PERANCANGAN ALAT PENUKAR PANAS (HEAT EXCHANGER)

Prodi Teknik Kimia – UNJANI

Dr. Syamsudin

For heat transfer

calculation

For pressure drop

calculation
ID Outer pipe
DO Inner pipe

IPS = Iron Pipe Size (sistem ukuran pipa berdasarkan diameter dalam (ID) pipa)
𝜋
4 . (𝐼𝐷 2 − 𝐷𝑜 2 ) (𝐼𝐷 − 𝐷𝑜 )(𝐼𝐷 + 𝐷𝑜 )
′
𝐷𝑒 = 4. =
𝜋. 𝐼𝐷 + 𝜋. 𝐷𝑜 (𝐼𝐷 + 𝐷𝑜 )
= 𝐼𝐷 − 𝐷𝑜
Menurut Kern (1950):
𝜋
. (𝐼𝐷 2 − 𝐷𝑜 2 ) 𝐼𝐷 2 − 𝐷𝑜 2
𝐷𝑒 = 4. 4 =
𝜋. 𝐷𝑜 𝐷𝑜

Double-pipe Counter-flow Exchanger (Benzene – Toluene) (Donald Q. Kern, 1965, Process Heat
Transfer, p. 113)
It is desired to heat 9820 lb/hr of cold benzene from 80 to 120oF using hot toluene which is cooled from
160 to 100oF. The specific gravities at 68oF are 0.88 and 0.87, respectively. The other fluid properties will
be found in the Appendix. A fouling factor of 0.002 should be provided for each stream, and the allowable
pressure drop on each stream is 10,0 psi.
A number of 20-ft hairpin of 2 x 1 ¼ -in. IPS pipe are available. How many hairpins are required?

Solution:
Toluene (Hot) Th,in = 160oF Th,out = 100oF
HE
Sp.gr. (s) = 0.87 Tc,out = 120oF Tc,in = 80oF
Benzene (Cold)
𝑅𝐷 = 0.002 𝑤𝑐 = 9820 lb/hr
Pallowable = 10,0 psi Sp.gr (s) = 0.88
Pipe: 20-ft hairpin of 2- by 1 1/4-in. IPS
(1) Heat balance
Benzene (inner pipe):
Tc, in + Tc, out 80 + 120
𝑡𝑎𝑣 = = = 100 𝑜𝐹  baca 𝐅𝐢𝐠. 𝟐, diperoleh 𝑐𝑝,𝑐 = 0.425 Btu/lb. 𝑜𝐹
2 2
𝑄 = 𝑤𝑐 . 𝑐𝑝,𝑐 . (𝑇𝑐,𝑜𝑢𝑡 − 𝑇𝑐,𝑖𝑛 ) = 9820 . 0.425 . (120 − 80) = 167,000 Btu/hr
 Toluene (annulus):
Th, in + Th, out 160 + 100
𝑇𝑎𝑣 = = = 130 𝑜𝐹  baca 𝐅𝐢𝐠. 𝟐, diperoleh 𝑐𝑝,ℎ = 0.44 Btu/lb. 𝑜𝐹
2 2
𝑄 167,000
𝑄 = 𝑤ℎ . 𝑐𝑝,ℎ . (𝑇ℎ,𝑖𝑛 − 𝑇ℎ,𝑜𝑢𝑡 )  𝑊ℎ = =
𝑐𝑝,ℎ . (𝑇ℎ,𝑖𝑛 − 𝑇ℎ,𝑜𝑢𝑡 ) 0.44 . (160 − 100)
= 6330 lb/hr
LMTD
Hot fluid Cold fluid Difference
160 Higher temp. 120 40 ∆𝑇2
100 Lower temp. 80 20 ∆𝑇1
20 ∆𝑇2 − ∆𝑇1

