_ Chapter 20 Evolution of Man The modern man Horno sapiens sapiens is a member: Hominidae of order-Primates. There is a close simi apes and man which have probably evolved simul a common ancestral stock (Dryopithecus). The special are: 1. Large brain, increased cranial capacity intelligence 2. Fore head high and rounded 3. Evolution of hands for manipulation and thumb opposability 4. Bipedal locomotion and terrestrial habit 5. Upright posture and absence of tail 6. Omnivorous feeding habit 7. Chest is broad due to flat sternum 8. Lumbar curve developed 9. Dental arch is a rounded parabola 10. Legs longer than arms 11. Articulated sound (speech) 12. Scanty hairs on the body 13. Diastema (Simian gap) disappears 14. A chin is present 15. The face is orthognathous in contrast to apes (i.e. in apes the face is protrudedNS eeotution of Mam, three major lit the second de destined to de earliest human fe Descent from tl The reasons 1 i. Assul primitive apelike regarded as the anFig.63 : Early Mangvoluti in Middle Pleist toce(Chimpanzeo) Fig.64 : Gorilla and Chimpanzee They have been described below : 1. Australopithecus: It is also considered as Prehuman p They represent the line of human ancestry at the end Pliocene or at the beginning of Pleistocene. It ¥ discovered in South Africa in 1924 and was ca Australopithecus by Raymond Dart. The fossils have been collected from Java. Teeth resembled those of but they were larger in size. Eye brow ridges proj forward. Cranial capacity was 450-550 cc. They upright. The chin was absent. They lived in cat hunted some animals.gvolution &obtained from Java Dubois (1891) di Pleistocene. These ee called Pithecanthro erect fossils were found erect ape-mai Similar " J (China). They were named Sinanthropus Because of similarities with Java~ape-man renamed as Pithecanthropus pekinensis. These na however replaced by Mayer (1950) as Homo erectus. Homo erectus, is called Homo erectus erectus ar Pithecanthropus pekinensis as Homo erectus pekinensis. (i) Java Man (P. erectus): Its cranial capacity was 940 It was more than 5 feet ia-height and was near! kg. in weight. The'6rehead was low and s The face was Prognathous and the jaws were having huge teeth. There was no chin and the b eye brow ridges were present. Peking man (P. pekinensis): The fossils were disco by Davidson Black (1920). Its cranial capacity 850-1200 cc. Rest of the characters were like Javam They lived 500000 years ago. They used fire. . Homo sapiens (late Pleistocene Man): It was the human phase. Homo erectus gave rise to early Homo sap which were called Homo neanderthalensis, He heidelbergensis etc. But now they are grouped under sapiens. (ii) (i) Heidelberg man: They were discovered by Ott Schoetensack (1908). In this case the lower jaw massive. It was found in Heidelberg (Geri Teeth resembled modern man. They are suppos be contemporary to Homo erectus and they gave to Neanderthal man. The Heidelberg man had aa capacity of 1300 cc. They knew control of fire they hunted in groups. ; (ii) Neanderthal man: Fossils were obtained Neanderthal Valley in Germany. Previously it 4 known as H. sapiens neanderthalensis. present some 150000 years ago. They Europe, Asia and North America. characterised by thick skull bone, low forehead and heavy eye-brow ridges. chin. The cranial capacity was 1300-Horho thodesienses (Rhodesean man) Fig.67A : Reconstructed heads of six human fossils (Redrawn from Organic Facial angle | Fig.67B : Facial angle of Chimpanzee and Man (Redrawn from Organic evolution — : opus (Piltdown man) evolution — Lull) g Lull e (iv) Rhodesian man (Homo rhodensis): The fossils were (v) obtained from Rhodesia. The cranial capacity was about 1300 cc. They possessed receding forehead and heavy eve brow ridges. Cro—-Magnon man: During the upper Pleistocene, nearly 30000 years ago Homo sapiens close to modernhad prominer face with roOld world Monkeys rang-Utan Chimpanzee Dryopithecus £ 8 Parapithecus Lemurs and tarsiers Tree shrews