUTHOR KEYWORDS: Compressive strength; Landcrete interlocking blocks; Laterite;
Mortarless construction; Sawdust ash; Sustainable applications in Ghana
INDEX KEYWORDS: Building codes; Portland cement; Soil testing; Soils; Water
absorption; Cement replacement; Interlockings; Landcrete interlocking block;
Laterite soils; Mix proportions; Mortarless construction; Ordinary Portland cement;
Sawdust ashes; Soil blocks; Sustainable application in ghana; Compressive strength
Danso H., Obeng-Ahenkora N.K., Manu D.
AUTHOR FULL NAMES: Danso, Humphrey (55249579300); Obeng-Ahenkora, Nana Kwame
(57203960199); Manu, Dorothy (57204814368)
55249579300; 57203960199; 57204814368
Prices trend of selected building and construction materials on Ghanaian
construction market: 2011�C2016
(2021) International Journal of Construction Management, 21 (3), pp. 284 - 291
DOI: 10.1080/15623599.2018.1531809
85057295287&doi=10.1080%2f15623599.2018.1531809&partnerID=40&md5=efe0c47eb53e22afde
7a1e8bce74a4d4
ABSTRACT: Increase prices of building and construction materials have the tendency
of increasing the cost or prices of housing for both buying and renting purposes.
This study investigates the prices trend of some selected common building and
construction materials on the construction market in Ghana. Average annual prices
of building materials from 2011 to 2016 were collected from Public Procurement
Board and used in the determination of the trend in prices of building and
construction materials in Ghana. The data were inputted into Microsoft Office
Professional Plus Excel, version 2016 for generating graphs for analysis. It was
revealed that materials such as fine aggregates, felt, aluminium roofing sheets and
sandcrete blocks had an inconsistent (fluctuating) increase in price. It was
further found that other materials such as coarse aggregates, ordinary Portland
cement, concrete kerbs and high-tensile steel rods had a consistent increase in
prices along the study period. The study concludes that there is general increase
prices trend of the selected building and construction materials on the
construction market in Ghana. It is recommended for government and the legislature
to take the necessary measures and enact laws to control the factors that
contribute to the increasing prices of building and construction materials. �0�8
2018 Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group.
AUTHOR KEYWORDS: Building materials; Ghanaian construction market; prices of
building materials; prices trend
Baiden B.K., Tuuli M.M.

AUTHOR FULL NAMES: Baiden, B.K. (8257221800); Tuuli, M.M. (8257221700)
8257221800; 8257221700
Impact of quality control practices in sandcrete blocks production
(2004) Journal of Architectural Engineering, 10 (2), pp. 53 - 60
DOI: 10.1061/(ASCE)1076-0431(2004)10:2(53)
https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-14744297002&doi=10.1061%2f
%28ASCE%291076-
0431%282004%2910%3a2%2853%29&partnerID=40&md5=22d70e3ec465e0b0e2018bc30bae8aec
ABSTRACT: Sandcrete blocks are widely used in Ghana as walling units. The quality
of blocks produced, however, differs from each manufacturer due to the different
methods employed in the production and the properties of the constituent materials.
This paper focuses on the impact of quality control practices by suppliers on the
quality of blocks produced in the Kumasi (6��54'N 1��35'E) metropolis. Sandcrete
blocks were taken from suppliers and tested for compressive strength, bulk density,
water absorption, and dimension tolerances. Fine aggregate samples were also taken
from the suppliers and tested for grading, silt, and organic matter content. The
study confirmed that mix ratio, quality, and mixing of the constituent materials
affected the quality of sandcrete blocks. Visual inspection rather than laboratory
testing was adopted as the means of ascertaining the quality by a few of the staff
of contractors who had no formal training in quality control. Mix ratios used
ranged from as lean as 1:8 to as weak as 1:19 (cement:sand). Blocks produced were
also found to be unsuitable for use as load bearing walls. �0�8 ASCE.
AUTHOR KEYWORDS: Aggregates; Concrete masonry; Material properties; Quality
control; Strength; Tests
INDEX KEYWORDS: Block codes; Compaction; Contracts; Defects; Fits and tolerances;
Masonry materials; Quality control; Structural loads; Concrete masonry; Material
properties; Sandcrete blocks; Sieve analysis; Walls (structural partitions)
Rahman M.M.
AUTHOR FULL NAMES: Rahman, M.M. (55378588900)
55378588900
CURING OF RICE HUSK ASH MIX SANDCRETE BLOCKS.
(1988) International Journal of Structures, 8 (1), pp. 57 - 66
0023828659&partnerID=40&md5=5d54e3ebf2cfe945777e3a89bfcee4e6
ABSTRACT: This paper presents the effects of various curing conditions on the
compressive strength of sandcrete cubes manufactured from sand-cement-rice husk ash
mixes. The percentages of rice husk ash mixed in sandcrete cubes were 0, 10, 20,
and 30. Sandcrete cubes were cured under different conditions for the periods of 7,
28 and 56 days. Curing conditions were air curing, water curing, sprinkling water
curing and moist curing. It has been found that the sandcrete cube attained low
strength when cured in air and water of ambient conditions. On the other hand, the
sandcrete cube attained relatively high strength when cured in humid conditions and
in air with sprinkled water. From the point of view of economy and convenience,
sprinkling water curing has been recommended for commercial purposes.
INDEX KEYWORDS: AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS - Waste Utilization; CONCRETE AGGREGATES;
SAND AND GRAVEL; POZZOLANIC MATERIALS; RICE HUSK ASH; SANDCRETE BLOCKS; CONCRETE
PRODUCTS
Adedeji A., Mayowa A., Rapheal O.

AUTHOR FULL NAMES: Adedeji, Afolabi (57193827015); Mayowa, Abimbola (57219417166);
Rapheal, Ojelabi (57193831266)
57193827015; 57219417166; 57193831266
Android-based estimating app for builders on construction sites
(2019) International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology, 10 (1), pp.
1942 - 1951
85061500651&partnerID=40&md5=d1ce44fdf660056900a62e2b0d537fb8
ABSTRACT: The discrepancies between the estimated quantities of building materials

and the final quantities used during the construction process requires the need to
use more accurate techniques in estimating building materials. The study aimed at
developing an android-based estimating app for builders on construction sites with
the view of increasing accuracy of estimated building materials. The study was
carried out in two stages, whereby one part required a survey to ascertain existing
practices while the other helped to develop the android application. A survey
research design was utilized on Builders in Lagos state in the south-west of
Nigeria. Mean scores and correlation matrix was used for the descriptive and
inferential statistics. For the design of the android estimation application for
Builders, an android studio and Java programming language was used in developing
the app. The developed android app was run via the android emulator. The
descriptive data revealed that most of the techniques presently used by builders in
estimating building materials were traditional methods which were drawn from either
manual-based or use of experiential knowledge. Using these techniques were hinged
on several factors as identified in the study. An android-based estimating app was
developed for Builders with the aim of estimating for concrete works, sandcrete
blocks, ceramic tiles and mortar during the construction process. The study
recommended the use of information and communication technologies (ICTs) in
obtaining accurate building quantities needed during the construction process. �0�8
IAEME Publication.
AUTHOR KEYWORDS: Android; Builders; Building Materials; Construction Industry;
Estimating
Olofinnade O.M., Davies I.E.E., Egwuonwu I.W.

AUTHOR FULL NAMES: Olofinnade, O.M. (57148550600); Davies, I.E.E. (57203116354);
Egwuonwu, I.W. (57829277900)
57148550600; 57203116354; 57829277900
Recycling of Polyethylene Terephthalate Wastes in Production of Hollow Sandcrete
Blocks for Sustainable Construction
(2021) Solid State Phenomena, 318, pp. 49 - 58
DOI: 10.4028/www.scientific.net/SSP.318.49
85133009645&doi=10.4028%2fwww.scientific.net
%2fSSP.318.49&partnerID=40&md5=5ce3583c8e3d2812ee9ea5789a1e7cd0
ABSTRACT: This study investigates the suitability of crushed polyethylene

terephthalate (PET) waste, which is a non-biodegradable generated waste as a
substitute material for natural sand in the production of hollow sandcrete blocks
for sustainable infrastructure. The physical properties of the natural sand and
crushed PET aggregate materials used in the batching mixtures which include;
specific gravity, water absorption, bulk density and particle size distribution
were determined. While the mechanical properties; density, compressive strength,
and the water absorption of the produced hollow sandcrete block samples using the
granulated PET aggregate as a replacement for natural sand at 5%, 10%, 30% and 50%
were studied. Results showed that the PET aggregates exhibit lower physical
properties compare to natural sand. The addition of the finely granulated PET
aggregates as a partial substitute for natural sand gradually reduced the density
of the hollow sandcrete blocks as the replacement increases in the mix. However,
the water absorption tendency of the sandcrete blocks reduces as the percentage
dosages of PET aggregate increases. A similar reduction trend was noticed in the
compressive strength of the produced hollow sandcrete blocks. The results showed a
strength reduction from 2.564 N/mm2 to 1.140 N/mm2 for sandcrete mixes containing
5% and 50% PET, respectively, and 2.991 N/mm2 to 1.510 N/mm2 for sandcrete mixes
containing 5% and 50% PET, respectively as the percentage substitution of sand with
PET increases for 7 and 28 days curing age. The obtained results indicate the
possibility of using granulated PET aggregate at 5% sand replacement in production
of hollow sandcrete blocks of comparable strength to conventional sandcrete blocks.
This will help to promote green production for sustainable infrastructure and
reducing the menace of plastic pollution in line with the UN Sustainable
Development Goals. �0�8 2021 Trans Tech Publications Ltd, Switzerland.
AUTHOR KEYWORDS: Compressive strength; Density; Eco-friendly production;
Polyethylene terephthalate (PET); Waste plastic; Water absorption
INDEX KEYWORDS: Aggregates; Compressive strength; Density (specific gravity);
Environmental protection; Particle size; Particle size analysis; Plastic bottles;
Plastic recycling; Polyethylene terephthalates; Sustainable development; Density;
Eco-friendly; Eco-friendly production; Natural sand; Polyethylene terephthalate;
Sandcrete; Sandcrete blocks; Sustainable construction; Sustainable infrastructure;
Waste plastic; Water absorption
Burubai W., Akor A.J., Lily M.T.

AUTHOR FULL NAMES: Burubai, W. (16686372100); Akor, A.J. (6506447506); Lily, M.T.
(26028925800)
16686372100; 6506447506; 26028925800
Design and development of a septic system for high water-table areas
(2008) Electronic Journal of Environmental, Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 7 (6),
pp. 3020 - 3034
60149099216&partnerID=40&md5=4adf42cd249615d166d3a09ae1f8c8ab
ABSTRACT: Septic systems for high water-table and inundating areas was designed
constructed and tested in Port Harcourt with a view to improving the sanitary
conditions of rural and urban communities of Nigeria. To ensure structural
integrity, water tightness, corrosion resistance and buoyancy resistance, a
reinforced concrete was chosen with a nominal mix of 1.1.9.1.9 and designed using
the one-way slab analysis whose rules according to BS8007 was followed. The
designed septic tanks and absorption fields (sand and gravel) has volumes 2.08m3
and 0.60m3 respectively. It was designed for a population of four (4) people with a
domestic waste flow rate of 0.32m 3/m2/d. Three replicates of the system were
constructed and tested for 23 months. Samples were collected at five day intervals
for that period and analyzed for a range of parameters, which includes: Biochemical
Oxygen Demand (BOD5). Total Suspended Solids (TSS), Temperature, pH and Feacal
Coliforms (FC). These parameters were determined using standard procedures. The
results show that, the innovative septic system was able to reduce the
concentration of BOD5 from 348.39m/L to 21.96mg/L representing removal efficiency
of 89.2%; TSS from 388.27mg/l to 21.96mg/L resenting 94.3% efficiency on the
average. These values are within limits of international effluent standards before
disposal. The construction cost of this septic system is sixty seven thousand naira
(N67,000.00) as against the twenty nine thousand naira (N29,000.00) for the
construction of the conventional type of same capacity. But the new septic system
is more effective, efficient, durable and environmentally friendly. It is therefore
recommended, that this innovative septic system be adopted as a replacement for the
conventional septic system (made of sandcrete blocks) presently in use by both
government and individuals to control pollution and as a means of recycling our
finite water resources since the domestic sewage contains 99.9% of water.
AUTHOR KEYWORDS: Environments; Sanitation; Septic system; Water-table
Ewa D.E., Egbe E.A.