∆𝑇2 − ∆𝑇1 20
∆𝑇𝐿𝑀𝑇𝐷 = = = 28.8 𝑜𝐹
∆𝑇2 40
ln (∆𝑇 ) ln (20)
1

Hot fluid: annulus, toluene Cold fluid: inner pipe, benzene

(2) Flow area, (3) Flow area,
Lihat Table 11: Lihat Table 11:
IPS 2 in  ID = 2.067 in = 0.1725 ft IPS 1 ¼  Di = 1.38 in = 0.115 ft
IPS 1 ¼  Do = 1.66 in = 0.138 ft Do = 1.66 in
𝐼𝐷 2 − 𝐷𝑜 2 0.17252 − 0.1382 𝜋 𝜋
𝐷𝑒 = = 𝐴𝑡 = . 𝐷𝑖 2 = . 0.1152 = 0.0104 ft 2
𝐷𝑜 0.138 4 4
(= 1.50 in2)
= 0.0762 ft (= 0.915 in)
𝜋 (4) Mass velocity:
𝐴𝑎 = . (𝐼𝐷 2 − 𝐷𝑜 2 ) 𝑤𝑐 9820
4 𝐺𝑡 = = = 943,000 lb⁄hr. ft 2
𝜋 𝐴𝑡 0.0104
= . (0.17252 − 0.1382 ) = 0.00826 ft 2 (5) Reynold number:
4
(= 1.19 in2) At 100oF  lihat Fig. 14: 2
(3) Mass velocity:  = 0.50 cp x (2.42) = 1.21 lb/ft.hr
𝑊ℎ 6330 𝐷𝑖 . 𝐺𝑡 0.115 . 943,000
𝐺𝑎 = = = 767,000 lb⁄hr. ft 2 𝑅𝑒𝑡 = =
𝐴𝑎 0.00826 𝜇 1.21
(4) Reynold number: = 89,500 (turbulen)
At 130oF  lihat Fig. 14: 1 (6) Lihat Fig. 24 (tube-side): jH = 236
 = 0.41 cp x (2.42) = 0.99 lb/ft.hr (7) At 100oF  lihat Fig. 2: 𝑐𝑝 = 0.425 Btu/lb.oF
𝐷𝑒 . 𝐺𝑎 0.0762 . 767,000 Lihat Table 4: 𝑘 = 0.091 Btu/hr.ft2.(oF/ft)
𝑅𝑒𝑎 = =
𝜇 0.99 (interpolasi)
= 59,000 (turbulen) 𝑐𝑝 . 𝜇 1/3 0.425 . 1.21 1/3
( ) =( ) = 1.78
(5) Lihat Fig. 24 (tube-side): jH = 167 𝑘 0.091
(6) At 130oF  lihat Fig. 2: 𝑐𝑝 = 0.44 Btu/lb.oF
Lihat Table 4: 𝑘 = 0.085 Btu/hr.ft2.(oF/ft) (8) Nilai ℎ𝑖 :
𝜇 0,14
(interpolasi) Assume: (𝜇 𝑏 ) = 1.0
𝑤
𝑐𝑝 . 𝜇 1/3 0.44 . 0.99 1/3
( ) =( ) = 1.725 𝑘 𝑐𝑝 . 𝜇 1/3 𝜇𝑏 0,14
𝑘 0.085 ℎ𝑖 = 𝑗𝐻 . .( ) .( )
(7) Nilai ℎ𝑜 : 𝐷𝑖 𝑘 𝜇𝑤
𝜇 0,14 0.091
Assume: (𝜇 𝑏 ) = 1.0 = 236. . 1.78 . 1.0
𝑤 0.115
𝑘 𝑐𝑝 . 𝜇 1/3 𝜇𝑏 0,14 = 333 Btu/hr.ft2.oF
ℎ𝑜 = 𝑗𝐻 . .( ) .( )
𝐷𝑒 𝑘 𝜇𝑤
0.085 (9) Correct ℎ𝑖 to the surface at the 𝐷𝑜 :
= 167. . 1.725 . 1.0 𝐷𝑖 1.38
0.0762 ℎ𝑖𝑜 = ℎ𝑖 . = 333 . = 276
= 323 Btu/hr.ft2.oF 𝐷𝑜 1.66
(10) Clean overall coeficient, 𝑈𝐶 :
1 1 1 ℎ𝑖𝑜 . ℎ𝑜 276 . 323
= +  𝑈𝐶 = = = 149 Btu/hr. ft 2 . 𝑜F
𝑈𝐶 ℎ𝑜 ℎ𝑖𝑜 ℎ𝑖𝑜 + ℎ𝑜 276 + 323

