Full Download pdf of Test Bank for Human Development: A Cultural Approach, 3rd Edition, Jeffrey Jensen Arnett, Lene Arnett Jensen, ISBN-10: 0134641345, ISBN-13: 9780134641348, ISBN: 9780134711447 all chapter

Test Bank for Human Development: A
Cultural Approach, 3rd Edition, Jeffrey

Jensen Arnett, Lene Arnett Jensen,
ISBN-10: 0134641345, ISBN-13:
9780134641348, ISBN: 9780134711447
Go to download the full and correct content document:
https://testbankmall.com/product/test-bank-for-human-development-a-cultural-approa
ch-3rd-edition-jeffrey-jensen-arnett-lene-arnett-jensen-isbn-10-0134641345-isbn-13-9
780134641348-isbn-9780134711447/
More products digital (pdf, epub, mobi) instant
download maybe you interests ...
Test Bank for Child Development: A Cultural Approach,

3rd Edition, Jeffery Jensen Arnett, Lene Arnett Jensen
https://testbankmall.com/product/test-bank-for-child-development-
a-cultural-approach-3rd-edition-jeffery-jensen-arnett-lene-
arnett-jensen/
Test Bank for Nursing Health Assessment A Best Practice

Approach, Sharon Jensen, ISBN-10: 0781780624, ISBN-13:
9780781780629
https://testbankmall.com/product/test-bank-for-nursing-health-
assessment-a-best-practice-approach-sharon-jensen-
isbn-10-0781780624-isbn-13-9780781780629/
Test Bank for Child Development: A Cultural Approach

Jeffrey Arnett, Ashley Maynard
https://testbankmall.com/product/test-bank-for-child-development-
a-cultural-approach-jeffrey-arnett-ashley-maynard/
Test Bank for Human Development A Cultural Approach 2nd

Edition by Arnett
https://testbankmall.com/product/test-bank-for-human-development-
a-cultural-approach-2nd-edition-by-arnett/
Solution Manual for Fundamentals of Human Resource
Management, 5th Edition, Gary Dessler, ISBN-10:
0134740211, ISBN-13: 9780134740218, ISBN-10:
013489040X, ISBN-13: 9780134890401
https://testbankmall.com/product/solution-manual-for-
fundamentals-of-human-resource-management-5th-edition-gary-
dessler-isbn-10-0134740211-isbn-13-9780134740218-isbn-10-
013489040x-isbn-13-9780134890401/
Test Bank for Gerontological Nursing, 3rd Edition,

Patricia A. Tabloski, ISBN-10: 0132956314, ISBN-13:
9780132956314
https://testbankmall.com/product/test-bank-for-gerontological-
nursing-3rd-edition-patricia-a-tabloski-
isbn-10-0132956314-isbn-13-9780132956314/
Test Bank for Principles of Anatomy and Physiology,

13th Edition, Gerard J. Tortora, ISBN-10: 0470565101,
ISBN-13: 9780470565100, ISBN-10: 0470917776, ISBN-13:
9780470917770
https://testbankmall.com/product/test-bank-for-principles-of-
anatomy-and-physiology-13th-edition-gerard-j-tortora-isbn-10-
0470565101-isbn-13-9780470565100-isbn-10-0470917776-isbn-13-
9780470917770/
Test Bank For The Cultural Landscape: An Introduction

to Human Geography, 11th Edition, James M. Rubenstein,
ISBN-10: 0321831586, ISBN-13: 9780321831583
https://testbankmall.com/product/test-bank-for-the-cultural-
landscape-an-introduction-to-human-geography-11th-edition-james-
m-rubenstein-isbn-10-0321831586-isbn-13-9780321831583/
Test Bank for The Economics of Money, Banking and

Financial Markets 7th Canadian Edition Mishkin ISBN-10:
0135230497, ISBN-13: 9780135230497, ISBN-10:
013523946X, ISBN-13: 9780135239469
https://testbankmall.com/product/test-bank-for-the-economics-of-
money-banking-and-financial-markets-7th-canadian-edition-mishkin-
isbn-10-0135230497-isbn-13-9780135230497-isbn-10-013523946x-isbn-
Arnett/Jensen, Human Development, 3e Chapter 1, A Cultural Approach to Human
TOTAL
Development
ASSESSMENT Chapter 1, Section 1

GUIDE Human Development Today and Its Origins
Learning Remember the Understand the Apply What You

Objective Facts Concepts Know Analyze It
Learning Multiple 4, 6, 9, 10, 12, 13, 3, 5, 8, 11, 16, 17, 19, 22 7, 14, 15, 28
Objective 1.1 Choice 20, 21, 24, 25, 26, 18, 23, 27, 29
30
Short Answer 75
Essay 80
Learning Multiple 32, 33, 34, 35, 38, 31, 36 37
Objective 1.2 Choice 39
Short Answer
Essay
Learning Multiple 41, 44 40, 45 42, 43, 46
Objective 1.3 Choice
Short Answer 76
Essay
Learning Multiple 51, 55, 56 52, 54, 57 58 50, 53
Short Answer 77
Essay
Learning Multiple 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 65, 69, 70, 71
Objective 1.5 Choice 64, 66, 67, 68
Short Answer 78
Essay
Learning Multiple 73, 74 72
Short Answer 79
Essay
2
Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Arnett/Jensen, Human Development, 3e Chapter 1, Section 1
Section 1 Human Development Today and Its Origins

Multiple Choice Questions
1. The ways people grow and change biologically, cognitively, psychologically, and socially
across the life span is referred to as __________.
a. human development
b. evolution
c. change
d. growth
Answer: a
Difficulty Level: Easy
Skill Level: Remember the Facts
Learning Objective: None
Topic: Chapter Introduction
APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in
psychology.
% correct 86 a= 86 b= 6 c= 7 d= 1 r = .19
2. The total pattern of a group’s customs, beliefs, art, and technology is referred to as
__________.
a. clan
b. society
c. culture
d. beliefs
Answer: c
Difficulty Level: Moderate
Skill Level: Understand the Concepts
Topic: Chapter Introduction
psychology.
3. For most of history the total human population was under __________.
a. 1 million
b. 10 million
c. 100 million
d. 1 billion
Answer: b
Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe how the human population has changed over the past 10,000
years and explain why the United States is following a different demographic path than other
developed countries.
Topic: Population Growth and Change
psychology.
3
4. For most of human history how many children did women typically have?
a. 1 to 2
b. 4 to 8
c. 10 to 12
d. 13 to 15
Answer: b
psychology.
5. The human population began to increase noticeably around 10,000 years ago. What has been
hypothesized as the reason for the population increase at that time?
a. the discovery of medicine
b. the development of agriculture and the domestication of animals
c. an increase in the size of women’s pelvic openings that assisted in labor
d. construction techniques that allowed for stronger homes that were better heated
Answer: b
psychology.
% correct 76 a= 20 b= 76 c= 4 d= 0 r = .51
6. When did the world population reach 500 million people?

a. 400 years ago
b. 1,000 years ago
c. 4,000 years ago
d. 10,000 years ago
Answer: a
psychology.
4
7. Which of the following most contributed to the large increase in world population that
occurred around the 1800s to 1900s?
a. The average number of children per household increased from one to three children.
b. Fewer women were dying in childbirth because they waited longer to have children.
c. The domestication of animals provided a larger food supply.
d. More people lived due to the discovery of vaccinations and medical treatments for deadly
diseases.
Answer: d
Difficulty Level: Difficult
Skill Level: Analyze It
psychology.
8. Between 1800 and 1930, the human population doubled from 1 billion to 2 billion. What led
to this increase in population?
a. government-controlled farming
b. globalization and shared resources
c. medical advances that eliminated deadly diseases
d. families had multiple children
Answer: c
psychology.
9. The total human population in 2018 is about __________.

a. 6 billion
b. 6.5 billion
c. 7 billion
d. 7.6 billion
Answer: d
psychology.
5
10. Based on statistics presented by the United Nations, how high is the human population
projected to be by the year 2100?
a. 9.5 billion
b. 11 billion
c. 11.6 billion
d. 13 billion
Answer: b
psychology.
11. How is the total fertility rate (TFR) defined?

a. the number of births per woman
b. the number of conceptions per woman
c. the number of fetuses that were spontaneously aborted
d. the number of women taking fertility drugs
Answer: a
psychology.
12. What is the current total fertility rate (TFR) worldwide?

a. 1.4
b. 2.5
c. 4.2
d. 5.6
Answer: b
psychology.
6
13. At what point does the total fertility rate (TFR) become the replacement rate of a stable
population?
a. 1.4
b. 2.1
c. 2.8
d. 3.2
Answer: b
psychology.
14. If current trends continue, in what year will the worldwide total fertility rate (TFR) reach the
replacement rate?
a. 2020
b. 2050
c. 2080
d. 3010
Answer: b
APA Learning Objective: 1.3 Describe applications that employ discipline-based problem
solving.
15. Which statement accurately describes the trend in the worldwide total fertility rate (TFR) that
has been occurring over the past 10 years?
a. The TFR has increased sharply.
b. The TFR has decreased sharply.
c. The TFR has held steady.
d. The TFR has increased gradually.
Answer: b
solving.
7
16. Where will nearly all of the population growth from now till the year 2100 take place?
a. developed countries
b. developing countries
c. emerging countries
d. South American countries
Answer: b
psychology.
% correct 66 a= 32 b= 66 c= 1 d= 1 r = .21
17. Which term is used in the text to refer to the most affluent countries in the world?
a. affluent countries
b. developed countries
c. developing countries
d. population-rich countries
Answer: b
psychology.
18. The United States, Canada, Japan, South Korea, Australia, New Zealand, Chile, and nearly all
the countries of Europe are examples of __________.
a. developed countries
b. developing countries
c. collective cultures
d. individualistic cultures
Answer: a
psychology.
8
19. Your best friend Anaya lives in India, which is described as a country that has less wealth but
is experiencing rapid economic growth. Anaya lives in one of the world’s __________.
a. impoverished countries
b. developed countries
c. developing countries
d. population-rich countries
Answer: c
Skill Level: Apply What You Know
psychology.
20. Most of the people living in India live on __________ a day.

a. less than fifty cents
b. about one dollar
c. less than two dollars
d. about four dollars
Answer: c
psychology.
21. Which statement most accurately describes an aspect of the Indian population?
a. Three-fourths of Indian children are underweight and malnourished.
b. Less than one-quarter of Indian adolescents complete secondary school.
c. About half of adult Indian women are literate.
d. Two-thirds of the Indian population lives in urban areas.
Answer: c
psychology.
9
22. You received cash from your grandparents and want to invest it wisely. Being particularly
interested in investing in countries that are leading in telecommunications and manufacturing,
you are considering investing in __________ because you know that it is projected to lead the
world in economic production by 2050.
a. Canada
b. Brazil
c. China
d. India
Answer: d
APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of the content domains of
psychology.
23. What is projected to happen to the populations of developed countries other than the United
States between now and the year 2050?
a. Their populations will increase more than those in developing countries.
b. Their populations will remain stable.
c. Their populations will decrease.
d. Their populations will increase slowly.
Answer: c
solving.
24. The United States population is projected to be __________ by 2050.

a. 350 million
b. 400 million
c. 500 million
d. 750 million
Answer: b
psychology.
10
25. Developed countries make up roughly __________ of the world’s population, whereas
developing countries make up __________.
a. 20%, 80%
b. 27%, 73%
c. 40%, 60%
d. 47%, 57%
Answer: a
psychology.
% correct 86 a= 86 b= 6 c= 7 d= 1 r = .19
26. Which developed country is projected to have the steepest decline in population between now
and 2050?
a. the United States
b. Germany
c. Japan
d. Canada
Answer: c
psychology.
27. Which statement is true regarding population changes by country?

a. Japan is projected to drop in population due to a low fertility rate.
b. England is projected to grow in population due to a significant increase in total fertility rate
(TFR).
c. Canada is projected to increase in population due to high rates of immigration.
d. The United States is projected to drop in population due to limits placed on immigration.
Answer: a
psychology.
11
28. Which statement identifies the most significant contributing factor for the projected increase
in population in the United States between now and 2050?
a. The United States allows more legal immigration than other developed countries do.
b. The overall fertility rate among Americans is expected to increase significantly.
c. Improved technology will allow more infertile couples to give birth using in vitro fertilization
techniques.
d. Minorities will experience an exponential increase in fertility rates.
Answer: a
psychology.
29. During your class on social problems, you, Susanne, Chen, and Jacob are having a discussion
about global population rates. They all disagree on where most births take place today. However,
you know that, statistically speaking, a child born today will most likely be born in __________.
a. a developing country
b. a developed country
c. an economically wealthy country
d. a high social economic status culture
Answer: a
psychology.
30. What portion of the United States’ population will increase from 16% to 30% by 2050?
a. African American
b. Anglo American
c. Asian American
d. Latino
Answer: d
psychology.
12
31. José was born in a country where his parents make less than $2 a day and he is expected to
attend grade school but not college. José was most likely born in a __________.
a. developed country
b. developing country
c. collective culture
d. individualistic culture
Answer: b
Learning Objective: 1.2 Distinguish between developed countries and developing countries in
terms of income, education, and cultural values.
Topic: Variations Across Countries
psychology.
% correct 96 a= 1 b= 96 c= 3 d= 0 r = .23
32. What percent of the world’s population lives on a family income of less than $6,000 per year?
a. 20%
b. 40%
c. 60%
d. 80%
Answer: d
psychology.
33. Although economic growth has been strong for the past decade, what remains the poorest
region in the world, where half of the population is in the bottom 20% of global income?
a. southern Africa
b. South America
c. Southeast Asia
d. Western Australia
Answer: a
psychology.
13
34. __________ percent of individuals in developed countries attend college or other post-
secondary training while __________ of children in developing countries complete primary
school.
a. Thirty; 90%
b. Fifty; 80%
c. Sixty; 70%
d. Seventy; 60%
Answer: b
psychology.
35. __________ cultures emphasize independence and self-expression, whereas __________

cultures emphasize obedience and group harmony.
a. Individualistic; collectivistic
b. Collectivistic; individualistic
c. Developed; developing
d. Developing; developed
Answer: a
psychology.
% correct 92 a= 92 b= 1 c= 7 d= 0 r = .24
36. Rumi attends a university in India. Which statement is true of Rumi and his peers who attend
college, university, and or post-secondary education in developing countries?
a. He is likely a member of the wealthy elite.
b. He is similar in socioeconomic status to most of the population.
c. He represents about half of the middle class.
d. He represents about one-fourth of the middle class.
Answer: a
psychology.
14
37. Which statement is a true comparison of collectivistic and individualistic values?

