Environmental Science

L-T-P: 2-0-0
EV10003 Credit: 2

Energy
Chirodeep Bakli
Assistant Professor
School of Energy Science & Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur,
India
Email: chirodeep@iitkgp.ac.in

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 Energy Usage

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 Classification of Energy
• Renewable and Non-
renewable
• Conventional and
Non-Conventional
• Commercial and non-
Commercial
• …..
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 Primary Sources
Coal
• 892 billion tonnes of proven coal reserves worldwide
• Includes Anthracite, Bituminous, Sub-bituminous and
Lignite
• Would last for 113 years at the current production rate

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 Coal: Reserves

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 Coal: Demand

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 Primary Sources: Oil

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 Oil: Reserves

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 Oil:Production

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 Energy Mix

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 Primary Energy Mix

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 Secondary Energy Mix

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 ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CLIMATE CHANGE

Energy production remains the primary driver of GHG emissions

24% 6.4%
21% 14%
35%
Agriculture, Transport
forests and
Industry
Energy Sector other land uses

2010 GHG emissions AR5 WGIII SPM

IPCC AR5 Synthesis Report

 Economic impact of ENERGY shortfall

Economic Cost of Power Outages as Share of GDP, 2005

• Dec. 1991 – European Energy Charter
political commitment – not legally binding

• Dec. 1994 - Energy Charter Treaty

52 states + EU and Euratom – legally binding entered into force April 1998

• May 2015 International Energy Charter

Modernized version of EECh political commitment – not legally binding
• Energy Charter Process
based on the ECT – international policy forum, best practices exchange,
cooperation with interested third parties

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Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur 16
 Energy Trilemma

Driving force of the international expansion of markets for clean energy

Energy Security:
The need for
secure energy
supplies to fuel
economic
development

Environmental
Energy Equity: The Sustainability: The
increasing call for energy enormous challenge
equity so as to provide posed by climate
basic energy services change and the quest
(electricity access, clean for environmental
cooking) for the unserved sustainability
billions

Source: World Energy Council, World Energy Trilemma 2013

 Energy challenge – energy deficit

• 1.2 billion people live

without any electricity

• 2.8 billion cook with

health-damaging solid
fuels

• 1 billion are under-

electrified

Another 1 billion
are connected to
the grid but have
only intermittent
service
• Reflects early 21st century topical energy challenges
• Refer to the full scope of latest to date (2015) multilateral
documents and agreements on energy; synergies among
energy-related multilateral fora; including the Energy Charter,
in view of follow-up action
• Growing weight of developing countries for global energy
security
• The “trilemma” between energy security, economic
development and environmental protection
• Role of enhanced energy trade for sustainable development
• Need to promote access to modern energy services; energy
poverty reduction; clean technology; and capacity building
• Need for diversification of energy sources and routes
• Role of regional integration of energy markets
• Technology and fuel neutral
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First Vertex of Energy Trilemma Triangle: Security

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Second Vertex of Energy Trilemma Triangle: Equity
HYDRO RESOURCES

DELHI

RESOURCES ARE
FAR AWAY FROM
LOAD CENTERS.
NECESSITATES
LONG
TRANSMISSION
LINKS FOR
EVACUATION
KOLKATA
MUMBAI

HIGH
POWER
COAL BELT
CORRID
OR AT
765 BANGALORE
KV CHENNAI

WIND GAS
ZONES RESOURCES
Third Vertex of Energy Trilemma Triangle: Sustainability
Drivers for Alternate energy sources
 Oil crisis in 1970s.
 Limited natural Resources (Oil, Coal).
 Energy Security.
 International mandate for development of CDM technologies and to reduce
Carbon/Sulphur/GHG emissions, phase out fossil fuel
 IPCC(Inter-governmental Panel for Climate Change) under UNEP(1998)
 UNFCCC Rio De Janeiro 1992
 Kyoto protocol 1997
 Copenhagen Summit 2009
 Indian initiatives
 NAPCC (National Action Plan for Climate Change)
 JNNSM (Jawaharlal Nehru National Solar Mission)
 The Electricity Act, 2003 : Enabling provisions
 Section 86(1)(e) : Specify Renewable Purchase Obligation
(RPO), grid connectivity

 Section 61(h) : Tariff regulations to be guided by promotion

of renewable energy sources

 Section 3 : National Electricity Policy, Tariff Policy and Plan

 Section 4 : National Policy permitting stand alone systems

including renewable sources of energy for rural areas
 The Electricity Act, 2003:
Section 86(1) (e)
The State Commission shall discharge the following
functions, namely:

“promote cogeneration and generation of electricity from

renewable sources of energy by providing suitable
measures for connectivity with the grid and sale of
electricity to any person, and also specify, for purchase of
electricity from such sources, a percentage of the total
consumption of electricity in the area of a distribution
licensee;”
The Electricity Act, 2003: Section 61(h)

The Appropriate Commission shall subject to

the provisions of this Act, specify the terms
and conditions for the determination of tariff,
and in doing so, shall be guided by the
following, namely:

(h) the promotion of co-generation and

generation of electricity from renewable
sources of energy
 National Electricity Policy: 2005
• Urgent need for promotion of non-conventional and
renewable sources of energy.
• Efforts need to be made to reduce the capital cost of
such projects.
• Adequate promotional measures would have to be taken
for development of technologies and sustained growth of
these sources.
• SERCs to provide suitable measures for connectivity
with grid and fix percentage of purchase from
Renewable sources.
• Progressively such share of electricity need to be
increased.
 Tariff Policy:2006
• Appropriate Commission shall fix RPO and
SERCs shall fix tariff.

• In future Discoms to procure Renewable Energy

through competitive bidding within suppliers
offering same type of RE.

• In long-term, RE technologies need to compete

with all other sources in terms of full costs.
National Action Plan on Climate Change (NAPCC), 2008

National level target for RE Purchase

 5% of total grid purchase in 2010, to be increased by 1%

each year for 10 years: 15% by 2020.

 SERCs may set higher target. Appropriate authorities may

issue certificates that procure RE in excess of the national
standard.

 Such certificates may be tradable, to enable utilities falling

short to meet their RPO.

 RE generation capacity needed: From 25000 to 45000

MW by 2015.
 National Solar Mission, 2009
25000
20000
20000

15000
MW Grid solar power (MW)
10000

4000 Off-grid Applicationa (MW)

5000 1000
1000 2000
200
0
Phase 1 Phase 2 Phase 3
25
 Mission aims to achieve grid tariff parity 20
20 15
by 2022 through Bundling of solar power with 15
un-allocated quota of central stations by 10 7
NVVNL for resale to utilities 5
 To deploy 20 million solar lighting systems for 0
rural areas by 2022
 Large scale utilization Phase-1 Phase-2 Phase-3
 R&D, Local manufacturing (2010-13) (2013-17) (2017-22)
 In addition,100 MW capacity distributed
small grid connected power plants during Solar Thermal Collectors (Million
Phase - 1. Square Meters)
 RE Development in India
REC
30000 CERC RE Tariff Regulations
Regulations

25000 NAPCC, JNNSM,

GBI

20000
Emergence of Enactment of National
Tariff Policy
MW

Electricity Regulatory
15000 Commissions

Policy Announcement Enactment of

10000 by Central Government Policy on Hydro Power
Development
Electricity Act, 2003

5000

Wind Biomass Small Hydro Waste to Energy Solar

Policy and regulatory intervention is essential to promote
renewable energy
Solar Map Wind Map
Both Solar and wind
concentration are
geographically same
 Potential Capacity of RE Sources Statewise

State Wind SHP Biomass

Andhra Pradesh 8968 552 830
Arunchal Pradesh 1333
Chattisgarh 830
Gujarat 10645 916
Haryana 110
Himachal Pradesh 2268
Jammu & Kashmir 1411
Karnataka 11531 643 859
Kerala 1171
Maharashtra 4584 762 1711
Madhra Pradesh 1019 400 1059
Nagaland 28.67
Punjab 390
Rajasthan 4858 63 1289
Tamilnadu 5530 1186
Uttaranchal 1609
West Bengal 450
Total 48756 9569.67 8680
 Renewable Energy sources (RES)
Renewable Energy Installed Capacity Potential

Wind Power 16179.00 48561

Small Hydro Power 3300.13 14292
Biomass Power 1142.60 8680
Bagasse Cogeneration 1952.53 5000
Waste to Power 73.66 7000
Solar Power (SPV) 481.48 200000
Total 23129.40 283533
Capacities in MW as on Source: MNRE
31.01.12
 Solar in India : Potential & Prospects

1. India receives the highest global solar radiation on a horizontal

surface. According to solar energy experts, India has considerable scope for
solar energy production. India is bestowed with solar irradiation
ranging from 4-7 kWh/ sq. m/ day across the country.

2. The desert areas in India have the solar radiation required for
CSP(concentrating solar power technology) production. A 60 km x 60 km
area can produce 1,00,000 MW of power. India has a desert area of
2,08,110 Sq Kms in Rajasthan and Gujarat. Even if India uses only 15,000
Sq. Kms of the desert, it can produce 3,00,000 MW of power.