AUTHOR FULL NAMES: Ewa, D.E. (55862235100); Egbe, E.A. (55862203800)
55862235100; 55862203800
The use of cement kiln dust as partial replacement to ordinary Portland cement in
hollow lateritic blocks
(2013) ARPN Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences, 8 (9), pp. 733 - 736
84884523299&partnerID=40&md5=165390e6570cf579061909f26f98153f
ABSTRACT: The effect of partial replacement of cement with cement kiln dust (CKD)
on the compressive strength of laterized hollow block was investigated. A total of
270 number of 450mm �� 225 mm �� 150mm hollow blocks using different mi�� were
moulded and tested at 7, 14 28 days with replacement by CKD ranging from 10-50%.
The results show that the compressive strength decreased with increase in CKD
content. The 28 day compressive strength for 10% CKD replacement for 1:8 and
1:10mi��es were observed to e��ceed the minimum strength of 1.75N/mm2 required by
the Nigerian National Building Code for individual block. The strength of the
laterized blocks however increases as the curing age's progresses. �0�8 2006-2013
Asian Research Publishing Network (ARPN).
AUTHOR KEYWORDS: Cement kiln dust; Compressive strength; Curing; Sandcrete blocks
Odigure J.O.
AUTHOR FULL NAMES: Odigure, J.O. (6603917778)
6603917778
Chemical evaluation of crack development in cement-based sandcrete structure
(2005) Proceedings of the International Conference on Cement Combinations for
Durable Concrete, pp. 363 - 370
DOI: 10.1680/ccfdc.34013.0040
33645318726&doi=10.1680%2fccfdc.34013.0040&partnerID=40&md5=aed022ae7a734c5c54ac27d
727ef5c2c
ABSTRACT: Cement-based structure stability could be characterized not only by their

mechanical strength, soil geophysics and loading condition, but also the resistance
to various physical and chemical factors that could initiate its corrosion. The
contribution of water and various water-based solutions in the environment, to
cement based structure durability could be either physical as in seasonal flooding
of the structure or chemical often initiated by the presence in the solution of
organic or inorganic compounds or gases. Irrespective of the corrosion type, its
destructive effect could be attributed to the build up of internal stress and
weakening of the structure matrix. This work is aimed at investigating the role of
chemical changes in the sandcrete matrix in the formation and development of
macrocracks in cementbased sandcrete walls. Collected sandcrete samples were
analyzed using titrimetric and granulometeric methods. Results showed that the
percentage composition differential between the top and bottom of SiCO2 was high in
all the sandcrete blocks samples analyzed ranging from 0.4-3.2%. This indicates
high permeability of ground level structure. The acidic nature of the soil varying
from pH = 5.89 - 6.11 could seriously undermine the structures strength. The CaO
contents were generally very low ranging from 3.83 at the ground to 4.44% at the
top levels. For most points there were compositional differential across cracked
points horizontally and vertically. There is the need to encourage compositional
differentiation to allow for leaching process and perhaps retard top down migration
of dissolved hydrates/ions. This will minimize cracking process.
AUTHOR KEYWORDS: Chemical evaluation; Composition differential; Cracks;
Deterioration; Ions diffusion
INDEX KEYWORDS: Cements; Concrete construction; Durability; Geophysics; pH; Sand;
Chemical evaluation; Composition differential; Deterioration; Ions diffusion;
Cracks
Isaksson R., Babatunde O.

AUTHOR FULL NAMES: Isaksson, Raine (7004181921); Babatunde, Oluwayomi (55616984500)
7004181921; 55616984500
Opportunities for improved sustainability in house building: The case of Dar es
Salaam
(2019) African Journal of Science, Technology, Innovation and Development, 11 (4),
pp. 457 - 463
DOI: 10.1080/20421338.2017.1409456
85039546139&doi=10.1080%2f20421338.2017.1409456&partnerID=40&md5=5810fe4d056d74f936
404ddb808dec7f
ABSTRACT: The combination of a growing population and economic development in

Africa will form strong drivers for building growth. Buildings drive energy
consumption and carbon emissions. On the material side, cement is the driver for
cost and carbon emissions. A cement productivity index is proposed. Results from a
case study in Dar es Salaam show that cement is poorly used in the main application
of sandcrete blocks. The relative cement productivity is < 30% compared to ordinary
concrete. The main problem is the design of the blocks. Mostly, only some 5% of
cement by weight is used. However, the sand matrix often needs up to 10% of water
for good compaction. This means that the w/c ratio is always high in the mixes,
which leads to low cement productivity. One first step could be going from solid to
hollow blocks, which would enable increasing the cement content and improving
cement productivity up to 50% of the defined benchmark. However, there is
resistance to hollow blocks in the market. Alternative solutions, such as soil-
stabilized earth, should also be looked into. For realizing the full cement
strength potential, other affordable concrete solutions need to be developed for
the market. �0�8 2017, �0�8 2017 African Journal of Science, Technology, Innovation
and Development.
AUTHOR KEYWORDS: Africa; building value; cement productivity; cement
sustainability; sand and cement; sandcrete
Okpala D.C.
AUTHOR FULL NAMES: Okpala, Daniel C. (36921814200)
36921814200
Some engineering properties of sandcrete blocks containing rice husk ash
(1993) Building and Environment, 28 (3), pp. 235 - 241
DOI: 10.1016/0360-1323(93)90029-3
1323%2893%2990029-3&partnerID=40&md5=99e126fec23f8a73b099d5dd5ae958e7
ABSTRACT: The high and increasing cost of cement, coupled with its continuing
scarcity has contributed to the non-realization of adequate housing for both urban
and rural dwellers in Nigeria. As such any material that could complement cement
but was much cheaper would be of interest. Rice husk ash has been found to possess
some pozzolanic properties. If found adequate for partially replacing cement in
sandcrete blocks, it would drastically reduce the cost of building in Nigeria,
since sandcrete blocks are the major cost component of the most common building
forms in the country. The rice husk ash (RHA) used was found to have a specific
gravity of 1.54 and its chemical constituents met the BS 3892 and ASTM C-618
requirements for pozzolanas. Addition of the RHA in cement paste increased both the
initial and final setting times. For a given hydration period and mix proportions,
the strength of the blocks decreased with increasing RHA content. Sandcrete mix of
1:6 (cement/sand) ratio with up to 40%, cement replacementwith RHA and 1:8 ratio
with cement replacement of up to 30% with RHA, are adequate for sandcrete block
productions for both urban and rural dwelling in Nigeria. �0�8 1993.
INDEX KEYWORDS: Agricultural wastes; Cement additives; Cements; Chemical
modification; Composition effects; Costs; Mechanical properties; Pozzolan; Waste
utilization; Nigeria; Pozzolanic properties; Rice husk ash (RHA); Sandcrete blocks;
Building materials
Adedeji A.A.
AUTHOR FULL NAMES: Adedeji, A.A. (35570286000)
35570286000
Design approach for low-exergy consumption for building service life
(2008) 7th International Conference on Environmental Engineering, ICEE 2008 -
Conference Proceedings, pp. 773 - 778
77953975017&partnerID=40&md5=fc2b217231e26095c791516bde840c08
ABSTRACT: An optimization approach is presented in this paper to minimize life-

cycle environmental impacts and evaluated in terms of expanded cumulative exergy
consumption during a building service life, resulting to negative impacts due to
waste emission. The optimal solution is found using the strong-searched and
structured genetic algorithms. A case study is presented. The strawbalewalled
building is compared favourably with the conventional sandcrete block wall in its
life-cycle and improves the internal microclimate of a building better than latter.
For a residential building the results of the analysis has shown that, energy
demand value was input to obtain exergy analysis in building. Hence, the flow of
exergy analysis has reduced the load on building service equipment with a
remarkable amount of energy left (1/3 of the total energy load), but the same is
not true of exergy where the flow envelope sub-system tend to zero.
AUTHOR KEYWORDS: Energy; Environmental impact; Exergy; Genetic algorithms; Service
life; Strawbale
INDEX KEYWORDS: Buildings; Exergy; Genetic algorithms; Life cycle; Service life;
Structured programming; Cumulative exergy consumption; Energy; Life-cycle
environmental impact; Optimal solutions; Optimization approach; Residential
building; Strawbale; Structured genetic algorithms; Environmental impact
Hagan J.K., Adomako K., Olympio S.O.

AUTHOR FULL NAMES: Hagan, Julius K. (37461175200); Adomako, Kwaku (36704435500);
Olympio, Simon Oscar (55795957800)
37461175200; 36704435500; 55795957800
Effect of incorporation of thermo-regulatory genes into exotic layers on egg
production and quality under tropical environment
(2014) Tropical Animal Health and Production, 46 (1), pp. 107 - 111
DOI: 10.1007/s11250-013-0457-5
84897973117&doi=10.1007%2fs11250-013-0457-
5&partnerID=40&md5=2f2836b65e86ddd0ae7d90ada9ac0e42
ABSTRACT: A breed development strategy aimed at making exotic layers (Lohmann

Brown) more productive under tropical environment using thermo-regulatory genes is
underway at Akate Farms in Kumasi, Ghana. The present experiment was carried out to
find out the effect of the genes on egg production in hot and humid environments.
Three genetic groups comprising naked-neck, frizzle and their normally feathered
sibs were obtained after successive generations of crossing between naked-neck and
frizzle cocks and Lohmann brown hens. A total of 270 18-week-old pullets, 90 each
of the 3 groups, were selected randomly and assigned to a completely randomized
design experiment with 3 replicates, with 30 birds in each replicate group and kept
up to a period of 72 weeks. The birds were kept in a partitioned open-sided deep-
litter house constructed with sandcrete blocks with 30 pullets in each compartment.
They were fed ad libitum with layer diets containing 18 % crude protein and 2, 800
kcal ME/ kg. Results obtained showed that the crossbred naked-neck and frizzle
phenotypes produced eggs at a significantly (P <0.05) higher rates than their
normally feathered sibs and also out-performed their normally feathered sibs in
other egg production parameters measured, even though they all segregated from
similar parents. This is an indication of the favourable effect of the genes on egg
production under hot and humid environments. �0�8 Springer Science+Business Media
Dordrecht 2013.
AUTHOR KEYWORDS: Crossbred; Frizzle; Lohmann brown; Naked-neck; Normally feathered;
Phenotypes
INDEX KEYWORDS: Animals; Body Temperature Regulation; Chickens; Eggs; Feathers;
Female; Ghana; Hot Temperature; Male; Oviposition; Tropical Climate; Aves; animal;
article; chicken; egg; egg laying; feather; female; genetics; Ghana; growth,
development and aging; heat; male; physiology; standard; thermoregulation; tropic
climate
Alutu O.E., Omorogie A.

AUTHOR FULL NAMES: Alutu, O.E. (25821884700); Omorogie, A. (35389510000)
25821884700; 35389510000
The influence of vibration time and sand type on the compressive strength of
sandcrete hollow blocks
(2009) Advanced Materials Research, 62-64, pp. 24 - 30
DOI: 10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.62-64.24
70349293769&doi=10.4028%2fwww.scientific.net%2famr.62-
64.24&partnerID=40&md5=8add7931cf08fd55112c683fab64975e
ABSTRACT: The purpose of this study is to see if varying the vibration time and
sand type during moulding of blocks would affect the strength of the blocks. To
this end, seven types of sands: Okhuahie and Ovia river sands; Okhuahie, Ovia,
Tkpoba flood and Okhoro erosion sands were collected for the study. A total of 315
blocks each in 150mm and 225mm sizes with cement to sand ratios of 1:6 were made
using the seven brands of sand. The blocks were vibrated for 10, 15, 20, 25, and 30
seconds and tested for compressive strength at 7 days, 14 days and 28 days
respectively. The result showed that the relationship between compressive strength
of the blocks and the vibration time for various sand types was linear up to
vibration time of 30 secs. The sand type also influenced the strength of the blocks
as Okhuahie river sand gave the highest compressive strength followed by Ovia river
sand and the least was Okhoro erosion sand. At least 52% increase in compressive
strength of 150mm and 225mm sandcrete blocks were achieved by raising the vibration
time from 15 seconds to 25 seconds in the seven types of sand and 100% increase was
achieved by raising the vibration time from 15 to 30 seconds.
AUTHOR KEYWORDS: Blocks; Sands; Strength improvement; Vibration time
INDEX KEYWORDS: Engineering research; Erosion; Rivers; Sand; Blocks; Hollow blocks;
River sands; Sand ratios; Sandcrete; Sandcrete blocks; Strength improvements;
Vibration time; Compressive strength
Odigure J.O.
AUTHOR FULL NAMES: Odigure, Joseph O. (6603917778)
6603917778
Chemical evaluation of cement-based sandcrete wall deterioration
DOI: 10.1016/j.cemconres.2005.03.014
27744449568&doi=10.1016%2fj.cemconres.2005.03.014&partnerID=40&md5=54c111e26573d81d
1715000c9b4a4d19
ABSTRACT: Cement-based structure stability could be characterized not only by their