a. Developed countries tend to place a higher value on collectivistic values such as obedience and
group harmony.
b. Developing countries tend to place a higher value on individualistic values such as obedience
and group harmony.
c. Developed countries tend to place a higher value on individualistic values such as
independence and self-expression.
d. Developing countries tend to place a higher value on collectivistic values such as independence
and self-expression.
Answer: c
psychology.
38. What term is used to refer to people in the rural areas of developing countries, who tend to
adhere more closely to the historical aspects of their culture than do people in urban areas?
a. agrarian cultures
b. conventional cultures
c. traditional cultures
d. rural cultures
Answer: c
psychology.
39. __________ is a term that refers to the increasing connections between different parts of the
world in trade, travel, migration, and communication.
a. Globalization
b. Social media
c. The Internet
d. Small-world syndrome
Answer: a
psychology.
15
40. Who sets most of the norms and standards and holds most of the positions of political,
economic, intellectual, and media power in most countries?
a. power culture
b. controlling culture
c. minority culture
d. majority culture
Answer: d
Learning Objective: 1.3 Define the term socioeconomic status (SES) and explain why SES,
gender, and ethnicity are important aspects of human development within countries.
Topic: Variations Within Countries
psychology.
41. Also referred to as a person’s social class, his or her __________ includes level of education,
income, and occupational status.
a. socioeconomic status
b. ethnicity
c. culture
d. sociohistorical index
Answer: a
psychology.
% correct 99 a= 99 b= 0 c= 0 d= 0 r = .22
42. In American culture, a physician spends 12 years in college and training, generally has a high
income, and possesses a strong occupational status. In terms of socioeconomic status, a physician
would most likely be __________.
a. low SES
b. middle SES
c. moderate SES
d. high SES
Answer: d
psychology.
16
43. LaWanda has a high school diploma and is currently working as a waitress but is attending
school in hopes of becoming a pediatrician. Her current socioeconomic status is likely
__________; however, when she becomes an established pediatrician, her socioeconomic status
will be __________.
a. low; high
b. high; moderate
c. high; low
d. moderate; low
Answer: a
psychology.
44. The expectations that cultures have for males and females are different from the time they are
born. The degree of the difference in gender-specific expectations depends on __________.
a. culture
b. age
c. gender
d. socioeconomic status
Answer: a
psychology.
45. What term describes a variety of aspects of a group that includes cultural origin, cultural
traditions, race, religion, and language?
a. gender
b. race
c. ethnicity
d. age
Answer: c
psychology.
17
46. Kalid is an African American who was born in New York but is currently living in Alabama.
When asked his political and religious beliefs, he describes himself as more similar to those who
are located in the northeastern United States than those who are located in the southern part of the
country. At times, his friends amuse themselves at Kalid’s expense by mocking his Brooklyn
accent. The above statements are describing Kalid’s __________.
a. nationality
b. race
c. ethnicity
d. mainstream cultural group
Answer: c
psychology.
47. The environmental conditions for which a given species has evolved is called a(n)
__________.
a. ecology
b. ecological niche
c. environmental niche
d. evolutionary cohort
Answer: b
Topic: Human Origins: The Rise of Cultural and Global Species
psychology.
48. __________ development refers to the development of the individual in a species and
__________ development refers to development of a species.
a. Ontogenetic; phylogenetic
b. Phylogenetic; ontogenetic
c. Polygenetic; autogenetic
d. Autogenetic; polygenetic
Answer: a
psychology.
18
49. Which statement best highlights phylogenetic development?

a. Jenny’s wisdom teeth erupt in late adolescence.
b. Manuel gets married after he finishes college and soon has two children.
c. Amalia is the top reader in her class. Last year, she struggled in this area.
d. Irene has red hair. Her entire family has red hair because of a genetic mutation that has been
passed down for centuries.
Answer: d
psychology.
50. In the process of __________, the young of any species are born with variations on a wide
range of characteristics. Among the young, those who will be __________ until they can
reproduce will be the ones whose variations are best adapted to their environment.
a. social Darwinism; able to gain financial resources
b. the theory of psychoanalysis; controlled by their unconscious
c. natural selection; most likely to survive
d. Humanistic Psychology; congruent between their different “selves”
Answer: c
Learning Objective: 1.4 Explain the process of natural selection and trace the evolutionary origins
of the human species.
Topic: Our Evolutionary Beginnings
psychology.
51. In his book On the Origin of Species, Charles Darwin first proposed the theory of
__________.
a. evolution
b. social Darwinism
c. psychosocial reproduction
d. the unconscious id
Answer: a
psychology.
19
52. What term describes the process in which the young of any species will be more likely to
survive if they are born with variations on a wide range of characteristics that are best adapted to
their environment?
a. evolution
b. adaptive centrism
c. mutational change
d. natural selection
Answer: d
psychology.
53. In a town in England, the wings of a local butterfly species had a black-and-white pattern.
Over the years, as air pollution worsened in the town, a coat of black soot often covered
everything. From an evolutionary perspective, which of the following is a logical sequencing?
a. Butterflies became blacker because the ones with relatively more black on their wings were
most likely to blend in with the sooty background.
b. Butterflies became lighter because the ones with relatively more white on their wings were
least likely to blend in with the sooty background.
c. Butterflies became more aggressive because their behaviors were altered by the toxins that
were in the black soot.
d. Butterflies morphed into moths because environmental conditions triggered an unfolding of a
hidden gene.
Answer: a
psychology.
20
54. Evolutionary biologists posit that humans, chimpanzees, and gorillas had a common primate
ancestor that split into three paths, leading to the development of humans, chimpanzees, and
gorillas. The evolutionary line that eventually led to humans is known as the __________.
a. hominin line
b. Neolithic line
c. Upper Paleolithic line
d. amphibious line
Answer: a
psychology.
% correct 100 a= 0 b= 100 c= 0 d= 0 r = .00
55. By 200,000 years ago, the early hominin species had evolved into our species, __________.
a. Homo sapiens
b. Hydro sapiens
c. Poly sapiens
d. Hetero sapiens
Answer: a
psychology.
56. How much larger was the size of early Homo’s brain compared to the brains of early
hominins?
a. 100%
b. 200%
c. 55%
d. 70%
Answer: b
psychology.
21
57. Evolutionary biologists believe that the larger brains of early Homo babies were also less
mature than in earlier hominins, resulting in __________.
a. a greater likelihood of death at birth
b. a longer time before the rest of the body could support the head in infancy
c. a longer period of dependency of infants on their parents
d. a greater likelihood that a baby’s head would get stuck in the pelvic opening
Answer: c
psychology.
58. Basil is working on a project for his class on human development. He is doing research on a
period of time in which females cared for the young and were charged with gathering edible
plants while males spent their days scavenging and hunting. What social and economic system is
Basil describing?
a. hunter-gatherer
b. maternals-paternals
c. Mexico in the 1950s
d. Nigeria in the 2010s
Answer: a
psychology.
59. Compared to Homo sapiens of 200,000 years ago, present day Homo sapiens __________.
a. are on average, much shorter
b. have changed little in terms of physical characteristics
c. eat a diet primarily composed of red meat
d. have changed significantly in terms of physical characteristics
Answer: b
Learning Objective: 1.5 Summarize the major changes in human cultures since the Upper
Paleolithic period.
Topic: The Origin of Cultures and Civilizations
psychology.
22
60. The Upper Paleolithic period was from __________.

a. 5,000 to about 1,000 years ago
b. 50,000 to about 10,000 years ago
c. 60,000 to about 6,000 years ago
d. 300,000 to about 60,000 years ago
Answer: b
Paleolithic period.
psychology.
61. Human art first appeared during the __________ period.

a. Upper Paleolithic
b. Lower Mesozoic
c. Middle Cenozoic
d. Lower Jurassic
Answer: a
Paleolithic period.
psychology.
62. It is clear that during the __________ humans began to use boats and trade with others.
a. Upper Paleolithic period
b. Lower Mesozoic period
c. Middle Cenozoic period
d. Lower Jurassic period
Answer: a
Paleolithic period.
psychology.
23
63. Which of the following tools were developed by human beings during the Upper Paleolithic
period?
a. the bow and arrow and the spear thrower
b. the gun and canon
c. the folding-blade knife and shovel
d. the pistol and shotgun
Answer: a
Paleolithic period.
psychology.
64. When was the Neolithic Period?

a. 100,000 to 70,000 years ago
b. 80,000 to 60,000 years ago
c. 40,000 to 10,000 years ago
d. 10,000 to 5,000 years ago
Answer: d
Paleolithic period.
psychology.
65. Which period in human history experienced global temperatures that resemble the
temperatures of today?
a. Neolithic period
b. Upper Paleolithic period
c. Early Civilization period
d. Monolithic period
Answer: a
Paleolithic period.
psychology.
24
66. The cultivation of plants and the domestication of animals occurred during the __________
period of human history.
a. Neolithic
b. Jurassic
c. Paleolithic
d. Monolithic
Answer: a
Paleolithic period.
psychology.
67. The Upper Paleolithic was the time of the last __________.
a. Ice Age
b. period of global warming
c. devastating tsunami
d. eruption of a Super Volcano
Answer: a
Paleolithic period.
psychology.
68. The final major historical change that provided the basis for how we live today began around
5,000 years ago with the development of __________.
a. agriculture and animal husbandry
b. roadways
c. family units
d. civilization
Answer: d
Paleolithic period.
psychology.
25
69. __________ is characterized by cities, written language, specialization of work, and

differences among people with wealth and status.
a. A civilization
b. The ethnicity of a group
c. Nationality
d. A race of people
Answer: a
Paleolithic period.
psychology.
70. What is the term used to describe a centralized political system that is an essential feature of a
civilization?
a. township
b. government
c. nationality
d. state
Answer: d
Paleolithic period.
psychology.
71. Which statement describes a characteristic of human evolutionary history and a similarity that
we have with our hominin relatives and ancestors?
a. Humans have especially long arms to allow them to move in trees.
b. Humans have small skulls to make the birthing process easier.
c. Humans have a relatively short time span during which they depend on adults.
d. Humans have a relatively long period of childhood dependence on adults before reaching
maturity.
Answer: d
Learning Objective: 1.6 Apply information about human evolution to how human development
takes place today.
Topic: Human Evolution and Human Development Today
psychology.
26
72. Xena wants to major in psychology and knows there are many different types of psychology.
With an interest in anthropology and sociology, Xena reads about a branch of psychology that
examines how patterns of human functioning and behavior have influenced characteristics such as
aggressiveness and mate selection. Xena might want to consider majoring in __________.
a. evolutionary psychology
b. social Darwinism
c. social psychology
d. naturalistic psychology
Answer: a
takes place today.
psychology.
73. Although women are capable of giving birth to at least eight children in the course of their
reproductive lives, how many children do most women have today?
a. 0 to 3
b. 4
c. 5
d. 6 or more
Answer: a
takes place today.
psychology.
74. From an evolutionary perspective, it is believed that the human species originated in
__________.
a. the forests and plateaus of South America
b. the plains and lowlands of North America
c. the grasslands and forests of Africa
d. the tundra and deciduous forests of the Arctic
Answer: c
takes place today.
psychology.
27
Short Answer Questions

75. Compare and contrast features related to developed and developing countries.
Answer: Developed countries are economically developed, affluent, and have high median levels
of income and education. Developing countries have lower levels of income and education but
may be experiencing economic growth.
psychology.
76. What are the components of socioeconomic status (SES)?

Answer: education level, income level, and occupational status
psychology.
77. Describe two ways that Homo sapiens is different from earlier hominins and other primates.
Answer: Homo sapiens females have a wider pelvis and, on average, the Homo sapiens’ brain is
two times as large as that of its predecessors.
psychology.
28
78. What are two characteristics that mark civilization, the final historical change that began
around 5,000 years ago?
Answer:
1. cities
2. writing
3. specialized kinds of work
4. differences in wealth/status
5. a centralized political system
Paleolithic period.
psychology.
79. Describe a research question an evolutionary psychologist might investigate.

Answer: Answers will vary. An evolutionary psychologist might explore the evolutionary basis of
why men rate attractiveness as more important in mate selection and women rate earning
potential higher than attractiveness.
takes place today.
psychology.
Essay Question
80. India is the second most populous country and is projected to have more people than any
other country by 2050. Describe three aspects of India’s people and/or culture.
Answer: Most of India’s people live on less than two dollars a day; about half of Indian children
are underweight and malnourished; less than half of Indian adolescents complete secondary
school; about 50% of women and 75% of men are literate; and two-thirds of the population lives
in rural areas. It is a developing country that is quickly becoming a leader in the global economy
in manufacturing, telecommunications, and services.
psychology.
29
TOTAL
Learning Remember Understand Apply What

Objective the Facts the Concepts You Know Analyze It
Learning Multiple 2, 3, 7, 11, 12 1, 5, 9, 10, 17 4, 6, 8, 14 13, 15, 16
Short Answer
Essay 82
Learning Multiple 19, 21, 23, 31, 32 18, 20, 22, 24, 27, 25, 26, 33, 34, 40 39
Objective 1.8 Choice 28, 29, 30, 35, 36,
37, 38, 41
Short Answer
Essay
Learning Multiple 45, 46, 49, 55, 58, 42, 44, 47, 51, 52, 48, 50, 54, 56 43
Objective 1.9 Choice 59 53, 57
Short Answer 78
Essay
Learning Multiple 61, 62, 68, 69 60, 64, 66 63, 65 67, 70
Short Answer 80 79
Essay
Learning Multiple 72, 73, 74 76 75, 77 71
Short Answer 81
Essay 83
30
Section 2 Theories of Human Development

1. What is probably the oldest known conception of the life course, written about 3,000 years
ago?
a. the Dharmashastras
b. the Bible
c. the Koran
d. the Talmud
Answer: a
Learning Objective: 1.7 Compare and contrast three ancient conceptions of development through
the life span.
Topic: Conceptions of Development in Three Traditions
psychology.
2. The Dharmashastras, the sacred law books of the Hindu religion, divide the life span into
__________.
a. two stages, each of which lasts 50 years
b. three stages, each of which lasts 25 years
c. four stages, each of which lasts 25 years
d. six stages, each of which lasts 30 years
Answer: c
the life span.
psychology.
3. Which of the following is a correct order for a man’s life stages as described by the
Dharmashastras?
a. forest dweller, apprentice, householder, and renunciant
b. householder, apprentice, renunciant, and forest dweller
c. renunciant, forest dweller, householder, and apprentice
d. apprentice, householder, forest dweller, and renunciant
Answer: d
the life span.
psychology.
31
4. Aadit is in his early teens and is dependent on his parents. As he grows up and learns the
skills necessary for adult life, he will move forward and become independent. According to the
Dharmashastras, the sacred law books of the Hindu religion, Aadit is in the __________ stage.
a. apprentice
b. householder
c. forest dweller
d. renunciant
Answer: a
the life span.
psychology.
5. From the Dharmashastras, at which of the following stages are people supposed to begin to
withdraw from worldly attachments? This means an end to sexual life, a decline in work
responsibilities, and the beginning of a transfer of household responsibilities to the sons of the
family.
a. apprentice stage
b. householder stage
c. forest dweller stage
d. renunciant stage
Answer: c
the life span.
psychology.
6. Yuthika is 42 years old, married, and the father of three children. He is considered the head of
the household and has many responsibilities. Beyond taking care of his own children, he is also
responsible for taking care of his elderly parents. According to the Dharmashastras, the sacred
law books of the Hindu religion, Yuthika is in the __________ stage.
a. apprentice
b. householder
c. forest dweller
d. renunciant
Answer: b
the life span.
psychology.
32
7. According to the Dharmashastras, the sacred law books of the Hindu religion, an individual
who is 45 years old is in the __________ stage.
a. apprentice
b. householder
c. forest dweller
d. renunciant
Answer: b
the life span.
psychology.
8. Kunal just celebrated his 75th birthday. According to the sacred law books of the Hindu
religion, what is the purpose of life for an individual who is 75 years old or older and in the
renunciant stage?
a. to withdraw from the world
b. to prepare for the end of life and entry into the next
c. to embrace the world and gain material possessions to pass to the next generation
d. to reach the highest level of spirituality
Answer: b
the life span.
psychology.
9. According to Solon, a Greek philosopher who lived 2,500 years ago, each segment of the life
span lasted __________ years and covered __________ years.
a. 5; 60
b. 7; 70
c. 9; 80
d. 11; 90
Answer: b
the life span.
psychology.
33
10. Which of the following best describes a life stage as proposed by the ancient Greek
philosopher Solon?
a. ages 28–35, the ages of marriage and parenthood, which a man thinks of as the season for
courting
b. age 13, the age of moral responsibility, when a boy has his Bar Mitzvah, signifying that he is
responsible for keeping the religious commandments, rather than his parents being responsible for
him
c. ages 56–63, when a man is to withdraw from the world and literally live in the forest, devoting
himself to prayer and religious study, living only on alms and cultivating patience and
compassion
d. ages 75–100, when the renunciant goes even further in rejecting worldly attachments; the
purpose of life in this stage is simply to prepare for the end of this life and entry into the next
Answer: a
the life span.
psychology.
11. The Jewish holy book, the Talmud, describes the life span as consisting of __________
segments.
a. 10
b. 14
c. 20
d. 25
Answer: b
the life span.
psychology.
12. Like the Hindu Dharmashastras, the life course described in the Talmud goes up to age
__________.
a. 70
b. 80
c. 90
d. 100
Answer: d
the life span.
psychology.
34
13. Which statement describes a life stage from the Jewish holy book, the Talmud?
a. ages 35–42, a stage of maturity of mind and morals when a man’s mind, ever open to virtue,
broadens, and never inspires him to profitless deeds
b. age 13, the age of moral responsibility, when a boy has his Bar Mitzvah, signifying that he is
responsible for keeping the religious commandments, rather than his parents being responsible for
him
c. age 60, when a man is to withdraw from the world and literally live in the forest, devoting
himself to prayer and religious study, living only on alms and cultivating patience and
compassion
d. ages 42–56, when the renunciant goes even further than the forest dweller in rejecting worldly
attachments; the purpose of life in this stage is simply to prepare for the end of this life and entry
into the next
Answer: b
the life span.
psychology.
14. Aaron is ready to accept the moral responsibilities of his Jewish religion and has chosen to
have a ceremony signifying his change from parental responsibility to self-responsibility.
According to the Jewish holy book, the Talmud, at what age can Aaron take this on?
a. 10
b. 13
c. 15
d. 18
Answer: b
the life span.
psychology.
35
15. What common theme is shared by all three ancient conceptions of life—the Dharmashastras,
the Talmud, and the writings of the philosopher Solon?
a. Preparation for life is made in youth, skills and expertise are gained in adulthood, and wisdom
and peace are the fruits of old age.
b. The life span has a maximum of 120 years, and those years can be divided into six substages.
c. Youth is a time for maturity, adulthood is a time of social responsibility, and the final stage is a
time for psychological regression and self-absorption.
d. All of these perspectives assume that individuals will have a short life span and not make it to
the final stages of the life cycle.
Answer: a
the life span.
psychology.
16. After gaining an understanding of three ancient conceptions of life—the Dharmashastras, the
Talmud, and the writings of the philosopher Solon—it becomes clear that __________.
a. the life span is not really divided into clear and definite biologically based stages but is partly
socially driven
b. the stages of the life span are consistent across cultures and therefore must be genetically based
c. the life span is determined by one’s genetic inheritance and social factors do not play a role in
longevity
d. the life span is divided into clear and definite biologically based stages and is not influenced by
social factors
Answer: a
the life span.
psychology.
% correct 71 a= 71 b= 12 c= 12 d= 6 r= .16
36
17. One important difference among the three ancient conceptions of human development—the
Dharmashastras, the Talmud, and the philosopher Solon—is that they have very different ways
of __________.
a. dividing the life span into segments or stages
b. defining the afterlife
c. developing a sense of the life span based on their religious thoughts
d. expressing their theories regarding development
Answer: a
the life span.
psychology.
18. Working with persons suffering from various mental health problems during the late 19th
century, Freud concluded that a consistent theme across patients was that they seemed to have
experienced some kind of __________.
a. incongruent self-concept that was interfering with daily functioning
b. momentous event that classically conditioned a fear in them
c. traumatic event in childhood now buried in their unconscious
d. biological unfolding of the genetic code that was interfering with daily life
Answer: c
Learning Objective: 1.8 Summarize Freud’s psychosexual theory of human development and
describe its main limitations.
Topic: Freud’s Psychosexual Theory
psychology.
% correct 88 a= 6 b= 0 c= 88 d= 6 r =.22
19. According to Freud, traumatic events during childhood that are buried in the unconscious
mind are also known as __________ memories.
a. repressed
b. expressed
c. conscious
d. conditioned
Answer: a
psychology.
37
20. What was the goal of Freud’s psychotherapeutic approach?

