216 Basic Electrical Engineering

= 8.8776 20.633 rad = 8.8776 32.34

The instantaneous value of the resultant current i is then given by the

i= 2 x 8.8776 sin (314 +0.633) expression

12.5548 sin (3 141 + 32.34)

4.9 ANALYSIS OF AC CIRCUITS WITH SINGL BASIC

SIC NETW
NETWORK
ELEMENT
The steady-state response of the basic network elements such
as Tesistan
inductance, and capacitance when excited with a sinusoidal source.
presented in this section.
of voltages
4.9.1 Resistive Circuit
Figure 4.21 shows a pure resistance of R ohm connected across a sin
voltage source. The instantaneous value v of the source voltage at the
time t second is given by stant oi
V Vmsin =Im{Vmeo
where
(4.34
Vm the maximum value of voltage in volts
= 27frad/sec
f= frequency in cycles per seconds = 50 Hz

As the resistance is a
linear circuit element the i
steady-state response of
the circuit must also be v= VSin ot
a sinusoid of the same
frequency as the source
voltage. At any instant of
time t second, if the Fig. 4.21 Resistive circuit with a sinusoidal voltage source
voltage is v volt, then by
applying KVL to the circuit of Fig. 4.21 the current i at that instant can e
determined from
V= iR

and i sinRox Imejo

R
o (4.35

(4.360
FmSin ot =Im{/m e
where = (4.37

Same
From Eq. (4.36), it can be seen th circuit has
that the current in the the
22(a):
shows
waveform and angular speed o as the
voltage waveform. Figure .a
the voltage and current waveforms.
 Alternating Quantities 217

27 310 ot

(a)
I= VIRZ0
VZ0
(b)

Fig. 4.22 (a) Response of a resistive circuit to ac voltage input

(b) Phasor diagram

As alr discussed with reference to the phasor representation ofthe sinusoids,

itis desirable to deal with rms or erecnve values of voltage and current rather

thanthe maximum values. Thus Eq(4.37) may be expressed as

R
(4.38)
where Vand / are the rms values of the sinusoidal voltage and the current, respec-
tively. Thus

ampere (4.39)
From Eqs (4.34) and (4.36) it can be seen that both the voltage and current phasors
have similar waveforms and angular speeds. The two phasors are actually coincident
Or in phase. Thus, if voltage is taken as the reference phasor, then the current
phasor also has the same position, as shown in Fig. 4.22(b). Usually the voltage
and the current phasors of a resistive circuit are drawn slightly apart so that each
may be clearly recognized.
4.92 Purely Inductive Circuits
purely inductive circuit is that which possesses inductance only and has no
or capacitance. The nearest to such a circuit is obtained by
nce
coil ofSCCIon
h winding a
copper wire on a laminated iron core. Such a coil is calleda
Choke coil, inductor, or reactor.
5re 4.23 shows a pure inductor of L henry with negligible resistance
Connected across a Sinusoidal ac voltag source. The instantaneous value vof the
Source voltage is given by
(4.40)
=,sinot Im{/m e =

where V is the volt, @ =217f rad/sec,

and
Hz. maximum value of voltage in
 ldyeFriday)
Engineering

218 BasicElectrical

yE Vn Sinot( 3e dt

to pure inductanca
Fia, 4.23 Sinusoidal voltage applied

flowing through
the inductance o
The alternating
current will se
the magnitude of the magneti
alternating magnetic field; hence,
to the laws of electromagnetin
field wil
instant. According
changing at every across the inductance coil. Since
self-induced emf, e, is developed eism
has to oppose the self-induced
emf.
voltage
resistance, the applied self-induced emf at eve
is equal and opposite to the
the applied voltage of time to settle the transients whiok
the
will take a fraction
But, the circuit The following relations have beenok
the circuit is first switched on.
when have died down.
transients
that the
on the assumption
4.41
v=-e=L
dt

Substituting Eq. (4.40)

into Eq. (4.41)

Vsinar L
hedasipeebd aco i obos e
or, di-sinot d

with respect to ,6detar soloy ta

Integrating this equation

i=
OL
cosot +K
0 at 1 =
0, hence K
=
0. Ius u
constant. Since i =

where K is an integration
current becomes
expression for (442)
12)
i L
cosot sin ot
-1,sin - Im lor- (7/21 o10607 202ofoub
( 4 4 9

where m=m
L

It is desirable to deal with rms or effective values of voltago

than the maximum values. Thus Eq.
(4.44) may be expressea a
(44

T=E1-v2
L
 mon
as
24houn

Alternating Quantities 219

values of the sinusoida
uherea n d / a r et h ee rms

voltage and current,

ampere
pectively.
Thus

the inductive reactan and

is
(4.46)
Theterm L

when
1 s in sec and L in henry. Thus
rad/se denotedby X,. The unit of
,
X l =217L ohm

romEqs(4.40) and (4.43) it

can be seenthat the current set (4.47)
is also sinusoidal and has the same up by a sinusoidal
oltage
Tt/2 rad after theangular speed o. The maximu
valueof
value V... Thus the current phasor lags applied
ofV.
the voltage has attain
maximum
ords, tthe current in
In other words, an applied voltage phasor by
inductance lags
12 rad. the
4.24(a) shows voltage and rent waveforms voltage by t'2 rad.
Figure for a
Circuit
purely inductive

ot
31 37T57
2

(a) Waveform
VZ0°
90 ppe N

1=-90 OL

(b) Phasor diagramn

Fig. 4.24 Response of a
purely inductive circuit to ac voltage input
If the rms
Ihat is, V Vvalue of the sour voltage is taken to be the reference phasor,
=

Tepresented as Z0°, th C n the current phasor I in the pure inductive circuit may De

I- -90
-90°- V /-_V_
oL
oL
L e2