Module - 2

Pavement Materials
Syllabus
• Sub-grade soil-desirable properties-HRB soil classification
determination of CBR and modulus of sub grade reaction with
Problems.
• Aggregates - Desirable properties.
• Bituminous Binders & Mixes- Types, desirable properties.
• Pavement Quality Concrete- Materials, Requirements.
Subgrade Soil
Pavement Cross Section
• Consists of different layers
• Embankment
• Subgrade
• Subbase
• Base
• Wearing course
• Different types of materials are
used depending on the layer requirement.
Pavement Cross
Section

• Soil is the main constituent in Subgrade and

embankment
• Aggregates are used in the Sub-base and base
layer
• Aggregates and binding material in the top layer
• Sub grade and embankment provides support for
the pavement
• Different types of failures such as rutting and
shoving in the flexible pavements, cracking in
the rigid (concrete) pavements are due to poor
subgrade soil.
Pavement Materials
• Soil
• Aggregates (Natural, Artificial)
• Bitumen, Emulsion, Cutbacks
• Modified Bituminous Binder (Polymer, Rubber)
• Bituminous Mixes
• Cement and Cement Concrete (Plain, RCC, PSC)
• Stabilized materials (Cement, Lime, others)
• Recycled Materials
• Geosynthetics
Pavement Materials

• Soil

• Aggregates (Natural, Artificial)

 Pavement Materials
• Bitumen, Emulsion, Cutbacks

• Modified Bituminous Binder (Polymer, Rubber)

Pavement Materials

• Cement and Cement Concrete (Plain, RCC,

PSC)

• Stabilized materials (Cement, Lime,

others)
Pavement Materials
• Recycled Materials
Pavement Materials
Geosynthetics
Properties of Pavement Materials
• Pavement materials properties are evaluated by,
ØConducting laboratory tests on representative samples
ØField Evaluation

• The material properties to be considered should be relevant to the

design approach adopted.

• The properties should also reflect the performance of pavement

structure.
Parameters for Pavement Materials
Parameters to be considered for Characterization of Pavement materials
properties are,
ØLoads
Stationery/moving, heavy/light, application mode (normal & shear,
Impact)
ØClimatic Conditions
Temperature, rainfall, moisture
ØWeathering action
Wetting/Drying, Chemical action, Freeze-Thaw
Material Behaviour
Fundamental material behavior is characterized usually in terms of
• Stress-Strain relationship
• Ability of material to recover after release of load
• Time dependency
• Temperature dependency
Material Behaviour
Fundamental material behavior is characterized usually in terms of
• Stress-Strain relationship
• Ability of material to recover after release of load
Material Behaviour
• Time dependency

• Temperature dependency
Pavement Materials - Soil

Soils are used in;

• Subgrade
• Embankment
• Shoulders

Compacted soil and

stabilized soil are often used
in sub-base or base course
Pavement Materials - Soil
Significance of subgrade soil
• Primary function is to provide adequate support to the pavement
• Poor subgrade condition leads to
Formation of waves
Corrugations Black top
pavements
Rutting and
Shoving
Pumping phenomena Cement concrete
Blowing – consequent cracking pavements
 Pavement Materials - Soil

Formation of waves
Corrugations
Rutting and Shoving
 Pavement Materials - Soil

Pumping phenomena
Blowing – consequent cracking
Soil

• Accumulation or deposit of earth material

formed by the disintegration of rocks.

• Desirable Properties:
• Stability
• Incompressibility
• Permanency of strength
• Minimum change in volume
• Good drainage
• Ease of compaction
Soil
Evaluation of Properties
• Index Properties
ØGrain Size Analysis
ØConsistency limits and Indices
• Strength
ØShear tests
ØBearing tests
ØPenetration tests
Index Properties of Soil
• The soil properties based on which identification and classification are
done are known as index properties.
• Grain Size Distribution
• Liquid limit
• Plasticity Index
• Grain size distribution is determined by mechanical analysis
• Liquid limit by Casagrande apparatus
Grain Size Distribution
• Coarse grained soils by
• Sieve analysis (for non-cohesive soils) – sieving material successively through
smaller sieves.
• For cohesive soils – wet sieve analysis.
• Soil fines by
• Sedimentation analysis – hydrometer method, pipette method.
• Gradation characteristics can be obtained
• i.e., proportion of different soils i.e., sand, gravel, silt, clay etc can be found
out
Grain Size Distribution Curves
Consistency Limits and Indices