a. to make repressed memories conscious
b. to keep repressed memories permanently repressed
c. to have the client express his or her sexuality without reprimands or judgment
d. to reestablish child–parent relationships
Answer: a
psychology.
21. The earliest scientific theory of human development was developed by __________.
a. the Hindus
b. Solon
c. the Jewish people
d. Sigmund Freud
Answer: d
psychology.
22. Freud developed the first method of psychotherapy, which he called __________.
a. psychosexual therapy
b. psychodynamic theory
c. dream analysis
d. psychoanalysis
Answer: d
psychology.
38
23. Freud’s theory of personality consisted of the __________.

a. id, ego, and the superego
b. conscious, collective unconscious, and the subcortical unconscious
c. the self, the shadow, and the anima
d. real self, fear self, and future self
Answer: a
psychology.
24. What operates on the pleasure principle and constantly seeks immediate and unrestrained
satisfaction?
a. id
b. ego
c. superego
d. libido
Answer: a
psychology.
25. Carlos cannot wait to go get home and eat his candy bar, so he eats it in the back seat of the
car. He does not care that his mother clearly told him not to eat in her car. According to Freud,
what part of his mind is operating here?
a. id
b. ego
c. superego
d. unconscious mind
Answer: a
psychology.
39
26. Jenica wants to leave school early because her favorite music group is playing down the
street. When she stops and thinks about it, she realizes that leaving school early would be a very
bad idea and she would get in trouble for doing so. She chooses not to leave. According to Freud,
what part of Jenica’s mind is controlling her behavior?
a. id
b. ego
c. superego
d. unconscious mind
Answer: c
solving.
27. According to Freud, adults in the environment teach a child to develop a conscience, or
__________, that restricts the satisfaction of desires and makes the child feel guilty for
disobeying.
a. id
b. ego
c. superego
d. libido
Answer: c
psychology.
% correct 53 a= 6 b= 24 c= 53 d= 6 r = .70
28. Freud believed the __________ balanced the demands of the id and the superego.
a. id
b. ego
c. superego
d. libido
Answer: b
psychology.
40
29. What principle describes an individual’s ability to seek satisfaction within the constraints
imposed by the superego?
a. pleasure principle
b. reality principle
c. balancing principle
d. libido principle
Answer: b
psychology.
30. What did Freud believe is the force that drives human development throughout life?
a. biology
b. culture
c. sexual desire
d. family life
Answer: c
psychology.
31. Which of the following is the correct order of Freud’s first three psychosexual stages?
a. oral stage, anal stage, and phallic stage
b. phallic stage, oral stage, and anal stage
c. anal stage, phallic stage, and oral stage
d. oral stage, phallic stage, and anal stage
Answer: a
psychology.
41
32. According to Freud, pleasure is derived from sucking, chewing, and biting during the
__________ stage while pleasure derived from elimination occurs during the __________ stage.
a. oral; anal
b. anal; phallic
c. phallic; anal
d. latency; genital
Answer: a
psychology.
33. Nisha constantly chews on pencils and straws. According to Freud, Nisha __________.
a. likely has a strong superego that is constantly monitoring her behavior
b. has sexual feelings for her other-sex parent
c. is operating on the reality principle
d. is fixated, or stuck, in the oral stage of development
Answer: d
psychology.
34. Daquon, who is 4 years old, at times notices that his penis becomes erect and is fascinated by
this “strange” phenomenon. According to Freud, Daquon is in the __________ stage of
psychosexual development.
a. oral
b. anal
c. phallic
d. fixation
Answer: c
psychology.
42
35. Freud proposed that all children experience a(n) __________ in which they desire to displace
their __________ parent and enjoy sexual access to the __________ parent.
a. Thanatos drive; other-sex; same-sex
b. Oedipus complex; same-sex; other-sex
c. catharsis; same-sex; other-sex
d. Freudian slip; other-sex; same-sex
Answer: b
psychology.
% correct 85 a= 3 b= 85 c= 8 d= 4 r = .36
36. Freud proposed that all children desired to replace their same-sex parent and enjoy sexual
access to the other-sex parent. What was Freud’s term for this concept?
a. genital complex
b. incest complex
c. parental complex
d. Oedipus complex
Answer: d
psychology.
37. During what stage did Freud believe the child represses sexual desires and focuses his or her
energy on learning social and intellectual skills?
a. anal
b. phallic
c. latency
d. genital
Answer: c
psychology.
43
38. During which stage did Freud believe that the individual’s sexual drive reemerges, but this
time in a way approved by the superego and directed toward persons outside the family?
a. anal
b. phallic
c. latency
d. genital
Answer: d
psychology.
39. Which statement describes the major criticism of Sigmund Freud’s psychosexual theory of
human development?
a. He focused too much on sexuality, and it is hard to reduce human development to a single
motive.
b. He studied children excessively and spent too much time on experimental methods.
c. He underemphasized the significance of childhood and overemphasized later time periods.
d. He spent too much time studying a diversity of subjects and people from varying ages.
Answer: a
psychology.
40. Your roommate Paulie is a smoker. He really would like to quit and has been reading about
Freudian theory. Paulie thinks that he is fixated at the oral stage and that he should make an
appointment with a clinician who specializes in psychosexual therapy. What would you tell him?
a. Few professionals adhere to Freud’s theory, even psychoanalysts, so he should try something
else.
b. He should probably try it. Freud would say that he was orally fixated.
c. It sounds to you like he is actually anally fixated.
d. It will take time, but psychoanalysis would probably work for him.
Answer: a
psychology.
44
41. Today, what is the status of Freud’s stages of psychosexual stages in explaining human
development?
a. Few people who study human development adhere to the theory.
b. It is the accepted theory of how people’s personalities develop.
c. There are some arguments regarding the theory, but overall it has met the test of time.
d. It is incomplete as it only emphasized girls’ development and ignored boys’ development.
Answer: a
psychology.
42. Who developed a psychosocial theory in which the driving force behind development is not
sexuality but the need to become integrated into the social and cultural environment?
a. Freud
b. Erikson
c. Bronfenbrenner
d. Piaget
Answer: b
Learning Objective: 1.9 Describe the eight stages of Erikson’s psychosocial theory of human
development.
Topic: Erikson’s Psychosocial Theory
psychology.
43. What was one of the ways that Erikson’s theory differed from Freud’s theory?
a. Erikson believed sexuality was even more important than Freud.
b. Freud thought personality was set at birth, while Erikson thought that it was completed by age
6.
c. Erikson believed development continued throughout the life span, and Freud believed that only
the early years were important.
d. Freud believed that culture was more important and Erikson believed biological factors were
more important in terms of development.
Answer: c
development.
psychology.
% correct 82 a= 0 b= 6 c= 82 d= 0 r = .52
45
44. Some experts in human development disagree with the entirety of Erikson’s theory of life
stages. However, the majority of researchers in human development agree with Erikson’s ideas
about __________.
a. identity in adolescence and generativity in midlife
b. trust in infancy and stagnation in middle adulthood
c. isolation in early adulthood and doubt in toddlerhood
d. despair in late adulthood and guilt in early childhood
Answer: a
development.
psychology.
% correct 92 a= 92 b= 3 c= 5 d= 0 r = .28
45. Erik Erikson’s psychosocial theory comprises __________ stages.

a. four cognitive
b. five psychosexual
c. eight psychosocial
d. three moral
Answer: c
development.
psychology.
46. Which of the following lists the correct order of Erik Erikson’s third, fourth, and fifth stages
of psychosocial development?
a. initiative vs. guilt, identity vs. identity confusion, generativity vs. stagnation
b. ego integrity vs. despair, intimacy vs. isolation, identity vs. identity confusion
c. trust vs. mistrust, industry vs. inferiority, autonomy vs. shame and doubt
d. initiative vs. guilt, industry vs. inferiority, identity vs. identity confusion
Answer: d
development.
psychology.
46
47. Erikson believed that each stage had a distinctive developmental challenge, which he referred
to as a __________.
a. fixation
b. sensitivity
c. critical period
d. crisis
Answer: d
development.
psychology.
48. Grant is in the third grade and is enthusiastic about learning in school. Other than recess, he
enjoys reading books, doing his math homework, and learning new spelling words. He is also
confident in his ability to accomplish goals that he has set for himself. Grant is in Erikson’s
__________ stage.
a. trust vs. mistrust
b. autonomy vs. shame and doubt
c. initiative vs. guilt
d. industry vs. inferiority
Answer: d
development.
psychology.
49. Erikson’s eighth and final stage of psychosocial development is __________.

b. generativity vs. stagnation
c. ego integrity vs. despair
Answer: c
development.
psychology.
47
50. Irina just had her first grandchild. She loves this child very much and wants to make sure he
thrives in her family. Although she is retired, she has decided to stay home with her grandson and
help the family. Which of Erikson’s psychosocial stages is Maria in?
a. intimacy vs. isolation
c. generativity vs. stagnation
d. integrity vs. despair
Answer: c
development.
psychology.
51. According to Erikson, when a person who has had difficulty with the developmental
challenge in one stage enters the next stage, he or she is __________.
a. equally likely to do well with the new stage as someone who achieved the developmental
challenge at the earlier stage
b. at high risk for being unsuccessful at the next stage as well
c. advised to regress to the earlier stage and successfully complete the developmental challenge
before moving on
d. more likely to do well since he or she experienced the difficulty in the previous stage
Answer: b
development.
psychology.
% correct 66 a= 12 b= 66 c= 21 d= 1 r = .16
52. According to Erikson, what is the developmental challenge during infancy?

Answer: a
development.
psychology.
% correct 82 a= 82 b= 0 c= 6 d= 0 r = .56
48
53. According to Erikson, the developmental challenge during toddlerhood is __________ and
the developmental challenge during early childhood is __________.
a. trust vs. mistrust; autonomy vs. shame and doubt
b. autonomy vs. shame and doubt; initiative vs. guilt
c. initiative vs. guilt; industry vs. inferiority
d. industry vs. inferiority; trust vs. mistrust
Answer: b
development.
psychology.
54. According to Erikson, 3-year-old Thomas is developing a sense of self distinct from others
and is therefore in the __________ stage of psychosocial development.
Answer: b
development.
psychology.
55. According to Erikson, what is the developmental challenge during middle childhood?
Answer: d
development.
psychology.
49
56. Madison is a 15-year-old sophomore in high school and is the captain of her volleyball team.
According to Erikson, Madison’s developmental challenge is centered on __________.
a. identity vs. identity confusion
b. intimacy vs. isolation
d. ego integrity vs. despair
Answer: a
development.
psychology.
57. According to Erikson, what is the developmental challenge during early adulthood?
Answer: b
development.
psychology.
58. According to Erikson, what is the developmental challenge during middle adulthood?
Answer: c
development.
psychology.
50
59. According to Erikson, what is the developmental challenge during late adulthood?
Answer: d
development.
psychology.
60. Urie Bronfenbrenner’s __________ theory focuses on __________ that shape human
development in the social environment.
a. environmental; biological factors
b. psychodynamic; genetic inputs
c. evolutionary; instinctive drives
d. ecological; multiple influences
Answer: d
Learning Objective: 1.10 Define the five systems of Bronfenbrenner’s ecological theory and
explain how it differs from stage theories.
Topic: Bronfenbrenner’s Ecological Theory
psychology.
% correct 71 a= 12 b= 0 c= 6 d= 71 r = .67
61. Bronfenbrenner’s ecological theory has __________ key levels or systems that play a part in
human development.
a. 3
b. 4
c. 5
d. 6
Answer: c
psychology.
51
62. Bronfenbrenner’s term for the immediate environment, the settings where people experience
their daily lives, is called the __________.
a. microsystem
b. mesosystem
c. exosystem
d. macrosystem
Answer: a
psychology.
63. According to Bronfenbrenner, which system would explain why the verbal abuse Jaslyn
experiences from her mother is reflected in Jaslyn’s difficult relationship with her third-grade
teacher?
a. microsystem
b. mesosystem
c. exosystem
d. macrosystem
Answer: b
psychology.
64. Which of the following are components of the microsystem from Bronfenbrenner’s
ecological theory?
a. parents, siblings, peers and friends, and teachers
b. schools, religious institutions, and the media
c. cultural beliefs and values, and economic and governmental systems
d. time and historical change
Answer: a
psychology.
52
65. In Asian countries such as South Korea, competition to get into college is intense and
depends chiefly on adolescents’ performance on a national exam at the end of high school;
consequently, the high school years are a period of extreme academic stress. Fierce competition
to get into college is an example of which of the following of Bronfenbrenner’s systems?
a. microsystem
b. exosystem
c. macrosystem
d. mesosystem
Answer: b
psychology.
66. Bronfenbrenner’s term for the societal institutions that have indirect but potentially important
influences on development (e.g., schools, religious institutions, media) is the __________.
a. microsystem
b. mesosystem
c. exosystem
d. macrosystem
Answer: c
psychology.
67. Many developmental psychologists feel that the two biggest influences on a child’s life are
parents and peers. According to Bronfenbrenner’s ecological theory, which system would
therefore have the most influence?
a. microsystem
b. mesosystem
c. exosystem
d. macrosystem
Answer: a
psychology.
53
68. What is Bronfenbrenner’s term for the broad system of cultural beliefs and values and the
economic and governmental systems that are built on those beliefs and values?
a. mesosystem
b. exosystem
c. macrosystem
d. chronosystem
Answer: c
psychology.
69. What is Bronfenbrenner’s term for the changes that occur in developmental circumstances
over time, both with respect to individual development and to historical changes?
a. mesosystem
b. exosystem
c. macrosystem
d. chronosystem
Answer: d
psychology.
70. In his theory, Bronfenbrenner recognizes that __________.

