Review:

1. An igneous rock formed from the cooling

and crystallization of magma inside the
volcano.
2. A sedimentary rock that contains plant and
animal remains.
3. Gneiss is an example of what type of rock.
4. Granite is an example of what type of rock.
5. Conglomerate is an example of what type of
rock.
Varying
shapes,
structures
and
formations
What factors cause
the different shapes
and structures of
the earth?
 PROCESSES THAT
CHANGE EARTH’S FACE

ENDOGENIC EXOGENIC
happens at or
near the Earth’s
surface.
driven by
gravitational
and/or
atmospheric forces
 Weathering is the
process by which
rocks break down
and change
2 TYPES OF WEATHERING

1. Mechanical/
Physical
2. Chemical
rocks break into
smaller pieces with
no change in their
composition
Frost Wedging-
The repeated
thawing and
freezing of
water in the
cracks of rocks
Biological
activity
Plant roots
growing into
cracks in rocks
Biological activity
Burrowing
animals
Abrasion
 scraping of
rock surface by
friction
between rocks
and moving
particles
Temperature changes
 involves the chemical
decomposition of rocks
due to the chemical
reaction of minerals within
rocks and the environment
 Hydrolysis –
reaction of water
with other
substances
 Water dissolves
the soluble
minerals present
in rocks
Oxidation –
reaction of
oxygen with
other
substances
 Acids –
carbonic acid
easily
decomposes
limestones
and marbles
 Living
organisms –
produce weak
acids that
slowly
corrode the
rocks.
 Fragments of rocks move
from one place to another
 Rock fragments are
moved by various agents
as air, water and ice.
SAND DUNES
 Movement of large
fragments of rocks
down the slope due
to gravity.
Landslide, mudslide,
slumps and debris
flow are examples of
mass wasting
Landslide
Mudslide
Slumps
Debris flow
 Short Quiz:
 What kind of weathering is
described below: physical or
chemical?
1. grinding of rocks
2. oxidation of iron in rocks
3. burrowing of animals in rocks
4. repeated impact of running water
5. dissolution of rocks in water
 Short Quiz:
 What kind of weathering is described
below: physical or chemical?
1. grinding of rocks - P
2. oxidation of iron in rocks - C
3. burrowing of animals in rocks - P
4. repeated impact of running water - P
5. dissolution of rocks in water - C
ENDOGENIC PROCESSES

 geological
processes that occur
beneath the surface
of the earth
ENDOGENIC PROCESSES

associated with the

energy originating in
the interior of the
solid earth
 FAULT
is a crack or a
fracture in the
earth’s crust
FAULT
3 TYPES OF FAULT
IDENTIFY THE FF. PICTURES AS
NORMAL OR REVERSE FAULT

NORMAL
REVERSE
NORMAL
NORMAL
NORMAL
NORMAL
REVERSE
NORMAL
NORMAL
REVERSE
NORMAL
NORMAL
NORMAL
NORMAL
 EARTHQUAKE
Is the shaking or
trembling of the Earth
that often causes
great damage.
 2.
1. 4.
5.
3.
 FOLD
is formed when
the earth’s crust is
pushed up from
its sides.
TYPES OF
FOLD
 Anticline
• occurs when a tectonic plate is
compressed by movement of
other plates. This causes the
center of the compressed plate
to bend in an upwards motion.
 Syncline
• occurs when the plate bends
in a downward motion.
• The lowest part of the syncline
is known as the trough.
Tight Fold
•A tight fold
is a sharp
peaked
anticline or
syncline.
 Overfold
•An overfold takes
place when folding
rock becomes bent or
warped.
 Recumbent Fold
•This type of
fold is
compressed
so much that
it is no longer
vertical.
Nappe Folding
• similar to a
recumbent fold
because of the
extent of folding and
overlapping.
However, this
becomes so
overturned that rock
layers become
fractured.
IDENTIFY THE
FOLLOWING
PICTURES AS
SYNCLINE OR
ANTICLINE
IDENTIFY THE
FOLLOWING
PICTURES AS
FOLDING OR
FAULTING
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
What causes
these folding
and faulting of
rocks?
 Stress
•A force that
acts on rock to
change its shape
or volume
 Compression

•Stress that squeezes

rock until it folds or
breaks
 Tension

• Stress that stretches

rocks so that it becomes
thinner in the middle
 Shearing

• Stress that pushes a

mass of a rock in
opposite, horizontal
directions
 How do
stress
forces
affect rock?
The three kinds of forces that
affect rock are:
SHEARING
The rocks break and slip
apart
TENSION
The rock stretches and
becomes thin in the middle
COMPRESSION
The rock squeezes until it
folds or breaks
VOLCANIC ACTIVITY
PLUTONIC
ROCK

VOLCANIC
ROCK
 METAMORPHISM
An internal process of the
Earth and occurs as a
result of changes in
temperature and/or
pressure.
 REGIONAL
METAMORPHISM

CONTACT
METAMORPHISM