mechanical strength, soil geophysics and loading condition, but also the resistance
to various physical and chemical factors that could initiate its corrosion. The
contribution of water and various water-based solutions in the environment, to
cement-based structure durability could be either physical as in seasonal flooding
of the structure or chemical often initiated by the presence in the solution of
organic or inorganic compounds or gases. Irrespective of the corrosion type, its
destructive effect could be attributed to the build up of internal stress and
weakening of the structure matrix. This work is aimed at investigating the role of
chemical changes in the sandcrete matrix in the formation and development of
macrocracks in cement-based sandcrete walls. Collected sandcrete samples were
analyzed using titrimetric and granulometeric methods. Results showed that the
percentage composition between the top and bottom of SiO2 was high in all the
sandcrete blocks samples analyzed ranging from 76.72% to 80.30%. This indicates
high permeability of ground level structure. The acidic nature of the soil in some
area varying from pH = 5.89-6.11 could seriously undermine the structures strength.
The percentage compositions of CaO were generally very low ranging from 3.83% at
the ground to 4.44% at the top levels. For most points there were percentage
compositional differential across cracked points horizontally and vertically. This
is an indication of either poor cement quality or non-compliance to standards'
requirements. There is a need to develop a model equation for the migration of
minerals' hydrates in sandcrete wall. �0�8 2005 Published by Elsevier Ltd.
AUTHOR KEYWORDS: Chemical evaluation; Composition differential; Crack formation;
Deterioration; Ions diffusion
INDEX KEYWORDS: Chemical analysis; Corrosion; Crack initiation; Deterioration;
Mechanical permeability; Residual stresses; Sand; Strength of materials; Walls
(structural partitions); Chemical evaluation; Compositional differential; Ions
diffusion; Cements
Sojobi A.O., Awolusi T.F., Aina G.B., Oke O.L., Oladokun M., Oguntayo D.O.
AUTHOR FULL NAMES: Sojobi, A.O. (57148228800); Awolusi, T.F. (57196152185); Aina,
G.B. (57224508816); Oke, O.L. (57204846236); Oladokun, M. (56548775800); Oguntayo,
D.O. (57219695308)
57148228800; 57196152185; 57224508816; 57204846236; 56548775800; 57219695308
Ternary and quaternary blends as partial replacement of cement to produce hollow
sandcrete blocks
(2021) Heliyon, 7 (6), art. no. e07227
DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e07227
85107779344&doi=10.1016%2fj.heliyon.2021.e07227&partnerID=40&md5=5f799fddf8e74340ce
a8b28208769366
ABSTRACT: Hollow sandcrete blocks constitute more than 90% of residential building
construction in developing countries especially in West Africa. Over-reliance on
dredged river sands and conventional ordinary Portland cement (OPC) contributes to
environmental degradation and post-construction problems such as swelling and
shrinkage-induced cracks prevalent in construction projects. The study investigates
potential utilization of locally available materials such as laterite, calcite and
calcined clay as ternary and quaternary blends to replace cement and quarry dust as
100% replacement of river sand with the aid of Taguchi-Response surface methodology
approach. Optimum ternary blend of 24% calcined clay +1% calcite +75% OPC is
recommended to achieve volume stability, higher compressive strength and higher
flexural load capacity. Alternatively, ternary blends of 24% calcite +4% calcined
clay +72% OPC can also be utilized. The improved mechanical properties were
attributed to the Na- and Ca-rich aluminosilicates provided by the blended cements.
Successful utilization of ternary and quaternary blended cements to produce
stronger, durable and eco-friendly sandcrete blocks depends on utilization of high
binder-to-aggregate ratio, optimal combination of the constituents, appropriate
water-cement ratio and curing/production method. Partial and 100% replacement of
river sand with granite dust is possible and contributes to reduction of
environmental problems caused by river dredging as well as cleaner, ecofriendly
construction. Ternary and quaternary blended cements is recommended to avert post-
construction problems such as swelling and shrinkage-induced cracks prevalent in
construction projects. �0�8 2021
AUTHOR KEYWORDS: Calcined clay; Calcite; Construction; Quarry dust; Quaternary
blended cement; Sandcrete block; Ternary blended cement
Oladimeji O.
AUTHOR FULL NAMES: Oladimeji, Olubimbola (56602805900)
56602805900
Evaluation of Unit Rates Bids of Common Building Items
(2021) Journal of Engineering, Project, and Production Management, 11 (2), pp. 145
- 157
DOI: 10.2478/jeppm-2021-0015
85104334896&doi=10.2478%2fjeppm-2021-
0015&partnerID=40&md5=0471e7ff85953bcb2e194e09f0b50127
ABSTRACT: It is important to assess firms' financial health in the harsh

construction market of developing countries. This study seeks to achieve this by
assessing locally owned construction firms' (LOCOFs) financial performance through
evaluating firms' bill of quantities (BOQ) contract sums and bid unit rates of
common building items. Accessible 60 BOQ of the 79 BOQ of building projects awarded
to various LOCOFs from 2007 to 2015 by federal universities and federal
universities teaching hospitals in Southwest Nigeria were obtained from the
institutional archives. Regression analysis of the contract sums and bid unit rates
of common building construction items of works such as concrete, sandcrete block,
iron, mortar and floor tiles were carried out. LOCOFs' bid unit rates were
comparedwith published unit rates and Nigeria consumer price index (CPI) within the
study period and inferences bothering on firms' pricing pattern and financial
viability of firms based on items of work unit rates were highlighted and
discussed. The results showed that 119 out of a total 461 unit rates values
representing 25.81% of the LOCOFs bided unit rates were higher than the published
unit rates. LOCOFs unit rates trend decreased within 3 to 4 consecutive years while
the Nigeria CPI trend increased all through the years considered in the study. This
implies that LOCOFs common items of workbids unit rates were not always influenced
by the prevailing prices of goods and services in Nigeria. A possible reason for
this is the lowest tender selection criteria which influences LOCOFs' bided unit
rates thereby leading to the acclaimed compromise in the quality of construction
output and stunted financial performance. �0�8 2021 Olubimbola Oladimeji,
published by Sciendo.
AUTHOR KEYWORDS: bid unit rates; bill of quantities; financial performance; Locally
owned construction firms (LOCOFs)
INDEX KEYWORDS: Concrete blocks; Construction; Construction industry; Costs;
Developing countries; Hospitals; Building construction; Construction firms;
Construction markets; Construction outputs; Consumer price index; Financial
performance; Financial viability; Selection criteria; College buildings
Ikeagwuani C.C., Nwonu D.C., Ugwu C.K., Agu C.C.

AUTHOR FULL NAMES: Ikeagwuani, Chijioke Christopher (57205623517); Nwonu, Donald
Chimobi (57205632243); Ugwu, Chiagoziem Kanayo (57217313437); Agu, Chukwudi
Cajethan (57217307291)
57205623517; 57205632243; 57217313437; 57217307291
Process parameters optimization for eco-friendly high strength sandcrete block
using Taguchi method
(2020) Heliyon, 6 (6), art. no. e04276
DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e04276
85087042878&doi=10.1016%2fj.heliyon.2020.e04276&partnerID=40&md5=e7db9ee4cc5fd0cc17
0153a4d5347742
ABSTRACT: The need for developing sustainable cement-based materials is crucial for
the prevention of environmental degradation and promotion of sustainable
technologies. In the present study, a sustainable cement-based material was
developed for sandcrete block production using coconut shell ash (CSA). The product
development was executed using the Taguchi robust design approach, in which an L18
mixed level orthogonal array was adopted. The process parameters investigated were
the end-web to center-web (E/C) ratio of the sandcrete block, water-cement (W/C)
ratio and CSA content. The evaluated responses include the compressive strength
(CS), bulk density (BD) and water absorption (WA). The result obtained showed that
for the CS, all the process parameters had a statistically significant effect at
0.05 alpha level, while only the W/C ratio had a statistically significant effect
on the BD and WA. The optimal settings of the process parameters for CS and BD were
obtained at E/C ratio of 1:2, W/C ratio of 0.65 and CSA content of 5% while that
for WA was obtained at E/C ratio of 1:1, W/C ratio of 0.65 and CSA content of 20%.
The developed sandcrete blocks are suitable for load-bearing masonry units and
areas with moisture exposure. �0�8 2020
Civil engineering; Construction Engineering; Concrete Technology; Cement Additive;
Cement; bulk density; Compressive strength; Optimization; Sandcrete blocks; Taguchi
approach; water absorption �0�8 2020
AUTHOR KEYWORDS: Bulk density; Cement; Cement additive; Civil engineering;
Compressive strength; Concrete technology; Construction engineering; Optimization;
Sandcrete blocks; Taguchi approach; Water absorption
Amos-Abanyie S., Akuffo F.O., Kutin-Sanwu V.

AUTHOR FULL NAMES: Amos-Abanyie, S. (26665289600); Akuffo, F.O. (6506429931);
Kutin-Sanwu, V. (36619416500)
26665289600; 6506429931; 36619416500
Effects of thermal mass, window size, and night-time ventilation on peak indoor air
temperature in the warm-humid climate of ghana
(2013) The Scientific World Journal, 2013, art. no. 621095
DOI: 10.1155/2013/621095
84880163898&doi=10.1155%2f2013%2f621095&partnerID=40&md5=e826ecb0242d5ca2f867d2eba9
b98b61
ABSTRACT: Most office buildings in the warm-humid sub-Saharan countries experience

high cooling load because of the predominant use of sandcrete blocks which are of
low thermal mass in construction and extensive use of glazing. Relatively, low
night-time temperatures are not harnessed in cooling buildings because office
openings remain closed after work hours. An optimization was performed through a
sensitivity analysis-based simulation, using the Energy Plus (E+) simulation
software to assess the effects of thermal mass, window size, and night ventilation
on peak indoor air temperature (PIAT). An experimental system was designed based on
the features of the most promising simulation model, constructed and monitored, and
the experimental data used to validate the simulation model. The results show that
an optimization of thermal mass and window size coupled with activation of night-
time ventilation provides a synergistic effect to obtain reduced peak indoor air
temperature. An expression that predicts, indoor maximum temperature has been
derived for models of various thermal masses. �0�8 2013 S. Amos-Abanyie et al.
INDEX KEYWORDS: Air; Climate; Computer Simulation; Ghana; Humidity; Models,
Theoretical; Temperature; Ventilation; air conditioning; air temperature; ambient
air; article; building; Ghana; peak indoor air temperature; process optimization;
sensitivity analysis; simulation; thermal mass; thermodynamics; window size; air;
air conditioning; climate; computer simulation; humidity; temperature; theoretical
model
Alutu O.E., Oghenejobo A.E.

AUTHOR FULL NAMES: Alutu, O.E. (25821884700); Oghenejobo, A.E. (47261300700)
25821884700; 47261300700
Strength, durability and cost effectiveness of cement-stabilized laterite hollow
blocks
(2006) Quarterly Journal of Engineering Geology and Hydrogeology, 39 (1), pp. 65 -
72
DOI: 10.1144/1470-9236/05-014
9236%2f05-014&partnerID=40&md5=4f9229a9ffb7ce5f74a7de385873a00f
ABSTRACT: Strength and durability of cement-stabilized laterite hollow blocks made

with laterite soils at three different locations in Edo State were studied. To this
end, blocks were produced with water content at about the optimum moisture with
varying percentages of cement from 3% to 15% at 2% increments and compactive
pressures ranging from 3.44 N/mm2 to 17.20 N/mm2. The result showed that for 7%
cement content and 13.76 N/mm2 compactive pressure, blocks of strength of at least
2.0N/mm2 at 28 days, could be produced. The blocks showed no features of wear after
exposure to rain with weight losses within permissible limits after 12-cycles of
wetting-brushing-drying. Cost analysis showed that laterite blocks have 40% cost
advantage over similar sandcrete blocks. �0�8 2006 Geological Society of London.
AUTHOR KEYWORDS: Cement; Durability; Laterites; Stabilization; Strength
INDEX KEYWORDS: Cements; Compression testing; Cost effectiveness; Drying;
Durability; Moisture; Strength of materials; Wear of materials; Wetting; Cement-
stabilized laterite hollow blocks; Compactive pressure; Sandcrete blocks; Water
content; laterite; soil stabilization; Concrete blocks
Olowu F.Y., Agbabiaka H.I., Jaiyeoba E.B., Adesanya A.A.