a. children and adolescents are active participants in their development rather than just passive
recipients of external influences
b. historical contexts have little bearing on development
c. culture should be factored out to determine what really influences development
d. culture is damaging and can be devastating to a young child’s development
Answer: a
psychology.
54
71. Which statement describes one of the essential features of the cultural-developmental model
of human development?
a. Humans always develop within a community.
b. It is not necessary to study development in diverse cultures.
c. Most cultures are slow to change.
d. Cultural identities are becoming more complex for many people.
Answer: d
Learning Objective: 1.11 Outline the cultural-developmental model that will be the structure of
this text and describe the new life stage of emerging adulthood.
Topic: A Cultural-Developmental Model for This Text
psychology.
72. The stage of middle childhood encompasses __________ of age.

a. birth to 12 months
b. 12 to 36 months
c. 3 to 6 years
d. 6 to 9 years
Answer: d
psychology.
73. Which of the following signifies the onset of adolescence?

a. puberty
b. a deepening voice
c. widening of the hips
d. hormonal fluctuations
Answer: a
psychology.
55
74. Emerging adulthood exists in some cultures and not others, and consequently young adult
responsibilities such as marriage and stable work may be taken on as early as __________ or as
late as __________.
a. 17 or 18; 29 or 30
b. 24 or 25; 36 or 37
c. 34 or 35; 42 or 43
d. 45 or 46; 51 or 52
Answer: a
psychology.
75. Barrett is not as dependent on his parents as he was in childhood and adolescence, but he has
not yet made commitments to a partner or a career. Barrett is likely in __________ adulthood.
a. emerging
b. young
c. middle
d. late
Answer: a
psychology.
76. Human development can be viewed from a stage perspective, or as a gradual, __________
process.
a. continuous
b. disjointed
c. sloping
d. inverted
Answer: a
psychology.
56
77. Which of the following is the best example of continuous development?

a. James goes from crawling to walking overnight.
b. Jose says his first word on his first birthday.
c. Jenny learns how to play the piano by first learning notes and then playing them in a sequence.
d. Jalisa takes a class and learns how to knit at the end of the hour.
Answer: c
psychology.

78. Describe one way that Erikson’s theory is different from Freud’s.
Answer: Erikson placed more emphasis than Freud did on the social and cultural basis of
development and did not believe that the events and influences of early childhood were primary
determinants of later development. He believed that development happened throughout the life
span.
development.
psychology.
79. Give an example of a country with a macrosystem that is different from the one where you
grew up. Explain how that difference would likely impact your development.
Answer: Answers will vary. Example: Afghanistan has macrosystem beliefs that women are
inferior to men and, therefore, should not be educated. Females there would have far fewer
opportunities than in the United States.
psychology.
57
80. Define two of the systems in Bronfenbrenner’s theory and give a concrete example of each.
Answer: Microsystem: the immediate setting; a child’s home is an example. Mesosystem: the
connections between microsystems; an example would be a parent going to a school conference.
psychology.
81. Why is emerging adulthood considered to be a phenomenon of developed countries rather

than developing countries?
Answer: Emerging adulthood is the stage between adolescence and young adulthood. Usually, the
person is still dependent on his or her parents financially because that person is pursuing an
education, but he or she is less dependent than earlier, in the sense that he or she makes more
independent decisions. That person has not yet taken on many of the roles of adulthood such as
starting a career, getting married, or having a child because all of these milestones happen later
today than they did in previous generations. In developing countries, emerging adulthood is less
likely to exist because education usually ends by adolescence and marriage and childbearing
happens in the late teens or early twenties.
psychology.
Essay Questions
82. Describe one similarity and one difference in the way that the conception of the life course is
outlined in the Dharmashastras, in the view of the ancient Greek philosopher, Solon, and in the
Talmud.
Answer: They are similar in that all include a time of learning early in life and a time of
responsibility in mid-life, followed by a time of preparation for death at the end of life. They all
exclude women in their stages. One difference is that the number of stages differs.
the life span.
psychology.
58
83. Briefly explain how culture influences the concept of life in stages.
Answer: Rather than being universal and biologically based, human life stages are cultural
inventions and are varied within and between cultures. There are no sharp breaks between stages.
In this regard, human development is viewed as continuous rather than discontinuous.
psychology.
59
TOTAL
Learning Remember the Understand the Apply What

Objective Facts Concepts You Know Analyze It
Learning Multiple Choice 1, 2, 4, 6, 7, 15, 18, 9, 10, 12 3, 5, 11, 13, 14, 8, 17
Objective 1.12 19, 20, 21, 22 16
Short Answer 81
Essay
Learning Multiple Choice 25, 27, 29, 30, 33, 24, 26, 28, 31 23, 32
Objective 1.13 34, 35, 36
Short Answer 84 83 82
Essay
Learning Multiple Choice 37, 44, 46, 51, 53, 39, 40, 41, 42, 45, 50, 52, 55, 59, 65, 43, 54, 58, 64, 66
Objective 1.14 56, 57, 67 47, 48, 49, 60, 61, 68
62, 63, 69, 70, 71
Short Answer
Essay
Learning Multiple Choice 73, 75, 78, 79, 80 77 74, 76 72
Objective 1.15 Short Answer
Essay 85
60
Section 3 How We Study Human Development

1. In its classic form, the scientific method has how many steps?
a. 3
b. 4
c. 5
d. 6
Answer: c
Learning Objective: 1.12 Recall the five steps of the scientific method.
Topic: The Five Steps of the Scientific Method
psychology.
2. What is the first step of the scientific method?

a. Identify a question of scientific interest.
b. Form a hypothesis.
c. Choose a research method and a research design.
d. Collect data.
Answer: a
psychology.
3. Randall is interested in examining how well children who are good at delaying gratification
do academically. He states, “Children who can delay gratification get better grades in school than
children who cannot delay gratification.” Which step of the scientific method did Randall
complete?
a. identifying a question of scientific interest
b. forming a hypothesis
c. selecting a research method and a research design
d. collecting data
Answer: b
psychology.
% correct 98 a= 1 b= 98 c= 1 d= 0 r = .23
61
4. The scientific method involves five basic steps. What is the correct order of steps?
a. observe the environment; generate a theory of the phenomenon to be studied; generate possible
hypotheses; systematically vary variables; and conduct an experiment
b. collect data to test a theory; manipulate variables in a laboratory setting; conduct a statistical
analysis of the data; synthesize the results; and publish the findings
c. identify a question to be investigated; form a hypothesis; choose a research method and a
research design; collect data to test the hypothesis; and draw conclusions that lead to new
questions and hypotheses
d. generate a conclusion; isolate variables; determine how variables are related to the conclusion;
conduct the research study; and publish the findings
Answer: c
psychology.
5. Cameron is a graduate student who is working on her doctoral thesis and is in the process of
conducting a research study on how learning phonics contributes to reading skills in first graders.
Based on the scientific method, after collecting data to test her hypothesis, Cameron’s next task is
to __________.
a. draw conclusions and form new questions and hypotheses
b. identify a question of scientific interest
c. form a hypothesis
d. choose a research method and a research design
Answer: a
psychology.
6. The second step in the scientific method is to __________.

a. collect data to test the hypothesis
b. identify a question of scientific interest
c. form a hypothesis
d. choose a research method and a research design
Answer: c
psychology.
62
7. A __________ is the researcher’s idea about one possible answer to the question of interest.
a. paradigm
b. theory
c. hypothesis
d. world view
Answer: c
psychology.
8. Which of the following is an example of a scientific hypothesis?

a. “Space exploration benefits our world, and the United States needs to increase funding for
NASA.”
b. “Marital satisfaction tends to improve when the youngest child is grown and leaves the home
because parents now have more time and energy for the marital relationship.”
c. “HIV causes AIDS, and AIDS is a disease and will never be cured.”
d. “If a tree falls in the forest, and no one is there to hear it, does it make a sound?”
Answer: b
psychology.
9. Questionnaires, interviews, and observations are examples of __________.

a. ways to generate hypotheses
b. faulty research designs
c. statistical procedures used to analyze data
d. research measurements
Answer: d
psychology.
63
10. The plan for when and how to collect the data for a study is the __________.
a. data collection schedule
b. research design
c. scientific plan
d. research method
Answer: b
psychology.
11. Sirena administered a survey to her psychology class to poll them on their stress level in
college. She hypothesized that students would report higher stress levels toward the end of the
semester. Which step of the scientific method is she employing?
a. Step 1
b. Step 2
c. Step 3
d. Step 4
Answer: c
psychology.
12. How does the text define the term population?

a. only those individuals who are in the research study
b. the entire category of people represented by a sample
c. a smaller subset of an entire category of people
d. those individuals in the research pool
Answer: b
psychology.
64
13. Kiernen is interested in whether toddlers who are taught to solve a puzzle can remember the
strategy two weeks later. What would be Kiernen’s population of interest?
a. all toddlers
b. the toddlers in the study
c. all children
d. only toddlers who are in preschool
Answer: a
psychology.
14. Your professor hands you a sealed bag of potato chips and asks you to open the bag and take
out two scoops of chips. The scoops of chips are analogous to a __________ and the bag of chips
is analogous to the __________.
a. sample; population
b. population; sample
c. hypothesis; population
d. generalizable scoop; sample scoop
Answer: a
psychology.
15. The sample should represent the __________, which is the entire category of people the
sample represents.
a. theory
b. population
c. variable
d. hypothesis
Answer: b
psychology.
% correct 82 a= 6 b= 82 c= 0 d= 0 r = .52
65
16. To study adolescents’ attitudes toward contraceptive use, a researcher recruits subjects from a
waiting room of a community clinic that offers free contraceptive services to all. This researcher
has a sample that is __________.
a. not representative of all adolescents
b. similar to the general population of adolescents
c. representative of adolescents in America but not other developed nations
d. representative of female adolescents and not males
Answer: a
psychology.
17. Which term characterizes findings from the sample that make it possible to draw conclusions
about the larger population than the sample is intended to represent?
a. generalizability
b. validity
c. reliability
d. standardization
Answer: a
psychology.
18. The last step in the scientific method is __________.

a. drawing conclusions and form new questions and hypotheses
b. choosing a research method and a research design
c. identifying a question of scientific interest
d. collecting data to test the hypothesis
Answer: a
psychology.
66
19. The __________ of the study is the way the study is conducted and the data are collected.
a. validity
b. procedure
c. reliability
d. sample
Answer: b
psychology.
20. Once a researcher writes a manuscript describing the methods used, the results of the
statistical analyses, and the interpretation of the results, the researcher typically __________.
a. submits the manuscript for publication in a scientific journal
b. posts the manuscript on his or her website
c. sends the manuscript to other researchers
d. files the manuscript away so that no one else can duplicate the study
Answer: a
psychology.
21. What is the process by which an editor of a journal sends a manuscript to other researchers to
evaluate for potential publication in a journal?
a. editorial evaluation
b. editor’s choice
c. publication priority
d. peer review
Answer: d
psychology.
67
22. Which of the following best describes a theory?

a. a framework that presents a set of interconnected ideas in an original way and inspires further
research
b. the way the study is conducted and the data are collected
c. a group of people who participate in a research study
d. the researcher’s idea about one possible answer to the question of interest
Answer: a
psychology.
% correct 59 a= 59 b= 0 c= 0 d= 29 r = .21
23. Boris is interested in conducting his first “real” scientific research. However, he is a bit
overwhelmed with all of the possible methods and designs. He’s interested in exploring what kind
of study apps his classmates use and which are the most effective. Boris is likely to gather quite a
bit of data if he designs his study incorporating the most commonly used method in social science
research, the __________.
a. case study
b. questionnaire
c. experiment
d. correlational study
Answer: b
Difficulty Level: Analyze It
Learning Objective: 1.13 Summarize the main measurements used in research on human
development.
Topic: Research Measurements
psychology.
24. Which of the following research questions would be best examined by a questionnaire?
a. What is the rate of alcohol use by high school students?
b. What are the cognitive abilities of a 3-year-old?
c. How does damage to the brain affect one’s cognitive and behavioral abilities?
d. How do antidepressant drugs minimize depressive symptoms?
Answer: a
development.
psychology.
68
25. When participants are provided with specific responses to choose from on a questionnaire,
what type of format is being used?
a. open-ended question format
b. closed-question format
c. stream of consciousness format
d. multiple choice format
Answer: b
development.
psychology.
26. In a survey of beverages you consumed during the past week, you are presented with the
following choices: water, milk, coffee, tea, and soda. What format is being used?
Answer: b
development.
psychology.
27. When participants are allowed to state their responses following the questions, what type of
format is being used?
Answer: a
development.
psychology.
69
28. Your professor gives you a writing assignment that asks you to describe a dream you had this
week. What type of format is being used by this project?
Answer: a
development.
psychology.
29. What research method allows a researcher to hear people describe their lives in their own
words?
a. case study
b. survey
c. experiment
d. interview
Answer: d
development.
psychology.
30. Qualitative data is __________, whereas quantitative data is __________.

a. informed consent; debriefing
b. reliable; valid
c. non-numerical; numerical
d. internally measured; externally measured
Answer: c
development.
psychology.
% correct 91 a= 3 b= 3 c= 91 d= 3 r = .30
70
31. Professor Parks is conducting a research study in which he is asking individuals to rate their
satisfaction with their first year of college. His questionnaire is based on a scale on which
students respond to questions by choosing one of the following descriptors: “5. very satisfied;
4. somewhat satisfied; 3. not very satisfied; 2. not at all satisfied.” Professor Parks is gathering
__________.
a. valid data
b. quantitative data
c. qualitative data
d. reliable data
Answer: b
development.
psychology.
32. Observational methods have an advantage over questionnaires and interviews in that they
involve __________.
a. the reporting of behavior by a close relative of the participant
b. actual behavior rather than self-reports of behavior
c. the self-reporting of behavior
d. less-involved data analysis
Answer: b
development.
psychology.
% correct 88 a= 0 b= 88 c= 0 d= 0 r = .53
33. A study measuring heart rate, body temperature, and hormone levels is taking __________
measurements.
a. biological
b. ethnographic
c. case study
d. experimental
Answer: a
development.
psychology.
71
34. __________ refers to the consistency of measures, whereas __________ refers to the
truthfulness of a measurement.
a. Reliability; validity
b. Validity; reliability
c. Variance from the mean; standardization
d. Standardization; variance from the mean
Answer: a
development.
psychology.
% correct 88 a= 88 b= 0 c= 0 d= 0 r = .53
35. __________ refers to the consistency of measurements across different occasions.

a. Standardization
b. Measurability
c. Validity
d. Reliability
Answer: d
development.
psychology.
36. __________ refers to the truthfulness of a method—the extent to which a research method
measures what it claims to measure.
a. Variance from the mean
b. Validity
c. Reliability
d. Standardization
Answer: b
development.
psychology.
72
37. In this type of research design, participants are randomly assigned to one of two groups, the
experimental group or the control group. This type of design is __________.
a. correlational
b. experimental
c. observational
d. reliable
Answer: b
Learning Objective: 1.14 Distinguish between different types of research designs, including the
two major types used in human development research.
Topic: Research Designs
psychology.
38. What is the advantage of the experimental method?

a. It can detect correlations.
b. It allows for a high degree of control over the participants’ behavior.
c. It helps to define the behavior of a single participant.
d. It follows a group of participants over many phases of measurement.
Answer: b
psychology.
39. In an experiment, what group receives the treatment?