3. Government of India is currently envisaging large-scale expansion of solar

power capacity by 2022.
 Country-wise Solar PV installed Capacity
35,000
32,509

30,000

25,000

20,000
IC (MW)

16,987

15,000

10,000
8,043 7,665
6,704

5,000 4,214 3,843

2,291 1,831 1,427

0
Germany Italy China United Japan Spain France Australia United India
States Kingdom
 Solar Radiation
Spectral distribution of extraterrestrial radiation
Terrestrial radiation
 Latitude and logintude
φ -Latitude of P
ψ –Longitude of P
Declination variation through the year

δ -Declination angle
Solar geometry

θ -Incidence angle
θz -Zenith angle
β -Surface tilt angle
γ -Azimuth angle
Variation of daily insolation on a horizontal plane with
season and latitude
Annual average global solar energy
Solar Thermal Energy
Collectors
Cross-section of flat plate collector
Solar collector with air as working fluid
Parabolic Collector
Parabolic Collector
Central Receiver Tower With Field of Heliostat
Solar Thermal Energy Conversion Systems

• Solar water heating

• Solar distillation
• Solar cooker
• Solar green house
• Solar furnace
• Solar passive techniques
Forced Circulation Solar Water Heater
Cross-section of Solar Water Still
Solar Cooker
Solar Radiation Concentration

(a) Refraction from multiple lenses (b)Parabolid reflector

Solar Furnace (1MW) with Heliostat
Low Temperature Solar Power Plant
Central Receiver Solar Power Plant
Solar Pump
Wind Power Potential Kerala Orissa Andhra
Tamil Nadu 2% 1% Pradesh
11% 19%
Rajasthan
10%

Madhya Gujarat
Pradesh 22%
2%
Karnataka
24%
Maharashtra
9%

State Wise -Wind potential in India

Sl.No. Sources Potential in MW
1 Andhra Pradesh 8968
2 Gujarat 10645
3 Karnataka 11531
4 Madhya Pradesh 1019
5 Maharashtra 4584
6 Rajasthan 4858
7 Tamil Nadu 5530
8 Kerala 1171
9 Orissa 255
Total 48561
 Wind Energy Installed Capacity, INDIA

12000

10240MW

10000
INSTALLED CAPACITY (MW)

8000

6000

4000

2000

0
1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010
YEAR
 Growth of Wind Capacity(By end 2012)
80,000
75,564

70,000
62,733
60,007
60,000

50,000 46,919
44,733
IC in MW

40,200
40,000
35,159
31,332
29,060
30,000 27,214
25,170 25,777
25,104
23,903 22,796
22,247 21,674
20,622 20,676
19,149 18,421
20,000 16,819 16,740
15,145 16,084
12,210 13,064
11,603
11,630 10,925
9,587
10,000 7,850
6,270 5,912
2,599

2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012

China United States Germany Spain India

 Criteria for Site Selection

SITE SELECTION – PLAIN TERRAINS

SITE SELECTION – HILLY TERRAINS
 High annual averageWind Speed ( > 7 m/sec.)
 Altitude of the proposed site.
 Nature of Ground (soil for proper foundation / civil
work ).
 Favorable environmental condition to prevent
corrosion & not prone to cyclone.
 Availability of electrical infrastructure for evacuation
of electricity generated .
 Integration issues of Wind
• Planning criterion for RE

• Variability and Intermittency

• Forecasting and Scheduling

• SCADA / telemetry

• Network related Problems and Congestion

• Protection

• Commercial mechanism implementation

Hydroelectric Energy
Conversion Systems
 Typical arrangement of an Small Hydro Power station

SHP station on a canal SHP station on a river

Small Hydro & India
 Potential capacity over 10000 MW.

 Non polluting, high prime mover efficiency, low operational cost

 Availabilty - seasonal and intermittent

 Tidal energy & India
Long coastline offers huge potential.
Identified tidal power potential: 9000 MW
Need to be utilized with hydel power plants.

Biomass
India predominantly agricultural country.
Annual production of agro-forest and Feedstock Examples Potential Installed

processing residues: 350 million tons.

Power generation potential > 22,000 Agro-forest Wood 17,000 MW 50 MW
MW residues chips,
mulberry,
Advantages: coconut
 Decentralized generation: close to
shells

rural load centers. Processing Rice husk, 5,000 MW 1000 MW

 Technology reasonably well developed residues sugarcane
bagasse
 Environment friendly: No net CO2
No net CO2 emissions
 Geothermal energy & India
Yet to be tapped .
Potential capacity over 10000 MW .
Puga valley in Ladakh has an experimental
1 KW generator in geothermal field .
North-western Himalayas & Western coast
are considered Geothermal areas.
 Geothermal Power Plant

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