BOTANY

THE LIVING WORLD BIOLOGICAL CLASSIFICATION

1. In the taxonomic categories which hierarchical 6. Which of the following is correct about viroids?
arrangement in descending order is correct in the case [NEET (2020)]
of animals? [NEET (2022)] (a) They have DNA with a protein coat
(a) Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, (b) They have free DNA without a protein coat
Species (c) They have RNA with a protein coat
(b) Kingdom, Class, Phylum, Family, Order, Genus, (d) They have free RNA without a protein coat
Species 7. Which of the following statements is incorrect?
(c) Kingdom, Order, Class, Phylum, Family, Genus, [NEET (2019)]
Species (a) Claviceps is a source of many alkaloids and LSD
(d) Kingdom, Order, Phylum, Class, Family, Genus, (b) Conidia are produced exogenously and ascospores
Species endogenously
(c) Yeasts have filamentous bodies with long thread-
2. Select the correctly written scientific name of Mango
like hyphae
which was first described by Carolus Linnaeus.
(d) Morels and truffles are edible delicacies
[NEET (2019)]
8. Which of the following organisms are known as chief
(a) Mangifera indica Linn.
producers in the oceans? [NEET (2018)]
(b) Mangifera indica
(a) Cyanobacteria (b) Diatoms
(c) Mangifera Indica
(c) Dinoflagellates (d) Euglenoids
(d) Mangifera indica Car. Linn
9. Select the wrong statement. [NEET (2018)]
3. Nomenclature is governed by certain universal rules.
(a) Mushrooms belong to Basidiomycetes
Which one of the following is contrary to the rules of
(b) Pseudopodia are locomotory and feeding structures
nomenclature? [NEET (2016-i)]
in Sporozoans
(a) Biological names can be written in any language
(c) Cell wall is present in members of Fungi and
(b) The first word in a biological name represents
Plantae
the genus name, and the second is a specific
(d) Mitochondria are the powerhouse of the cell in all
epithet
kingdoms except monera
(c) The names are written in Latin and are italicized
10. Select the WRONG statement. [NEET (2016-II)]
(d) When written by hand, the names are to be
(a) ‘Diatomaceous earth’ is formed by the cell walls of
underlined
diatoms
4. Two plants can be conclusively said to belong to the (b) Diatoms are chief producers in the oceans
same species if they : [NEET (2007)] (c) Diatoms are microscopic and float passively in
(a) Have same number of chromosomes water
(b) Can reproduce freely with each other and form (d) The walls of diatoms are easily destructible
seeds 11. Choose the wrong statement. [NEET (2015)]
(c) Have more than 90 percent similar genes (a) Penicillium is multicellular and produces
(d) Look similar and possess identical secondary antibiotics.
metabolites. (b) Neurospora is used in the study of biochemical
5. ICBN stands for : [NEET (2007)] genetics.
(a) Indian Code of Botanical Nomenclature (c) Morels and truffles are poisonous mushrooms.
(b) Indian Congress of Biological Names (d) Yeast is unicellular and useful in fermentation.
(c) International code of Botanical Nomenclature
(d) International Congress of Biological Names

1
12. The imperfect fungi which are decomposers of litter 21. Archegoniphore is present in : [NEET (2011)]
and help in mineral cycling belong to [NEET (2015)] (a) Funaria (b) Marchantia
(a) Deuteromycetes (c) Chara (d) Adiantum
(b) Basidiomycetes 22. The gametophyte is not an independent, free living
(c) Phycomycetes generation in : [NEET (2011)]
(d) Ascomycetes (a) Pinus (b) Polytrichum
13. Archaebacteria differ from other bacteria in: (c) Adiantum (d) Marchantia
[NEET (2014)] 23. Male and female gametophytes are independent and
(a) Mode of nutrition free-living in – [NEET (2010)]
(b) Cell shape (a) Mustard (b) Castor
(c) Mode of reproduction (c) Pinus (d) Sphagnum
(d) Cell wall structure 24. Which one of the following is a vascular cryptogram ?
14. Viruses have: [NEET (2014)] [NEET (2009)]
(a) Prokaryotic nucleus (a) Cedrus (b) Equisetum
(b) Single chromosome (c) Ginkgo (d) Marchantia
(c) Both DNA and RNA 25. In which one of the following, male and female
(d) DNA enclosed in a protein coat gametophytes do not have free-living independent
15. In the five-kingdom classification, Chlamydomonas existence? [NEET (2008)]
and Chlorella have been included in [NEET (2012)] (a) Polytrichum (b) Cedrus
(a) Algae (b) Plantae (c) Pteris (d) Funaria
(c) Monera (d) Protista
MORPHOLOGY OF FLOWERING
PLANT KINGDOM
PLANTS
16. Identify the pair of heterosporous pteridophytes among 26. Axile placentation is observed in [NEET (2023)]
the following: [NEET (2023)] (a) China rose, beans and lupin
(a) Selaginella and Salvinia (b) Tomato, Dianthus and pea
(b) Psilotum and Salvinia (c) China rose, Petunia and lemon
(c) Equisetum and Salvinia
(d) Mustard, cucumber and primrose
(d) Lycopodium Selaginella
27. The flowers are Zygomorphic in:
17. Floridean starch has structure similar to
(a) Mustard (b) Gulmohar
[NEET (2020)]
(c) Cassia (d) Datura
(a) Mannitol and algin
(e) Chilli
(b) Laminarin and cellulose
Choose the correct answer from the options given
(c) Starch and cellulose
below: [NEET (2022)]
(d) Amylopectin and glycogen
(a) (a), (b), (c) only
18. Select the mismatch. [NEET (2017)]
(b) (b), (c) only
(a) Salvinia - Heterosporous
(c) (d), (e) only
(b) Equisetum - Homosporous
(d) (c), (d), (e) only
(c) Pinus - Dioecious
28. Ray florets have [NEET (2020)]
(d) Cycas - Dioecious
(a) Hypogynous ovary
19. Which one of the following statements is WRONG?
[NEET (2016-II)] (b) Half inferior ovary
(a) Algin is obtained from red algae and carrageen from (c) Inferior ovary
brown algae (d) Superior ovary
(b) Agar is obtained from Gelidium and Gracilaria. 29. Placentation, in which ovules develop on the inner wall
(c) Laminaria and Sargassum are used as food. of the ovary or in peripheral part is: [NEET (2019)]
(d) Algae increases the level of dissolved oxygen in (a) Axile (b) parietal
the immediate environment.
(c) Free central (d) Basal
20. Which one of the following shows isogamy with non-
30. Coconut fruit is a [NEET (2017)]
flagellated gametes? [NEET (2014)]
(a) Nut (b) Capsule
(a) Ectocarpus (b) Ulothrix
(c) Drupe (d) Berry
(c) Spirogyra (d) Sargassum

