Pakistan steel

MADAR-E-MILLAT COLLEGE OF EDUCATION

B.ED HONS 2.5 YEAR PROGRAM
NAME: ADEEBA NAZAR

FATHER’S NAME: RANA NAZAR MOHIUDDIN

SEMESTER/ BATCH: 3RD SEMESTER

COURSE TITLE: CURRICULUM PLANNING AND DEVELOPMENT

COURSE INCHARAGE: MISS HINA

TOPIC: UNIT 03 (MODELS OF CURRICULUM)

MAXIMUM MARKS: _________________________

OBTAINED MARKS:____________________________

STUDENT SIGNATURE: _________________________

TEACHER SIGNATURE: __________________________

DATE OF SUBMISSION: ___________________________

 MODELS OF CURRICULUM
Curriculum models are frameworks or structures used to design, develop, and
implement educational curricula. They provide a systematic way to organize
educational experiences, content, and activities to achieve specific learning
outcomes.

1. Taylor Model:

Introduction
Curriculum models serve as blueprints for educators to design effective teaching
and learning experiences. Among these models, Taylor models, proposed by Ralph
Tyler, offer a structured approach to curriculum development.

Understanding Curriculum Models

Curriculum models are conceptual frameworks that guide the organization and
delivery of educational content. They encompass various theories, principles, and
strategies aimed at achieving educational goals.

What Are Taylor Models?

Taylor models, also known as Tyler models, were introduced by Ralph W. Tyler in
1949. Tyler emphasized a systematic and logical approach to curriculum
development, focusing on defining objectives, organizing content, selecting
learning experiences, and assessing outcomes.
 Components of Taylor Model
1. Objectives Identification:

The first step in Taylor's model involves defining clear and measurable learning
objectives. Objectives articulate what students should know, understand, and be
able to do by the end of the instructional process.

2. Content Selection:

Once objectives are established, educators determine the most relevant and
appropriate content to achieve these objectives. Content selection is based on the
identified learning outcomes and the needs of learners.

3. Learning Experiences:

Taylor advocates for designing learning experiences that facilitate the attainment
of educational objectives. These experiences include instructional methods,
activities, and resources tailored to engage learners and promote meaningful
learning.

4. Assessment and Evaluation:

Assessment in Taylor models involves evaluating the extent to which students have
achieved the stated objectives. It encompasses various assessment strategies, such
as tests, projects, and observations, to measure learning outcomes effectively.

Implementation of Taylor Models

Implementing Taylor models involves a systematic process of curriculum
planning, instruction, and assessment. Educators collaborate to design coherent
learning experiences aligned with established objectives, ensuring students'
progress is regularly monitored and evaluated.
 Conclusion

Taylor models provide a structured framework for curriculum development,

emphasizing the importance of clear objectives, relevant content, engaging
learning experiences, and effective assessment strategies. By following Tyler's
systematic approach, educators can design and implement curriculum that
promotes meaningful learning and student success.

2.WHEELER MODEL

Introduction to the Wheeler Model

The Wheeler Model, named after David Wheeler, is a framework used in education
to guide the process of curriculum development and instructional design. It
emphasizes a learner-centered approach and aims to create a dynamic learning
environment that fosters active engagement and critical thinking.

Principles of the Wheeler Model

1. Learner-Centered Approach:

The focus of the Wheeler Model is on the learner rather than the instructor. It
acknowledges the diverse needs, interests, and learning styles of students.
2. Active Engagement:

Students are encouraged to actively participate in the learning process through

discussions, hands-on activities, and collaborative projects.

3. Critical Thinking:

The Wheeler Model promotes the development of critical thinking skills by

challenging students to analyze, evaluate, and synthesize information.

4. Flexibility:

The model allows for flexibility in curriculum design to accommodate the

changing needs of students and advancements in knowledge.

5. Integration of Technology:

Technology is integrated into the learning process to enhance instruction, facilitate

communication, and provide access to resources.

Components of the Wheeler Model

1. Needs Assessment:

The first step in the Wheeler Model is to assess the needs and characteristics of the
learners. This may involve conducting surveys, interviews, or observations to
gather information about students' prior knowledge, interests, and learning
preferences.

2. Curriculum Design:

Based on the needs assessment, educators develop a curriculum that is aligned

with learning objectives and incorporates relevant content, activities, and
assessments.
3. Instructional Strategies:

Educators select instructional strategies that promote active learning and

engagement, such as inquiry-based learning, project-based learning, and
cooperative learning.

4. Assessment and Evaluation:

Assessment methods are used to evaluate students' understanding of the material

and their progress towards meeting learning objectives. Assessment strategies may
include quizzes, exams, projects, and portfolios.