• Atterberg limits are the limits of water content used to define soil
behaviour.
Soil Types

• Based on the particle size and properties

• Different types are there
• Classification is primarily based upon
• Grain Size distribution
• Index Properties
• Based on the grain size, soils are classified as below.
• Gravel
• Sand
• Silt
• Clay
Different System of Classification

• USGS
• Textural Soil Classification
• Casagrande Soil Classification
• Unified Soil Classification System
• BIS
• HRB
• And a lot more… But all classifications do not have a common sizes
for defining soil class.
Unified Soil Classification System

• Developed By Casagrande in 1948

• Airfield construction - world war II
• Modified to suit the reqt of other constructions
• According to USCS
• Coarse grained soils –> (grain size distribution): More than 50% retained on
75 micron
• Fine grained soils –> (plasticity characteristics): More than 50% passes
through 75 micron.
Unified Soil Classification System

• Gravel – More than 50% on sieve no: 4 (4.75mm)

• Sand - More than 50% passes sieve no: 4 (4.75mm)
• Coarse grained contains <5% fines – well graded (GW, SW)
• Poorly graded – GP, SP
• For more than 12% fines – GM, GC, SM etc.
• For Fine grained soils
• LL is 50% or less – ML, SL etc (soils of low compressibility)
• MH, SH etc., - LL more than 50% ( soils of high compressibility)
• Highly organic soils are termed as peat
Unified Soil Classification System
Indian Standard Soil Classification

• Similar to USCS
• Difference is w.r.t fine grained soils
• Sub divided into 3 categories – low, medium and high compressibility
• Total 18 types of soils
• Symbols used are same as USCS
Indian Standard Soil Classification
HRB Soil Classification
California Bearing Ratio (CBR) Test

• The California Bearing Ratio devised by engineers of the California

Division of Highways in nine years period to 1938.

• Most universally accepted pavement design methods.

• A standard penetration-type load-deformation test is carried out, and

using the values obtained from the test from an empirical design chart,
the pavement thickness are calculated.
California Bearing Ratio (CBR) Test

Specimen may be
• Prepared
• In-situ
Mould
• 150 mm diameter
• 127.3 mm height
• Separate base plate
• A collar

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lQ-cyCB2-so
California Bearing Ratio (CBR) Test

CBR Test – Sample Preparation

California Bearing Ratio (CBR) Test

CBR Test – Load-Penetration

Measurement
Soaking Samples
California Bearing Ratio (CBR) Test

• The specimen is soaked and the expansion is measured.

• Load is applied by the loading frame through a cylinder plunger of
50mm diameter and penetration is measured.
• Rate of penetration is maintained at 1.25mm/minute.
• Loads are recorded for 2.5 and 5.0mm.
• Load is expressed as a percentage of the standard load at the
respective deformation level, and is known as the CBR value.
California Bearing Ratio (CBR) Test

• Load a piston at a constant rate

• See what load it takes to make it penetrate a known amount

æxö
CBR = 100çç ÷÷
è yø
x = material resistance or the unit load on the piston
(pressure) for 2.5 mm or 5 mm of penetration

y = standard unit load (pressure) for well graded crushed

stone.
For 2.5 mm of penetration = 1000 psi
For 5.0 mm of penetration = 1500 psi
California Bearing Ratio (CBR) Test

Typical CBR Ranges

California Bearing Ratio (CBR) Test

Load V/s Penetration Graph

Bearing Test

• Carried out on the subgrade soils

• Insitu tests
• Load bearing area
• Results vary with the properties of the soil under the test
• Penetration test is a small scale bearing test
ØSize of loaded area is small
ØRatio of penetration to size of loaded area is large
ØCan be Insitu or laboratory
Plate Bearing Test - Apparatus

• Bearing Plates – 750, 600, 450 and 300mm dia and 15 to 25mm
thickness
• A loading device consisting of hydraulic jack and proving ring
arrangement or pressure gauge
• Reaction frame for giving thrust to plates.
• Datum frame and dial gauges are used to measure settlement of loaded
plate.
Plate Bearing Test - Procedure