2
31. How many plants among Indigofera, Sesbania, Salvia, 37. The transverse section of a plant shows following
Allium, Aloe, mustard, groundnut, radish, gram and anatomical features:
turnip have stamens with different lengths in their (i) Large number of scattered vascular bundles
flowers? [NEET (2016-II)] surrounded by bundle sheath.
(a) Four (b) Five (ii) Large conspicuous parenchymatous ground tissue.
(c) Six (d) Three (iii) Vascular bundles conjoint and closed.
32. Which of the following is not a stem modification? (iv) Phloem parenchyma absent.
[NEET (2016-I)] Identify the category of plant and its part:
(a) Pitcher of Nepenthes [NEET (2020)]
(b) Thorns of citrus (a) Dicotyledonous stem
(c) Tendrils of cucumber (b) Dicotyledonous root
(d) Flattened structures of Opuntia (c) Monocotyledonous stem
33. Keel is characteristic of the flowers of: [NEET (2010)] (d) Monocotyledonous root
(a) Gulmohur (b) Cassia 38. Grass leaves curl inwards during very dry weather.
(c) Calotropis (d) Bean Select the most appropriate reason from the following:
34. The Replum is present in the ovary of flower of: [NEET (2019)]
[NEET (2008)] (a) Flaccidity of bulliform cells
(a) Sunflower (b) Pea (b) Shrinkage of air spaces in spongy mesophyll
(c) Lemon (d) Mustard (c) Tyloses in vessels
35. In a longitudinal section of a root, starting from the tip (d) Closure of stomata
upward, the four zones occur in the following order :- 39. Casparian strips occur in [NEET (2018)]
[NEET (2004)] (a) Pericycle
(a) Root cap, cell division, cell maturation, cell (b) Cortex
enlargement (c) Epidermis
(b) Cell division, cell enlargement, cell maturation, (d) Endodermis
root cap 40. Stomata in grass leaves are [NEET (2018)]
(c) Celldivision,cell maturation, cell enlargement, root (a) Rectangular
cap (b) Kidney shaped
(d) Root cap, cell division, cell enlargement, cell (c) Dumb-bell shaped
maturation (d) Barrel-shaped
41. Cortex is the region found between [NEET (2016-II)]
ANATOMY OF FLOWERING PLANTS (a) Pericycle and endodermis
36. Read the following statements about the vascular (b) Endodermis and pith
bundles (c) Endodermis and vascular bundle
(a) In roots, xylem and phloem in a vascular bundle are (d) Epidermis and stele
arranged in an alternate manner along the different 42. You are given a fairly old piece of dicot stem and a dicot
radii. root. Which of the following anatomical structures will
(b) Conjoint closed vascular bundles do not possess you use to distinguish between the two?
cambium [NEET (2014)]
(c) In open vascular bundles, cambium is present in (a) Secondary phloem
between xylem and phloem (b) Protoxylem
(d) The vascular bundles of dicotyledonous stem (c) Cortical cells
possess endarch protoxylem (d) Secondary xylem
(e) In monocotyledonous root, usually there are more 43. Ground tissue includes : [NEET (2011)]
than six xylem bundles present (a) All tissues internal to endodermis
Choose the correct answer from the options given (b) All tissues external to endodermis
below: [NEET (2022)] (c) All tissues except epidermis and vascular bundles
(a) (a), (b) and (d) only
(d) Epidermis and cortex
(b) (b), (c), (d) and (e) only
(c) (a), (b), (c) and (d) only
(d) All the options are correct.

3
44. In barley stem vascular bundles are - [NEET (2009)] 48. Match List-I with List-II.
(a) Closed and radial
(b) Open and scattered List - I List – II
(c) Closed and scattered (a) Cristae (i) Primary constriction in
(d) Open and in a ring chromosome
45. Palisade parenchyma is absent in leaves of - (b) Thylakoids (ii) Disc-shaped sacs in Golgi
[NEET (2009)] apparatus
(a) Gram (b) Sorghum (c) Centromere (iii) Infolding in mitochondria
(c) Mustard (d) Soybean (d) Cisternae (iv) Flattened membranous
CELL: THE UNIT OF LIFE sacs in stroma of plastids
[NEET (2021)]
46. Which of the following are NOT considered as the part
(a) (a)-(iii), (b)-(iv), (c)- (i), (d)-(ii)
of endomembrane system?
(b) (a)-(ii), (b)-(iii), (c)- (iv), (d)-(i)
A. Mitochondria
(c) (a)-(iv), (b)-(iii), (c)- (ii), (d)-(i)
B. Endoplasmic Reticulum
(d) (a)-(i), (b)-(iv), (c)- (iii), (d)-(ii)
C. Chloroplasts
49. The concept of “Omnis Cellula-e-cellula” regarding
D. Golgi complex
cell division was first proposed by: [NEET (2019)]
E. Peroxisomes
(a) Theodore Schwann
Choose the most appropriate answer from the options
(b) Schleiden
given below: [NEET (2023)]
(c) Aristotle
(a) A, C and E only
(d) Rudolf Virchow
(b) A and D only
50. Which of the following pairs of organelles does not
(c) A, D and E only
contain DNA? [NEET (2019)]
(d) B and D only
(a) Chloroplast and Vacuoles
47. Match List - I with List - II. Choose the correct answer
(b) Lysosomes and Vacuoles
from the options given below:
(c) Nuclear envelope and Mitochondria
List - I List – II (d) Mitochondria and Lysosomes
(a) Metacentric (i) Centromere situated 51. Which one of the following cell organelles is enclosed
chromosome close to the end by a single membrane? [NEET (2016-I)]
forming one (a) Mitochondria (b) Chloroplasts
extremely short and (c) Lysosomes (d) Nuclei
one 52. Microtubules are the constituents of:
(b) Acrocentric (ii) Centromeres at the [NEET (2016-I)]
chromosome terminal end (a) Cilia, flagella and peroxisomes
(c) Sub- (iii) Centromere in the (b) Spindle fibres, centrioles and cilia
metacentric middle forming two (c) Centrioles, spindle fibres and chromatin
equal arms of (d) Centrosome, nucleosome and centrioles
chromosomes 53. Which one of the following structures between two
(d) Telocentric (iv) Centromere slightly adjacent cells is an effective transport pathway?
chromosome away from the middle [NEET (2010)]
forming one shorter (a) Plasmodesmata
arm and one longer (b) Plastoquinones
arm (c) Endoplasmic reticulum
[NEET (2022)] (d) Plasmalemma
(a) (a)- (iii); (b) - (i); (c) - (iv);(d) - (ii) 54. Polysome is formed by: [NEET (2008)]
(b) (a)- (i); (b) - (iii); (c) - (ii);(d) - (iv) (a) A ribosome with several subunits
(c) (a)- (ii); (b) - (iii); (c) - (iv);(d) - (i) (b) Ribosomes attached to each other in a linear
(d) (a)- (i); (b) - (ii); (c) - (iii);(d) - (iv) arrangement
(c) Several ribosomes attached to a single mRNA
(d) Many ribosomes attached to a strand of
endoplasmic reticulum