AUTHOR FULL NAMES: Olowu, Falilat Yetunde (57206720637); Agbabiaka, Hafeez Idowu
(57200626793); Jaiyeoba, Emmanuel Babatunde (55751276700); Adesanya, Abiola Aminat
(57280487600)
57206720637; 57200626793; 55751276700; 57280487600
Rented apartments an alternative shelter: characteristics and quality across the
residential densities in the ancient town of Ile-Ife
(2022) Property Management, 40 (2), pp. 207 - 229
DOI: 10.1108/PM-05-2021-0032
https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85116156535&doi=10.1108%2fPM-
05-2021-0032&partnerID=40&md5=0e3524cfedd8d30df3ae66a1ee28a344
ABSTRACT: Purpose: The study had examined the dynamism in rental housing
characteristic in Ile-Ife, Nigeria. Design/methodology/approach: Data were
collected through questionnaire administration on 550 tenants selected across high,
medium and low density areas, using systematic random sampling. Findings: Findings
revealed that rented apartments in the traditional town are built with modern
materials like sandcrete blocks, cement, corrugated roofing sheet and aluminium.
Further findings revealed a statistical significant variation in the rental housing
typologies across the residential densities (��2�0�2=�0�294.732a, df�0�2=�0�210 and
p�0�2=�0�20.000). The dominant housing typology in the low income earners areas is
rooming apartments known traditionally as (face-to-face), in the middle income
earners areas detached and semi-detached bungalows (Mini, 2bedroms and 3 bedrooms
flat); and lastly, bungalows and duplexes dominates the high income earners areas.
Therefore, the study likened the variation across the income areas to deferential
in socioeconomic characteristics of tenants, surroundings peculiarities and the
landlord and tenant relationships. Originality/value: The outcome of this study
could strengthen policies in creating design standards for construction of housing
for renters; this is step towards achieving Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 11,
creating an inclusive communities. �0�8 2021, Emerald Publishing Limited.
AUTHOR KEYWORDS: Cradle of Yorubaland; Rental housing characteristics; Rental
housing quality index; Rented apartment; Residential densities
Ogunbayo B., Aigbavboa C., Akinradewo O.

(54956705100); Akinradewo, Opeoluwa (57216198453)
57200441689; 54956705100; 57216198453
Experimental assessment of strength parameters of river sand for sandcrete block
production
(2021) International Journal of Engineering Research in Africa, 53, pp. 67 - 75
DOI: 10.4028/www.scientific.net/JERA.53.67
85102400539&doi=10.4028%2fwww.scientific.net
%2fJERA.53.67&partnerID=40&md5=26ebfbf9a47420e27e06e458d7a0de20
ABSTRACT: Sandcrete block is a vital building material used in the construction of

building structures. The sandcrete blocks are produced by different manufacturers
using river sand obtained from different locations as aggregate material without
recourse to the minimum quality standard for the blocks produced. The study
assessed the strength parameters of river sand used as an aggregate material in
block production to determine its quality and suitability in relation to the
strength of block produced. Three (3) block manufacturing sites in Nigeria were
visited and 27 (twenty-seven) blocks of size 450 mm x 225 mm x 225 mm were selected
randomly from the sites. The properties of the river sand was analyzed through
sieve analyses, bulk density, silt content and water absorption while the
compressive strength of the blocks was also tested. The result of sieve analysis of
the river sand used in block production for this study all satisfied the particle
size requirements of BS EN 933-1:1997 for general construction work including block
production. The result of the study also shows that blocks produced with the river
sand after 28days have an average compressive strength of 1.23 N/mm2 (SW), 1.54
N/mm2 (SE) and 1.95N/mm2 (NE). The study, therefore, concluded and recommended that
regulatory and professional bodies in partnership with relevant associations should
organize seminars for producers of sandcrete blocks on the best practices involved
in producing quality sandcrete blocks. �0�8 2021 Trans Tech Publications Ltd,
Switzerland.
AUTHOR KEYWORDS: Bulk density; Compressive strength; River sand; Sandcrete block;
Sieve analysis; Silt content
INDEX KEYWORDS: Aggregates; Manufacture; Particle size; Particle size analysis;
Rivers; Sand; Sieves; Water absorption; Aggregate materials; Construction of
buildings; Construction works; Experimental assessment; Manufacturing sites;
Quality standard; Sandcrete blocks; Strength parameters; Compressive strength
Onyia M.E., Ikeagwuani C.C., Egbo M.C.

AUTHOR FULL NAMES: Onyia, Michael Ebie (57202738631); Ikeagwuani, Chijioke
Christopher (57205623517); Egbo, Michael Chinwe (57837074600)
57202738631; 57205623517; 57837074600
Effect of pressed palm oil fruit fibre on mechanical properties of sandcrete
masonry blocks using Taguchi-grey relational analysis optimization technique
(2022) Cleaner Materials, 5, art. no. 100124
DOI: 10.1016/j.clema.2022.100124
85135689479&doi=10.1016%2fj.clema.2022.100124&partnerID=40&md5=a63ff189f238b7f66b34
d55a270c4709
ABSTRACT: The effect of the incorporation of treated waste pressed palm oil fruit
fibre (PPOFF) as additives on the mechanical properties of sandcrete masonry blocks
(SMBs) was investigated in this study. Taguchi-grey relational analysis (T-GRA)
optimization technique was employed to optimize the applied process parameters that
involved treated PPOFF, water to cement (W/C) ratio and mould volume (MV). The
percentages of PPOFF added were 0.00%, 0.25 %, 0.50 %, 0.75 % and 1.00 % of the
cement mass. The treated PPOFF was assigned four levels, while W/C ratio and MV
were assigned two levels each in the L8 (4^1x2^2) Taguchi mixed level orthogonal
array chosen for the design of experiment. The results obtained with the T-GRA
optimization technique showed that the peak response values of the evaluated
properties of the produced SMBs, which included compressive strength (CS), bulk
density (BD) and water absorption capacity (WAC), were 4.58 N/mm2, 2066 kg/m3 and
4.12 % respectively. The optimal parameter level combination that gave the peak
response values in the evaluated properties was found at A1B2C1. This represents
0.25 % treated PPOFF, 0.65 W/C ratio and 0.0101 m3 MV. These values indicate that
the produced SMBs are of high quality and can be used as load bearing walls in
building industries. The scanning electron microscope images of the produced SMB
samples revealed that there was tight PPOFF-cement matrix bonding quality. These
imply that the inclusion of the treated PPOFF in the production of SMBs greatly
improved its properties. Lastly, the predictive models developed and assessed
statistically for the evaluated properties were found to be good and reliable for
predicting the properties of such blocks within the range of data considered in
this study. �0�8 2022 The Author(s)
AUTHOR KEYWORDS: Compressive strength; Pressed palm oil fruit fibre; Regression
model; Sandcrete masonry block; Taguchi-grey relational analysis
Lumor R., Abladey L., Tikoli D., Gand A.K., Owusu E.O., Offei-Nyako K., Edim I.E.
AUTHOR FULL NAMES: Lumor, Richard (57203878674); Abladey, Lawrence (57502863400);
Tikoli, David (55337207600); Gand, Alfred Kofi (8946755000); Owusu, Ezekiel Osei
(57223053571); Offei-Nyako, Kofi (57223044979); Edim, Inok Edim (57223037457)
57203878674; 57502863400; 55337207600; 8946755000; 57223053571; 57223044979;
57223037457
A comparative study of the quality of sandcrete cement blocks and quarry dust
cement blocks
(2021) Engineering Solid Mechanics, 9 (3), pp. 281 - 290
DOI: 10.5267/j.esm.2021.3.002
85104670080&doi=10.5267%2fj.esm.2021.3.002&partnerID=40&md5=7394526e893752540e0c6ab
20ee77c60
ABSTRACT: With the increase of construction activities in Ghana, there is an

increasing demand in building materials leading to the shortage of the conventional
materials. The informal sector is gradually seeing the introduction of quarry dust
as a substitute of sand in block production. This paper focuses on a comparative
analysis of the quality of sandcrete blocks and quarry dust cement blocks. Block
samples were gathered from various suppliers around the Prampram and Dawhenya areas
and through various laboratory tests were tested for their dimension tolerance,
water absorption and compressive strengths. Aggregate samples were also taken from
suppliers for sieve analyses. The study revealed that the quarry dust cement blocks
contained relatively higher percentages of coarse grade particles compared to the
sandcrete blocks. The total average water absorption of sandcrete blocks was found
to be 3.90% while quarry dust showed an improved value of 3.28%. Sandcrete blocks
were averagely found to be of a higher compressive strength of 4.31N/mm2, with
quarry dust at 3.0N/mm2. The study suggested the likelihood of a lesser use of
cement in the production of quarry dust cement blocks due to the similarities in
colour between the quarry dust and cement, hence, negatively affecting its
compressive strength. �0�8 2021 Growing Science Ltd.
AUTHOR KEYWORDS: Compressive strength; Quarry dust; Sandcrete; Water absorption
Adedeji A.A.
AUTHOR FULL NAMES: Adedeji, A.A. (35570286000)
35570286000
Behaviour and service life of sandcrete block prism in an acid rain environment
(2004) Modelling, Measurement and Control C, 65 (1-2), pp. 11 - 21
18444418848&partnerID=40&md5=f765a4827a06024dbc0b41aa28342055
ABSTRACT: Due to a significant fall in PH-value of rain water, there is a serious

concern about the strength of cement-based masonry materials exposed to acid rain.
For different mixes (1:6, 1:8 and 1:12 of cement-sand ratio) of sandcrete block-
prism specimens, subjected to acid rain solution and compression test, their
characteristic strength decreases as the cement-sand ratio decreases. Penetration
rate, of the acid rain solution into the specimens, does not depend on the pH-value
of the solution. The results of the data analysed also showed that acid-rain
penetration for mix 1:6 is moderate, 1:8 is high and 1:12 (not recommended for a
loadbearing wall in such an environment) is severe. There is 38% reduction in the
bearing (compression) capacity of sandcrete masonry due the penetration of the
solution. A load factor of 2.9 is suggested for this masonry.
AUTHOR KEYWORDS: Acid rain; Bearing capacity; Diffusion; Masonry; Sandcrete;
Service life
INDEX KEYWORDS: Bearing capacity; Building materials; Diffusion; Masonry
construction; Prisms; Service life; Solutions; Strength of materials; Acid
precipitation; Air pollutants; Sandcrete; Acid rain
Alabi S.A., Mahachi J.

AUTHOR FULL NAMES: Alabi, Stephen Adeyemi (56609054700); Mahachi, Jeffrey
(6505746436)
56609054700; 6505746436
Mechanical properties of sustainable concrete made with ceramic and sandcrete block
wastes
(2022) Materials Today: Proceedings, 62, pp. S44 - S48
DOI: 10.1016/j.matpr.2022.02.086
85128682275&doi=10.1016%2fj.matpr.2022.02.086&partnerID=40&md5=dc0362f7a8f1a341c094
ba37d8726fb8
ABSTRACT: Material reuse has become one of the most active areas of research being
investigated by various researchers. The amount of waste produced and the rate at
which naturally occurring resources are being depleted is becoming alarming. As a
result, researchers have been looking into viable methods of reusing these wastes,
directly reducing the rate at which our limited natural resources are consumed.
This study presents the findings on an experimental investigation of the partial
replacement of natural fine aggregate (NFA), ordinary Portland cement (OPC) with
recycled fine ceramic (RFC), and calcined granulated ceramic (CGC); and the
complete replacement of the NFA with recycled fine aggregate (RFA) from the crushed
sandcrete block and partially replaced it with RFC. The aggregates were replaced
from 10% to 50% in step of 10%, while the cement was replaced from 5% to 25% in
step of 5%. A mix ratio of 1:2:4 by weight was used with a w/c ratio of 0.55, and
the compressive strength of the concretes produced using a cube size of 150 �� 150
�� 150 mm was carried out after being cured 7, 14, 28, and 56 days. The result
showed that the workability of the concrete decreases as the percentage replacement
increases. However, there was an increase in the compressive strength for the
partial replacement of NFA as the replacement increased. A decrease in strength, at
40% and 50% replacement was observed. Similarly, the compressive strength decreases
with an increase in replacement of OPC with CGC, and the highest decrease occurred
at 25%, while the slightest drop was at 5%, which resulted in 27.87% to 33.60% and
4.18% to 5.17% decrease in strength respectively at 28 and 56 days. In addition,
complete replacement of NFA with RFA and partially replaced with RFC resulted in a
decrease in strength. It was observed that the highest reduction in strength was at
50% replacement resulting in a 24.85% and 24.91% decrease in strength at 28 days
and 56 days, respectively. The use of recycled sanitary ceramics (RSC) and recycled
sandcrete block (RSB) wastes would help get them used in concrete and other
construction materials, but it would also help reduce landfill space and protect
the environment from potential pollution impacts. �0�8 2022 Elsevier Ltd
AUTHOR KEYWORDS: Calcined Granulated Ceramic; Compressive Strength; Recycled Fine
Aggregate; Recycled Fine Ceramic; Sandcrete Block; Sanitary Ceramics; Workability
INDEX KEYWORDS: Calcination; Concrete aggregates; Portland cement; Recycling;
Calcined granulated ceramic; Fine aggregates; Fine ceramics; Ordinary Portland
cement; Partial replacement; Recycled fine aggregates; Recycled fine ceramic;
Sandcrete blocks; Sanitary ceramics; Workability; Compressive strength
Amos-Abanyie S., Akuffo F.O., Kutin-Sanwu V.