5. Reflection and Revision:

Educators and students engage in ongoing reflection and feedback to evaluate the
effectiveness of the curriculum and instructional strategies. Based on this feedback,
revisions may be made to improve the learning experience.

Implementation of the Wheeler Model

1. Teacher Preparation:

Educators receive training and support in implementing the Wheeler Model,

including guidance on designing learner-centered curricula and integrating
technology into instruction.

2. Student Engagement:

Students are actively involved in the learning process through hands-on activities,
discussions, and collaborative projects. They are encouraged to take ownership of
their learning and pursue areas of interest.
3. Technology Integration:

Technology tools and resources are integrated into instruction to enhance learning
experiences, facilitate communication, and provide access to information.

4. Assessment Practices:

Assessment practices are aligned with learning objectives and may include a
variety of methods to measure student understanding and progress.

Advantages of the Wheeler Model

1. Promotes Active Learning:

The Wheeler Model encourages active engagement and critical thinking, leading to
deeper understanding and retention of material.

2. Flexibility:

The model allows for flexibility in curriculum design, allowing educators to adapt
instruction to meet the needs of diverse learners.

3. Integration of Technology:

By integrating technology into instruction, the Wheeler Model prepares students

for success in a digital world and provides access to a wealth of resources and
information.

4. Student-Centered Approach:

The focus on the learner promotes a supportive learning environment where

students feel empowered to take ownership of their learning and pursue their
interests.

Conclusion
 The Wheeler Model provides a comprehensive framework for curriculum
development and instructional design that prioritizes the needs of learners and
promotes active engagement, critical thinking, and technology integration. By
implementing the principles and components of the Wheeler Model, educators can
create dynamic learning experiences that prepare students for success in the 21st
century.

3.Dynamic Model in Education

1.INTRODUCTION:
The dynamic model in education is a pedagogical approach that emphasizes
adaptability, flexibility, and responsiveness to changing learning needs and
contexts. It acknowledges that education is not static but rather evolves in response
to various factors such as technological advancements, societal changes, and
individual student differences.

2.Key Components of the Dynamic Model

a. Adaptive Curriculum

 The curriculum is designed to be flexible and responsive to the diverse needs and
interests of students.
 It incorporates various teaching strategies, resources, and assessments that can be
adjusted based on students' progress and feedback.
 b. Personalized Learning

 Students are empowered to take ownership of their learning journey.

 Instruction is tailored to accommodate different learning styles, paces, and
abilities, fostering individualized growth and achievement.

c. Continuous Assessment

 Assessment practices are ongoing and integrated into the learning process.
 Teachers use formative assessments to monitor student progress in real-time and
provide timely feedback for improvement.

3. Implementation Strategies
a. Technology Integration

 Utilization of educational technology tools and platforms to facilitate dynamic

learning experiences.
 Virtual classrooms, multimedia resources, and interactive simulations enhance
engagement and accessibility.

b. Differentiated Instruction

 Teachers employ diverse teaching methods, materials, and activities to meet the
diverse needs of learners.
 Group work, peer tutoring, and project-based learning foster collaboration and
accommodate varying learning preferences.

c. Collaborative Learning Communities

 Encouragement of collaboration among educators, students, parents, and

community stakeholders.
 Professional learning communities (PLCs) and interdisciplinary teamwork support
continuous improvement and innovation.
 4. Benefits of the Dynamic Model
a. Enhanced Engagement

 Students are more engaged and motivated when learning experiences are relevant,
interactive, and adaptable.
 Dynamic learning environments stimulate curiosity, creativity, and critical thinking
skills.

b. Improved Learning Outcomes

 Personalized instruction and continuous assessment contribute to deeper

understanding and retention of knowledge.
 Students develop self-regulation and problem-solving abilities essential for lifelong
learning.

c. Equity and Inclusion

 The dynamic model promotes equity by recognizing and accommodating diverse

backgrounds, abilities, and learning needs.
 Inclusive practices foster a supportive and accessible learning environment for all
students.

5. Challenges and Considerations

a. Resource Allocation

 Implementation of dynamic models may require investment in technology,

professional development, and instructional materials.
 Ensuring equitable access to resources and support services is essential for
addressing disparities.

b. Teacher Training and Support

 Educators need training and ongoing professional development to effectively

implement dynamic teaching practices.
 Supportive leadership and collaborative learning communities can facilitate
successful implementation.
 c. Assessment Validity and Reliability

 Continuous assessment practices must be carefully designed and monitored to

ensure validity, reliability, and fairness.
 Balancing formative and summative assessment approaches is crucial for accurate
evaluation of student learning.