Test Set up
Plate Bearing Test - Procedure

Test Set up
Plate Bearing Test - Procedure

• Test site is levelled and plate is seated properly on the surface

• For modulus of subgrade reaction of natural ground – top soil up to 20
cm is removed.
• Stiffening plates of decreasing dia are placed
• Jack and proving ring assemble is fitted
• 3 to 4 dial gauges are fixed on the periphery of plates
Plate Bearing Test - Procedure
• A pressure of 0.07kg/cm2 (320 kg for 75cm dia plate) is applied and
removed after few seconds
• Dial readings are noted corresponding to zero load
• Load applied by means of jack, to cause a settlement of 0.25mm
• When no increase in settlement or when the rate is less than
0.025mm/min the load dial reading and settlement readings are noted
down
• Average values are considered
• Next, load is increased so the settlement will be 0.25mm extra
• This way experiment is repeated up to 1.75mm or more.
Plate Bearing Test - Results

Load – Settlement Curve

Plate Bearing Test - Results

• Modulus of subgrade reaction is the reaction pressure sustained by the

soil sample under a rigid plate of standard diameter per unit
settlement measured at a specified pressure or settlement.

• IRC specifies that the K value be measured at 1.25 mm settlement.

• K = p/0.125 (kg/cm2/cm).
Plate Bearing Test – Correction for Smaller Plate

• Some cases not possible to cause settlement of 0.175cm for the 75 dia
plate
• Smaller dia plate will be used
• Obtained K1 value is modified
• Assuming subgrade as an elastic medium, where modulus of elasticity
is;
∆ = 1.18pa/E
But , K = p/ ∆ = E/1.18a
• If E is constant for a soil, Ka = K1a1 => K = K1a1/a
Pavement Materials - Aggregate
Pavement Materials - Aggregates

• Major component – road construction

• Used in
ØGranular bases and sub-bases
ØBituminous courses
ØCement concrete pavements
Types of Aggregates

• Natural aggregates
Obtained from rock

• Artificial aggregates
Ø Broken brick ballast
Ø Slag
Natural Aggregates
• Igneous rocks
cooling of molten material

• Sedimentary rocks
deposition of granular material

• Metamorphic rocks
transformation due to heat & pressure
Desirable Properties
•Strength
•Hardness
•Toughness
•Durability
•Shape
•Adhesion with bitumen
Desirable Properties
• Strength
ØBear the traffic load without getting crushed
ØTop layer – in direct contact with traffic – Strongest

• Crushing strength test

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0FzIk9gMReo
Desirable Properties
• Hardness
• Continuous wear and tear under the wheels of vehicles -
abrasion
• Rubbed with each other due to application of traffic load -
attrition

Hardness test – Losangeles abrasion test

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1acXr2T7JUw
Deval abrasion test
Polished stone test
Desirable Properties
• Toughness
Ability to sustain impact loading

• Impact test
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kffvaXgyDSc
Desirable Properties
• Durability
Gradual deterioration due
to continuous exposure to
environment

• Soundness test
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JX
XQyikrEOA
Desirable Properties
• Shape

Angular or rounded

• Shape tests – Flakiness index

Elongation index
Angularity number
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=L0LN_0Ac8SI
Desirable Properties
• Adhesion with bitumen
ØThin film formed over the aggregates holds the whole mass
together
ØElectrostatic attraction towards bitumen and water
ØMore affinity towards water results in stripping off bitumen

• Stripping test
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YBxNrBZgp80
Code of Practice
Code
Property
Particle size distribution Plasticity Index IS2386–part–1
IS2720–part–5
Water absorption & Bulk SG IS2386–part–3
Flakiness and Elongation IS2386–part–1
Mechanical Properties Impact, abrasion, IS2386–part–4
crushing
Soundness IS2386–part–5
Presence of deleterious materials IS2386–part–2
IS2720–part–37
Bitumen coating & stripping IS 6241
Water sensitivity test AASHTO T 283
Bituminous Binders & Mixers
Types of Binders

• Tar

• Natural Asphalt / Rock Asphalt / Lake Asphalt

• Bitumen
Tar
COKE OVEN TAR
• Produced at temperatures above 1200OC during manufacturing of coke.
• High aromatic content.
• Pitch content - 50 %.