4
55. Extranuclear inheritance is a consequence of presence 62. In photosynthesis, the light-independent reactions take
of genes in - [NEET (2004)] place at [NEET (2015)]
(a) Endoplasmic reticulum & mitochondria (a) Thylakoid lumen (b) Photosystem I
(b) Ribosomes and chloroplast (c) Photosystem II (d) Stromal matrix
(c) Lysosomes and ribosomes 63. Cyclic photophosphorylation results in the formation
(d) Mitochondria and chloroplasts of : [NEET (2009)]
(a) ATP
PHOTOSYNTHESIS IN HIGHER PLANTS (b) NADPH
56. How many ATP and NADPH2 are required for the (c) ATP and NADPH
synthesis of one molecule of glucose during Calvin (d) ATP, NADPH and O2
cycle? [NEET (2023)] 64. In photosystem-I, the first electron acceptor is-
(a) 18 ATP and 12 NADPH2 [NEET (2006)]
(b) 12 ATP and 16 NADPH2 (a) Ferredoxin
(c) 18 ATP and 16 NADPH2 (b) Cytochrome
(d) 12 ATP and 12 NADPH2 (c) Plastocyanin
57. The reaction centre in PS II has an absorption maximum (d) An iron sulphur protein
at [NEET (2023)] 65. In C3 plants, the first stable product of photosynthesis
(a) 700 nm (b) 660 nm during the dark reaction is :- [NEET (2004)]
(c) 780 nm (d) 680 nm (a) Oxaloacetic acid
58. Which one of the following is not true regarding the (b) 3-phosphoglyceric acid
release of energy during ATP synthesis through (c) Phosphoglyceraldehyde
chemiosmosis? It involves: [NEET (2022)] (d) Malic acid
(a) Development of proton gradient RESPIRATION IN PLANTS
(b) Development of electron gradient
66. What is the net gain of ATP when each molecule of
(c) Movement of protons across the membrane to the
glucose is converted to two molecules of pyruvic acid?
stroma
[NEET (2022)]
(d) Reduction of NADP to NADPH2 on the stroma side (a) Four (b) Six
of the membrane (c) Two (d) Eight
59. The first stable product of CO2 fixation in sorghum is 67. Which of the following statements is incorrect?
[NEET (2021)] [NEET (2021)]
(a) Succinic acid (a) ATP is synthesized through complex V
(b) Phosphoglyceric acid (b) Oxidation-reduction reactions produce proton
(c) Pyruvic acid gradients in respiration.
(d) Oxaloacetic acid (c) During aerobic respiration, role of oxygen is
60. The oxygenation activity of RuBisCO enzyme in limited to the terminal stage
photorespiration leads to the formation of (d) In ETC (Electron Transport Chain), one molecule
[NEET (2020)] of NADH gives rise to 2 ATP molecules, and one
(a) 1 molecule of 6-C compound FADH2 gives rise to 3 ATP molecules
(b) 1 molecule of 4-C compound and 1 molecule of 2- 68. Conversion of glucose to glucose-6-phosphate, the first
C compound irreversible reaction of glycolysis, is catalyzed by
(c) 2 molecules of 3-C compound [NEET (2019)]
(d) 1 molecule of 3-C compound and 1 molecule of 2- (a) Hexokinase (b) Enolase
C compound (c) Phosphofructokinase (d) Aldolase
61. In a chloroplast, the highest number of protons are 69. Respiratory Quotient (RQ) value of tripalmitin is
found in [NEET (2016-I)] [NEET (2019)]
(a) Stroma (a) 0.7 (b) 0.07
(b) Lumen of thylakoids (c) 0.09 (d) 0.9
(c) Inter-membrane space
(d) Antennae complex

5
70. Which statement is wrong for Krebs' cycle? 77. Name the plant growth regulators which upon spraying
[NEET (2017)] on sugarcane crop, increases the length of stem, thus
(a) During the conversion of succinyl CoA to succinic increasing the yield of sugarcane crop.
acid, a molecule of GTP is synthesised [NEET (2020)]
(b) The cycle starts with the condensation of an acetyl (a) Ethylene (b) Abscisic acid
group (acetyl CoA) with pyruvic acid to yield citric (c) Cytokinin (d) Gibberellin
acid 78. You are given a tissue with its potential for
(c) There are three points in the cycle where NAD+ is differentiation in an artificial culture. Which of the
reduced to NADH + H+ following pairs of hormones would you add to the
(d) There is one point in the cycle where FAD+ is medium to secure shoots as well as roots?
reduced to FADH2 [NEET (2016-II)]
71. Which of the following biomolecules is common to (a) Cytokinin and auxin
respiration mediated breakdown of fats, carbohydrates (b) Auxin and abscisic acid
and proteins? [NEET (2016-II)] (c) Gibberellin and abscisic acid
(a) Fructose 1, 6-bisphosphate (d) IAA and gibberellin
(b) Pyruvic acid 79. Which one of the following acids is a derivative of
(c) Acetyl CoA carotenoids ? [NEET (2009)]
(d) Glucose-6-phosphate (a) Abscisic acid
72. The energy-releasing metabolic process in which (b) Indole butyric acid
substrate is oxidised without an external electron (c) Indole-3-acetic acid
acceptor is called – [NEET (2010)] (d) Gibberellic acid
(a) Glycolysis 80. Which one of the following pairs, is not correctly
(b) Fermentation matched ? [NEET (2007)]
(c) Aerobic respiration (a) IAA – Cell wall elongation
(d) Photorespiration (b) Abscissic acid – Stomatal closure
(c) Gibberellic acid – Leaf fall
73. Aerobic respiratory pathway is appropriately termed :-
(d) Cytokinin – Cell division
[NEET (2009)]
(a) Anabolic (b) Catabolic SEXUAL REPRODCTION IN
(c) Parabolic (d) Amphibolic
74. During which stage in the complete oxidation of FLOWERING PLANTS
glucose are the greatest number of ATP molecules 81. A typical angiosperm embryo sac at maturity is
formed from ADP - [NEET (2005)] [NEET (2021)]
(a) Glycolysis (a) 7-nucleate and 7-celled
(b) Krebs cycle (b) 8-nucleate and 8-celled
(c) Electron transport chain (c) 8-nucleate and 7-celled
(d) Conversion of pyruvic acid to acetyl CoA (d) 7-nucleate and 8-celled
75. In glycolysis, during oxidation electrons are removed 82. In water hyacinth and water lily, pollination takes place
by: [NEET (2020)]
by - [NEET (2004)]
(a) Wind and water
(a) Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (b) Insects and water
(b) NAD+ (c) Insects or wind
(c) Molecular oxygen (d) Water currents only
(d) ATP 83. Persistent nucellus in the seed is known as:
[NEET (2019)]
PLANT GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT (a) Perisperm (b) Hilum
76. Plants follow different pathways in response to the (c) Tegmen (d) Chalaza
84. Double fertilization is [NEET (2018)]
environment or phases of life to form different kinds of
(a) Fusion of two male gametes with one egg
structures. This ability is called [NEET (2021)]
(b) Fusion of one male gamete with two polar nuclei
(a) Plasticity (b) Maturity
(c) Fusion of two male gametes of a pollen tube with
(c) Elasticity (d) Flexibility
two different eggs
(d) Syngamy and triple fusion

6
85. A dioecious flowering plant prevents both 94. In Antirrhinum (Snapdragon), a red flower was crossed
[NEET (2017)] with a white flower and in F1 generation, pink In
(a) Geitonogamy and xenogamy
Antirrhinum (Snapdragon), a red flower was crossed
(b) Cleistogamy and xenogamy
(c) Autogamy and xenogamy with a white flower and in F1 generation, pink flowers.
(d) Autogamy and geitonogamy Choose the incorrect statement from the following :
86. Coconut water from a tender coconut is
[NEET (2019)]
[NEET (2015)]
(a) Immature embryo (a) Pink colour in F1 is due to incomplete dominance
(b) Free nuclear endosperm (b) Ratio of F2 is 1/4 (Red): 2/4 (Pink): ¼ (White)
(c) Innermost layers of the seed coat
(c) Law of Segregation does not apply in this
(d) Degenerated nucellus
87. Megasporangium is equivalent to [NEET (2013)] experiment.
(a) Embryo sac (d) This experiment does not follow the Principle of
(b) Fruit Dominance
(c) Nucellus
(d) Ovule 95. What is the genetic disorder in which an individual has
88. Filiform apparatus is a characteristic feature of an overall masculine development, gynaecomastia and
[NEET (2011)] is sterile? [NEET (2019)]
(a) Zygote (b) Suspensor
(a) Klinefelter’s syndrome
(c) Egg (d) Synergid
89. Apomictic embryos in citrus arise from : (b) Edward syndrome
[NEET (2010)] (c) Down’s syndrome
(a) Synergids
(d) Turner’s syndrome
(b) Maternal sporophytic tissue in ovule
(c) Antipodal cells 96. Which of the following characteristics represent
(d) Diploid egg ‘Inheritance of blood groups’ in humans?
90. Male gametes in angiosperms are formed by the 1. Dominance
division of: [NEET (2007)] 2. Codominance
(a) Microspore mother cell (b) Microspore 3. Multiple allele
(c) Generative cell (d) Vegetative cell 4. Incomplete dominance
5. Polygenic inheritance [NEET (2018)]
PRINCIPLES OF INHERITANCE AND (a) 2, 4 and 5 (b) 1, 2 and 3
VARIATION (c) 2, 3 and 5 (d) 1, 3 and 4
97. Pick out the correct statements:
91. XO type of sex determination can be found in
[NEET (2016-I)]
[NEET (2022)]
(A)
(a) Drosophila (b) Birds
(B) Down’s syndrome is due to aneuploidy
(c) Grasshoppers (d) Monkeys
(C) Phenylketonuria is an autosomal recessive gene
92. The recombination frequency between the genes a & c
(D) Sickle cell anaemia is an X-linked recessive gene
is 5%, b & c is 15%, b & d is 9%, a & b is 20%, c & d
disorder
is 24% and a & d is 29%. What will be the sequence of
(a) (A) and (D) are correct
these genes on a linear chromosome? [NEET (2022)]
(b) (B) and (D) are correct
(a) a , d, b, c (b) d, b, a, c
(c) (A), (C) and (D) are correct
(c) a, b, c, d (d) a, c, b, d
(d) (A), (B) and (C) are correct
93. In a cross between a male and female, both
heterozygous for sickle cell anaemia gene, what
percentage of the progeny will be diseased?
[NEET (2021)]
(a) 25% (b) 100%
(c) 50% (d) 75%