a. experimental group
b. comparison group
c. cohort group
d. control group
Answer: a
psychology.
73
40. In an experiment, what group receives no treatment?

a. experimental group
b. comparison group
c. cohort group
d. control group
Answer: d
psychology.
41. According to the text, what variable in an experiment is different for the experimental group
than for the control group?
a. extraneous variable
b. control variable
c. dependent variable
d. independent variable
Answer: d
psychology.
42. What variable in an experiment is measured to calculate the results of the experiment?
a. extraneous variable
b. control variable
c. dependent variable
d. independent variable
Answer: c
psychology.
74
43. The __________ variable is the variable that is different for the experimental group than for
the control group. The __________ variable is the outcome that is measured to calculate the
results of the experiment.
a. quasi-experimental; correlational
b. correlational; quasi-experimental
c. dependent; independent
d. independent; dependent
Answer: d
psychology.
44. __________ are programs intended to change the attitudes or behaviors of the participants.
a. Interventions
b. Primary preventions
c. Experiments
d. Confounding variables
Answer: a
psychology.
45. To measure aggressiveness in toddlers, a researcher sat on a park bench for an afternoon and
observed children playing on the slides and climbing equipment. To get clean results, it was very
important that the toddlers be unaware that someone was observing them. What type of
experiment would best fit these criteria?
a. ethnography
b. case study
c. experimental research strategy
d. natural experiment
Answer: d
psychology.
75
46. A __________ is a situation that exists naturally but that provides interesting scientific
information to the perceptive observer.
a. holistic experiment
b. natural experiment
c. random experiment
d. quasi-experiment
Answer: b
psychology.
47. According to the text, what type of experiment occurs when the researcher does not control
the variables in a particular environment but provides interesting scientific information to the
perceptive observer?
a. developmental experiment
b. natural experiment
c. accidental experiment
d. qualitative experiment
Answer: b
psychology.
48. What type of research method involves researchers spending a considerable amount of time
among the people they wish to study, often by actually living among them?
a. ethnographic research
b. on-site research
c. group-processing research
d. survey research
Answer: a
psychology.
76
49. Which of the following best describes ethnographic research?

a. observing people and recording their behavior either through filming or through written records
b. allowing participants to state their own responses following the question
c. researchers spending a considerable amount of time among the people they wish to study, often
by actually living among them
d. providing participants with specific responses from which to choose
Answer: c
psychology.
50. Clarence Maloney is a cultural anthropologist. Having lived with individuals from the
Republic of Maldives in the Indian Ocean, he has chronicled their daily lives and provided
detailed descriptions of this cultural group to the scientific community. Currently, climatologists
and anthropologists are working together to illustrate how rising sea levels have changed the daily
behaviors of these people and are comparing it to what Maloney had described in the past. Which
of the following best describes the type of research that Clarence Maloney conducted?
a. an ethnography
b. a quasi-experiment
c. a correlation
d. a survey
Answer: a
psychology.
51. A book that presents an anthropologist’s observations of what life is like in a particular
culture is known as a(n) __________.
a. biography
b. ethnography
c. groupography
d. anthrography
Answer: b
psychology.
77
52. What is the main disadvantage of the ethnographic method?

a. It is a flawed method.
b. Most groups usually will not allow researchers to study them.
c. Researchers do not place any validity on the design.
d. It requires a great deal of time and sacrifice on the part of the researcher.
Answer: d
psychology.
53. What research method entails the detailed examination of the life of one person or a small
number of people?
a. survey
b. interview
c. case study
d. experiment
Answer: c
psychology.
54. One disadvantage of the case study method is that the results are __________.
a. not valid
b. difficult to generalize
c. usually exaggerated by the participant
d. too difficult to analyze
Answer: b
psychology.
% correct 71 a= 0 b= 71 c= 12 d= 6 r = .21
78
55. Jean Piaget based his ideas about infants’ cognitive development on his detailed observations
of his own three children. This is an example of what research method?
a. survey
b. interview
c. case study
d. experiment
Answer: c
psychology.
56. A(n) __________ is a statistical relationship between two variables, such that knowing one of
the variables makes it possible to predict the other.
a. correlation
b. theory
c. experiment
d. quasi-experiment
Answer: a
psychology.
57. A(n) __________ means that when one variable increases, the other increases as well; a(n)
__________ means that when one variable increases, the other decreases.
a. positive correlation; negative correlation
b. negative correlation; positive correlation
c. additive correlation; subtractive correlation
d. subtractive correlation; additive correlation
Answer: a
psychology.
79
58. Which statement is an example of a positive correlation?

a. As exercise increases, a person’s physical health would be predicted to increase.
b. As immunizations increase, the rate of illnesses would be predicted to decrease.
c. As poor weather conditions decrease, the number of motorcycles on the highway would be
predicted to increase.
d. As gas prices decrease, the number of people driving cars would be predicted to increase.
Answer: a
psychology.
59. Which statement is an example of a negative correlation?

a. As exercise increases, a person’s physical health would be predicted to increase.
b. As study time increases, one would predict an increase in grades.
c. As exposure to sunlight decreases, the rate of plant growth would be predicted to decrease.
d. As gas prices increase, the number of people driving cars would be predicted to decrease.
Answer: d
psychology.
60. It is a basic statistical principle of scientific research that __________, meaning that when
two variables are correlated, it is not possible to tell whether one variable __________ the other.
a. the standard curve is always correlational; is expressed by
b. quasi-experiments have functionality; is related to
c. correlation does not imply causation; caused
d. hypotheses always support the theory; acted as a catalyst for
Answer: c
psychology.
% correct 71 a= 6 b= 6 c= 71 d= 6 r = .49
80
61. A basic statistical principle of scientific research is that correlation __________.

a. indicates causation
b. does not imply causation
c. implies causation if it is significantly positive
d. implies causation if it is significantly negative
Answer: b
psychology.
62. What type of correlation occurs when both variables increase in the same direction?
a. positive correlation
b. negative correlation
c. inverse correlation
d. multiple correlation
Answer: a
psychology.
63. What type of correlation occurs when one variable increases while the other variable
decreases?
a. positive correlation
b. negative correlation
c. no correlation
d. multiple correlation
Answer: b
psychology.
81
64. In __________ research, data is collected on a sample of people on a single occasion. Then,
the researcher examines potential relations between variables in the data, based on the hypotheses
of the study.
a. semi-reliable
b. quasi-lateral
c. longitudinal
d. cross-sectional
Answer: d
APA Learning Objective: 1.3 Describe the applications that employ discipline-based problem
solving.
65. Professor Cook is conducting a research study on the cognitive abilities of infants and young
children. Rather than follow subjects from birth to the age of 10, he assesses small groups from
various ages. Of 1-year-olds he measures five children, of 2-year-olds he measures five different
children, and so forth. By the time he has completed his study, Dr. Cook has an assessment of
50 different children from 10 different age groups. Which of the following describes the research
method that Dr. Cook is using?
a. a cross-sectional design
b. a longitudinal design
c. a quasi-experimental design
d. a semi-reliable design
Answer: a
psychology.
66. The main strength of a cross-sectional study is that it can __________.

a. isolate the influence of a generation
b. be completed quickly and inexpensively
c. assess the influence of time between measurements
d. assess the strength of a relationship
Answer: b
psychology.
82
67. A(n) __________ design is one in which the same persons are followed over time and data
are collected on two or more occasions.
b. quasi-experimental research
c. longitudinal research
d. cross-sectional research
Answer: c
psychology.
68. Dr. Mitchell is conducting a research study on temperament. As a basis of this study, he plans
to follow 1,000 subjects from the age of 5 to the age of 35. Periodically, he will revisit subjects
and their temperament. Dr. Mitchell’s research study is planned to last for 30 years. Which of the
following best describes the type of research Dr. Mitchell is conducting?
b. quasi-experimental research
c. longitudinal research
d. cross-sectional research
Answer: c
psychology.
69. More often than not, the length of longitudinal designs follow participants over a
__________.
a. lifetime
b. year or less
c. decade
d. few weeks
Answer: b
psychology.
83
70. What effect occurs when the performance of people of different ages varies because they
grew up in different generations?
a. gender effect
b. time of measurement effect
c. age effect
d. cohort effect
Answer: d
psychology.
71. What term describes a situation in which participants drop out of a longitudinal study?
a. selective survival
b. attrition
c. cohort effect
d. selective sampling
Answer: b
psychology.
72. Which statement best describes those serving on an Institutional Review Board (IRB)?
a. They are randomly selected employees of the institution.
b. They are exclusively tenured faculty members.
c. They are made up of representatives from the community, corporations, faculty members,
administrators, and students.
d. They usually comprise people who have research experience themselves and therefore have
experience that enables them to judge whether the research being proposed follows reasonable
ethical guidelines.
Answer: d
Learning Objective: 1.15 Identify some key ethical standards for human development research.
Topic: Ethics in Human Development Research
psychology.
84
73. To prevent ethical violations, most institutions that sponsor research, such as universities and
research institutes, require a proposal for research to be approved by a(n) __________.
a. Ethical Standard Board
b. Institutional Review Board
c. Department of Research
d. University Research Sponsorship Department
Answer: b
psychology.
74. Frank is a researcher at a large university and is nervous about an important meeting with a
group who will scrutinize his research proposal while judging whether or not it follows
reasonable ethical guidelines. Frank is meeting with __________.
a. an Institutional Review Board
b. a Rank and Tenure Committee
c. a President’s Board Committee
d. a Funding and Endowment Board
Answer: a
psychology.
75. The most important consideration in human development research in terms of ethical
standards is that the participants will __________.
a. gain knowledge about themselves
b. have fun participating
c. not be harmed
d. learn something from the study
Answer: c
psychology.
% correct 86 a= 7 b= 0 c= 86 d= 7 r = .55
85
76. Professor Smith is conducting a research study on discrimination; however, he is afraid that if
he tells subjects the true nature of his research, they might provide a socially desirable response
and skew his results. To minimize socially desired responses and skewed results, Professor Smith
may use __________.
a. deception
b. informed consent
c. an Institutional Review Board
d. a debriefing
Answer: a
psychology.
77. Informed consent is for __________, whereas a debriefing is for __________.

a. the beginning of a research study; the end of a study
b. the end of a research study; the beginning of a study
c. animal subjects; human subjects
d. human subjects; animal subjects
Answer: a
psychology.
78. Which statement best describes confidentiality in scientific research?

a. Subjects must be told the true purpose of the study and the reason for any deception that may
have been part of the study.
b. Personal information will not be shared with anyone outside the immediate research group and
any results from the research will not identify any of the participants by name.
c. Subjects are protected from physical and psychological harm.
d. Subjects are told what the purposes of the study are, what participation in the study involves,
what risks (if any) are involved in participating, and what the person can expect to receive in
return for participation.
Answer: b
psychology.
86
79. Which statement best describes informed consent in scientific research?

c. Subjects are told what the purposes of the study are, what participation in the study involves,
d. Subjects are protected from physical and psychological harm.
Answer: c
psychology.
80. Which of the following best describes a debriefing in scientific research?

c. Subjects are protected from physical and psychological harm.
d. Subjects are told what the purposes of the study are, what participation in the study involves,
Answer: a
psychology.

81. Your professor assigns a presentation and requires that all sources come from peer-reviewed
journals. What does peer-reviewed mean?
Answer: This means that the editor of the journal sends the manuscript to experts in the field, who
then decide whether the work is rigorous enough to meet the standards of publication.
psychology.
87
82. Questionnaires are the most commonly used research method in the social sciences. Are there
any disadvantage to using questionnaires? Explain.
Answer: Questionnaires that provide closed-end responses cannot capture the complexity of
many phenomena in the same way that open-ended interviews can.
development.
psychology.
83. Give an example of qualitative data. Can a researcher turn interview data into quantitative
data? Explain.
Answer: Answers will vary. Example: A researcher could ask students about their hoped-for self
and feared self in an interview. Responses could then be coded into categories, such as health,
education, and family.
development.
solving.
84. Briefly describe the concept of ecological validity.

Answer: Ecological validity is the extent to which there is a fit between the measurement
approach and the everyday life of the people being studied. For example, some cultures may
accept a one-on-one interview by an unfamiliar person, but this approach may not be acceptable
to members of a more closed culture.
development.
psychology.
88
Essay Question
85. In 1947, Sidney Farber injected a 2-year-old boy who had leukemia with various versions of
an experimental drug that led to remission. By the next year he had treated 16 patients and had
enough data for a publication. Parents were sometimes told about the drug trial, but often it was
after the fact. Children were almost never informed or consulted. Authorities at Children’s
Hospital in Boston were infuriated at these clinical trials; they figured that because these children
were on their deathbeds anyway, it would be better to “let them die in peace.” Can clinical trials
such as these be carried out with children today? Why or why not?
Answer: Many clinical trials are being carried out today, but because we now have Institutional
Review Boards (IRBs), Farber would be required to get informed consent from the parents of
children under age 18, and every child would be told that he or she was free to stop the
experiment at any time, for any reason.
Skill Level: Analyze it
solving.
89
Revel Multiple Choice Assessment Questions

The following questions appear at the end of each module and at the end of the chapter in Revel
for Human Development, 3e.
End of Module Quiz 1.1: Human Development Today and Its Origins: A
Demographic Profile of Humanity
EOM Q1.1.1
Which of the following statements is true about developing countries?
a) Developing countries include India, Japan, and South Korea.
Consider This: Developing countries have lower levels of income and education than
developed countries. LO 1.1 Describe how the human population has changed over the
past 10,000 years and explain why the United States is following a different demographic
path than other developed countries.
b) India is a developing country and 80% of children there are well-nourished.
c) Developing countries have experienced slow economic growth as they join the
globalized economy.
d) Developing countries are experiencing rapid economic growth.
Answer: d
Topic: A Demographic Profile of Humanity
90
EOM Q1.1.2
S. is a young girl who lives in a rural area of a developing country. Her family adheres strongly to
the historical traditions of their culture. S lives in a(n) __________ culture.
a) conservative
Consider This: Members of this type of culture tend to have close ties with each other due
to economic necessity. LO 1.2 Distinguish between developed countries and developing
countries in terms of income, education, and cultural values.
b) traditional
c) archaic
d) conventional
Answer: b
EOM Q1.1.3
A. and W. are brothers and work together. A. owns a cleaning business and his brother W. helps
when the jobs are too big for A. to do alone. These brothers most likely live in a(n) __________
culture.
a) collectivistic
b) individualistic
Consider This: This type of culture values group harmony. LO 1.2 Distinguish between
developed countries and developing countries in terms of income, education, and cultural
values
c) conventional
values
d) caste
values.
Answer: a
91
EOM Q1.1.4
Dr. Wu is conducting research and plans to measure the socioeconomic status (SES) of his
participants. His measure of SES will most likely include which of the following?
a) income level, educational level, and occupational status
b) income level, area of education or specialized training, and race
Consider This: SES often refers to a person’s social class and in most countries is highly
important in shaping human development. LO 1.3 Define the term socioeconomic
status (SES) and explain why SES, gender, and ethnicity are important aspects of human
development within countries.
c) income level and reputation
d) income level and ethnicity
Answer: a
92
EOM Q1.1.5
Phoebe is very proud of her ability to speak Japanese, her parents’ native language, and she has
taught herself a number of traditional Japanese dances and songs. Phoebe is proud of her
__________.
a) ethnicity
b) majority culture
Consider This: This may include a variety of components, such as cultural origin, cultural
traditions, race, religion, and language. LO 1.3 Define the term socioeconomic
c) socioeconomic status
d) niche
Answer: a
93
End of Module Quiz 1.2: Human Development Today and Its Origins:
Human Origins: The Rise of a Cultural and Global Species
EOM Q1.2.1
Which of the following statements best describes natural selection?
a) Natural selection pertains to ontogenetic development.
Consider This: In natural selection, the offspring best adapted to their environment
survive to produce offspring of their own. LO 1.4 Explain the process of natural selection
and trace the evolutionary origins of the human species.
b) In natural selection, the young of any species are born with variations on a wide range
of characteristics.
c) Natural selection especially applies to a hunter-gatherer way of life.
d) In natural selection, the young of any species evolve to fit outside of their ecological
niche.
Answer: b
Topic: Human Origins: The Rise of a Cultural and Global Species
EOM Q1.2.2
Unlike earlier hominins, Homo sapiens had __________.
a) much heavier and thicker bones
Consider This: Homo sapiens had a longer period of infant and childhood dependency.
LO 1.4 Explain the process of natural selection and trace the evolutionary origins of the
human species.
b) brains that were less mature at birth
c) a slightly smaller brain
human species.
d) a narrower pelvis among females and a larger pelvis among males
human species.
Answer: b
94
EOM Q1.2.3
The dramatic change in the development of the human species that took place during the Upper
Paleolithic period was that, for the first time, __________.
a) brains got larger
Consider This: During this time, humans began to bury their dead, sometimes including
objects in the graves. LO 1.5 Summarize the major changes in human cultures since the
Upper Paleolithic period.
b) the development of tools ceased
c) art appeared
d) jaws got larger to eat a wider variety of plants
Answer: c
Paleolithic period.
EOM Q1.2.4
Dr. Jenks is interested in how mate selection is shaped by our evolutionary history. She most
likely considers herself a(n) __________.
a) biopsychologist
Consider This: These psychologists are interested in how humans change in ways that
make them better adapted to their environments. LO 1.6 Apply information about human
evolution to how human development takes place today.
b) developmental psychologist
c) evolutionary psychologist
d) social archeologist
Answer: c
takes place today.
95
EOM Q1.2.5
Which of the following statements is true?
a) Culture made humans unique as a species.
b) Biologically, humans have changed drastically since the origin of Homo sapiens.
Consider This: This is considered the most striking and important change that made us
distinct from earlier hominins and from other primates. LO 1.6 Apply information about
human evolution to how human development takes place today.
c) There are fewer than 10 cultures around the world today.
d) We are a species that originated in south Asia.
Answer: a
takes place today.
96
End of Module Quiz 1.3: Theories of Human Development: Ancient