LOW AROMATIC TAR

• Produced at temperatures 600OC to 700OC.
• Less viscous.
• Paraffinic in nature.
• Pitch content-35%.
Natural Rock/Lake
Asphalt

• Naturally occurring Bituminous

binder.
• Biggest deposits in Trinidad
Ø100 Acres,
Ø90 meter deep
Ø10 to 15 Million MT
ØPen - 5 max
• Asphalt found in France, Italy &
Switzerland - Rock Asphalt.
Bitumen
• Conventional Bitumen
ØPaving Grade Bitumen
ØIndustrial Grade Bitumen
• Cutback – Made by reducing
the viscosity
• Bitumen Emulsions – a liquid composed of three liquid materials: water, bitumen
and an emulsifier
• Modified Bitumen
• Modified Bitumen Emulsions
 Bitumen
• Last residue obtained from fractional
distillation of Crude Oil
• Is black or dark brown in colour
• Is a visco-elastic material
– Does not have a distinct melting
point
– Gradually softens when heated
– More solid at low temperatures
and more liquid at high temperatures
• Has adhesive properties
• Has water proofing properties
• Forms good bond with a variety of
aggregates
Bitumen – General Properties

1. It is black and sticky in solid, semi-solid, or liquid states.

2. It melts and gets softened on the application of heat.
3. It has low permittivity and high insulation.
4. It oxidizes slowly.
5. It is chemically inert and hydrophobic.
6. It is insoluble and highly resistant to water.
7. It is colloidal.
Bitumen – Performance Parameter

• Mix and form a good bond with aggregate (at high temperature)
• Not melt on the road at highest atmospheric temperature
• Not crack at extreme low atmospheric temperature
• Be able to withstand repeated cycles of loading and unloading
• Be able to withstand repeated cycles of temperature change
• Not be inflammable
• Be free from impurities
Bitumen – Desirable Properties
Ø Good Adhesion
Ø Highly resistant to water
Ø High strength to resist loads
Ø Economical to use
Ø Minimum loss on heating
Ø Highly durable and versatile
Ø Lower temperature susceptibility.
Bitumen – Desirable
Properties
Adhesion

• A suitable binder must combine all construction

materials and make it a single unit. So, Bitumen should
be highly adhesive.
• It should bind materials together correctly without
affecting the properties of other materials.
• Low adhesion leads to the stripping of materials
(like the striping of aggregates in the flexible
pavement), whereas high adhesion leads to a long life.
• In most cases, impurities present in the bitumen are the
most significant reason behind the lousy adhesion of
bitumen.
Bitumen – Desirable Properties
Water-Proof

• Mainly, Bitumen is used in exposed works like

road construction, waterproofing, roofing, etc.
• It has to tackle different climatic conditions,
including rain. So, it should be insoluble in
water and serve as a waterproofing agent.
• Lower water-resistive property leads to lower
durability and lower strength of bitumen.
• It also leads to low adhesion. Hence, Bitumen
should be highly resistant to water.
Bitumen – Desirable Properties

Strength

Though mineral or filler

materials (like aggregate) are
the main bearing
component, bitumen should
also have sufficient strength to
resist different live loads (like
wheel load) & dead loads.
 Bitumen – Desirable Properties
Durability

• Bitumen should bind all construction

materials together for a long time (about 20
years) in adverse weather conditions.

• For exposed work, it should have

a minimum of 10 years of life; for non-
exposed work, it should be about 20 years.
Bitumen – Desirable Properties
Versatile

Bitumen should show a versatile nature.

It must be workable during the
construction phase and must be rigid in the
operation phase.
 Economy
• Bitumen must be economical to use.
Bitumen –
Desirable
• Although the cost of the Bitumen depends upon the grade, it
Properties should be available cheaply.
Bitumen – Desirable Properties
Specific Gravity

• The specific gravity of pure bitumen is in the range of 0.97 to 1.02.