7
98. Match the terms in Column I with their description in
Column II and chose the correct option :
MICROBES IN HUMAN WELFARE
Column-I Column-II 101. Match list I with list II.
(a) Dominance (i) Many genes govern a
single character List I List II
(b) Codominance (ii) In a heterozygous (a) Aspergillus niger (i) Acetic Acid
organism only one (b) Acetobacter aceti (ii) Lactic Acid
allele expresses itself (c) Clostridium butylicum (iii) Citric Acid
(c) Pleiotropy (iii) In a heterozygous (d) Lactobacillus (iv) Butyric Acid
organism both alleles [NEET (2021)]
express themselves (a) (a)- (ii); (b) - (iii); (c) - (i);(d) - (iv)
fully (b) (a)- (iv); (b) - (ii); (c) - (i);(d) - (iii)
(d) Polygenic (iv) A single gene (c) (a)- (iii); (b) - (i); (c) - (iv);(d) - (ii)
inheritance influences many (d) (a)- (i); (b) - (ii); (c) - (iii);(d) - (iv)
characters 102. Which of the following is wrongly matched in the given
table? [NEET (2016-I)]
[NEET (2016-I)]
Code: (a) Microbe- Trichoderma polysporum; Product-
(a) (a) - (ii); (b) - (i); (c) - (iv); (d) - (iii) Cyclosporin A; Application- Immunosuppressive drug
(b) (a) - (ii); (b) - (iii); (c) - (iv); (d) - (i)
(b) Microbe- Monascus purpureus; Product- Statins;
(c) (a) - (iv); (b) - (i); (c) - (ii); (d) - (iii)
(d) (a) - (iv); (b) - (iii); (c) - (i); (d) - (ii) Application- Lowering of blood cholesterol
99. A gene showing codominance has (c) Microbe- Streptococcus; Product- Streptokinase;
[NEET (2015)] Application- Removal of clot from blood vessel
(a) One allele dominant on the other (d) Microbe- Clostridium butylicum; Product-
(b) Alleles tightly linked on the same chromosome Lipase; Application- Removal of oil stains
(c) Alleles that are recessive to each other 103. What gases are produced in anaerobic sludge
(d) Both alleles independently expressed in the digesters? [NEET (2014)]
heterozygote (a) Methane, hydrogen sulphide and CO2
100. Which one of the following symbols and its (b) Methane, hydrogen sulphide and O2
representation, used in human pedigree analysis is (c) Hydrogen sulphide and CO2
correct – [NEET (2010)] (d) Methane and CO2 only
(a) 104. An organism used as a Biofertilizer for raising soyabean
crop is : [NEET (2011)]
(a) Nostoc (b) Azotobacter
(b)
(c) Azospirillum (d) Rhizobium
105. Which of the following is not used as a biopesticide ?
(c) [NEET (2009)]
(a) Xanthomonas Campestris
(b) Bacillus thringiensis
(d) (c) Trichoderma harzianum
(d) Nuclear Polyhedral Virus (NPV)

8
 (a) Amensalism (b) Commensalism
ORGANISMS AND POPULATION (c) Parasitism (d) Mutualism
106. Match List I with List II: 112. Gause’s principle of competitive exclusion states that
[NEET (2016-I)]
List I List II(Species A and (a) More abundant species will exclude the less
(Interaction) B) abundant species through competition
A. Mutualism I. +(A), O(B) (b) Competition for the same resources excludes
B. Commensalism II. –(A), O(B) species having different food preferences
C. Amensalism III. +(A), –(B) (c) No two species can occupy the same niche
D. Parasitism IV. +(A), +(B) indefinitely for the same limiting resources
Choose the correct answer from the options given (d) Larger organisms exclude smaller ones through
below: [NEET (2023)] competition
(a) A–IV, B–I, C–II, D–III 113. In which of the following interactions both partners are
(b) A–IV, B–III, C–I, D–II adversely affected? [NEET (2015)]
(c) A–III, B–I, C–IV, D–II (a) Competition (b) Predation
(d) A–IV, B–II, C–I, D–III (c) Parasitism (d) Mutualism
114. The figure given below is a diagrammatic
107. While explaining interspecific interaction of
representation of response of organisms to abiotic
population, (+) sign is assigned for beneficial
factors. What do a, b and c represent respectively –
interaction, (-) sign is assigned for detrimental
interaction and (0) for neutral interaction. Which of the
following interactions can be assigned (+) for one
species and (-) for another species involved in the
interaction? [NEET (2022)]
(a) Predation (b) Amensalism
(c) Commensalism (d) Competition [NEET (2010)]
108. Amensalism can be represented as [NEET (2021)] (a) (a)- conformer; (b)- regulator; (c)- partial regulator
(a) Species A ( - ) ; Species B ( - ) (b) (a)- regulator; (b)- partial regulator; (c)- conformer
(b) Species A ( +) ; Species B (0) (c) (a)- partial regulator; (b)- regulator; (c)- conformer
(c) Species A ( - ) ; Species B (0) (d) (a)- regulator; (b)- conformer; (c)- partial regulator
(d) Species A ( + );Species B ( + )
115. The formula for exponential population growth is-
109. In a growing population of a country
[NEET (2006)]
[NEET (2018)]
(a) dt/dN = rN (b) dN/rN = dt
(a) Reproductive and pre-reproductive individuals are
(c) rN/dN = dt (d) dN/dt = rN
equal in number
(b) Reproductive individuals are less than the post- ECOSYSTEM
reproductive individuals 116. In the equation:
(c) Pre-reproductive individuals are more than the GPP – R = NPP
reproductive individuals GPP is gross primary productivity, NPP is net primary
(d) Pre-reproductive individuals are less than the productivity, R here is ______. [NEET (2023)]
reproductive individuals (a) Respiratory quotient
110. The principle of competitive exclusion was stated by (b) Respiratory loss
_____. [NEET (2016-II)] (c) Reproductive allocation
(a) G.F. Gause
(d) Photosynthetically active radiation
(b) MacArthur
(c) Verhulst and Pearl 117. Detritivores breakdown detritus into smaller particles.
(d) C. Darwin This process is called: [NEET (2012)]
111. If ‘+’ sign is assigned to beneficial interaction, ‘-’ sign (a) Catabolism (b) Fragmentation
to detrimental and ‘0’ sign to neutral interaction, then (c) Humification (d) Decomposition
the population interaction represented by ‘+’ ‘-’ refers
to [NEET (2016-II)]