AUTHOR FULL NAMES: Amos-Abanyie, S. (26665289600); Akuffo, F.O. (6506429931);
Kutin-Sanwu, V. (36619416500)
26665289600; 6506429931; 36619416500
Parametric study of effect of thermal mass, window size and night-time ventilation
on peak indoor temperature in the warm-humid climate of Ghana
(2011) 7th International Symposium on Heating, Ventilating and Air Conditioning -
Proceedings of ISHVAC 2011, 1, pp. 58 - 63
84866294872&partnerID=40&md5=a8688cbd996b6550c46c0250a330bb0a
ABSTRACT: Selection of materials for and the design of building envelopes can
minimize the cooling load imposed through transmission of solar radiation on office
buildings. Most office buildings in the warm-humid sub-Saharan countries experience
high cooling load because of the predominant use of sandcrete blocks which is of
low thermal thermal mass in construction and extensive use of glazing. Relatively
low night temperatures are not harnessed in cooling buildings because office
openings remain closed after work hours. A numerical model serving as a base model
was developed based on the characteristics of Ghanaian mode of office building
design using the Energy Plus (E+) simulation software. An optimization was
performed through a sensitivity analysis based simulation with peak indoor
temperature as the criteria. An experimental system was designed based on the
parameters of the optimized model, constructed and monitored, and the experimental
data used to validate the simulation model. The results show that an optimization
of thermal mass and window to floor ratio coupled with activation of night-time
ventilation provides a synergistic effect to ensure the lowest indoor temperature.
An equation that predicts TDR as a function of the window to floor ratio (WFR) has
been derived that can be used to predict the indoor maximum temperature.
AUTHOR KEYWORDS: Ghana; Night-time ventilation; Peak indoor temperature; Thermal
mass
INDEX KEYWORDS: Air conditioning; Atmospheric temperature; Computer simulation;
Computer software; Floors; Office buildings; Optimization; Space heating; Sun; Base
models; Cooling buildings; Cooling load; Design of buildings; Experimental data;
Experimental system; Ghana; Indoor temperature; Maximum temperature; Night-time
ventilation; Parametric study; Sandcrete blocks; Simulation model; Simulation
software; Sub-Saharan countries; Synergistic effect; Thermal mass; Through
transmission; Window Size; Work hours; Ventilation
Atoyebi O.D., Awolusi T.F., Odeyemi S.O., Aladegboye O.J., Gana A.J., Popoola A.B.
AUTHOR FULL NAMES: Atoyebi, O.D. (57201464997); Awolusi, T.F. (57196152185);
Odeyemi, S.O. (57201401986); Aladegboye, O.J. (57190973930); Gana, A.J.
(57205234687); Popoola, A.B. (57290534500)
57201464997; 57196152185; 57201401986; 57190973930; 57205234687; 57290534500
Response surface methodology and statistical investigation of the strength of
bituminous sandcrete blocks
(2021) Civil Engineering and Architecture, 9 (5), pp. 1558 - 1571
DOI: 10.13189/cea.2021.090526
85116787718&doi=10.13189%2fcea.2021.090526&partnerID=40&md5=0e13e7ae260b2e2dbe57afc
320fc26b3
ABSTRACT: Spalling is a serviceability related defect in buildings that degrades

their appearance and if unchecked, could be a threat to building sustainability and
lead to structural failures. It is associated with the effect of moisture on the
building especially the blockwall. This research focuses on the production of low
water-absorption Sandcrete blocks. The water absorption and compressive strength of
blocks using bitumen as a coat and as part of the sandcrete mix are investigated.
In assessing the outcome, eight (8) different sets of Sandcrete blocks with varying
bitumen contents were defined and nine (9) samples of standard six (6) inches
blocks were produced for each set, with three (3) samples per set being tested at
7,14 and 28 days for water absorption and compressive strength respectively. The
water sprinkling curing method was used at 24 hours intervals. The results acquired
showed that the sets that contained bitumen showed reduced water absorption rates
up to 4.06% at 28 days relative to the control samples. The analysis of the
experimental result was done using response surface methodology, the percentage of
bitumen replacement with sand and curing days was used as the independent variable.
Multiple regression equation was obtained to predict investigated properties.
Further analysis of the data shows that Sandcrete blocks coated externally with
bitumen give the optimum performance in terms of compressive strength and water
absorption. �0�8 2021 by authors, all rights reserved.
AUTHOR KEYWORDS: Bitumen; Civil Engineering; Response Surface Methodology;
Sandcrete Blocks; Spalling; Structural Integrity
Robert U.W., Etuk S.E., Agbasi O.E., Okorie U.S., Abdulrazzaq Z.T., Anonaba A.U.,
Ojo O.T.
AUTHOR FULL NAMES: Robert, Ubong Williams (57211365471); Etuk, Sunday Edet
(6701731930); Agbasi, Okechukwu Ebuka (57202419164); Okorie, Uduakobong Sunday
(57203937552); Abdulrazzaq, Zaidoon Taha (57209302542); Anonaba, Armstrong
Udochukwu (57221519410); Ojo, Odunayo Tope (57312196800)
57211365471; 6701731930; 57202419164; 57203937552; 57209302542; 57221519410;
57312196800
On the hygrothermal properties of sandcrete blocks produced with sawdust as partial
replacement of sand
(2021) Journal of the Mechanical Behavior of Materials, 30 (1), pp. 144 - 155
DOI: 10.1515/jmbm-2021-0015
https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85117964770&doi=10.1515%2fjmbm-
2021-0015&partnerID=40&md5=521b4e9c41b592e752988ed68ffc9d98
ABSTRACT: In Nigeria, sawdust is continuously generated in large quantities as

waste but majorly under-utilised, a situation which causes serious environmental
problems and health hazards when managed improperly. This work focussed on
production and assessment of hygrothermal properties of solid core sandcrete blocks
in which sand is partially replaced with sawdust at 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, and 40%
loading levels. Experiments were conducted on block samples made with untreated
sawdust (USD) and on those similarly produced but with treated sawdust (TSD). The
results showed that the blocks with USD content are capable of decreasing wall heat
transmission load and improve energy efficiency of building envelopes better than
their counterparts produced with TSD. In terms of compliance with standard bulk
density and water absorption requirements, incorporation of USD or TSD at 20% or
10% level respectively, was found to be optimum for partial sand substitution in
the studied block samples in order to suit the functional requirements of building
structure and interior space. Since sawdust is cheaply and commonly available in
vast amount, utilising it in sandcrete block production is a promising way of
minimising its disposal problems while enhancing the development of safe,
affordable, and sustainable housing. �0�8 2021 Ubong Williams Robert et al.,
published by De Gruyter.
AUTHOR KEYWORDS: alkalisation; building; sorptivity; thermal insulation; wood waste
Muntohar A.S., Rahman M.E.

AUTHOR FULL NAMES: Muntohar, Agus Setyo (6507071893); Rahman, Muhammad Ekhlasur
(55457963900)
6507071893; 55457963900
Lightweight masonry block from oil palm kernel shell
(2014) Construction and Building Materials, 54, pp. 477 - 484
DOI: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2013.12.087
84893051259&doi=10.1016%2fj.conbuildmat.2013.12.087&partnerID=40&md5=170a547759a938
d7dd92169d418542f1
ABSTRACT: A large amount of waste produced in the processing of palm oil is one of
the main contributors to the environmental problem. This paper presents an
experimental study on the development of the shellcrete masonry block that made of
oil palm kernel. The study was focused on the physical, compressive strength and
flexural strength of shellcrete. The eco-efficiency of the shellcrete was also
evaluated by measuring the carbon footprint. The shellcrete was made by mixing the
Portland cement (PC), sand, and oil palm kernel shell (PKS). A control specimen
made of PC and sand mixture (sandcrete) was also prepared. The specimen size was
220 mm length, 110 mm width and 80 mm in thickness. The maximum strength obtained
was 22 MPa by mixing proportion of 1 PC:1 Sand:1 PKS, but the recommended mix
proportion of the shellcrete for building materials was 1 PC:1 Sand:2 PKS as an
optimum mix design for eco-friendly shellcrete. �0�8 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights
reserved.
AUTHOR KEYWORDS: Low-carbon material; Masonry block; Oil palm kernel shell;
Shellcrete
INDEX KEYWORDS: Carbon footprint; Compressive strength; Masonry materials; Mixing;
Portland cement; Sand; Environmental problems; Low-carbon; Masonry Blocks; Maximum
strength; Mix proportions; Mixing proportions; Oil palm; Shellcrete; Palm oil
Alabi S.A.
AUTHOR FULL NAMES: Alabi, Stephen Adeyemi (56609054700)
56609054700
The Potential of Recycled Aggregates and Coconut Fiber in the Production of
Concrete
(2020) International Journal of Integrated Engineering, 12 (8), pp. 303 - 309
DOI: 10.30880/IJIE.2020.12.08.029
85120939265&doi=10.30880%2fIJIE.2020.12.08.029&partnerID=40&md5=a2ce0e1bbc2ae315197
d5b3653a8a16e
ABSTRACT: The high cost of conventional construction materials has led researchers
into the search for alternative construction materials that are sustainable and
eco-friendly. This study investigates the effect of crushed sandscrete block as
recycled fine aggregate (RFA) and crushed abandoned cubes as recycled coarse
aggregate (RCA) with constant percentage of coconut fibre (CF) on the properties of
the concrete. The normal aggregate concrete (NAC) containing normal aggregate (NA)
without the addition of CF was first produced and tested. The second stage involved
production of concrete comprising constant percentage of CF with 25%, 50%, 75% and
100% fine and coarse aggregate replacement by weight with RFA and RCA. Properties
of fresh and hardened concrete for all specimen types with standard procedure to
obtain an optimum mix design was determined. The results obtained from the study
shows that the workability of all the replacements were found to be lower than that
of the normal aggregate concrete (NAC). Compressive and splitting tensile strength
test showed that at optimum replacement levels of 25% RCA and 25% RFA concrete have
better strength performance than NAC. The study established that RCA and RFA is
capable of partially replacing NA in concrete production in ternary form. The
optimum percentage replacement of RCA, RFA and CF should be adhered to for
effective performance. �0�8 2020. Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia Publisher's
Office. All Rights Reserved.
AUTHOR KEYWORDS: coconut fibre; compressive strength; recycled coarse aggregate;
Sandcrete block; workability
Wenapere D.A., Ephraim M.E.

AUTHOR FULL NAMES: Wenapere, Dio Ambakederemo (26532011600); Ephraim, Morris E
(57195468791)
26532011600; 57195468791
Physico-mechanical behaviour of sandcrete block masonry units
(2009) Journal of Building Appraisal, 4 (4), pp. 301 - 309
DOI: 10.1057/jba.2009.8
65249173948&doi=10.1057%2fjba.2009.8&partnerID=40&md5=1a622e56f5516f3bd735266b1928e
807
ABSTRACT: This paper is laboratory test-focused, and reports the results of

investigation of the strength and density of sandcrete blocks based on a 1:4 model
of the prototype. Two hundred and seventy-one sandcrete block models from four
mixed proportions, namely 1:4, 1:6, 1:8 and 1:10, were tested at the ages of 7, 14,
21 and 28 days, with various water-cement ratios. The result revealed the practical
correspondence of test values and trends for test values and variational trends for
BS 2028 reference characteristics of strength and density, which provide concrete
evidence of reproducibility of the prototype physico-mechanical behaviour under
load by its one-quarter structural model. The possibility of application of scaled-
down wall models containing model block units will reduce requirements of
laboratory space and loading equipment, thus widening the scope of research on the
structural resistance mechanism of sandcrete blockwalls. �0�8 2009 Palgrave
Macmillan.
AUTHOR KEYWORDS: Model; Sandcrete block; Strength
Nduka D.O., Joshua O., Ajao A.M., Ogunbayo B.F., Ogundipe K.E.
AUTHOR FULL NAMES: Nduka, David O. (57200573813); Joshua, Opeyemi (55923102800);
Ajao, Adekunle M. (57200437808); Ogunbayo, Babatunde F. (57200441689); Ogundipe,
Kunle E. (57195758635)
57200573813; 55923102800; 57200437808; 57200441689; 57195758635
Influence of secondary aluminum dross (SAD) on compressive strength and water
absorption capacity properties of sandcrete block
(2019) Cogent Engineering, 6 (1), art. no. 1608687
DOI: 10.1080/23311916.2019.1608687
85065451584&doi=10.1080%2f23311916.2019.1608687&partnerID=40&md5=cb03139da5ddf3a585
a48a76bf73eadd
ABSTRACT: Secondary aluminum dross (SAD) is a hazardous by-product of the aluminum