• The specific gravity of tar is approximately 1.20.
• When the specific gravity is less than 1 it shows the bitumen is lighter than
water and when the value is more than 1 it indicates the bitumen is heavier
than water.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=u9oPySxTH28&list=PLRsHSjdIu312w
QsklUdp_o772qWI4-ytZ&index=6
Bitumen – Desirable Properties
Hardness
• The hardness of the Bitumen is determined using the
penetration test.
• In other words, Penetrating depth is the hardness.
• The best hardness for different works are:
Ø Hard Coating asphalt – 10 mm penetrating depth
Ø Roofing Asphalt – 15 to 40 mm penetrating
depth
ØWaterproofing bitumen – up to 100 or more
penetrating depth
ØBitumen should be hard enough to resist the action of
loads.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5owrgsQfqXE&list=PLRsHSjdIu
312wQsklUdp_o772qWI4-ytZ&index=4
Bitumen – Desirable Properties
Softening Point

• Higher the softening point value, lower will be the

temperature susceptibility.
• So, Bitumen with a high softening value is preferred for
hot climates.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Lp8Bcg9ldvI&
list=PLRsHSjdIu312wQsklUdp_o772qWI4-ytZ&index=1
 Bitumen –
Desirable
Properties
Ductility

• Ductility is the property of Bitumen that

permits it to undergo great deformation or
elongation.
• The ductility value ranges from 0 to over
150 depending upon the type of Bitumen.
• Its value also depends on temperature,
briquette dimension, pulling rate, etc.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=22O_Ot
KFu9Y&list=PLRsHSjdIu312wQsklUdp_o7
72qWI4-ytZ&index=3
Bitumen – Desirable Properties
Viscosity and Flow

Viscosity should not be very low or very high because high viscosity leads
to difficulties in applying Bitumen, and low viscosity leads to improper
binding of materials as it flows fast.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1JE2GEytD-
g&list=PLRsHSjdIu312wQsklUdp_o772qWI4-ytZ&index=8
 Water Content
Bitumen –
Desirable The Bitumen should contain minimum water to prevent
Properties foaming of the Bitumen when heated above the boiling
point of water.
Bitumen –
Desirable
Properties
Loss on Heating

When Bitumen is heated, it

leaves out volatiles and causes a
loss in mass or weight. So, the
loss of Bitumen on heating
should be minimal.
Bitumen – Desirable Properties
Chemical Resistive

• Bitumen has to tackle different chemicals directly or indirectly (E.g., It

has to tackle acids in the form of acid rain).
• So, it should be highly resistant to chemicals.
Pavement Quality Concrete
Basic Components of Concrete Pavement

Surface smoothness Thickness Design

or rideability
Longitudinal joint
Transverse joint

Surface Texture

Concrete materials

Dowel bars
Tiebars
Subgrade
Base
How Pavements Carry Load

6600 LBS. 6600 LBS.

Flexible Pavement

pressure < 0.2 MPa

pressure
» 2.0 MPa

Concrete’s rigid panels spread the load over a large area

reducing pressure on the sub grade.
Conventional Concrete Pavement Types

• Full Depth
• New Construction
• Reconstruction
• Overlays
• Thin Overlays
Concrete Design Optimize?

Cost
Performance
Subbase v/s No-Subbase

• Heavy Traffic?? > 120 Trucks/day = subbase

• Fine grain soils prone to erosion
• Presence of moisture/water
• Potential pumping

Presence of all or most above conditions suggests need

for subbase
Durability = Performance

• Quality Materials
• Aggregate – AP Approved, uniform gradation
• Minimum Cement Content
• Approved Admixtures
• Proper Mix Design – Control to Design
• Moisture/Water Control
• Air Entrainment – 6% + 1.5%
• Proper Curing – Liquid membrane applied @ manufacturer’s suggested rate
Advantages of Concrete Roads

• Long life (30-40 yrs.)

• Low maintenance cost
• Fuel saving @ 14% for load carriers
• Utilize up to 30% of fly ash – disposal of which is a great
problem
• Economical when life cycle cost is compared
• Pollution free construction
• Convenience to users due to less frequent repair
• Good riding quality throughout life
• No effect of spillage of oil
Advantages of Concrete Roads

• Roads can withstand extremes of weather

• Better performance over poor soil sub grade
• Better light reflectivity
• Safer night driving due to visibility
• Fuel saving in road construction
• Skid resistance
• Good noise record
• Conservation of material
What is Concrete?