9
118. Which of the following statements is not correct? 123. In situ conservation refers to: [NEET (2022)]
[NEET (2021)] (a) Protect and conserve the whole ecosystem
(a) Pyramid of energy is always upright (b) Conserve only high risk species
(b) Pyramid of numbers in a grassland ecosystem is (c) Conserve only endangered species
upright (d) Conserve only extinct species
(c) Pyramid of biomass in the sea is generally inverted. 124. According to Robert May, the global species diversity
(d) Pyramid of biomass in the sea is generally upright is about [NEET (2020)]
119. In the equation GPP - R = NPP, R represents (a) 50 million (b) 7 million
[NEET (2021)] (c) 1.5 million (d) 20 million
(a) Environment factor 125. Which one of the following is not a method of in situ
(b) Respiration losses conservation of biodiversity? [NEET (2019)]
(c) Radiant energy (a) Wildlife Sanctuary
(d) Retardation factor (b) Botanical Garden
120. The amount of nutrients such as carbon, nitrogen, (c) Sacred Grove
phosphorus, and calcium present in the soil at any given (d) Biosphere Reserve
time is referred to as [NEET (2021)]
(a) Standing state
(b) Standing crop
(c) Climax
(d) Climax community

BIODIVERSITY AND CONSERVATION

121. Which of the following is not a method of ex situ
conservation? [NEET (2022)]
(a) In vitro fertilization (b) National Parks
(c) Micropropagation (d) Cryopreservation
122. Habitat loss and fragmentation, over exploitation, alien
species invasion and co-extinction are causes for:
[NEET (2022)]
(a) Population explosion (b) Competition
(c) Biodiversity loss (d) Natality

10
 ANSWER KEY
1. (a) 2. (a) 3. (a) 4. (b) 5. (c) 6. (d) 7. (c) 8. (b) 9. (b) 10. (d)
11. (c) 12. (a) 13. (d) 14. (d) 15. (d) 16. (a) 17. (d) 18. (c) 19 (a) 20. (c)
21. (b) 22. (a) 23. (d) 24. (b) 25. (b) 26. (c) 27. (b) 28. (c) 29. (b) 30. (c)
31. (a) 32. (a) 33. (d) 34. (d) 35. (d) 36. (d) 37. (c) 38. (a) 39. (d) 40. (c)
41. (d) 42. (b) 43. (c) 44. (c) 45. (b) 46. (a) 47. (a) 48. (a) 49. (d) 50. (b)
51. (c) 52. (b) 53. (a) 54. (c) 55. (d) 56. (a) 57. (d) 58. (b) 59. (d) 60. (d)
61. (b) 62. (d) 63. (a) 64. (d) 65. (b) 66. (c) 67. (d) 68. (a) 69. (a) 70. (b)
71. (c) 72. (b) 73. (d) 74. (c) 75. (b) 76. (a) 77. (d) 78. (a) 79. (a) 80. (c)
81. (c) 82. (c) 83. (a) 84. (d) 85. (d) 86. (b) 87. (d) 88. (d) 89. (b) 90. (c)
91. (c) 92. (d) 93. (a) 94. (c) 95. (a) 96. (b) 97. (d) 98. (b) 99. (d) 100. (a)
101. (c) 102. (d) 103. (a) 104. (d) 105. (a) 106. (a) 107. (a) 108. (c) 109. (c) 110. (a)
111. (c) 112. (c) 113. (a) 114. (d) 115. (d) 116. (b) 117. (b) 118. (d) 119. (b) 120. (a)
121. (b) 122. (c) 123. (a) 124. (b) 125. (b)