Conceptions
EOM Q1.3.1
The Dharmashastras are the sacred law books of the __________ religion that describe four
stages of a man’s life.
a) Christian
Consider This: In the third stage described in the Dharmashastras, forest dweller, the
religious ideal is for a man to withdraw from the world and literally live in the forest.
Although few people who follow this religion actually withdraw to the forest, they are
supposed to begin to withdraw from worldly attachments. LO 1.7 Compare and contrast
three ancient conceptions of development through the life span.
b) Hindu
c) Jewish
d) Buddhist
Answer: b
the life span.
Topic: Ancient Conceptions
97
EOM Q1.3.2
According to the Jewish holy book, __________ is the age of moral responsibility.
a) 8
Consider This: At this age of moral responsibility, the boy has already begun to learn the
religious laws of the Jewish people but is not able to discuss the Talmud. LO 1.7
Compare and contrast three ancient conceptions of development through the life span.
b) 10
c) 13
d) 18
Answer: c
the life span.
EOM Q1.3.3
The Dharmashastras, the Talmud, and the conception of life proposed by Solon __________.
a) were written within a year of one another
Consider This: Preparation for life is made in youth, skills and expertise are gained in
adulthood, and the peak of influence and status is reached in midlife. LO 1.7 Compare
and contrast three ancient conceptions of development through the life span.
b) see the final stages of life as a time of withdrawal and decline
c) each divide the life span into 5-year periods
d) are all sacred law books of the Hindu religion
Answer: b
the life span.
98
End of Module Quiz 1.4: Theories of Human Development: Scientific

Conceptions
EOM Q1.4.1
According to Freud, __________.
a) the root of mental health problems in his patients was that they seemed to have
experienced some type of traumatic event during the transition to young adulthood
Consider This: For Freud, just making the repressed memories of earlier experiences
conscious would be enough to heal the patient. LO 1.8 Summarize Freud’s psychosexual
theory of human development and describe its main limitations.
b) children experience the anal stage that leads them to sexual desire for their other-sex
parent
c) everything important in development happens before adulthood
d) the oral stage lasts from about ages 3 to 6
Answer: c
Topic: Scientific Conceptions
EOM Q1.4.2
One critique of Freud’s theory is that __________.
a) it reduced human behavior to only one motive: the need to be integrated into the social
environment
Consider This: Freud’s psychosexual theory was based on his patients’ retrospective
accounts. LO 1.8 Summarize Freud’s psychosexual theory of human development and
b) Freud never studied children
c) it was derived from studying his own patients, most of whom were middle-class men
d) Freud focused on culture much more than other aspects of development
Answer: b
99
EOM Q1.4.3
Bram does not ever want to get married. The idea of a lifetime commitment makes him anxious
and uncomfortable, and any time a girlfriend brings up the subject of marriage, he breaks up with
her. According to Erikson, Bram will not successfully resolve the __________ crisis.
a) autonomy versus shame and doubt
Consider This: According to Erikson, the challenge for young adults is to risk their newly
formed identity by entering a committed relationship, usually marriage. LO 1.9 Describe
the eight stages of Erikson’s psychosocial theory of human development.
b) identity versus identity confusion
c) generativity versus stagnation
d) intimacy versus isolation
Answer: d
development.
EOM Q1.4.4
Belinda’s parents are divorced, but they work together to be sure that they have open lines of
communication with their daughter’s teacher and attend as many school functions as possible.
The strong interconnection between Belinda’s parents and the various aspects of her school is an
example of the __________.
a) chronosystem
Consider This: This term refers to the network of interconnections between the various
microsystems—in this case, parents and teacher. LO 1.10 Define the five systems of
Bronfenbrenner’s ecological theory and explain how it differs from stage theories.
b) macrosystem
c) mesosystem
d) exosystem
Answer: c
100
EOM Q1.4.5
Which statement concerning the developmental period known as emerging adulthood is most
accurate according to Arnett?
a) It is a life stage in which most people have not yet made commitments in love and
work.
b) Compared to emerging adults of past generations, today’s emerging adults are more
dependent upon their romantic partners.
Consider This: Emerging adulthood is a new stage that reflects the fact that most people
in developed countries are spending a longer time in school and entering marriage and
parenthood later than their counterparts in previous cohorts. LO 1.11 Outline the cultural-
developmental model that will be the structure of this text and describe the new life stage
of emerging adulthood.
c) Emerging adulthood is a period that replaces middle age.
d) It is more common in developing countries than in developed countries.
Answer: a
101
End of Module Quiz 1.5: How We Study Human Development: The

Scientific Method
EOM Q1.5.1
Hypotheses refer to __________.
a) developing a research design
Consider This: Forming a hypothesis is the second step of the scientific method. LO 1.12
Recall the five steps of the scientific method.
b) creating unbiased questions on a questionnaire
c) forming a possible answer to a research question
d) choosing a research method
Answer: c
Topic: The Scientific Method
EOM Q1.5.2
Dr. Kim decided to conduct interviews with middle school children because she wanted to hear
from them in their own words. Her use of interviews is an example of __________.
a) an unbiased sample
Consider This: This is an approach to investigating the hypothesis. LO 1.12 Recall the
five steps of the scientific method.
b) confidential responses
c) a theory
d) a research measurement
Answer: d
102
EOM Q1.5.3
The __________ includes when, where, and with whom the data for the study will be collected.
a) research design
b) research measurement
Consider This: This is considered to be the master plan for the study. LO 1.12 Recall the
c) theory
d) scientific method
Answer: a
EOM Q1.5.4
The people who participate in the study are the __________.
a) population
Consider This: This should be both representative and generalizable. LO 1.12 Recall the
b) research measurement
c) community
d) sample
Answer: d
103
End of Module Quiz 1.6: How We Study Human Development: Research

Measurements, Designs, and Ethics
EOM Q1.6.1
When data is collected in nonnumerical form, it is referred to as __________.
a) quantitative
Consider This: Data from interviews falls into this category. LO 1.13 Summarize the
main measurements used in research on human development.
b) structured
c) reliable
d) qualitative
Answer: d
development.
Topic: Research Measurements, Designs, and Ethics
EOM Q1.6.2
__________ include measures of genetic, hormonal, and brain activity.
a) Interviews
Consider This: Research on brain functioning often involves measuring brain activity
during different kinds of behavior. LO 1.13 Summarize the main measurements used in
research on human development.
b) Biological measurements
c) Observations
d) Questionnaires
Answer: b
development.
104
EOM Q1.6.3
In Bandura’s experiments with the inflated Bobo doll, the children’s aggressiveness is
__________.
a) the independent variable
Consider This: In an experiment, this is the outcome that is measured to calculate the
results of the experiment. LO 1.14 Distinguish between different types of research
designs, including the two major types used in human development research.
b) the control group
c) the dependent variable
d) an intervention
Answer: c
EOM Q1.6.4
__________ is a program intended to change the attitudes or behavior of the participants.
a) An intervention
b) A correlational design
Consider This: For example, various programs have been developed to prevent
adolescents from starting to smoke cigarettes. LO 1.14 Distinguish between different
types of research designs, including the two major types used in human development
research.
c) A natural experiment
research.
d) An experimental design
research.
Answer: a
105
EOM Q1.6.5
For his post-doctorate research, Yani plans to study human development among indigenous
cultures in the mountains of Peru. He plans to move to Peru to integrate with his study subjects,
make social connections with them, and observe their daily life up close. Which type of research
design is he using?
a) a natural experiment
Consider This: This research method is also used by anthropologists. LO 1.14 Distinguish
between different types of research designs, including the two major types used in human
development research.
b) ethnographic research
c) a correlational design
d) a longitudinal design
Answer: b
EOM Q1.6.6
Bernice is planning to conduct a cross-sectional study for her dissertation. Which of the following
is a limitation that she and her advisor discuss before she begins to collect her data?
a) Subjects are likely to drop out of the study.
Consider This: With cross-sectional studies, differences may be due to the fact that
participants grew up in different historical periods rather than age. LO 1.14 Distinguish
b) It tends to be more time-consuming than longitudinal research.
c) Age differences may be due to cohort differences.
d) While the study will be able to show causation between age and the dependent
variable, it will not be able to show correlation.
Answer: c
106
EOM Q1.6.7
When Dr. McIntyre conducted her research with elementary and middle school students, rather
than having a space for a name, students were asked to come up with a password and write it on
the top of their questionnaire packet. This was done to ensure __________.
a) debriefing of participants
Consider This: Researchers must ensure that data do not contain any identifying
information. LO 1.15 Identify some key ethical standards for human development
research
b) informed consent
research
c) confidentiality
d) generalizability of the findings
research
Answer: c
107
End of Chapter Quiz: A Cultural Approach to Human Development