smelting industry. Among various recycling options of this waste, construction and
building materials applications is one of the value-added options to end dumping.
The present study, thereby, investigates the influence of SAD on the mechanical and
durability properties of sandcrete blocks (SBs). Five partial replacements 0%, 10%,
20%, 30% and 40% of river sand with SAD were experimented at constant water�Ccement
ratio of 0.45. Sixty-three SB samples of size 150�0�2mm �� 225�0�2mm �� 450�0�2mm
were molded and cured at different ages of 7, 14 and 28�0�2days before the hardened
blocks were subjected to water absorption and compressive crushing tests. The study
results revealed that the water absorption of SAD-blended samples was found to rise
with increasing percentage replacement with SAD. Also, the study revealed that
beyond 10% replacement with SAD, the investigated properties fall below the
required limits as stated in relevant standards. SBs blended with SAD up to 10% of
weight of sand could be beneficial for construction economy, healthy living,
ecological and sustainable built environment. �0�8 2019, �0�8 2019 The Author(s).
This open access article is distributed under a Creative Commons Attribution (CC-
BY) 4.0 license.
AUTHOR KEYWORDS: Aluminum dross; construction project; replacement; sandcrete
block; sustainability
Mambo A.D., Mogbo O.N., Patrick O.R., Amuda A.G., Dayyabu A., Sanusi A.
AUTHOR FULL NAMES: Mambo, Abdulhameed Danjuma (55256849400); Mogbo, Onyebuchi
Nwabueze (57194853329); Patrick, Osezele Rotimi (57216431543); Amuda, Akeem Gbenga
(57201995591); Dayyabu, Abubakar (57203113177); Sanusi, Abdulganiyu (57216436917)
55256849400; 57194853329; 57216431543; 57201995591; 57203113177; 57216436917
Investigating the performance of stabilized laterite block as an alternative
walling units for Abuja
(2019) 2019 15th International Conference on Electronics, Computer and Computation,
ICECCO 2019, art. no. 9043242
DOI: 10.1109/ICECCO48375.2019.9043242
85083498140&doi=10.1109%2fICECCO48375.2019.9043242&partnerID=40&md5=bdea3c978382a77
16c9bf9b224539f05
ABSTRACT: Walling materials are essential element of sustainable housing delivery.

It influences a wide range of social, economic and environmental factors in any
structure. Nigeria has suffered several building collapse with traumatic outcomes
and among the major causes is poor building materials. This work studied the
performance of Compressed Laterite Blocks (CLB) and compares it with cement block
produced under laboratory conditions as well as those sold by block making
industries in Abuja. The objective of this study was to determine the geotechnical
properties of the laterite soil types for block making and investigate the
performance of the block types. Geotechnical tests were conducted on the laterite
samples and they were stabilized at different cement contents (0-8%) and compacted.
The performance factors; wet and dry compressive strength, density, water
absorption were then determined. A cement content of 6.5% for the stabilized
laterite blocks yielded the compressed earth blocks with the most desired
characteristics. These characteristic surpasses the ones observed for the standard
cement blocks as well as those sold commercially in Abuja. Already computer
simulation and modelling is being considered as a faster and cost effective way to
determine suitability of laterite soil for block making. �0�8 2019 IEEE.
AUTHOR KEYWORDS: Block making companies; Compressed earth blocks; Laterite block;
Sandcrete blocks
INDEX KEYWORDS: Cement industry; Cements; Compressive strength; Cost effectiveness;
Modal analysis; Soil testing; Sustainable development; Water absorption; Compressed
earth blocks; Environmental factors; Geotechnical properties; Geotechnical tests;
Laboratory conditions; Performance factors; Simulation and modelling; Sustainable
housing; Soils
Robert U.W., Etuk S.E., Agbasi O.E., Okorie U.S., Lashin A.

AUTHOR FULL NAMES: Robert, Ubong Williams (57211365471); Etuk, Sunday Edet
(6701731930); Agbasi, Okechukwu Ebuka (57202419164); Okorie, Uduakobong Sunday
(57203937552); Lashin, Aref (27967768700)
57211365471; 6701731930; 57202419164; 57203937552; 27967768700
Hygrothermal properties of sandcrete blocks produced with raw and hydrothermally-
treated sawdust as partial substitution materials for sand
(2021) Journal of King Saud University - Engineering Sciences
DOI: 10.1016/j.jksues.2021.10.005
85120308009&doi=10.1016%2fj.jksues.2021.10.005&partnerID=40&md5=d9a4854ac81479ebb7f
18c15c68bc90f
ABSTRACT: Sandcrete blocks are used predominantly as walling elements for shelter
construction in developing countries like Nigeria. Though several researches have
revealed that the effect of incessant rise in the cost of sand suitable for
production of sandcrete blocks could be mitigated by partial substitution of sand
with waste materials, information on performance determinants like moisture effect
and heat flow processes in relation to such developed blocks are scarce and in most
cases, completely lacking in the literature. Also, sawdust is continuously
generated in vast amount but majorly under-utilised and improperly discarded as
waste, thereby causing serious environmental problems. This study focussed on
production and appraisal of hygrothermal properties of solid core sandcrete blocks
in which sand is partially substituted with sawdust at 0, 10, 20, 30, and 40%
loading levels by volume. Water absorption, sorptivity, bulk density, specific heat
capacity, thermal conductivity, thermal diffusivity, heat penetration time, thermal
lag, and solar radiation absorptivity were determined for the blocks. The results
revealed that blocks with raw sawdust (RSD) content are more capable of decreasing
wall heat transmission load and improve energy efficiency of building envelopes
compared to their counterparts containing hydrothermally-treated sawdust (TSD).
Partial sand substitution with 20% of RSD or 10% of TSD was observed to be optimum
in order to meet both the water absorption and bulk density requirements outlined
in standard protocols. By utilising sawdust as described in this work, problems
associated with its disposal could be minimised while development of affordable,
safe, and sustainable housing is enhanced. �0�8 2021 The Authors
AUTHOR KEYWORDS: Hydrothermal treatment; Shelter; Sorptivity; Thermal insulation;
Walling materials; Waste
INDEX KEYWORDS: Developing countries; Energy efficiency; Housing; Sand; Specific
heat; Sustainable development; Thermal conductivity; Waste treatment; Water
absorption; Water treatment; Bulk density; Hydrothermal treatments; Hydrothermally
treated; Hygrothermal properties; Partial substitution; Sandcrete blocks; Shelter;
Sorptivity; Treated sawdust; Walling material; Thermal insulation
Omoregie A.
AUTHOR FULL NAMES: Omoregie, Alohan (41661856100)
41661856100
Optimum compressive strength of hardened sandcrete building blocks with steel chips
(2013) Buildings, 3 (1), pp. 205 - 219
DOI: 10.3390/buildings3010205
84995421559&doi=10.3390%2fbuildings3010205&partnerID=40&md5=014f3543e07117b2276bca7
16991b3f1
ABSTRACT: The recycling of steel chips into an environmentally friendly,

responsive, and profitable commodity in the manufacturing and construction
industries is a huge and difficult challenge. Several strategies designed for the
management and processing of this waste in developed countries have been largely
unsuccessful in developing countries mainly due to its capital-intensive nature. To
this end, this investigation attempts to provide an alternative solution to the
recycling of this material by maximizing its utility value in the building
construction industry. This is to establish their influence on the compressive
strength of sandcrete hollow blocks and solid cubes with the aim of specifying the
range percent of steel chips for the sandcrete optimum compressive strength value.
This is particularly important for developing countries in sub-Saharan Africa, and
even Latin America where most sandcrete blocks exhibit compressive strengths far
below standard requirements. Percentages of steel chips relative to the weight of
cement were varied and blended with the sand in an attempt to improve the sand
grading parameters. The steel chips variations were one, two, three, four, five,
ten and fifteen percent respectively. It was confirmed that the grading parameters
were improved and there were significant increases in the compressive strength of
the blocks and cube samples. The greatest improvement was noticed at four percent
steel chips and sand combination. Using the plotted profile, the margin of steel
chips additions for the optimum compressive strength was also established. It is
recommended that steel chip sandcrete blocks are suitable for both internal load
bearing, and non-load bearing walls, in areas where they are not subjected to
moisture ingress. However, for external walls, and in areas where they are liable
to moisture attack after laying, the surfaces should be well rendered. Below ground
level, the surfaces should be coated with a water proofing agent like bitumen and
cement containing waterproofing agents be used in the manufacture, laying, and
rendering of steel chip sandcrete blocks. �0�8 2013 by the authors.
AUTHOR KEYWORDS: Optimum compressive strength; Sandcrete-blocks; Sandcrete-cubes;
Steel chips
Ogunbayo B., Aigbavboa C.

(54956705100)
57200441689; 54956705100
Quality Assessment of Sandcrete Blocks Produced with River Sand in Ogun State,
Nigeria
(2021) Advances in Science, Technology and Innovation, pp. 385 - 391
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-48465-1_65
3-030-48465-1_65&partnerID=40&md5=cc55d1b2c6a2a6d3ee91f4e5cb43a67d
ABSTRACT: In the Nigerian construction industry, sandcrete block is an important

building material, it is used in the construction of the building and other useful
physical infrastructure. Many of the sandcrete blocks are produced at different
locations and environment using different aggregate materials without resort to the
minimum quality standard expected of the sandcrete block. It is on this bases that
the study assessed the quality of sandcrete block produced with river sand in order
to determine their compliance level to the standard expected of a sandcrete block
in Nigeria. Eighteen sandcrete blocks of size 225 mm �� 225 mm �� 450 mm were
gotten from three different production locations in Ifo, Ogun State Nigeria. Sieve
analyses, bulk density, silt content, and the compressive test were carried out to
determine the property quality of aggregate material (river sand) used for the
production of the blocks and its strength. The result shows that the aggregate
material used was of good quality suitable for the production of the sandcrete
block. The result also shows that the average compressive strength of 1.16�0�2N/mm2
for sandcrete blocks from different production sites does not meet up with the
minimum requirement for sandcrete block compressive strength as stipulated by NIS
2007 and ISO 848492-1994. The study revealed that the quality of the block produced
is not affected by the quality of aggregate used but by poor quality control of
aggregate and other materials used in the production of the blocks. It further
revealed that the block quality is also affected by shoddy/improper curing of
blocks produced. The study, therefore, concluded that regulatory and professional
bodies should organize seminars for the local producers of sandcrete blocks on the
best practice of producing quality blocks in meeting the required quality standard
for construction work to avoid structural cracks and collapsing of building. �0�8
2021, The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license to
Springer Nature Switzerland AG.
AUTHOR KEYWORDS: Bulk density; Compressive strength; Sandcrete block; Sieve
analysis; Silt content
Alutu O.E., Ihimekpen M.O.

AUTHOR FULL NAMES: Alutu, O.E. (25821884700); Ihimekpen, M.O. (35326930100)
25821884700; 35326930100
Utilization of calcite and calcite-cement in the stabilization of laterites for
low-cost hollow blocks
(2007) Advanced Materials Research, 18-19, pp. 27 - 34
DOI: 10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.18-19.27
56249140054&doi=10.4028%2fwww.scientific.net%2famr.18-
19.27&partnerID=40&md5=64502657ca7df195f48ec8dfd6b4bb60
ABSTRACT: This paper examines the production of calcite and calcite-cement

stabilized laterite hollow blocks as low-cost masonry units. First, is the
production of laterite hollow blocks solely stabilized with finely ground limestone
or calcite followed by the production of laterite hollow blocks stabilized with
calcite-cement composite. Laterite was sourced from three locations: Asoro,
Evbuotubu and Ugbowo. Blocks were produced using a specially constructed machine
with percentages of calcite and calcite-cement content varying from 4% to 16%
respectively at compactive pressures of 10.32 and 13.75N/mm2. Equal amounts of
calcite and cement are used in the composite. The blocks were then tested for 7, 14
and 28 days strengths after curing. The results show that laterite blocks
stabilized with calcite alone do not satisfy the Nigerian Industrial Standards or
British Standards for blocks but those stabilized with 8% calcite-cement content,
i.e., 4% calcite with 4% cement do, at moulding pressure of 13.7 N/mm2. Based on
the local cost data, the results also show that calcite-cement stabilized laterite
hollow blocks are 17% cheaper than an equivalent cement-stabilized hollow block and
46% cheaper than the low quality sandcrete blocks sold in the market. �0�8 2007
Trans Tech Publications.
AUTHOR KEYWORDS: Calcite-cement; Cost effectiveness; Durability; Laterites;
Stabilization; Strength
INDEX KEYWORDS: Cements; Cost effectiveness; Costs; Durability; Engineering
research; Lime; Soils; Stabilization; British Standards; Calcite-cement; Cement
stabilized; Ground limestone; Industrial standards; Laterites; Moulding pressure;
Strength; Calcite
Mohammed B., Cheeseman C.R.