11
 SOLUTIONS
1. In the animal kingdom, there are seven main taxonomic
ranks: kingdom, phylum or division, class, order,
family, genus, species.
2. According to rules of binomial nomenclature, the
correctly written scientific name of mango
is Mangifera indica Linn. Scientific names are always
written in italics and their discoverer name is written at
the end in short form. Discoverer name is not written
in italics.
3. Binomial nomenclature means naming an organism
with two words. The first word represents the genus and
the second word represents species. The first letter of
the genus is always written in the capital letter and the
first letter of species in small letters. The names are
generally written in the Latin language as they are
mostly derived from Latin and Greek. These are
italicized in the font. If written with the hand, they are
underlined. These can't be written in any other
languages as these are rules followed worldwide in
nomenclature.
4. Can reproduce freely with each other and form seeds
5. International code of Botanical Nomenclature
6. Viroids have free RNA without a protein coat. Potato
spindle tuber disease is a disease caused by viroids.
7. Yeast is a unicellular sac fungus. It lacks a filamentous
structure or hyphae. It comes under the group.
8. Phytoplankton is the producer in the ocean. Diatoms
belong to the class of phytoplankton which are known
as chief producers in the ocean.
9. Pseudopodia are the finger-like projections and are the
locomotory organs of the protozoan protists. For
example, Amoeba.
The cell wall is present in the members of both the
kingdom Fungi and Plantae. Fungi have a cell wall made
up of chitin and polysaccharides while plants' cell wall
is made up of cellulose and hemicellulose.
Mitochondria are called the powerhouse of the cell
because these are associated with cellular respiration.
Mitochondria is present only in eukaryotes and absent
in prokaryotes i.e. in members of kingdom Monera.
Mushrooms belong to the class Basidiomycetes of
kingdom Fungi. For example, Agaricus.
10. Diatoms are unicellular eukaryotes placed under the
kingdom Protista and serve as main producers in
oceans. The cell of diatoms is surrounded by the cell
wall, deposited with silica, called as frustules which
are composed of two overlapping halves (the epitheca
12
and the hypotheca). Shells of diatoms are highly
resistant to decomposition due to the presence of silica
and are deposited in ocean beds leading to the
formation of the diatomaceous earth. The gliding
movement of floating diatoms is a passive process,
facilitated by secretion of slimy material. Therefore,
the correct answer is option d.
11. Morels and truffles are edible mushrooms. They are
not poisonous.
12. Deuteromycetes are commonly known as imperfect
fungi because only the asexual or vegetative phases of
these fungi are known. They are decomposers of litter
and help in mineral cycling.
13. Archaebacteria differ from other bacteria in having a
different cell wall structure and this feature is
responsible for their survival in extreme conditions.
14. Viruses are the acellular, small infectious agents that
replicate only inside the living cells of organisms. The
genetic material is made from either DNA or RNA
enclosed by the protein coat.
15. According to 5 kingdom classification Chlamydomonas
and Chlorella are the members of Protists. (NCERT-XI
pg. 18)
16. Genera like Selaginella and Salvinia produce two kinds
of spores, macro (large) and micro (small) spores, are
known as heterosporous.
17. Floridean starch is the storage substance found in red
algae (Rhodophyta). The structure of this compound is
similar to amylopectin and glycogen.
18. Pinus is a monoecious plant having both male and
female cones on the same plant.
Cycas possess either male or female reproductive parts,
Equisetum produces the same type of spore
(homosporous) and Salvinia produces different types of
spores (heterosporous).
19. Algin is obtained from brown algae and carrageenan
from red algae.
20. In Spirogyra, sexual reproduction takes place through
non-flagellated and similar sized gametes, and hence
called isogamous. Isogamy involves the fusion of
gametes that are morphologically and physiologically
similar.
21. Marchantia
22. Gametophyte is dependent on the sporophyte in
gymnosperms. e.g., Pinus. Gymnosperms are vascular
plants that produce seeds in cones. Examples include
conifers such as pine and spruce trees. The gymnosperm
 life cycle has a dominant sporophyte generation. Both
gametophytes and the next generation’s new
sporophytes develop on the sporophyte parent plant.
Marchantia and Polytrichum are bryophytes and
Adiantum is a fern.
23. In Sphagnum, male and female gametophytes are
independent and free of living. Sphagnum comes under
the class of bryophytes; the most important phase in the
life cycle is the gametophyte. Gametophytes are the
cells that undergo division to produce spores and new
plants.
24. Equisetum
25. In gymnosperm like Cedrus, the male and the female
gametophyte do not have an independent free-living
existence. They remain inside the sporangia on the
sporophytes which means that the female
gametophyte within megasporangium and male
gametophyte within microsporangium.
26. China rose, tomato, Petunia and lemon – Axile
placentation
Beans, pea and lupin – Marginal placentation
Mustard, cucumber – Parietal placentation
Dianthus and primrose – Free central placentation
27. Zygomorphic flowers are those which are only divided
into two halves from one plane (bilaterally
symmetrical). It includes pea, Gulmohar, Cassia, and
beans.
Mustard, datura, and chilli are actinomorphic flowers as
they can be divided into two halves from any plane
(radially symmetrical) .
28. Flower of compositae family contains two types of
flower i.e., ray florets (located at peripheral) and disc
florets (located at centre). Ray florets have inferior
ovary and the reason is that the other parts of the flower
are attached above the level of ovary. Example of such
an ovary is ray florets of Sunflowers.
29. In parietal placentation, the ovules develop on the inner
wall of the ovary or in the peripheral part. e.g Mustard,
Argemone etc. Parietal placentation appears as follows:
30. Coconut fruit is a drupe. Drupe fruit can be defined as
indehiscent fruit in which an outer fleshy part surrounds
a single shell of hard endocarp with a seed inside. A
drupe develops from a monocarpellary superior ovary
and is one-seeded.
13
31. Families of the given plants :
Indigofera: Fabaceae
Sesbania: Fabaceae
Salvia: Lamiaceae
Allium: Liliaceae
Aloe: Liliaceae
Mustard: Brassicaceae
Groundnut: Fabaceae
Radish: Brassicaceae
Gram: Fabaceae
Turnip: Brassicaceae
The family having different length stamens in their
flower is Brassicaceae and Lamiaceae. We are provided
with four plants belonging to the above two mentioned
families. So, Salvia (didynamous), mustard, radish and
turnip (tetradynamous) will have an unequal length of
stamens.
So, the correct answer is 'Four'.
32. The pitcher of Nepenthes is the modification of leaf
lamina which takes the form of pitcher to trap insects.
Thorns of citrus are modified stems which performs the
function of climbing or defense. Thorns are present in
the axil of leaves or apex of the stem. A tendril of
cucumber is a modified stem which is formed by the
modification of terminal bud into tendril because the
stem is often weak in such plants. Flattened structure of
Opuntia is also a stem modification.
33. Bean
34. Mustard
35. Root cap, cell division, cell enlargement, cell
maturation
36. All the given statements are correct:
• When xylem and phloem within a vascular bundle are
arranged in an alternate manner along the different radii,
the arrangement is called radial such as in roots.
• Conjoint, closed vascular bundles enclose both xylem
and phloem. Xylem is found towards the inner surface
and phloem towards the outer surface. Cambium is
absent.
• Open vascular bundles are vascular bundles in which
secondary growth is possible. This type of vascular
bundle has cambium present in between the xylem and
phloem.
• Vascular bundles of dicot stem are eight in number,
arranged in the form of a broken ring. The vascular
bundles are conjoint, collateral and open. Xylem is on
the inner surface and phloem on the outer surface.
Xylem is described as endarch.
• Vascular bundles in monocot roots are radial, polyarch
and exarch. Large number (more than 6) of xylem and
phloem groups alternate with each other.
37. All anatomical features mentioned is shown by
monocotyledonous stem so option (c) is correct. In
monocots vascular bundles are scattered between
parenchymatous ground tissue. There is no pith region
in monocots. The vascular bundles are closed as they do
not have cambium in it.
38. Bulliform cells are the modified epidermal cell present
in the leaves of grasses. Bulliform cells become flaccid
due to water loss. This makes the leaves curl inward to
minimise water loss.
39. Endodermis of the root contains a Casparian strip on the
radial and inner tangential wall. It is formed by the
deposition of suberin. Casparian strips are impermeable
for water and it is a characteristic feature of roots.
40. Monocots contain dumb-bell shaped stomata. Grass
being a monocot, has dumb-bell shaped stomata in its
leaves. Kidney shaped stomata are present in dicot
leaves.
41. Cortex is the ground tissue present below the epidermis.
It surrounds the central cylinder and endodermis lines
the outermost layer of the cylinder. So, the region
between epidermis and stele is cortex. Pericycle is
present between the endodermis and vascular bundle.
The whole ground tissue system (cortex, endodermis
and pericycle) is present between epidermis and stele.
42. In stems, the protoxylem lies towards the centre (pith)
and the metaxylem lies towards the periphery of the
organ. This type of primary xylem is called endarch. In
roots, the protoxylem lies towards the periphery and the
metaxylem lies towards the centre. Such arrangement of
primary xylem is called exarch.
43. All tissues except epidermis and vascular bundles
44. Closed and scattered
45. Sorghum (family - Poaceae) is a monocot plant. The
leaves of monocot do not contain palisade parenchyma,
because the mesophyll of monocot leaf is not
differentiated into palisade and spongy parenchyma, all
being thin walled, chlorophyllous and irregularly
compactly arranged with fewer inter cellular spaces.
46. The endomembrane system include endoplasmic
reticulum (ER), golgi complex, lysosomes and
vacuoles. Since the functions of the mitochondria,
chloroplast and peroxisomes are not coordinated with
the above components, these are not considered as part
of the endomembrane system.
47. The metacentric chromosome has a middle centromere
forming two equal arms of the chromosome.
- In the case of an acrocentric chromosome the
centromere is situated close to its end forming one
extremely short and one very long arm.
14
-The sub-metacentric chromosome has centromere
slightly away from the middle of the chromosome
resulting in one shorter arm and one longer arm.
-Telocentric chromosomes have a terminal centromere.
48. The inner membrane of mitochondria forms a number
of infoldings called the cristae (sing.: crista) towards the
matrix. The cristae increase the surface area. A number
of organized flattened membranous sacs called the
thylakoids are present in the stroma. Thylakoids are
arranged in stacks like the piles of coins called grana
(singular: granum) or the intergranal thylakoids. Every
chromosome essentially has a primary constriction or
the centromere on the sides of which disc-shaped
structures called kinetochores are present. The golgi
complex consists of many flat, disc-shaped sacs or
cisternae of 0.5µm to 1.0µm diameter. These are
stacked parallel to each other. A varied number of
cisternae are present in a golgi complex.
49. Concept of "Omnis cellula-e cellula" regarding cell
division was proposed by Rudolf Virchow. It means
new cells arise from pre-existing cells.
50. Lysosomes and vacuoles do not have DNA. Inside the
cell three organelles contain DNA i.e., mitochondria,
chloroplast and nucleus.
51. Nucleus is the double membrane bound organelle of
eukaryotic cells that serve to house genetic material.
The two membranes together make the nuclear
envelope. Mitochondrion is double membrane bound
organelle, wherein the inner membrane is present as
infolding and forms cristae. Cristae have respiratory
enzymes and serve as a site for cellular respiration.
Chloroplast is double membrane bound organelle in
which the inner membrane surrounds the alkaline
stroma and thylakoid system. Lysosomes are bound by
a single layer of typical phospholipids.
52. The microtubules are found in the cytoplasmic matrix
of all eukaryotic cells. They also occur in cilia, flagella,
centrioles, basal bodies, and mitotic apparatus. Spindle
fibers form the protein structure which helps in mitosis
and meiosis. Centrioles are the two cylindrical
structures of a cell organelle called centrosome. Cilia
and flagella are fine hair-like outgrowths of the
membrane while peroxisomes are the microbodies.
53. Plasmodesmata
54. Several ribosomes attached to a single mRNA
55. Mitochondria and chloroplasts
56. For every CO2 molecule entering the Calvin cycle, 3
molecules of ATP and 2 of NADPH are required. To
make one molecule of glucose 6 turns of the cycle are
required. Thus, 18 ATP and 12 NADPH2 are required
 for the synthesis of one molecule of glucose during preparatory phase of glycolysis therefore there is a net
Calvin cycle. gain of two ATP molecules.
57. 680 nm 67. In ETC, oxidation of one molecule of NADH gives rise
58. Chemiosmotic hypothesis explains the mechanism of to 3 molecules of ATP, while that of one molecule of
ATP synthesis in the thylakoids of chloroplast. In FADH2 produces 2 molecules of ATP.
photosynthesis, the synthesis of ATP is linked to the 68. Hexokinase catalyzes the conversion of glucose to
development of a proton gradient across the cell glucose-6 phosphate. It is the first step of the activation
membrane. No electron gradient is formed during phase of glycolysis. In this step, phosphate group is
generation of ATP added to the glucose which is provided by ATP.
59. Most of the plants that are adapted to dry tropical 69.
regions have the C4 pathway. These plants are called C4
plants. Sugarcane, maize, sorghum, etc. are examples of
these plants. In C4 pathway, the primary CO2 acceptor
is 3 carbon compound, phosphoenol pyruvate (PEP)
which is present in mesophyll cells. PEP combines with
CO2 to form 4 carbon compounds i.e., oxaloacetic acid .
(OAA) in the presence of enzyme PEP carboxylase. 70. Krebs’ cycle also known as the citric acid cycle is the
Hence, the first stable product of CO2 fixation in main source of energy for cells. It is also an important
sorghum is oxaloacetic acid. part of aerobic respiration. It takes place in the matrix
60. Photorespiration is the light-dependent process in of the mitochondria. Krebs’ cycle starts with the
which RuBisCO enzymes perform oxygenation instead condensation of acetyl CoA (2C) with oxaloacetic acid
of fixing carbon dioxide (C3 cycle) and oxidizes (4C) to form citric acid (6C).
ribulose 1, 5-bisphosphate to produce a 3-carbon 71.
phosphoglyceric acid and a 2-carbon phosphoglycolate.
Hence, the (d) option is correct.
61. The thylakoid lumen is a continuous aqueous phase,
enclosed by the thylakoid membrane. It plays an
important role for photophosphorylation during
photosynthesis. During the light-dependent reaction,
protons are pumped across the thylakoid membrane into
the lumen making it acidic down to pH 4. The ATP
synthase complex transports protons across the
thylakoid from lumen to stroma. These protons flow
down an electrochemical gradient and the energy
released by that flow is trapped on the stroma side of the
thylakoid membrane by ATP synthesis.
Carbohydrates, fats and proteins, all get converted to
62. The inside of the thylakoid membrane is called the
acetyl Co-A to enter into Krebs cycle of aerobic cellular
lumen. The light-independent reactions take place
respiration. Thus, it is the common factor of respiration
outside the thylakoid membrane called the stroma. The
entering Krebs cycle after breakdown of carbohydrates,
light-independent reactions are also known as dark
fats and proteins.
reactions in which carbon dioxide is utilized for the
72. Fermentation
synthesis of sugar. These reactions are not light-driven
73. Amphibolic
but dependent upon products of the light reactions (ATP
74. Electron transport chain
and NADPH).
75. NAD+
63. ATP
76. Plants follow different pathways in response to the
64. An iron sulphur protein
environment or phases of life to form different kinds of
65. 3-phosphoglyceric acid
structures. This ability is called plasticity, e.g.,
66. Each glucose molecule generates two molecules of
heterophylly in cotton, coriander, and larkspur. In such
pyruvate. When a glucose molecule is partially oxidised
plants, the leaves of the juvenile plant are different in
to form two molecules of pyruvate, 4 molecules of ATP
shape from those in mature plants. On the other hand,
are produced. Out of this, two ATPs are utilised in the