6. Conclusion
The dynamic model in education offers a promising framework for fostering
adaptable, personalized, and inclusive learning environments. By embracing
innovation, collaboration, and continuous improvement, educators can empower
students to thrive in an ever-changing world.

4.SKELBECK MODEL

Introduction to the Skelbeck Model

The Skelbeck Model is an educational framework designed to enhance student
engagement, critical thinking, and collaboration within the classroom environment.
Named after its creator, Dr. Jonathan Skelbeck, this model emphasizes active
learning, student-centered instruction, and the integration of technology to support
teaching and learning.
 Key Components of the Skelbeck Model
1. Active Learning Strategies:

 In the Skelbeck Model, students are actively involved in the learning process
through various activities such as group discussions, problem-solving tasks,
hands-on experiments, and project-based learning.

2. Technology Integration:

 Technology is seamlessly integrated into teaching and learning activities to

facilitate interactive lessons, multimedia presentations, online research, and
collaborative projects. This encourages digital literacy and prepares students
for the modern workforce.

3. Collaborative Learning Environments:

 The model promotes collaboration among students, allowing them to work

together in teams to solve problems, share ideas, and construct new
knowledge collectively. Collaborative learning fosters communication skills,
teamwork, and peer-to-peer support.

4. Differentiated Instruction:

 Teachers employ a variety of instructional strategies and resources to

accommodate diverse learning styles, abilities, and interests among students.
This ensures that all learners have access to meaningful learning experiences
tailored to their individual needs.

5. Critical Thinking Development:

 The Skelbeck Model emphasizes the development of critical thinking skills

such as analysis, evaluation, and synthesis. Students are encouraged to
question assumptions, explore multiple perspectives, and apply logical
reasoning to solve complex problems.
6. Assessment for Learning:

 Assessment in the Skelbeck Model focuses on measuring student

understanding, progress, and achievement through a combination of
formative and summative assessments. Feedback is provided regularly to
guide student learning and inform instructional decisions.

Implementation of the Skelbeck Model

1. Teacher Training and Professional Development:

 Teachers undergo training and professional development workshops to

familiarize themselves with the principles and practices of the Skelbeck
Model. They learn how to design engaging lessons, integrate technology
effectively, and facilitate collaborative learning experiences.

2. Curriculum Design and Lesson Planning:

 Curriculum designers and educators collaborate to develop curriculum

frameworks and lesson plans that align with the principles of the Skelbeck
Model. Emphasis is placed on interdisciplinary connections, real-world
relevance, and student-centered learning activities.

3. Classroom Management Strategies:

 Teachers implement classroom management strategies that promote active

engagement, positive student interactions, and a supportive learning
environment. Clear expectations, well-defined roles, and structured routines
help to create a conducive atmosphere for learning.

4. Ongoing Evaluation and Reflection:

 Continuous evaluation and reflection are essential components of the

Skelbeck Model implementation. Teachers regularly assess the effectiveness
 of their instructional practices, solicit feedback from students, and make
adjustments to optimize learning outcomes.

Benefits of the Skelbeck Model

1. Enhanced Student Engagement:

 By actively involving students in the learning process and providing

opportunities for collaboration and hands-on experiences, the Skelbeck
Model promotes higher levels of student engagement and motivation.

2. Development of 21st-Century Skills:

 The model cultivates essential 21st-century skills such as critical thinking,

communication, collaboration, creativity, and digital literacy, preparing
students for success in an increasingly complex and interconnected world.

3. Personalized Learning Experiences:

 Through differentiated instruction and student-centered approaches, the

Skelbeck Model allows for personalized learning experiences that meet the
diverse needs and interests of individual learners.

4. Preparation for the Future:

 By integrating technology, fostering critical thinking, and emphasizing

collaboration, the Skelbeck Model equips students with the knowledge,
skills, and dispositions necessary for lifelong learning and success in
college, careers, and civic life.

Conclusion

The Skelbeck Model represents a holistic approach to education that prioritizes

active learning, technology integration, collaboration, and critical thinking.
 REFERENCES:

 Tyler, R. W. (1949). Basic principles of curriculum and instruction. University of Chicago Press.
 Ornstein, A. C., & Hunkins, F. P. (2008). Curriculum: Foundations, principles, and issues.
Pearson.
 Tanner, D., & Tanner, L. N. (1980). Curriculum development: Theory into practice. Macmillan.
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 https://prepwithharshita.com/tyler-model-of-curriculum-development/
 https://uncommonls.wordpress.com/2023/06/10/wheelers-model-of-curriculum-planning/
 https://www.slideshare.net/HadeeqaTanveer/wheeler-model-of-curriculum-development