Chapter 3: Three Phase AC System

puase
>
G Assume you're using single phase system thattransmit
neutral a maximum ofIOMUAbutyou need to transmit BOMUA
the same time,instead we will have
at 3 generators
each with IOMVA

wires = when
to
we use 3 phase system we

wires
can use one generator
produce with
30MVA only 3

# -
G - -
this reduces the cost by 50%
-3

Generation of 3 phase voltage and currents

3 generators of three
consists single phase generators
voltages are equal in magnitudes buthas a phase difference 120
of

Va VL00
=

nh Vp V1
=
-
1200
a 4 + y
--
vc UL1200
=

120
120

Ia
the waveform ofthe
&

-
Va
) current is sinusoidal
G >Vb if we only take
,Vc Va if inductive:I lags v
voltage va 2
·

ifcapacitive:Ileeds v
⑥
·

it
To simplifythings assume

is inductive load.

Currentflowing to each load using ohm's law

1
In
0 IL 8
=

=
-

+Ve
sequence
IB
v20
12
=
=
-

120 -
0 9,b,c

(120 8
120
Fc =

I
=
-

system:I (IA) (IB) 1Ic

Since have same load
we balanced
=
= =

v (VA) (VB) (Vc)

=
= = same source
Assume inductive lead, and single phase generator
use this
phasor diagram because
199s V
I
we
don't
time
have

<Vc
-> if the load is only a resistor >Ia

phase difference between I.V is 7,<Va

magnitudes are different
-
Ib

Phase sequence

1. Positive
sequence (abc sequence)

Van 1p/ 100 Van leads Unn Van

=

-> ->

Vbu (Vb11
= -

1200 b lags a by 120

clags b by 120

Ven (p) (1200

=

c lead 9 by 120

2. Negative sequence lack sequence)

Van 1p/ 100 Van leads Ven->Von
=

->

Ven (Vb)1
= -

1200 b leads a by 120

Von (Vp/ (/200

=
Connection of 3 phase voltages

now we

have
common
neutral IN
Beutres
Na I
->

-> Direction of current always leaving the polarity

+

-> We have neutral line thatallows take the phase diagram

us to
per
one phase line with
neutral line

-> If we don't have neutral line we will not have current

-> We replaced the 3 neutral lines with

one neutral line
IN IA+IB
=

Ic
+

-> IN for a balanced system is zero

IN Ia Ib
=
+

Ia
+

IL 8
=
- +
IL -
8 -

120 +

12 -

8 -

240

IcOS(8) jlsin ( 8) Icos(8-120) jlsin (8-120)

=

+ - +
+

I
+

(OS(8-240) jlsin 78 240) +

-

= I [Cos8 cosEcos(170l-sinOsinI2O
+

+cOSOCOS24O]

+JI-sinG-sinOCOSI2O-cosOsinIO

!
IN 0
=

which means it can be removed

for unbalanced we leave itfor protection

system

Also Va+Ub+Vc 0
=
 3 phase current

-> Balanced current:same magnitude

differentphase by 120

-> abc sequence

Examples of abc sequence D

↑

147
s
>9
"3
-L

a 27
= => 27 -

120 =
-

93(c) => 27 128 147(b)

+
=

ALB
sequence

,Va

102
&
⑧
-
138
>9
↳

18 => 18 120 18(b)=) 10 120 102(c)

=

a -
- - =
- - +

ABC sequence

The phase circuit connection

-> 4 differentconnections:7-3 Y.A D-B A-Y

-> information for analyzing any 3 phase system

phase voltage:Van Von Van

line-to-line voltage:Vab Vbc Ver

phase current:In In Ic

line current:la In Ic
Y connection
In
↑ )

Vc Va
-

X - Vat
N
s
-
n &
M
VC

Va Vb
-

I w

Vb Vc
-

v
>

X-connected y-connected
transmission line
source load

Remarks about1-connection

1. I =Iq

2. Any value between the phase and neutral itis a phase value

3.V8tVz-v BVp2300
=

Uc Ua Vis (/L0 (U(1-120 Vc0s(O) jUsin(8)- Vcos(120)