AUTHOR FULL NAMES: Mohammed, Babagana (54927479600); Cheeseman, Christopher R.
(8547688000)
54927479600; 8547688000
Use of oil drill cuttings as an alternative raw material in sandcrete blocks
(2011) Waste and Biomass Valorization, 2 (4), pp. 373 - 380
DOI: 10.1007/s12649-011-9089-z
84856246164&doi=10.1007%2fs12649-011-9089-
z&partnerID=40&md5=51ac9ac78fa9e4449388592f9195a237
ABSTRACT: This research has investigated the use of waste oil drill cuttings
treated by thermal desorption in sandcrete, a major construction material used
throughout Nigeria and much of West Africa. Sandcrete samples were prepared using a
sand to cement ratio of 6:1. The results show that replacing up to 50 wt% of sand
by treated oil drill cuttings produced sandcrete with reduced water absorption and
reduced sorptivity, increased density and reduced thermal conductivity. In
addition, the compressive strengths of samples containing oil drill cuttings were
comparable to control samples. The work demonstrates the potential for the
beneficial reuse of waste oil drill cuttings treated by thermal desorption in the
production of sandcrete blocks with improved properties. �0�8 Springer
Science+Business Media B.V. 2011.
AUTHOR KEYWORDS: Nigeria; Oil drill cuttings; Sandcrete; Sorptivity; Waste reuse;
Water adsorption
INDEX KEYWORDS: Adsorption; Thermal conductivity; Thermal desorption; Water
absorption; Nigeria; Oil drill cuttings; Sandcrete; Sorptivity; Waste reuse; Water
adsorption; Rock drills
Burubai W., Akor A.J., Lily M.T.

AUTHOR FULL NAMES: Burubai, W. (16686372100); Akor, A.J. (6506447506); Lily, M.T.
(26028925800)
16686372100; 6506447506; 26028925800
Design and development of a septic system for high water-table areas
(2009) Electronic Journal of Environmental, Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 8 (5),
pp. 319 - 332
77953332918&partnerID=40&md5=998b7484182e7fb5d7ea7a5af513eb2d
ABSTRACT: Septic systems for high water-table and inundating areas was designed
constructed and tested in Port Harcourt with a view to improving the sanitary
conditions of rural and urban communities of Nigeria. To ensure structural
integrity, water tightness, corrosion resistance and buoyancy resistance, a
reinforced concrete was chosen with a nominal mix of 1.1.9.1.9 and designed using
the one-way slab analysis whose rules according to BS8007 was followed. The
designed septic tanks and absorption fields (sand and gravel) has volumes 2.08m3
and 0.60m3 respectively. It was designed for a population of four (4) people with a
domestic waste flow rate of 0.32m3/m2/d. Three replicates of the system were
constructed and tested for 23 months. Samples were collected at five day intervals
for that period and analyzed for a range of parameters, which includes: Biochemical
Oxygen Demand (BOD5). Total Suspended Solids (TSS), Temperature, pH and Feacal
Coliforms (FC). These parameters were determined using standard procedures. The
results show that, the innovative septic system was able to reduce the
concentration of BOD5 from 348.39m/L to 21.96mg/L representing removal efficiency
of 89.2%; TSS from 388.27mg/l to 21.96mg/L resenting 94.3% efficiency on the
average. These values are within limits of international effluent standards before
disposal. The construction cost of this septic system is sixty seven thousand naira
(N67,000.00) as against the twenty nine thousand naira (N29,000.00) for the
construction of the conventional type of same capacity. But the new septic system
is more effective, efficient, durable and environmentally friendly. It is therefore
recommended, that this innovative septic system be adopted as a replacement for the
conventional septic system (made of sandcrete blocks) presently in use by both
government and individuals to control pollution and as a means of recycling our
finite water resources since the domestic sewage contains 99.9% of water.
AUTHOR KEYWORDS: Environments; Sanitation; Septic system; Water-table
Ajao A.M., Ogundipe K.E., Ogunbayo B.F., Nduka O.D.

AUTHOR FULL NAMES: Ajao, Adekunle M. (57200437808); Ogundipe, Kunle E.
(57195758635); Ogunbayo, Babatunde F. (57200441689); Nduka, Obinna D. (57200573813)
57200437808; 57195758635; 57200441689; 57200573813
Experimental datasets on compliance level to minimum standard requirements among
sandcrete block manufacturers in South Western Nigeria
(2018) Data in Brief, 20, pp. 819 - 824
DOI: 10.1016/j.dib.2018.08.058
85053043563&doi=10.1016%2fj.dib.2018.08.058&partnerID=40&md5=9be4651a398919cd0eaefc
814b350a69
ABSTRACT: The data in this article are related to ��Assessment of Sandcrete Blocks
Manufacturers ��Compliance to Minimum Standard Requirements by Standard
Organisation of Nigeria in Southwest, Nigeria�� (Ajao et al., 2018). The data shows
the compliance level of Sandcrete Block Manufacturers to Minimum Standard
Requirement in Southwest, Nigeria. Experimental procedures carried out on
aggregates and sandcrete blocks included sieve analysis to determine grading
distribution sizes and bulk density and compressive strength to determine the
strength parameters. The results of the experiment were presented in charts and
graphs. �0�8 2018 The Authors
AUTHOR KEYWORDS: Aggregates; Experimental procedure; Sandcrete blocks; Standards;
Strength parameters
INDEX KEYWORDS: Compressive strength; Grading; Manufacture; Regulatory compliance;
Bulk density; Charts and graphs; Experimental procedure; Nigeria; Sandcrete blocks;
Sieve analysis; Southwest nigeria; Standard requirements; Strength parameters;
Aggregates
Uzomaka O.J.
AUTHOR FULL NAMES: Uzomaka, O.J. (6506636534)
6506636534
APPRAISAL OF METHODS OF TESTING SOME PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF SANDCRETE BLOCKS.
(1977) Proc Inst Civ Eng (London), 63 (pt 2), pp. 625 - 639
DOI: 10.1680/iicep.1977.3130
0017535080&doi=10.1680%2fiicep.1977.3130&partnerID=40&md5=37966862aceb58601cf546ba4
ff3b7cf
ABSTRACT: The paper discusses the provisions in the Nigerian Standards Organisation
draft code for the testing of some physical properties of sandcrete blocks. The
rationale for the recommended technique of preparing specimens for compressive
strength tests is questionable on fundamental grounds, and the resulting test
results are shown, theoretically and empirically, to be unrepresentative of the
compressive strength of blocks in practice. A modification of the technique is
suggested. It is also shown that an approximate method for the water absorption
test, in which seven days' drying in the open air replaces the oven-drying process
in the recommended method, gives an effective assessment of the natural absorption
capacity of the material.
INDEX KEYWORDS: CONCRETE - Curing; Concrete testing; SANDCRETE BLOCKS; Concrete
products
Ismaila S.O., Aderele O.

AUTHOR FULL NAMES: Ismaila, Salami O. (36091157600); Aderele, Olutayo (56685906900)
36091157600; 56685906900
Determination of safe weight limit of sandcrete block for block moulders
(2015) IEOM 2015 - 5th International Conference on Industrial Engineering and
Operations Management, Proceeding, art. no. 7093948
DOI: 10.1109/IEOM.2015.7093948
84931062617&doi=10.1109%2fIEOM.2015.7093948&partnerID=40&md5=7507cd35d38a37cec162b8
635a819ef1
ABSTRACT: The main aim of this work was to determine the safe weight of block that
block moulders should lift and compare it with the weight that was actually lifted.
The software of the model for Safe Weight of Lift (SWL) in the literature was
employed in the study. The Load Strain Susceptibility Index (LSSI) was introduced
and determined. The necessary anthropometric data of the twenty-selected block
moulders and the task parameters were measured. The average weights (17.9; 22.79 kg
for 6 inches and 9 inches block respectively) of blocks that the block moulders
carried were more than the hazardous weight (13.91kg) of the blocks for the
workers. The mean LSSI for safe, tolerable and hazardous were 1.0 (��0.00), 2.48
(�� 0.26) and 3.94 (��0.52) respectively. It was concluded that the block moulders
lifted more that the recommended safe weight which may lead to strain in the
muscles of the workers. �0�8 2015 IEEE.
AUTHOR KEYWORDS: Blocks; Load Strain; Manual lifting; Safe weight
INDEX KEYWORDS: Hazards; Anthropometric data; Blocks; Manual lifting; Safe weight;
Sandcrete blocks; Weight limits; Anthropometry
Uzomaka O.J.
AUTHOR FULL NAMES: Uzomaka, O.J. (6506636534)
6506636534
Some factors which affect the crushing strength of sandcrete blocks
(1977) Mat��riaux et Constructions, 10 (1), pp. 45 - 48
DOI: 10.1007/BF02473588
51649158616&doi=10.1007%2fBF02473588&partnerID=40&md5=45a8824e4a3b1b8b9599d4d209f3e
d48
Olofinnade O.M., Anwulidiunor J.U., Ogundipe K.E., Ajimalofin D.A.

AUTHOR FULL NAMES: Olofinnade, Oluwarotimi M. (57148550600); Anwulidiunor, Joshua
U. (58138181900); Ogundipe, Kunle E. (57195758635); Ajimalofin, David A.
(57219226022)
57148550600; 58138181900; 57195758635; 57219226022
Recycling of Periwinkle Shell Waste as Partial Substitute for Sand and Stone Dust
in Lightweight Hollow Sandcrete Blocks towards Environmental Sustainability
(2023) Materials, 16 (5), art. no. 1853
DOI: 10.3390/ma16051853
85149833131&doi=10.3390%2fma16051853&partnerID=40&md5=587e8cbce4128b51600962a39f239
29c
ABSTRACT: Global consumption of nonrenewable natural aggregate for construction

activities is now becoming a significant concern. Reusing agricultural or marine-
based wastes could offer a promising alternative to achieve natural aggregate
conservation and a pollution-free environment. This study investigated the
suitability of using crushed periwinkle shell (CPWS) as a reliable constituent
material for sand and stone dust in producing hollow sandcrete blocks. The CPWS was
used to partially substitute river sand and stone dust at 5, 10, 15 and 20% in
sandcrete block mixes using a constant water�Ccement ratio (w/c) of 0.35. The
weight, density and compressive strength of the hardened hollow sandcrete samples
were determined after 28 days of curing along with the water absorption rate.
Results showed an increase in the water absorbing rate of the sandcrete blocks as
CPWS content increased. Mixes containing 5% and 10% CPWS substitute for sand with
100% stone dust surpassed the minimum targeted strength of 2.5 N/mm2. The
compressive strength results suggested that CPWS is most suitable to be deployed as
a partial substitute for sand as a constant stone dust material, thus imply that
the construction industry can achieve sustainable construction with agro or marine-
based wastes in hollow sandcrete production. �0�8 2023 by the authors.
AUTHOR KEYWORDS: compressive strength; hollow sandcrete block; periwinkle shell;
recycling; sustainable construction; waste management; water absorption
INDEX KEYWORDS: Aggregates; Compressive strength; Construction industry; Dust;
Recycling; Sand; Sustainable development; Waste management; Environmental
sustainability; Global consumption; Hollow sandcrete block; Natural aggregate;
Periwinkle shells; Sand dusts; Sandcrete; Sandcrete blocks; Stone dusts;
Sustainable construction; Water absorption
Ifetayo O., Pretorius J.-H., Clinton A., Joshua A.