EOC Q1.1
The United States __________.
a) is the developed country expected to experience the steepest decline in population
between now and 2050
Consider This: The United States has a fertility rate of 1.8. LO 1.1 Describe how the
human population has changed over the past 10,000 years and explain why the United
States is following a different demographic path than other developed countries.
b) is one of the few developed countries that will experience an increase in population,
due largely to immigration
c) is expected to have approximately the same proportion of Latinos by 2050, but far
fewer African Americans
d) has a total fertility rate that is lower than most developed countries
Answer: b
Topic: A Cultural Approach to Human Development
EOC Q1.2
About __________ of the world’s population lives in developing countries.
a) 55%
Consider This: The demographic contrast between developed countries and the rest of the
world is striking. LO 1.2 Distinguish between developed countries and developing
b) 60%
c) 80%
d) 95%
Answer: c
108
EOC Q1.3
If a researcher wanted to measure the socioeconomic status (SES) of her adult participants, she
would need to ask them about which of the following?
a) educational level
b) number of children
Consider This: Differences in SES are especially sharp in developing countries. LO 1.3
Define the term socioeconomic status (SES) and explain why SES, gender, and ethnicity
are important aspects of human development within countries.
c) religion
d) ethnicity
Answer: a
EOC Q1.4
Unlike early hominins, Homo sapiens had __________.
a) a narrower pelvis
Consider This: Cooked food is used more efficiently by the body. LO 1.4 Explain the
process of natural selection and trace the evolutionary origins of the human species.
b) a shorter period of dependency
c) a slightly smaller brain
d) controlled use of fire
Answer: d
109
EOC Q1.5
Which of the following occurred during the Neolithic period?
a) The climate got much colder.
Consider This: Larger, sturdier dwellings were built (and furniture such as beds and
tables) because people stayed in settled communities longer. LO 1.5 Summarize the
major changes in human cultures since the Upper Paleolithic period.
b) Humans began to bury their dead for the first time.
c) Animals were first domesticated.
d) Humans reached Australia for the first time.
Answer: c
Paleolithic period.
EOC Q1.6
Which of the following best represents the impact of evolution on human development?
a) Biologically, humans have changed drastically since the origin of Homo sapiens.
Consider This: It was no longer natural selection alone that would determine how we
would live. LO 1.6 Apply information about human evolution to how human
development takes place today.
b) Our development of bipedal locomotion is the most distinctive characteristic of our
species.
c) Once we developed the large brain that is the most distinctive characteristic of our
species, we became capable of altering our environments.
d) Instincts reduce humans’ capacity for cultural learning more than they reduce animals’
capacity for cultural learning.
Answer: c
takes place today.
110
EOC Q1.7
The three traditional conceptions of life (in the Dharmashastras, the Talmud, and as proposed by
Solon) differ __________.
a) in that only one is a view of how we develop if all goes well
Consider This: The human life span is not really divided into clear and definite biological
stages. LO 1.7 Compare and contrast three ancient conceptions of development through
the life span.
b) in the way that they divide the life span
c) in the level of maturity they attribute to youth
the life span.
d) in the stage of life when wisdom is evident
the life span.
Answer: b
the life span.
EOC Q1.8
According to Freud, __________ is the driving force behind human development.
a) attachment to one’s mother
Consider This: Freud’s theory is known as a psychosexual theory. LO 1.8 Summarize
Freud’s psychosexual theory of human development and describe its main limitations.
b) sexual desire
c) cognitive development
d) trust
Answer: b
111
EOC Q1.9
Although Shanamae makes a good salary in sales, she is questioning whether her work in the
retail industry is making a meaningful contribution to society. She is thinking of going back to
school to train to be a nurse, so that she can give back to society by helping others. According to
Erikson, she is in the stage of __________.
a) ego integrity versus despair
Consider This: This stage is focused on providing for and caring for others. LO 1.9
Describe the eight stages of Erikson’s psychosocial theory of human development.
b) industry versus inferiority
c) generativity versus stagnation
d) industry versus stagnation
Answer: c
development.
EOC Q1.10
The U.S. belief in the value of individual freedom, as demonstrated in its capitalist economic
system and its governmental system of representative democracy, reflects which system of
Bronfenbrenner’s theory?
a) exosystem
Consider This: This system reflects a broad system of cultural beliefs and values. LO
1.10 Define the five systems of Bronfenbrenner’s ecological theory and explain how it
differs from stage theories.
b) chronosystem
c) microsystem
d) macrosystem
Answer: d
112
EOC Q1.11
Where does the developmental life stage of emerging adulthood usually appear?
a) in developed countries
b) in traditional cultures
Consider This: Emerging adulthood is a new stage of life between adolescence and young
adulthood that has appeared in recent decades. LO 1.11 Outline the cultural-
c) in collectivistic cultures
d) in developing countries
Answer: a
EOC Q1.12
__________ generates hypotheses that can be tested in research.
a) An unbiased sample
Consider This: This is a framework that presents a set of interconnected ideas in an
original way and inspires further research. LO 1.12 Recall the five steps of the scientific
method.
b) A theory
c) The research design
method.
d) The research method
method.
Answer: b
113
EOC Q1.13
An approach to measurement is said to have __________ if there is a fit between the
measurement approach and the everyday life of the people being studied.
a) experimental design
Consider This: This refers to the truthfulness of a measurement. LO 1.13 Summarize the
b) inter-rater reliability
c) test-retest reliability
d) ecological validity
Answer: d
development.
EOC Q1.14
Which of the following statements regarding research methods is true?
a) Qualitative data are considered unscientific among most researchers in the field of
psychology.
Consider This: This type of research is generally used by anthropologists in studying
non-Western cultures. LO 1.14 Distinguish between different types of research designs,
including the two major types used in human development research.
b) The strength of the case study approach is the ability to generalize the findings.
c) The ethnographic method allows the researcher to learn how people behave in their
daily lives.
d) The most commonly used method in social science research is the open-ended
interview.
Answer: c
114
EOC Q1.15
In the famous case of Henrietta Lacks, an African American woman’s cancer cells were removed
from her cervix without her knowledge by a surgeon right before her death in 1951. Researchers
wanted to study these cells to learn about the genes that cause cancer and those that suppress it.
The ethical requirement of __________ would protect against this happening today.
a) informed consent
b) deception
Consider This: Consent forms today generally include a statement that participating in the
study is voluntary. LO 1.15 Identify some key ethical standards for human development
research.
c) confidentiality
research.
d) generalizability of the findings
research.
Answer: a
115
Another random document with
no related content on Scribd:
along, they shouted, “We are the servants of Jacob; who can resist
us?”
A second body followed, under the second angel; then a third
phalanx, under the third angel.
Esau, trembling, exclaimed, “I am the brother of Jacob. It is twenty
years since I saw him, and you maltreat me as I am on my way to
meet him!”
One of the angels answered, “If Jacob, the servant of God, had not
been thy brother, we would have destroyed thee and all thy men.”
The fourth body passing, under the command of the fourth angel,
completed the humiliation of Esau.
However, Jacob, who knew not what assistance had been rendered
him by Heaven, prepared for Esau, to appease him, rich presents.
He sent him four hundred and forty sheep, thirty asses, thirty camels,
fifty oxen, in ten troops, each conducted by a faithful servant charged
to deliver his troop as a gift from Jacob to his brother Esau.
This consoled and pleased Esau, who, as soon as he saw Jacob
again, was, by the grace of God, placed in a better mind, and the
brethren met, and parted with fraternal love.[384]
Now let us take another version of the story of this meeting.
It came to pass that Jacob spent one night alone beyond Jabbok,
and an angel contended with him, having taken on him the body and
likeness of a man. This angel was Michael, and the subject of their
contention was this:—The angel said to Jacob, “Hast thou not
promised to give the tenth of all that is thine to the Lord?” And Jacob
said, “I have promised.”
Then the angel said, “Behold thou hast ten sons and one daughter;
nevertheless thou hast not tithed them.”
Immediately Jacob set apart the four first-born of the four mothers,
and there remained eight. And he began to number from Simeon,
and Levi came up for the tenth.
Then Michael answered and said, “Lord of the world, this is Thy lot.”
So Levi became the consecrated one to the Lord.
On account of this ready compliance with his oath, Michael was
unable to hurt him, but he remained striving with Jacob, till the first
ray of sunlight rose above the eastern hills.
And he said, “Let me go, for the column of the morning ascendeth,
and the hour cometh when the angels on high offer praise to the
Lord of the world: and I am one of the angels of praise; but from the
day that the world was created, my time to praise hath not come till
now.”
And he said, “I will not let thee go, until thou bless me.”
Now Michael had received commandment not to leave Jacob till the
patriarch suffered him; and as it began to dawn, the hosts of heaven,
who desired to begin their morning hymn, came down to Michael and
bade him rise up to the throne of God and lead the chant; but he
said, “I cannot, unless Jacob suffer me to depart.”[385]
Thus did God prove Jacob, as He had proved Abraham, whether he
would give to Him his son, when He asked him of the patriarch.
But, according to certain Rabbinic authorities, it was not Michael who
wrestled with Jacob, but it was Sammael the Evil One, or Satan. For
Sammael is the angel of Edom, as Michael is the angel of Israel; and
Sammael went before Esau, hoping to destroy Jacob in the night.
Sammael, says the Jalkut Rubeni, met Jacob, who had the stature of
the first man, and strove with him; but he could not do him an injury,
for Abraham stood on his right hand, and Isaac on his left. And when
Sammael would part from him, Jacob would not suffer it, till the Evil
One had given him the blessing which Jacob had purchased from
Esau. And from that day Sammael took from Jacob his great
strength, and made him to halt upon his thigh.[386]
But when Michael appeared before God—we must now suppose the
man who strove with Jacob to have been the angel—God said to him
in anger, “Thou hast injured My priest!”
Michael answered, “I am Thy priest.”
“Yea,” said the Most High, “thou art My priest in heaven, but Jacob is
My priest on earth. Why hast thou lamed him?”
Then Michael answered, “I wrestled with him, and let him overcome
me, to Thy honour, O Lord; that, seeing he had overcome an angel
of God, he might have courage to go boldly to meet Esau.”
But this was no excuse for having lamed him. Therefore Michael said
to Raphael, “Oh, angel of healing! come to my aid.” So Raphael
descended to earth, and touched the hollow of Jacob’s thigh, and it
was restored as before.
But God said to Michael, “For this that thou hast done, thou shalt be
the guardian of Israel as long as the world lasteth.”[387]
Jacob called the name of the place Peniel; for he said, “I have seen
the angel of the Lord face to face, and my soul is saved.” And the
sun rose upon him before its time, as, when he went out from Beer-
sheba, it had set before its time.[388]
And Jacob lifted up his eyes and looked, and, behold, Esau came,
and with him four hundred men of war. And he divided the children
unto Leah, and to Rachel, and to the two concubines, and placed the
concubines and their sons foremost; for he said, “If Esau come to
destroy the children, and ill-treat the women, he will do it with them,
and meanwhile we can prepare to fight; and Leah and her children
after, and Rachel and Joseph after them.”[389] And he himself went
over before them, praying and asking mercy before the Lord, and he
bowed upon the earth seven times, until he met with his brother; but
it was not to Esau that he bowed, though Esau supposed he did, but
to the Lord God Most High.[390]
And Esau ran to meet him, and embraced him, and fell upon his
neck and bit him, but by the mercy of God the neck of Jacob became
marble, and Esau broke his teeth upon it; therefore it is said in the
Book of Genesis that he fell on his neck, and kissed him; and they
wept.[391] But the Targumim apparently do not acknowledge that the
neck of Jacob became marble, for the Targum of Palestine explains
their weeping thus: “Esau wept on account of the pain of his teeth,
which were shaken; but Jacob wept because of the pain of his neck;”
and the Targum of Jerusalem, “Esau wept for the crushing of his
teeth, and Jacob wept for the tenderness of his neck.”
“The Lord God prospered Jacob,” and he had one hundred and two
times ten thousand and seven thousand (i.e. a thousand times a
thousand, seven thousand and two hundred) sheep, and six hundred
thousand dogs; but some Rabbis say the sheep were quite
innumerable, but when Jacob counted his sheep-dogs he found that
he had twelve hundred thousand of them; others, however, reduce
the number one-half. They say, one dog went with each flock, but
those who say that there were twelve hundred thousand dogs, count
two to each flock.[392]
Jacob, says the Rabbi Samuel, could recite the whole of the Psalter.
[393]
Of course this must have been in the spirit of prophecy, as the
Psalms were not written, with the exception of Psalm civ., which had
been composed by Adam.
Adam, after his fall, had been given by God six commandments, but
Noah was given a seventh—to this effect, that he was not to eat a
limb or portion of any living animal. Abraham was given an eighth,
the commandment of circumcision; and Jacob was communicated a
ninth, through the mouth of an adder, that he was not to eat the
serpent.[394]
If we may trust the Book of Jasher, the affair of Shechem, the son of
Hamor, was as follows:—The men of the city were not all
circumcised, only some of them, so as to blind the eyes of the sons
of Jacob, and throw them off their guard; and Shechem and Hamor
had privately concerted to fall upon Jacob and his sons and butcher
them; but Simeon and Levi were warned of their intention by a
servant of Dinah, and took the initiative.[395] But this is a clumsy
attempt to throw the blame off the shoulders of the ancestors of the
Jewish nation upon those of their Gentile enemies.
Jacob, say the Rabbis, would have had no daughters at all in his
family, but only sons, had he not called himself El-elohe-Israel (Israel
is God).[396] Therefore God was angry with him, for making himself
equal with God, and in punishment he afflicted him with a giddy
daughter.[397]
Esau, say the Mussulmans, had no prophets in his family except
Job. All the prophets rose from the family of Jacob; and when Esau
saw that the gift of prophecy was not in his family, he went out of the
land, for he would not live near his brother.[398]
The father of the Israelites, from the land of Canaan which he
inhabited, could smell the clothes of Joseph when he was in Egypt,
being a prophet; and thus he knew that his son was alive. He was
asked how it was that he divined nothing when his beloved son was
cast into the pit by his brothers, and sold to the Ishmaelites. He
replied that the prophetic power is sudden, like a lightning flash,
piercing sometimes to the height of heaven; it is not permanent in its
intensity, but leaves at times those favoured with it in such darkness
that they do not know what is at their feet.[399]
The Arabs say that Jacob, much afflicted with sciatica, was healed
by abstaining from the meat he most loved, and that was the flesh of
the camel. At Jerusalem, say the Arabs, is preserved the stone on
which Jacob laid his head when he slept on his way to Haran.
The custom of saying “God bless you!” when a person sneezes,
dates from Jacob. The Rabbis say that, before the time that Jacob
lived, men sneezed once, and that was the end of them—the shock
slew them; but the patriarch, by his intercession, obtained a
relaxation of this law, subject to the condition that, in all nations, a
sneeze should be consecrated by a sacred aspiration.
XXVIII.
JOSEPH.
Joseph’s story is too attractive not to have interested intensely the