15
 differences in the shapes of leaves produced in air and
those produced in water in buttercup also represent the
heterophyllous development due to the environment.
This phenomenon of heterophylly is an example of
plasticity.
77. Gibberellin hormone causes the plant growth in length
and elongation of stem. It is able to promote the
internode elongation because of which the size of
sugarcane plant increases.
78. Auxins help to initiate rooting in stem cuttings and thus
promote the growth of stems and roots. Cytokinins are
synthesised in regions where rapid cell division occurs,
for example, root apices and developing shoot buds.
Higher auxin and cytokinin ratio induces root formation
whereas lower ratio induces formation of shoots.
79. Abscisic acid
80. Gibberellic acid – Leaf fall
81. Angiospermic female gametophyte is an eight-celled
embryo sac. The diploid cell of the embryo sac forms
the mother cell and undergoes meiosis to form four
haploid cells. Out of four, three degenerate and one
forms the female megaspore. The megaspore undergoes
three successive mitotic divisions which lead to the
formation of four nuclei each at both the ends i.e., at the
micropylar and the chalazal end in the embryo sac. At
the micropylar end, out of the four nuclei, only three
differentiate into two synergids and one egg cell.
Together they are known as the egg apparatus.
Similarly, at the chalazal end, three out of four nuclei
differentiate as antipodal cells. Th remaining two nuclei
(of the micropylar and the chalazal end) move towards
the center and are known as the polar nuclei, which are
situated in a large central cell. Hence, at maturity, the
female gametophyte appears as a 7- celled structure,
though it has 8 nucleate.
82. In a majority of aquatic plants such as water hyacinth
and water lily, the flowers emerge above the level of
water and are pollinated by insects or wind as in most
of the land plants. The pollen grains are in the upper part
of thalamus and above the water level, so pollination
can’t be done by water. That's why it is done by insects
and wind.
83. Generally during the development of fruit and seed the
nucellus completely disappears but in few cases it
persists around the seed is called Perisperm.
e.g: Black pepper, Beet
84. Double fertilization is a unique phenomenon that occurs
in angiosperms only. It involves the fusion of one male
gamete with an egg cell (syngamy) and a second male
gamete with two polar nuclei or secondary nucleus
(triple fusion). Hence it is known as double fertilization.
16
Syngamy + Triple fusion = Double fertilization
85. When unisexual male and female flowers are present on
different plants the condition is called dioecious and it
prevents both autogamy and geitonogamy.
86. The coconut water is free nuclear endosperm in which
the primary endosperm nucleus divides repeatedly
without wall formation and produces a large number of
free nuclei.
87. Megasporangium is equivalent to the ovule.
Megasporangium is the actual structure which produces
female gametes (eggs).
88. Synergid
89. Maternal sporophytic tissue in ovule
90. Generative cell
91. In organisms like crickets, grasshoppers, and some
other insects, the female is XX and is the homogametic
sex. The male is the heterogametic sex but only has one
sex chromosome. The male in XX-XO systems
produces gametes with (X) or without (O) a sex
chromosome.
92. The frequency of recombination between gene pairs on
the same chromosome can be used to measure the
distance between genes. The distance between two
genes is equal to this recombination frequency. If genes
are located on the same chromosome, some genes can
be very tightly linked hence showed very low
recombination and low recombination frequency. If
genes are loosely linked, they show higher
recombination (high recombination frequency). As the
recombination frequency is smallest in case of a and c,
it means they are closely located to each other (linked
genes). Recombination frequency of a and c is slightly
higher but they can also be linked. The recombination
frequency of a and d is highest hence the chances are
more for these two genes to be located far apart. The
correct sequence will be a-c-b-d.
93. According to given question;
Total number of affected progenies = 1
∴ Percentage of diseased/affected progenies
= ¼ × 100 = 25%
94. Genes for flower colour in Snapdragon shows and activate human plasminogen. It is used as an
incomplete dominance which is an exception of effective thrombolysis medication. Clostridium
Mendel's first principle i.e. Law of dominance. butylicum is used for the production of butyric acid. It
Whereas the Law of segregation is universally has a wide range of applications such as paints,
applicable. coatings, etc.
95. Individuals with Klinefelter's syndrome have trisomy of 103. In anaerobic sludge digesters, other kinds of bacteria
sex chromosome as 44 + XXY (47). They show overall which grow anaerobically, digest the bacteria and the
masculine development, gynaecomastia and are sterile. fungi in the sludge and produce a mixture of gases such
96. Inheritance of human blood group show following as methane, hydrogen sulphide and carbon
characteristics: dioxide.These gases are produced during biogas
1. IAIO, IBIO – Dominant-recessive relationship. production by the activity of bacteria called
2. IAIB – Codominance methanogens.
IA, IB & IO – 3-different allelic forms of a gene (multiple 104. Rhizobium
allelism) 105. Xanthomonas Campestris
97. Hemophilia A and hemophilia B are inherited in an X- 106.
linked recessive pattern. The genes associated with
these conditions are located on the X chromosome, List I List II(Species
which is one of the two sex chromosomes. Aneuploidy (Interaction) A and B)
refers to a condition when there is an abnormal number A. Mutualism IV. +(A), +(B)
of chromosomes. Down syndrome, also known as B. Commensalism I. +(A), O(B)
trisomy 21, is a genetic disorder caused by the presence C. Amensalism II. –(A), O(B)
of all or part of a third copy of chromosome 21. PKU is D. Parasitism III. +(A), –(B)
an autosomal recessive disorder, caused by mutations in 107. In case of predation, one organism is benefited while
both alleles of the gene for phenylalanine hydroxylase the other is harmed. Therefore predation can be denoted
(PAH), found on chromosome 12. Sickle cell anemia is by (+/-).
inherited as an autosomal (meaning that the gene is not In amensalism, one organism is harmed while the other
linked to a sex chromosome) recessive condition. This is neither benefited, nor harmed (unaffected). Hence, it
means that the gene can be passed on from a parent can be denoted as (-/0).
carrying it to mal and female children. In commensalism, one organism is benefited while the
98. (a) Dominance - (ii) In a heterozygous organism only other organism is unaffected. Hence it is (+/0).
one allele expresses itself. (b) Codominance - (iii) In a In case of competition, both the organisms are harmed.
heterozygous organism both alleles express themselves Hence it is (-/-).
fully. (c) Pleiotropy - (iv) A single gene influences 108. Amensalism is an interaction between two organisms of
many characters. (d) Polygenic inheritance - (i) Many different species in which one species inhibits the
genes govern a single character growth of other species by secreting certain chemicals.
99. When both alleles of a pair are fully expressed in the The first species neither get benefited nor harmed.
heterozygote, the genes and traits are said to be Therefore, amensalism can be represented as Species A
codominant. ( - ) ; Species B (0).
100. 109. Wherever the pre-reproductive individuals or the
101. Aspergillus niger is involved in the production of citric younger population size is larger than the reproductive
acid. Acetobacter aceti is involved in the production of group, the population will be an increasing population.
acetic acid. Clostridium butylicum is involved in the It appears as following:
production of butyric acid whereas Lactobacillus is
involved in the production of lactic acid.
102. Cyclosporin A and C are immunosuppressive drugs that
are obtained from Trichoderma polysporum. Statins
produced by the yeast Monascus purpureus is used as
the blood-cholesterol-lowering agent. It acts by
competitively inhibiting the enzyme responsible for the
synthesis of cholesterol. Streptokinase is an enzyme
secreted by several species of Streptococci that can bind