(11) Design overall coefficient, 𝑈𝐷 :

1 1 1 1
𝑅𝐷 = −  = + 𝑅𝐷
𝑈𝐷 𝑈𝐶 𝑈𝐷 𝑈𝐶
𝑅𝐷 = 0.002 (required by problem)
1 1
= + 0.02  𝑈𝐷 = 115 Btu/hr. ft 2 . 𝑜F
𝑈𝐷 149

(12) Required surface:

𝑄 = 𝑈𝐷 . 𝐴𝑜 . ∆𝑇𝐿𝑀𝑇𝐷  Ingat! Persamaan ini berlaku untuk double-pipe heat exchanger dan 1-1
heat exchanger, baik counter-current flow maupun co-current flow
𝑄 167,000
𝐴𝑜 = = = 50.5 ft 2
𝑈𝐷 . ∆𝑇𝐿𝑀𝑇𝐷 115 . 28.8

Lihat Table 11:

IPS 1 ¼ in  External surface per foot length = 0.435 ft2/ft
50.5
Required length = = 116 ft
0.435
1 116
Available pipe: 20 − ft hairpin of 2 − by 1 − in. IPS  = 2,9 ≈ 3 hairpins in series
4 2 𝑥 20

Correction:

(13) Actual length = (2 𝑥 20) 𝑥 3 = 120 ft (teoritical required length = 116 ft)
Actual surface, 𝐴𝑜 = 120 𝑥 0.435 = 52.2 ft 2
Actual design overall coefficient, 𝑈𝐷 :
𝑄 167,000
𝑈𝐷 = = = 111 Btu/hr. ft 2 . 𝑜F
𝐴𝑜 . ∆𝑇𝐿𝑀𝑇𝐷 52.2 . 28.8
𝑈𝐶 − 𝑈𝐷 149 − 111
𝑅𝐷 = = = 0.0023 hr. ft 2 . 𝑜F/Btu
𝑈𝐶 . 𝑈𝐷 149 . 111
 Pressure Drop
(14) 𝐷𝑒′ for pressure drop differs from 𝐷𝑒 for heat (14) For 𝑅𝑒𝑡 = 89,500 in (6) above,
transfer
𝐷𝑒′ = 𝐼𝐷 − 𝐷𝑜 Friction factor (𝑓) for clean commercial iron
= 0.1725 − 0.138 = 0.0345 ft and steel pipe:
′
𝐷 𝑒 . 𝐺 𝑎 0.264
𝑅𝑒𝑎′ = 𝑓 = 0.0035 +
𝜇 𝐷𝑖 . 𝐺𝑝 0.42
0.0345 . 767,000 ( 𝜇 )
= = 26,800
0.99 0.264
(turbulen) = 0.0035 + = 0.0057
(89,500)0.42
Friction factor (𝑓) for clean commercial iron Specific gravity (s) = 0.88
and steel pipe: Density reference = 62.5 lb/ft3
0.264 Density, 𝜌 = (0.88). (62.5) = 55.0 lb/ft 3
𝑓 = 0.0035 + 0.42
′
𝐷 . 𝐺
( 𝑒 𝜇 𝑎)
(15) Pressure drop by Fanning equation (∆𝐹):
0.264 4. 𝑓. 𝐺𝑝2 . 𝐿
= 0.0035 + = 0.0071 ∆𝐹𝑝 =
(26,800)0.42 2. 𝑔. 𝜌2 . 𝐷𝑖
4. (0.0057). (943,000)2 . (120)
Specific gravity (s) = 0.87 =
2. (4.18 𝑥 108 ). (55.0)2 . (0.115)
Density reference = 62.5 lb/ft3
= 8.3 ft
Density, 𝜌 = (0.87). (62.5) = 54.3 lb/ft 3 ∆𝐹𝑝 . 𝜌 (8.3). (55.0)
∆𝑃𝑡 = = = 3.2 psi
144 144
(15) Pressure drop by Fanning equation (∆𝐹):
Gravity acceleration (𝑔) = 9.8 m/s2 = Allowable ∆𝑃𝑡 = 10.0 psi
4.18 𝑥 108 ft/hr2
4. 𝑓. 𝐺𝑎2 . 𝐿
∆𝐹𝑎 =
2. 𝑔. 𝜌2 . 𝐷𝑒′
4. (0.0071). (767,000)2 . (120)
=
2. (4.18 𝑥 108 ). (54.3)2 . (0.0345)
= 23.5 ft
(16) Velocity (𝑉):
𝐺𝑎 = 767,000 lb⁄hr. ft 2
𝜌 = (0.87). (62.5) = 54.3 lb/ft 3
𝐺𝑎 767,000
𝑉= = = 3.92 ft/s
3600. 𝜌 3600. (54.3)
(17) Entrance and exit losses per hairpin (∆𝐹𝑙 ):
Gravity acceleration (𝑔′ ) = 9.8 m/s2 = 32.2 ft/s2
3 hairpins in series:
𝑉2 3.922
∆𝐹𝑙 = 3. ( ) = 3. ( ) = 0.7 ft
2. 𝑔′ 2 . 32.2
(∆𝐹𝑎 + ∆𝐹𝑙 ). 𝜌 (23.5 + 0.7). (54.3)
∆𝑃𝑎 = =
144 144
= 9.2 psi