• In very simple terms concrete can be looked upon as a

conglomerate rock consisting of large aggregate
particles embedded in the matrix of “paste”.
• Paste is the mixture of water and cement.
Ingredients

• Cement
• Aggregates
• Water
• Admixtures
Basic Concrete Engineering

• Good concrete
• Proportioning of concrete mixes
• Permeability and porosity of concrete
Good Concrete

• Method exist to determine only workability and

strength

• How do we work with other properties such as

segregation resistance, durability etc ?
Expectation of Good Concrete

Fresh state
• Homogeneity
• Workability
• Segregation resistance
Hardened state
• Strength
• Durability
Workability of Concrete

consistency

stiff normal flowing

Vee bee Compaction

Slump flow
test factor

slump
Strength of Concrete

• Strength of aggregates
• Strength of mortar

Ultimate Strength
• Inversely proportional to water cement ratio
• Curing condition
• Compaction
• Quality of binder ( including use of admixture)
Durability of Concrete

• Concrete is not a maintenance free material and required periodic

inspection
• Durability of concrete is determined through a complex interaction
between parameters related to
ØDesign of structures, such as permissible crack width, grade of
concrete used and design cover to the reinforcement
ØChoice of appropriate material in construction
ØQuality control during construction maintaining good construction
materials such as curing etc.
ØEnvironment in which structure is placed
Principles of Concrete Mix Design

Design involves proportion of the given constituents which

would produce concrete possessing specifies properties on
both in fresh and hardened state with the maximum overall
economy.
Factors in the Choice of Mix Design

• Grade designation
• Type of cement
• Maximum nominal size of aggregates
• Minimum water cement ratio
• Workability
• Minimum cement content
Variability of Concrete Strength

• Variation in the quality of constituent materials

• Variation in mixed proportion
• Quality of supervision and workmanship
• Variation due to sampling and testing of concrete specimen.
Degree of Quality Control

Very good –
• Fresh cement from single source and regular test weigh batching
• Aggregates in single sizes, controlled grading and moisture content
• Controlled water addition
• Frequent supervision
• Regular workability and strength tests
• Field lab facility
IS:456 specifications on workability

Placing Degree of Slump/c.f.

condition workability
Pavement using Very low c.f.= .75 to .80
pavers
Hand placed low Slump = 25 to
pavements 75 mm
IS: 456 specifications on minimum cement content and
maximum free water cement ratio

For PCC Min. cement Max. free water

content kg/m³ cement ratio
M 15 240 0.60

M 20 250 0.50

M 25 260 0.45

M 30 280 0.40
IS: 383-1970 specification for coarse and fine aggregates

• Grading zone of fine aggregate

• Percentage passing for single sized aggregate of nominal size
• Percentage passing for graded aggregate of nominal size
Aggregates

• Crushing value- should not greater than 30% for concrete for bearing
surface
• Los angels abrasion value- should not greater than 30% for aggregate
used for bearing surfaces
• Aggregate impact value- should not greater than 30% for aggregate
used for bearing surfaces
• Flakiness index- should not greater than 25%
IRC specification on CC pavements

Semi rigid pavements

Proportion of dry lean concrete- design by trial & error method
• Compaction is done by rolling, hence keep slump 0-10 mm.
• Cement concrete should not less than 150 kg/m³
• Average compaction strength of 5 cubes at 28 days should not be less
than 10.0 MPa.
• Average compaction strength of individual cube at 28 days should not
be less than 7.5 MPa.
Rigid pavements

CC Pavement
Strength requirements of coarse aggregate for concrete used in
pavements
• Aggregate impact value- should not be greater than 30%
• Los angeles abrasion value- should not be greater than 30%
Roller compacted concrete pavement (RCCP)
• Water content may range 4-7% by weight of dry materials including
cement.
Concrete pavements

Rigid pavement using pavement quality concrete (PQC)

IRC: 44- tentative guidelines for cc mix design for pavements.
for minimum flexural strength of 40 kg/mm² in the field assuming good
degree of quality in the field.
• Cement content lies between 350 to 425 kg/m³
• Approximate mix proportion = 1:1.5:3
• Water cement ratio = 0.38
• Workability to be considered in lab for test should be preferably 10
mm slump.
Concrete compacted by needle vibrators, hand tampers and
plate compactors

A slump of 2.5 to 4.5 cm at paving site is acceptable for compaction by

hand operated machines
Testing of Hardened Concrete

• Core test
• Non-destructive test
Stage Wise Control of Quality

• Pre-Construction: Quality of materials

• During Construction: (Freshly mixed concrete)
Batching
Mixing
Workability
Compaction
Surface finishing
• Post Construction: (Quality of hardened concrete)
Check for riding quality
Check for strength
Check for concrete thickness
Thank You.