17
110. The principle of competitive exclusion was proposed by
G.F. Gause which states that two species competing for
the same resources cannot coexist. This law is also
known as Gause’s law.
111. Commensalism refers to a relationship wherein one
organism is benefited while the other remains
unaffected and is denoted by + 0.
Amensalism refers to association wherein one partner is
inhibited while the other remains nearly unaffected and
is denoted by - 0.
Association of organisms which benefits one of the
partners at the expense of others is called parasitism and
is denoted by + -.
Mutualism is the association of organisms wherein both
are benefited and is denoted by ++.
Therefore, the correct answer is option c.
112. In ecology, the competitive exclusion principle,
sometimes referred to as Gause's law of competitive
exclusion or just Gause's law states that two species
competing for the same resource cannot coexist at
constant population values if other ecological factors
remain constant. When two competing life forms
attempt to occupy the same niche, only one outcome is
possible that is one life form will drive out the other.
113. Competition is a type of interaction in which both the
partners are adversely affected by each other in search
of food, shelter, and mate.
Predation and Parasitism- In this, one organism gets the
benefit and the other is harmed.
Mutualism- Both the organisms get the benefits.
114. (a)- regulator; (b)- conformer; (c)- partial regulator
115. dN/dt = rN
116. Gross primary productivity of an ecosystem is the rate
of production of organic matter during photosynthesis.
A considerable amount of GPP is utilised by plants in
respiration. Gross primary productivity minus
respiration losses (R), is the net primary productivity
(NPP).
GPP – R = NPP
117. Fragmentation of detritus is done by detritivores. It is a
process in which detritivores feed on the dead organic
matter, turning it into smaller fragments.
118. The pyramids of biomass indicate the relationship
between different trophic levels with regard to biomass.
In the deepwater ecosystem, the pyramid of biomass is
inverted.
The pyramid of biomass in the sea is generally inverted
because the biomass of fishes far exceeds that of
phytoplankton.
119. The gross primary productivity of an ecosystem is the
rate of production of organic matter during
18
photosynthesis. A considerable amount of GPP is
utilized by plants in respiration. Gross primary
productivity minus respiration losses (R), is the net
primary productivity (NPP).
GPP – R = NPP.
Net primary productivity is the available biomass for the
consumption to heterotrophs (herbivores and
decomposers).
120. The amount of nutrients, such as carbon, nitrogen,
phosphorus, calcium, etc., present in the soil at any
given time is referred to as a standing state. It varies in
different kinds of ecosystems and also on a seasonal
basis. Each trophic level has a certain mass of living
material at a particular time called the standing crop. A
climax community is the last stage of ecological
succession. A climax community is one that has reached
a stable stage.
121. National parks are a method of in situ conservation of
biodiversity where organisms are protected within their
natural habitat.
122. 'The Evil Quartet' of biodiversity loss is a concept that
describes the reason that causes extinction of species.
These main four reasons are overexploitation, loss of
habitat, extinction of species continuously and
introduction of the exotic species.
123. In situ conservation of biodiversity attempts to conserve
organisms at their natural habitat. It not only is aimed at
protecting the organisms themselves, but also the
ecosystem where they live.
124. Robert May was a theoretical ecologist who established
the field of theoretical ecology and population biology.
According to him, the global species diversity is about
7 million.
125. The botanical garden comes under ex-situ conservation
(off-site conservation) i.e. living plants (flora) are
conserved in artificial human-managed systems.
While others are examples of in-situ conservation
methods.