Allowable ∆𝑃𝑎 = 10.0 psi

 0.425
0.44

130

100
2

1
 7

130

100 2

12.5;10.9

13.7;10.4
 1 2

Tube side
 2

1
 PERANCANGAN ALAT PENUKAR PANAS (HEAT EXCHANGER) (Part 2)
Dr. Syamsudin

1-4 shell-and-tube heat exchanger (Kerosene – Crude Oil) (Donald Q. Kern, 1965, Process Heat Transfer,
p. 151)
43,800 lb/hr of a 42o API kerosene leaves the bottom of a distilling column at 390oF and will be cooled to
200oF by 149,000 lb/hr of 34o API Mild-continent crude coming from storage at 100oF and heated to 170oF.
A 10 psi pressure drop is permissible on both streams, and in accordance with Table 12, a combined dirt
factor of 0.003 should be provided.
Available for this service is a 21 ¼ in. ID exchanger having 1581 in. OD, 13 BWG tubes 16’0” long and laid
out on 1 ¼ in. square pitch. The bundle is arranged for four passes, and baffles are spaced 5 in. apart.
Will the exchanger suitable; i.e., what is the dirt factor?

Solution:

Kerosene (Hot) Th,in = 390oF Th,out = 200oF

1-4 HE
𝑤ℎ = 43,800 lb/hr Tc,out = 170oF Tc,in = 100oF Mild-continent (Cold)
(Shell side) 𝑤𝑐 = 149,000 lb/hr
𝑅𝐷 = 0.003 (tube side)
Pallowable = 10,0 psi
Pipe: 21 ¼ in. ID exchanger having 1581 in. OD, 13 BWG tubes 16’0” long
and laid out on 1 ¼ in. square pitch
The bundle is arranged for four passes, and baffles are spaced 5 in. apart

1-4 shell-and-tube heat exchanger:

Shell side Tube side
ID = 21 ¼ in. Number and length = 158, 16’0”
Baffle space = 5 in. OD, BWG, pitch = 1 in., 13 BWG, 1 ¼-in. square
Passes = 1 Passes = 4