= =
= - +
-

jv3V jvV
1 1.5V
jUsin(70) 1V
= + = +
- +

Bv(z jz]
=
+
BVL300
=

Another way to find Vis from Vo

180 - 120 60 =
60 =
2 30 =

/xL V(
7

(30) /V/
i
vi 2 =

cos

1430 /Va
BN)
So vx
2.5(0)
=
=

W
vx =

13v9 (300
Up

Via aVc
m Va lags Vab by 30
30
~

1300 )Vab
L

L
308 >Va
Vb V

Vbc
Three phase circuit
connection A

Remarks about1:

"In Vu uq
rEarg
=

Xc
BON
4 I= 1I9(30
IC
L
load
Vb

(Ib

If the load is inductive

vca Ic
↑ M

current lays voltage

>Vab

Ibc
L

L
↓
Fab
G direction

Vpc

Y-Y connected system

-> it's
if balanced then we don't

need neutral line In 0 =

-> in reality
one of the 3 main wires

will as
work a neutral

-> so if we use itor there

not will

be no affect

+
(the is only for
affect protection]
-> in this case I will as
work a

+C neutral because it is in the opposite

direction

- b
-> in 3 always two are in the same

direction and one is different

-> this means no need for neutral line

 Y- delta connection system

Fa
-> no neutral line because we

cannotconnectit to the
lad

(Fa,Ib

Delta-Y connection system

-> no neutral line because wa

cannot itto
connect the
source

Power plant

Generator in power plants is connected in

system

for protection we the

connect neutral to a resistor or an inductor then to
ground.
-
the generator will provide power
I
-

Power relationships in 3 phase circuit

Instantaneous p(+) Im
-> 3 cost
power
=

p(t) 3VrmsIrmscOSO
=

-> ONLY IN 30 SYSTEM active power real power arg. power inst.power
= =

-> Phase quantities (same as single phase but mul 3)

Active p =

3VpIq COSO 3Iq(R)

=

cOS8

Reactive Q:3Vqlq sin8 3101x)

=

sinG

Apparent (S1 3V9Iq 31q12/

= =

complex S 3VgIq
=
-> line quantities (same as single phase butmul ()

Active P r5U Ic cost

=

Reactive Q B
=
U Ic sinG

ApparentIS1:BUsIz

Converting loads

2n 52p
when
with
we're dealing ↓ In
single phase
2- z
system we have to
2. everything
convert
↓
①
to
Y

Y
↓ A
s
100
1
320832y
1
- 32

Dealing with single phase (Line to neutral)

1. Converta load to y load

Vp=) do this step for

2. y and
both to
delta make voltage
between line neutral
to

3. I=
Iq for Y;R I #Iq

4. calculate all needed quantities then convertto 30

system

y
I9
·A

2y

·
·
N
 y
-

①
1512
Convertload
X:zy
to =
= 3
=

j4M
+

② 3.637kV
= 3k
convertline voltage to 0.Va = =

③ per phase diagram

1 j2
+

3.63kvin
a ⑥ ·A

3 j41
+

·
·
N Ov -8;70

line current

Single phase

Ia 3.637x10310
=

504L-56.31
=

j4 ↳ leading:capacitive
3 1 j2
+ +
+

Three phase

F10ad,A
Es (0 300
504( 242 86A
-
=

30
-
=

5.31 - =

Source active power

Active power source 3 UrmsIrms COS(Or -Gi)

:

3(3.63k)(58(1)(0s(0 - -

56.3)

3.05
=

x106 watts
 I9
1 j2
+

power losses calways computed line)

at

3.B3K onsite
⑥

Single phase
on
Active power losses

P lIrms/" R
=

(SO4): (1) 154kW/phase

=

Reactive power losses

Q lFrms/3 x (904) (2) SO8GUAr/phase

: = =

Three phase

P30 3P19 3(254k) 762kW

= =
=

①30 3010 =

3
=

(S00K):152HkVAr

Active and reactive power consumed by load in 3 phase

=

P30 3[R. lFrms("] 3 [3. (S0432] 2286 kW

:
=

Q38=3 [X. lIrmsK]:3(4.5042] 3048 KVAR

=

Load voltage

Single phase

By ohms law V= 12

Vload 10 (S042-96) (3 +54)

=

25202
=
-

2.87·r/phase

Three phase

Voad/line N3vp(30
=

v3(2520)
=

( -

2.87 30
+

4365/27
=

Vlline

Voltage

line-> phase 13
=

phase -
line x13(30
Going back to delta connection

Voad/line:Vised/phase

4365(270U
=