AUTHOR FULL NAMES: Ifetayo, Oluwafemi (57204508089); Pretorius, Jan-Harm
(8417810000); Clinton, Aigbavboa (54956705100); Joshua, Akinwamide (57209243554)
57204508089; 8417810000; 54956705100; 57209243554
Quality assurance measurement of sandcrete hollow blocks manufactured in Ado-Ekiti,
Ekiti State, South Western Nigeria
(2018) Proceedings of the International Conference on Industrial Engineering and
Operations Management, 2018 (SEP), pp. 481 - 491
85067031880&partnerID=40&md5=2fe7050cdc5ea47c4e3f0eef52425ccd
ABSTRACT: Quality assurance measurement of a Sandcrete hollow block of Ado -Ekiti

environs was evaluated. The township was zoned into five Zones; where four block
industries were randomly selected per zone. A total of two hundred blocks were
sampled from twenty block producing industries within the five zones. The study
began with the digitization of the Ekiti state map, tests such as Bulk density,
Absorption test, Compressive strength, Abrasion test and Impact test were carried
out on the sampled blocks. Compressive strength results from the sampled blocks
varied between 1.03 and 0.63N/mm2, 0.60 and 0.30N/mm2, 0.50 and 0.28N/mm2, 1.16 and
0.73N/mm2, 1.63 and 1.45 N/mm for Zones 1-5 and sample 1-4 respectively. Water
absorption test result varied between 13.2% and 15.4%, and 13 and 16.5, 14% and
15.8%, 13.6% and 16.4, 09 and 13.5% for zone 1-5 and sample 1-4, respectively. The
results showed that as the strength increases, the absorption values also decrease.
The analysis showed that the abrasion results varied between 40 and 65%, 40 and
75%, 48 and 95%, 40 and 88%, 30 and 46% for zone 1-5 and sample 1-4 respectively.
Impact test also varied between 50 and 85%, 45 and 94%, 55 and 96%, 47 and 93%, 35
and 46 for zone 1-5 and sample 1-4 respectively. The results indicated that, from
all the zones evaluated, only zone 5 which comprises of sample 1, 2, 3 are within
the range specified, while zones 1, 2, 3 and 4 were not found within stipulated
range of 1: 8. It can be inferred that the blocks are not fit to be used for
construction purposes. The use of sub-standard mix design should be discouraged
among the block manufacturer within the study area. �0�8 IEOM Society
International.
AUTHOR KEYWORDS: Abrasion; Compressive strength; Density; Quality assurance;
Sandcrete; Zon
Isaksson R., Buregyeya A.

AUTHOR FULL NAMES: Isaksson, Raine (7004181921); Buregyeya, Apollo (57196718013)
7004181921; 57196718013
Understanding sustainability �C the case of building blocks in Tanzania and Uganda
(2020) TQM Journal
DOI: 10.1108/TQM-12-2019-0302
https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85089110118&doi=10.1108%2fTQM-
12-2019-0302&partnerID=40&md5=d0d509c0e9f62cfd28951673b62cae4b
ABSTRACT: Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to describe sustainability of

hollow and solid blocks in sub-Saharan Africa. Design/methodology/approach:
Indicators of stakeholder value are proposed for measuring block sustainability
based on comparisons of user building value price and carbon emissions. Block
manufacturing processes in Tanzania and Uganda are described and assessed in this
context. Findings: The results from Uganda indicate that there are economic and
environmental advantages in using hollow blocks as long as they are produced to
statutory compliance levels. However, where blocks are not produced to standard
requirements, the results indicate that it is better to use solid blocks. This
surprising result seems to indicate that blocks prepared using low additions of
cement might have sufficient functional quality for simple residential building
applications even though they might not meet current standard strength requirements
and have low cement productivity. These results also indicate that the improvement
potential indicated previously cannot be realised when hollow blocks are used for
simple construction needs. Research limitations/implications: Clear benchmarks for
the best practical level of cement block sustainability seem to be missing. The
first reasons is that the lowest acceptable compressive strength has not been
defined since standard requirements might not be relevant in the studied context.
The second one is that the lowest possible practically achievable cement content
with acceptable cement productivity has not been established. Practical
implications: Understanding sustainability can be very difficult and substantial
work needs to be done to introduce operational sustainability indicators.
Originality/value: The results contribute to the discussion of understanding,
defining and measuring sustainability. �0�8 2020, Emerald Publishing Limited.
AUTHOR KEYWORDS: Cement productivity; Concrete sustainability; Hollow block;
Sandcrete; Sub-saharan Africa; Sustainability
INDEX KEYWORDS: Cements; Compressive strength; Productivity;
Design/methodology/approach; Manufacturing process; Operational sustainability;
Residential building; Stakeholder values; Standard requirements; Statutory
compliance; Sub-saharan africa; Sustainable development
Akinyemi B.A., Elijah A., Oluwasegun A., Akpenpuun D.T., Glory O.

AUTHOR FULL NAMES: Akinyemi, Banjo A. (57200993542); Elijah, Alhassan
(57203411454); Oluwasegun, Aladegboye (57214081015); Akpenpuun, Denen T.
(57194448083); Glory, Owolaja (57214085578)
57200993542; 57203411454; 57214081015; 57194448083; 57214085578
The use of red earth, lateritic soils and quarry dust as an alternative building
material in sandcrete block
(2020) Scientific African, 7, art. no. e00263
DOI: 10.1016/j.sciaf.2020.e00263
85078093563&doi=10.1016%2fj.sciaf.2020.e00263&partnerID=40&md5=4fda6d433722e000e69f
bf3d86f124d9
ABSTRACT: This study investigated the prospect of utilising red earth, quarry dust
and laterite as alternative materials to river sand in the production of sandcrete
blocks. Compressive strength test was performed on the samples at 7, 14, 21 and 28
curing days in the laboratory. The effect of curing on strength improvement was
also studied. Using one way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Tukey analysis, the
results showed that quarry dust and lateritic soil performed relatively better in
comparison with the traditional river sand used in sandcrete blocks production.
Also there was progressive improvement of the compressive strength of the tested
materials over the period of curing regime adopted for the study. Red earth and
quarry dusts showed good prospect as alternative to the use of river sand in
sandcrete block production for developing nations. �0�8 2020
AUTHOR KEYWORDS: Blocks; Compressive; Earth; Laterite; Materials; Quarry
Rahman M.A.
AUTHOR FULL NAMES: Rahman, M.A. (57199763436)
57199763436
Use of rice husk ash in sandcrete blocks for masonry units
(1987) Materials and Structures, 20 (5), pp. 361 - 366
DOI: 10.1007/BF02472582
0023420618&doi=10.1007%2fBF02472582&partnerID=40&md5=ce6ad902d329afe285bbe47e512781
f9
ABSTRACT: Different mix proportions of sand, cement and rice husk ash (RHA) were
studied for use in sandcrete blocks. Optimum water/(cement+RHA) ratios were
determined at different mix proportions. Compressive strengths of various mix
proportions at 7, 28 and 60 days were also determined. The optimum
water/(cement+RHA) ratio increased with rice husk ash contents. Test results showed
that up to 40% RHA could be added as a partial replacement for cement without any
significant change in compressive strength at 60 days. Compressive strengths of
various mix proportions were compared with British Statutory minimum compressive
strengths of bricks for various walls and it was found that sandcrete blocks of 1:5
mortar mixes with 40% RHA (by weight of cement) could be used in both load and non-
load bearing walls. �0�8 1987 RILEM.
INDEX KEYWORDS: AGRICULTURAL WASTES - Waste Utilization; BUILDINGS - Walls;
MATERIALS TESTING - Compression Tests; MORTAR - Moisture Control; OPTIMUM WATER
RATIOS; RICE HUSK ASH; SANDCRETE BLOCKS; BUILDING MATERIALS
Ola S.A.
AUTHOR FULL NAMES: Ola, S.A. (7003320642)
7003320642
Engineering properties and behaviours of stabilized compressed tropical soils.
(1986) Quarterly Journal of Engineering Geology, 19 (4), pp. 425 - 431
DOI: 10.1144/gsl.qjeg.1986.019.04.08
0022828525&doi=10.1144%2fgsl.qjeg.1986.019.04.08&partnerID=40&md5=ac94a1acea14ed01c
6c7c68aab2917f4
ABSTRACT: Summarizes the work done so far on stabilized compressed tropical soils
as a replacement for sandcrete blocks. The study shows that the effects of
compaction far outweight the effect of cement content in a compressed block;
however, compaction pressures greater than 8 MN/m2 will increase neither the
tensile strength nor the compressive strength significantly. The work recommmends a
minimum wet (soaked) strength of 1.4 MN/m2 for soilcrete blocks, and 2.8 MN/m2 for
dry strength to be used for building. For the most economic benefit, a compactive
pressure of 4-8 MN/m2 and a cement content of 5-9% are recommended for a commercial
soilcrete venture. -from Author Dept. of Civil Engineering, Univ. of Benin, Benin
City, Nigeria.
Omoregie A.
AUTHOR FULL NAMES: Omoregie, Alohan (41661856100)
41661856100
Impact of vibration time on compressive strength of hardened sandcrete building
blocks
(2012) Buildings, 2 (2), pp. 153 - 172
DOI: 10.3390/buildings2020153
84978884927&doi=10.3390%2fbuildings2020153&partnerID=40&md5=4823d36f3551fab0c720d79
0b7c9a3c7
ABSTRACT: The majority of the sandcrete blocks used in the Nigerian building
industry fall short of the minimum specification standards. There is evidence to
suggest a wide variation in compressive strength from one block manufacturer to
another and also within block samples from a single source. This problem has been
attributed to poor quality control and substandard constituent materials. Also very
alarming is the ignorance surrounding the usage and engineering properties of some
of the widely used fine aggregate deposits. As a way forward, this paper aims to
re-establish the impact of vibration time in sandcrete block production using six
fine aggregate deposits found within Benin City (Midwestern Nigeria) and their
various pair combinations. Some of the basic properties like silt content, grading
parameters-co-efficient of uniformity (Cu), curvature co-efficient (Cc) and the
fineness modulus (Fm)-of these fine aggregates were established by laboratory
means. In addition, the wet and dry compressive strength of these sandcrete blocks
made from these sands were established. A total of 1,080 block samples produced
under very controlled conditions were used in this investigation. It was revealed
that the utility value of sand can be improved when the weaker and commonly used
sands were combined with those that are better, more expensive and less frequently
used at different vibration periods and ratios. Findings further revealed that sand
types and the sand combination approach adopted were very significant to grading
parameters and strength; at a much higher vibration time the compressive strength
and durability properties were also considerably improved. �0�8 2012 by the
authors.
AUTHOR KEYWORDS: Aggregates; Compressive strength; Curvature coefficient; Fineness
modulus; Nigeria; Silt contents; Uniformity coefficient; Vibration time
Umoh A.A.
AUTHOR FULL NAMES: Umoh, Akaninyene A. (26425335000)
26425335000
Recycling demolition waste sandcrete blocks as aggregate in concrete
(2012) ARPN Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences, 7 (9), pp. 1111 - 1118
84904672076&partnerID=40&md5=da0bf0402604db6e11a9ebcd382fd14e
ABSTRACT: Construction and demolition waste generated by the construction industry

and which posed an environmental challenge can only be minimized by the reuse and
recycling of the waste it generates. Therefore, this study seeks to utilize
sandcrete blocks from demolition waste as an alternative material to fine aggregate
in concrete. A concrete with compressive strength of 30N/mm 2 at 28 days hydration
period was designed for normal mixture as the control. The fine aggregate was
replaced with crushed waste sandcrete block (CWSB) in various percentages in the
steps of 10 starting from 10% to a maximum of 100%, while 0% represents the
control. The properties of the concrete were evaluated at 7, 14 and 28 days curing
periods. Results showed that replacing 50% of CWSB aggregate after 28 days curing
attained the designed compressive strength as the conventional concrete (i.e., the
control). Thus it is concluded that CWSB can be used as a supplementary aggregate
material in concrete. �0�8 2006-2012 Asian Research Publishing Network (ARPN).
AUTHOR KEYWORDS: Compressive strength; Demolition waste; Density; Recycling;
Sandcrete blocks; Water-cement ratio

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ABSTRACT: The discrepancies between the estimated quantities of building materials

Olofinnade O.M., Davies I.E.E., Egwuonwu I.W.

ABSTRACT: This study investigates the suitability of crushed polyethylene

Burubai W., Akor A.J., Lily M.T.

Ewa D.E., Egbe E.A.

ABSTRACT: Cement-based structure stability could be characterized not only by their

Isaksson R., Babatunde O.

ABSTRACT: The combination of a growing population and economic development in

ABSTRACT: An optimization approach is presented in this paper to minimize life-

Hagan J.K., Adomako K., Olympio S.O.

ABSTRACT: A breed development strategy aimed at making exotic layers (Lohmann

Alutu O.E., Omorogie A.

ABSTRACT: Cement-based structure stability could be characterized not only by their

ABSTRACT: It is important to assess firms' financial health in the harsh

Ikeagwuani C.C., Nwonu D.C., Ugwu C.K., Agu C.C.

Amos-Abanyie S., Akuffo F.O., Kutin-Sanwu V.

ABSTRACT: Most office buildings in the warm-humid sub-Saharan countries experience

Alutu O.E., Oghenejobo A.E.

ABSTRACT: Strength and durability of cement-stabilized laterite hollow blocks made

Olowu F.Y., Agbabiaka H.I., Jaiyeoba E.B., Adesanya A.A.

Ogunbayo B., Aigbavboa C., Akinradewo O.

ABSTRACT: Sandcrete block is a vital building material used in the construction of

Onyia M.E., Ikeagwuani C.C., Egbo M.C.

ABSTRACT: With the increase of construction activities in Ghana, there is an