(1) Heat balance:

Kerosene (42o API):
𝑇ℎ,𝑖𝑛 + 𝑇ℎ,𝑜𝑢𝑡 390 + 200
𝑇𝑎𝑣 = = = 295 𝑜𝐹  baca 𝐅𝐢𝐠. 𝟒, diperoleh 𝑐𝑝,ℎ = 0.605 Btu/lb. 𝑜𝐹
2 2 3
𝑄 = 𝑤ℎ . 𝑐𝑝,ℎ . (𝑇ℎ,𝑖𝑛 − 𝑇ℎ,𝑜𝑢𝑡 )
= 43,800 . 0.605 . (390 − 200) = 5,100,000 Btu/hr
Mid-continent crude (34o API): 4
𝑇𝑐,𝑖𝑛 + 𝑇𝑐,𝑜𝑢𝑡 100 + 170
𝑡𝑎𝑣 = = = 135 𝐹  baca 𝐅𝐢𝐠. 𝟒, diperoleh 𝑐𝑝,𝑐 = 0.49 Btu/lb. 𝑜𝐹
𝑜
2 2
𝑄 = 𝑤𝑐 . 𝑐𝑝,𝑐 . (𝑇𝑐,𝑜𝑢𝑡 − 𝑇𝑐,𝑖𝑛 ) = 149,000 . 0.49 . (170 − 100) = 5,100,000 Btu/hr

(2) LMTD
Hot fluid Cold fluid Differences
390 Higher temp. 170 220 ∆𝑇2
200 Lower temp. 100 100 ∆𝑇1
190 Differences 70 120 ∆𝑇2 − ∆𝑇1
(𝑇ℎ,𝑖𝑛 − 𝑇ℎ,𝑜𝑢𝑡 ) (𝑇𝑐,𝑜𝑢𝑡 − 𝑇𝑐,𝑖𝑛 )

∆𝑇2 − ∆𝑇1 120

∆𝑇𝐿𝑀𝑇𝐷 = = = 152.5 𝑜𝐹
∆𝑇2 220
ln (∆𝑇 ) ln (100)
1
 𝑇ℎ,𝑖𝑛 − 𝑇ℎ,𝑜𝑢𝑡 190
𝑅= = = 2.71
𝑇𝑐,𝑜𝑢𝑡 − 𝑇𝑐,𝑖𝑛 70
𝑇𝑐,𝑜𝑢𝑡 − 𝑇𝑐,𝑖𝑛 70
𝑃= = = 0.241
𝑇ℎ,𝑖𝑛 − 𝑇𝑐,𝑖𝑛 390 − 100
1-4 shell-and-tube heat exchanger  lihat Fig. 10-8, diperoleh 𝐹𝑇 = 0.905

∆𝑇𝑚 = 𝐹𝑇 . ∆𝑇𝐿𝑀𝑇𝐷 = (0.905). (152.5) = 138 oC

(3) Caloric temperature -> suhu rata-rata fluida (masuk s/d keluar)
𝐾𝑒𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑒 (42𝑜 𝐴𝑃𝐼) dan (𝑇ℎ,𝑖𝑛 − 𝑇ℎ,𝑜𝑢𝑡 ) = 190 𝑜𝐹  lihat 𝐅𝐢𝐠. 𝟏𝟕: 𝐾𝑐 = 0.20 5
∆𝑇1 100
= = 0.455
∆𝑇2 220
Lihat Fig. 17: 𝐹𝑐 = 0.42 6
Caloric temperature of the hot fluid (kerosene):
𝑇𝑐,ℎ = 𝑇ℎ,𝑜𝑢𝑡 + 𝐹𝑐 . (𝑇ℎ,𝑖𝑛 − 𝑇ℎ,𝑜𝑢𝑡 ) = 200 + 0.42 . (190) = 280 𝑜𝐹
Caloric temperature of the cold fluid (crude oil):
𝑇𝑐,𝑐 = 𝑇𝑐,𝑖𝑛 + 𝐹𝑐 . (𝑇𝑐,𝑜𝑢𝑡 − 𝑇𝑐,𝑖𝑛 ) = 100 + 0.42. (70) = 129 𝑜𝐹

Hot fluid: Shell side, kerosene Cold fluid: tube side, crude oil
(4) Flow area, (4) Flow area,
𝐶 ′ = 𝑃𝑇 − 𝐷𝑜 = 1.25 − 1 = 0.25 Lihat Table 10:
𝐼𝐷 . 𝐶 ′ . 𝐵 (21.25) . (0.25). (5) 𝐴′𝑡 = 0.515 in2 per tube
𝐴𝑠 = = Lihat Table 9:  𝑁𝑡 = 158
𝑃𝑇 . 144 (1.25) . 144
= 0.1475 ft 2 𝑁𝑡 . 𝐴′𝑡 (158). (0.515)
𝐴𝑡 = = = 0.141 ft 2
(5) Mass velocity: 144. 𝑛𝑡 144. (4)
𝑤ℎ 43,800 (5) Mass velocity:
𝐺𝑠 = = = 297,000 lb⁄hr. ft 2 𝑤𝑐 149,000
𝐴𝑠 0.1475 𝐺𝑡 = = = 1,060,000 lb⁄hr. ft 2
(6) Reynold number: 𝐴𝑡 0.141
At 𝑇𝑐,ℎ = 280 𝑜𝐹  lihat Fig. 14: (6) Reynold number:
 = 0.40 cp x (2.42) = 0.97 lb/ft.hr
7 At 𝑇𝑐,𝑐 = 129 𝑜𝐹  lihat Fig. 14:
𝜋  = 3.6 cp x (2.42) = 8.7 lb/ft.hr
4. [𝑃𝑇 2 − 4 . 𝐷𝑜 2 ]
𝐷𝑒 = Lihat Table 10:
𝜋 . 𝐷𝑜 0.81
𝜋 𝐷𝑖 = = 0.0675 ft
4. [1.252 − . 12 ] 12
= 4 𝐷𝑖 . 𝐺𝑡 (0.0675) . (1,060,000)
𝜋. 1 𝑅𝑒𝑡 = =
= 0.99 in = 0.0825 ft 𝜇 8.7
(atau lihat Fig. 28) = 8,220
 𝐷𝑒 . 𝐺𝑠 0.0825 . 297,000 (7) Nilai jH:
𝑅𝑒𝑠 = =
𝜇 0.97 𝐿⁄𝐷𝑖 = 16⁄0.0675 = 237
= 25,300 (turbulen) Lihat Fig. 24 (tube-side):
(7) Lihat Fig. 28 (shell-side with baffle): jH = 31
jH = 93 8 (8) At 𝑇𝑐,𝑐 = 129 𝑜𝐹  lihat Fig. 4:
(8) At 𝑇𝑐,ℎ = 280 𝑜𝐹  lihat Fig. 4: 3 𝑐𝑝 = 0.49 Btu/lb.oF
𝑐𝑝 = 0.59 Btu/lb.oF Lihat Fig. 1: 𝑘 = 0.077 Btu/hr.ft2.(oF/ft)
Lihat Fig. 1: 𝑘 = 0.0765 Btu/hr.ft2.(oF/ft) 𝑐𝑝 . 𝜇 1/3 0.49 . 8.7 1/3
( ) = ( ) = 3.81
𝑐𝑝 . 𝜇 1/3 0.59 . 0.97 1/3 𝑘 0.077
( ) =( ) = 1.95 (9) Nilai ℎ𝑖 :
𝑘 0.0765
(9) Nilai ℎ𝑜 : ℎ𝑖 𝑘 𝑐𝑝 . 𝜇 1/3 0.077
= 𝑗 . . ( ) = 31. . (3.81)
ℎ𝑜 𝑘 𝑐𝑝 . 𝜇 1/3 0.0765 𝑖 𝐻
𝐷𝑖 𝑘 0.0675
= 𝑗𝐻 . . ( ) = 93. . (1.95)
𝑠 𝐷𝑒 𝑘 0.0825 = 135
= 169 (10) Hitung:
(10) Tube-wall temperature (𝑇𝑤 ): 𝐷𝑜 = 1.0 in
∆𝑇 𝑇𝑐,ℎ − 𝑇𝑐,𝑐 𝑇𝑤 − 𝑇𝑐,𝑐 𝐷𝑖
𝑄= = = ℎ𝑖𝑜 = ℎ𝑖 .
∑ 𝑅 1⁄ℎ𝑜 + 1⁄ℎ𝑖𝑜 1⁄ℎ𝑖𝑜 𝐷𝑜
ℎ𝑜 ⁄𝑠 ℎ 𝑖𝑜 ℎ𝑖 𝐷𝑖 0.81
 = . = 135. = 109
𝑇𝑤 = 𝑇𝑐,𝑐 +
ℎ𝑖𝑜 ⁄𝑠 + ℎ𝑜 ⁄𝑠
(𝑇𝑐,ℎ − 𝑇𝑐,𝑐 ) 𝑖 𝑖 𝐷𝑜 1.0
169
= 129 + (280 − 129) (11) Pada 𝑇𝑤 = 221 𝑜𝐹  Lihat 𝐅𝐢𝐠. 𝟏𝟒:
109 + 169
= 221 𝑜𝐹 𝜇𝑤 = 1.5 𝑥 2.42 = 3.63 lb/ft. hr
(11) Pada 𝑇𝑤 = 221 𝐹  Lihat 𝐅𝐢𝐠. 𝟏𝟒:
𝑜 𝜇 0,14 8.7 0,14
𝑖 = ( ) =( ) = 1.11
𝜇𝑤 = 0.56 𝑥 2.42 = 1.36 lb/ft. hr 𝜇𝑤 3.63
𝜇 0,14 0.97 0,14 (12) Corrected coefficient:
𝑠 = ( ) =( ) = 0.96 ℎ𝑖𝑜
𝜇𝑤 1.36 ℎ𝑖𝑜 = .  = (109). (1.11)
(12) Corrected coefficient: 𝑖 𝑖
ℎ𝑜 = 121 Btu/hr.ft2.oF
ℎ𝑜 = . 𝑠 = (169). (0.96)
𝑠
= 162 Btu/hr.ft2.oF

(13) Clean overall coeficient, 𝑈𝐶 :

1 1 1 ℎ𝑖𝑜 . ℎ𝑜 221 . 162
= +  𝑈𝐶 = = = 69.3 Btu/hr. ft 2 . 𝑜F
𝑈𝐶 ℎ𝑜 ℎ𝑖𝑜 ℎ𝑖𝑜 + ℎ𝑜 221 + 162

(14) Design overall coefficient, 𝑈𝐷 :

Lihat Table 10:  𝐴"𝑡,𝑜 = 0.2618 ft 2 per lin ft
Total surface, 𝐴𝑜 = 𝑁𝑡 . 𝐿 . 𝐴"𝑡,𝑜 = (158). (16′ 0" ). (0.2618) = 662 ft 2
𝑄 5,100,000
𝑈𝐷 = = = 55.8 Btu/hr. ft 2 . 𝑜F
𝐴𝑜 . ∆𝑇𝑚 (662). (138)

(15) Dirt factor (𝑅𝐷 ):

𝑈𝐶 − 𝑈𝐷 69.3 − 55.8
𝑅𝐷 = = = 0.00348 hr. ft 2 . 𝑜F/Btu
𝑈𝐶 . 𝑈𝐷 (69.3). (55.8)

Summary
162 h outside 121
𝑈𝐶 = 69.3
𝑈𝐷 = 55.8
𝑅𝐷 𝐶𝑎𝑙𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 = 0.00348
𝑅𝐷 𝑅𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑 = 0.003
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