Oriental nations in any way connected with him, and therefore to
have become a prey to legend and myth.
Joseph, say the Mussulmans, was from his childhood the best loved
son of his father Jacob; but the old man not only loved him, but
yearned after the sight of him, for he was deprived of the custody of
Joseph from an early age. Joseph had been sent to his aunt, the
sister of Isaac, and she loved the child so dearly, that she could not
endure the thought of parting with him. Therefore she took the family
girdle, which she as the eldest retained as an heirloom, the girdle
which Abraham had worn when he prepared to sacrifice his son, and
she strapped it round Joseph’s waist.
Then she drew him before the judge, and accused him of theft, and
claimed that he should be made over to her as a slave to expiate his
theft. And it was done so. Thus the child Joseph grew up in her
house, and it was not till after her death that he returned to his father
Jacob.
One morning Joseph related to his father a dream that he had
dreamt; he said that he and his brothers had planted twigs in the
earth, but all the twigs of his brothers had withered, whereas his own
twig had brought forth leaves, and flourished.
Jacob was so immersed in thought over the dream, that he allowed a
poor man who came begging to go away unrelieved, because
unnoticed.[400] And this act of forgetfulness brought upon him some
trouble, as we shall see.
One morning Joseph related to him another dream; he saw the sun,
the moon, and the stars bow down before him. Jacob could no
longer doubt the significance of these dreams, which showed him
how great Joseph would be, but he cautioned him on no account to
let his brothers know about them, lest they should envy him.
He was so beautiful that he was called the Moon of Canaan, and he
had on one of his shoulders a luminous point like a star, a token that
the spirit of prophecy rested upon him. The brothers of Joseph,
however, heard of the dreams, and they were greatly enraged, and
they said, “Joseph and Benjamin are more loved of their father than
we ten; let us kill Joseph, or drive him out of the country, and when
we have done this, we will repent at our leisure, and God will forgive
us.”[401]
One day the brothers went to feed their father’s flock in Shechem.
Then Israel said to Joseph, “Do not thy brethren feed in Shechem? I
am afraid lest the Hivite come upon them and smite them, and repay
on me what Simeon and Levi did to Shechem and Hamor, because
of Dinah their sister. I will send thee to them to caution them to go
elsewhere.”
And he said, “I am ready.” So Joseph arose, and went to Shechem;
and Gabriel, in the likeness of a man, found him wandering in the
field. And he said to him, “Thy brethren have journeyed hence. I
heard of them, when I was in the presence of God, behind the veil,
and that, from this day, the bondage of Egypt begins.”[402]
When Joseph came in sight, the brothers conspired to slay him, but
Judah said, “Slay not Joseph, for to slay is a crime; but cast him into
a well, on the way that the caravans pass, that he may be found by a
caravan, and be drawn out.” Joseph was then aged seventeen.
His brethren fell on him and stripped him, and were about to cast him
into the well which was by the wayside to Jerusalem, when he said,
“O my brothers, wherewith shall I cover my nakedness in this pit?”
They replied, “Bid the sun, the moon, and the stars, which adored
thee, bring thee clothes to cover thy nakedness.”
Having thus mocked him, they let him down into the well. There was
much water in it; and a stone had fallen into it; on this Joseph stood,
and was above the surface of the water.[403] Not so, say the Rabbis, it
was dry, but it was full of scorpions and adders.[404]
Judah, according to the Mussulman account, had not consented to
this, he being absent; and when he had learned what had been
done, he took food and let it down into the well, and told Joseph to
be of good cheer, his brothers’ anger would turn away, and then he
would bring him back to them. But the Jews say that Reuben was
absent, as he was fasting on a mountain, because he had incurred
his father’s anger, and was in disgrace, and he hoped, by restoring
Joseph to Israel, to recover his father’s favour.
The sons of Jacob then slew a lamb and dipped the garment of
Joseph in the blood, and brought it to their father, and said, “We left
Joseph in charge of our clothes, and a wolf has fallen upon him, and
has devoured him.”
But Jacob looked at the garment and said, “I see that it is bloody, but
I see no rents; the wolf was merciful to my son Joseph, for he ate
him and left his garment whole!”[405]
Then Jacob went to commune with God, and the spirit of prophecy
came upon him, and he said, “No wolf, no enemy has slain him, but
a bad woman is against him.”[406]
Now Joseph was three days and three nights in the pit, but it was not
dark, for the angel Gabriel hung in it a precious stone to give him
light.[407]
The brethren of Joseph, seeing that their father mistrusted them,
said to him, “We will go and catch the wolf that slew Joseph.”
He said, “Go, and do so.”
So they went and chased and caught a monstrous wolf, and they
brought him to their father and said, “This is the beast whereof we
spoke to thee, that it had slain Joseph.”
But God opened the mouth of the wolf, and he said, “Son of Isaac,
believe not the words of thy envious sons. I am a wolf out of a
foreign land: I one morning lost my young one when I woke up, and I
have been straying in all directions to find it; is it likely that I,
mourning over the loss of a wild cub, should attack and kill a young
prophet?”
Jacob released the wolf out of the hands of his sons, and he
dismissed his sons, for he abhorred the sight of their faces; only
Benjamin, the brother of Joseph, and the youngest child of Rachel,
did he retain near him.[408]
On the third morning, a party of Arabs passed near the well, and
were thirsty. Now the chief of these Arabs was Melek-ben-Dohar; the
second, who accompanied Melek, was an Indian, a freed man of
Melek, and his name was Buschra.
Melek reached the well carrying a bucket and a rope, and let down
the bucket into the well. Then Joseph put his hand on it, and,
however much Melek and Buschra pulled, they could not raise the
bucket. Then Melek looked down into the pit, and exclaimed: “O
Buschra, the bucket was heavy because a young man has hold of it.”
Now the face of Joseph illumined the well like a lamp: Buschra and
Melek tried to raise Joseph, but they could not.
Then Melek asked, “What is thy name, and whence art thou?”
Joseph answered, “I am a young man of Canaan; my brothers have
cast me into this cistern, but I am not guilty.”
Melek said to his companions, “If we tell the rest of the caravan that
we have drawn this youth out of the well, they will demand a share in
the price he will fetch. Now I can sell this youth for a large sum in
Egypt. I will therefore tell my comrades that I have bought him from
some people who were at the well. Do thou say the same thing, and
we will share the money between us.”
Next day, being the fourth day, the brethren, finding that their father’s
face was turned against them, went to the cistern to draw forth
Joseph, and when they found him not, they went to the caravan, and
they saw Joseph among the Arabs.
Then they asked, “Whose is this lad?”
Melek-ben-Dohar replied, “He is mine.”
They answered, “He belongs to us; he ran away from us.”
Melek replied, “Well, I will give you money for him.”[409]
So he bought him for twenty pieces of silver; thus each of the
brothers obtained two drachmæ, and therewith they bought shoes.
[410]
To this the prophet Amos refers in two places (ii. 6; viii. 6), and in
the Testament of the Twelve Patriarchs, which is received as
canonical by the Armenian Church, Zebulun relates the same
circumstance, that the brethren supplied themselves with sandals
from the money which they got by the sale of Joseph.
Joseph went along with the Ishmaelites till they passed his mother’s
tomb; then his grief overcame him, and he burst forth into bitter tears
and cried, “O mother, mother! I am an outcast and a slave, I the child
of the wife Jacob loved. When thou wast dying, thou didst show me
to my father, and bade him look on me, and be comforted for my
loss. O mother, mother! hast thou no thought of thy son? Awake and
see the miserable condition of thy child; shake off thy sleep; be my
defence against my brethren, and comfort my father. Awake and
stand up to judge my quarrel, awake and plead my cause with God!
awake and look upon the desolation of the soul of my father who
cherished thee, and who for fourteen years served a hard bondage
for his beloved Rachel! Console him, I pray thee, and, by the voice
that he loves, soothe the grief of his last days.”
It was moonlight, and the caravan was resting.
A low voice issued from the tomb. “My son! my son Joseph! my
child! I have heard the voice of thy crying. I know all thou hast
suffered, my son, and my grief is as deep as the sea. But put thy
trust in God, who is the help of thy countenance and thy God! Rise,
my child, and have patience. If thou knewest the future, thou wouldst
be comforted.”[411]
One of the chiefs of the caravan, wearied with the cries of Joseph,
came to drive him from the tomb, but suddenly a dark and
threatening cloud appeared in the sky over his head, and he
desisted in fear.
In the Testament of the Twelve Patriarchs, Benjamin says that a man
struck Joseph as he lagged on the way, whereupon a lion fell upon
the man and slew him.
The sun was about to set, when the caravan entered Heliopolis, the
chief city of Egypt, which was then under the government of Rajjan,
an Amalekite. Joseph’s face shone brighter than the mid-day sun;
and as this new light from the east shone in the city, and cast the
shadows towards the declining sun, all the women and damsels ran
out upon the terraces or to the windows to see.
Next day he was placed for sale before the palace of the king. All the
wealthy ladies of Heliopolis sent their husbands or relations to bid for
the beautiful youth, but he was purchased by Potiphar, the king’s
treasurer,[412] who was childless, and designed making Joseph his
adopted son and heir.
Zuleika,[413] Potiphar’s wife, received him with great friendliness,
gave him new clothes and a garden-house in which to live, as he
would not sit down to eat with the Egyptians. He was occupied in
tending the fruit and the flowers in Potiphar’s garden; and from her
window Zuleika watched him.
Thus Joseph served as gardener to Potiphar for six years.
A graceful Arab legend of this period of Joseph’s life deserves not to
be omitted.
One day an Ishmaelite passed the gate of Potiphar’s garden, leading
a camel. As the beast approached Joseph, who was standing at the
door, it bowed, refused to follow its master, and turning to Joseph,
fell before him, and shed tears over his feet.
Joseph recognized the camel as having once belonged to his father,
and he remembered having often given it bread. He questioned the
Ishmaelite, who acknowledged he had purchased the beast from
Israel.
Now Joseph loved Zuleika as much as she loved him, but he did not
venture to hope that he was precious to his mistress.
One day when a great feast of the gods was observed, all the
household had gone to the temple, save Zuleika, who pretended to
be ill, and Joseph, who worshipped the One true God. Zuleika
prepared a table with wine and fruit and sweet cakes, and invited
Joseph to eat with her.
He was rejoiced, and his heart beat with passion; and when he took
the goblet of wine she offered him, he looked into her eyes, and saw
that she loved him. Then, says the Rabbi Ishmael in the Midrash, the
form of his father Jacob appeared in the window or doorway, and
thus addressed him: “Joseph! hereafter the names of thy brothers
engraven on gems shall adorn the breastplate of the High Priest, and
shall thine be absent from among them?” Then Joseph dug his ten
fingers into the ground, and so conquered himself.[414]
The Mussulmans say also that Joseph was brought to his senses by
seeing the vision of his father in the door biting his finger
reproachfully at him.[415]
When Potiphar returned home, Zuleika brought false accusations
against Joseph, but a babe who was in its cradle, in the room,—the
child was a relation of Zuleika,—lifted up its voice in protest, and
said, “Potiphar, if you want to know the truth, examine the torn
portion of the garment. If it is from the front of the dress, then know
that Zuleika was struggling to thrust Joseph from approaching her; if
from the back, know that she was pursuing him.”
Potiphar obeyed the voice of the sucking child, and found that his
wife had spoken falsely, and that Joseph was innocent.[416]
Now one of the neighbours had seen all that took place, for she was
sick, and had not attended the feast, so the whole affair was soon a
matter of gossip throughout the town. Then Zuleika invited all the
ladies who had blamed her to a great feast in her house; and
towards the close of the banquet, when the fruit and wine were
brought in, an orange and a knife were placed before each lady; and
at the same moment Joseph was brought into the room. The ladies,
in their astonishment, cut their fingers in mistake for the oranges, for
their eyes were fixed upon him, and they were amazed at his beauty;
and the table was deluged with blood.
“This,” said Zuleika, “is the youth on whose account you blame me. It
is true that I loved him, but his virtue has opposed me; and now love
is turned to hate, and I shall cast him into prison.”[417]
She was as good as her word, and thus it fell out that Joseph was
placed in the king’s prison. But God would not suffer the innocent to
be punished. He illumined his cell with a celestial light, made a
fountain spring up in the midst of it, and a fruit-bearing tree to grow
before the door.[418]
Joseph was five years in prison, and then the King of the Greeks,
who was warring against Egypt, sent an ambassador to Rajjan
desiring peace. But his true purpose was to throw him off his guard,
that he might with treachery destroy him. The ambassador sought
the advice of an old Greek woman who had long lived in Egypt. She
said, “I know of only one way of accomplishing what you desire, and
that is to bribe the butler or the baker of the king to poison him; but it
would be better to put the drug in the wine than in the bread.”
The ambassador then bribed the chief baker with much gold, and he
promised to put poison in Pharaoh’s meat. After that he told the old
woman that one of the two she had named to him had been
persuaded to destroy the king.
Then the ambassador returned, and when he was gone, the woman
disclosed all to Pharaoh, and she said, “Either the butler or the baker
has taken a bribe to poison thee, O king.” Thereupon the king cast
both into prison, till it should be made manifest which was guilty.
Now the name of the baker was Mohlib, and that of the butler was
Kamra.
After they had been in prison some time, they had dreams; and they
told their dreams to Joseph.
The chief butler said, “I saw in my dream, and, behold, a vine was
before me. And in the vine were three branches; and as it sprouted it
brought forth buds, and immediately they ripened into clusters, and
became grapes. And I saw till they gave the cup of Pharaoh into my
hand, and I took the grapes and squeezed them into Pharaoh’s cup,
and I gave the cup into Pharaoh’s hand.”
And Joseph said to him, “This is the interpretation of the dream. The
three branches are the three Fathers of the world, Abraham, Isaac,
and Jacob, whose children are to be enslaved in Egypt in clay and
brickwork, and in all labours of the face of the field; but afterward
shall they be delivered by the hand of three shepherds. As for the
cup thou didst give into Pharaoh’s hand, it is the vial of the wrath of
God, which Pharaoh is to drink at the last. But thou, the chief butler,
shalt receive a good reward: the three branches to thee are three
days until thy liberation.”
Joseph, leaving his higher trust in God, now turned and reposed it in
man, for he added, “Be thou mindful of me when it shall be well with
thee, and obtain my release from this prison-house.”
And the chief baker, seeing that Joseph had interpreted well, began
to speak with an impatient tongue, and said to Joseph, “I also saw in
my dream, and, behold, three baskets of hot loaves were upon my
head; and in the upper basket of all, delicious meat for Pharaoh,
made by the confectioner; and the birds ate them from the basket
upon my head.”
Joseph answered, “This is its interpretation. The three baskets are
the three enslavements with which the house of Israel are to be
enslaved. But thou, the chief baker, shalt receive an evil award. At
the end of three days, Pharaoh shall take away thy head from thy
body, and will hang thee upon a gibbet, and the birds shall eat thy
flesh from off thee.”
And it fell out as Joseph had foretold. But, because Joseph had
withdrawn from putting his trust in God, and had laid it on man,
therefore he was forgotten by the butler and left in prison for two
years more.[419]
Joseph had now been seven years in prison, and this is why he had
been so long there. Potiphar’s wife persuaded her friends to bring
against Joseph the same accusation that she had laid against him,
and their husbands complained to Pharaoh; so he was kept in prison
that he might not cause strife and evil in the city.[420]
When the seven years were elapsed, one day the butler came to the
prison and bade Joseph follow him, as the King had been troubled
with a dream, and desired to have it explained. But Joseph refused
to leave till his innocence was proclaimed. He named to the butler
the ladies who had attended the banquet of Zuleika, and before
whom she had confessed that she loved him, and besought that they
might be called as witnesses before the king. Pharaoh agreed; the
ladies, when interrogated, related all that had been said, and Zuleika
herself confessed the truth.
Then Pharaoh sent and fetched Joseph out of prison, and gave him
his liberty.
“I dreamed,” said the king, when Joseph stood before his throne,
“that seven lean cows ate seven fat cows, and that seven empty
husks ate seven full ears of corn. What is the interpretation of this
dream?”
“God will give thee seven fruitful years, and then seven years of
famine,” answered Joseph. “Therefore must thou gather together all
the superfluity in the first seven years to sustain the starving people
in the seven years of dearth.”[421]
The king was so well pleased with this interpretation, that he made
Joseph his chief treasurer in Potiphar’s room. Joseph went through
all the land, and purchased corn, which, on account of the good
harvests, was at a very low price.
One day as he rode out of the town to view his magazines, he
observed a beggar-woman whose whole appearance was most woe-
begone, but bespoke her having seen better days. Joseph
approached her with compassion, and held out to her a handful of
gold. She hesitated about taking it, and said, sobbing, “Great prophet
of God! I am not worthy to receive this at thy hand, though it was my
love for thee which was the first step on the ladder on which thou
mountedst to thy present exaltation.” And Joseph saw that the poor
beggar-woman was Zuleika, wife of Potiphar.
He asked about her husband, and learned that shortly after he had
been deposed from office, he had died of distress of mind and body.
“Thou hast thought evil of me,” she said, “but I have great excuses,
thou wast so beautiful; and moreover I was young, and only a wife in
name, for I am as I left my mother’s womb, a maiden, with the seal of
God upon me.”
Then Joseph was filled with joy. He extended his hands to her, and
he brought her to the king’s palace, and she was treated there with
care, as a sister, till she recovered her bloom and joy, and then
Joseph took her to be his wife.[422] And by her he had two sons
before the seven years of dearth began, during which the Egyptians
gave first their gold, then their apparel, and all their moveable goods;
then their land, then their slaves, and last of all themselves, their
wives and children, as bondsmen, that they might have food.
But not only did Egypt suffer, the adjoining lands were also afflicted
with scarcity. There was no corn in Canaan, and Jacob sent his ten
sons into Egypt to buy corn, retaining Benjamin at home. He
cautioned his sons not to create mistrust by their numbers, nor
cause the evil eye to light on them, and advised them to enter the
city of Pharaoh by different gates, for it had ten.
But Joseph expected that his brothers would be coming to Egypt,
and therefore he bade the gatekeepers every day bring him the
names of those who had entered the city. One day one porter gave
him the name of Reuben, son of Jacob; and so on to the tenth,
Asher, son of Jacob. Joseph at once gave orders for every
storehouse to be closed with the exception of one, and gave the
keepers of the open magazine the names of his brothers, and said to
them, “When these people arrive take them prisoners, and bring
them before me.”
And when they appeared before him, he charged them with being
spies: “For,” said he, “if ye were true men, ye would have come in
together; but ye entered by different gates, and that shows that ye
are set upon evil.”[423]
When, to excuse themselves, they told their family history, he bade
them go and bring Benjamin down to him, and, to secure their return,
he kept Simeon in prison as hostage.
When Joseph wanted to imprison Simeon, his brothers desired to
assist him by force, but Simeon refused their assistance. Joseph
ordered seventy fighting men of Pharaoh’s body-guard to cast him
down and handcuff him. But when they approached, Simeon gave a
scream, and the seventy fell back on the ground, and their teeth
went down their throats. “Hah!” said Joseph to his son Manasseh,
who stood near him, “throw a chain about his neck.”
Manasseh dealt Simeon a blow, and chained him. “Then,” said
Simeon, “this blow comes from one of the family.”[424]
Jacob, reluctant to part with Benjamin, was however obliged to do
so, being pressed with famine. Joseph received the brethren,
measured out to them the wheat, and, by his orders, his steward
secretly put the silver cup of Joseph into the sack of Benjamin. Then
at the gate of the city they were charged with theft, and were brought
back to the palace of Joseph.
“What is the penalty due to him who has stolen my cup?” asked
Joseph.
“Let him be thy slave,” answered the brethren, feeling confident in
their innocence. But when the sacks were opened, and his cup was
found in that of Benjamin, they said to their youngest brother, “Woe
to thee! what hast thou done? Wast thou resolved to follow the
example of thy lost brother, who stole his grandfather Laban’s idol,
and his aunt’s girdle?”
But as they had sworn to their father to restore Benjamin to him, they
besought Joseph to take one of them in the place of Benjamin. But
Joseph persisted that he would keep Benjamin.
Then said Reuben to his brothers, “Go back to our father, and tell
him all that has occurred; I, the eldest of you, who undertook on the
security of my life to bring Benjamin home, must remain here till he
himself calls me back, for he will see that we have stood hostages
for a thief.”[425]
Now Reuben had a fierce temper, and when he became furious, all
the down or hair on his skin bristled and penetrated his clothes like
needles; he pulled off his head-gear, and uttered a scream so terrible
that all who heard it died of terror. This frenzy of Reuben’s could only
be abated by one of the family of Jacob placing his hand upon him.
Reuben went up to Joseph, and said, “O great one of Egypt. I am in
a rage; and if I scream out, all who hear me will die of fright. Restore
to me my brother, or I shall scream, and then thou and all the
inhabitants of Egypt will perish.”
Joseph knowing that Reuben spoke the truth, and seeing his hair
bristling through his clothes like needle-points, and knowing also that
if any one of the house of Jacob were to lay his hand on the body of
Reuben, his force would pass away,—he said to Ephraim, his son,
“Go softly, so that Reuben may not observe thee, and lay thine hand
upon his shoulder that his anger may abate.” Ephraim did as he was
bidden, and instantly the hairs of Reuben sank, and his fury passed
away, and he felt that the power to scream was gone from him.
Then Joseph said calmly, “I shall retain Benjamin, do what you will.”
Reuben made an effort to scream, but it was unavailing. Then
astonishment got hold of him, and he said to Joseph, “I think that
there must be one of the family of Jacob in this house.”[426]
Then Joseph ordered Benjamin to be chained. And when Judah saw
this, he roared like a lion, and his voice was so piercing, that
Chuschim, the son of Dan, who was in Canaan, heard him, and
began to roar also.
And Judah drew his sword, and roared, and pursued the Egyptian
soldiers sent to bind Benjamin, and the fear of him fell on them all,
and they fell, and he smote them up to the gates of the king’s palace;
and he roared again, and all the walls of Memphis rocked, and the
earth shook, and Pharaoh was shaken off his throne and fell on his
face, and the roar of Judah was heard four hundred miles off.
Joseph feared to be killed by Judah. When Judah was angry, blood
spirted from his right eye. Judah wore five sets of clothes upon him,
one above another; and when he was angry, his heart swelled so as
to tear them all. Joseph, fearing him, roared at him, and his voice
shivered a pillar of the palace into fine dust, so that Judah thought,
“This is a great hero! he can master me.”[427]
Then said Judah to Joseph, “Let our brother go, or we will devastate
this land.”
Then Joseph answered, “Go home, and tell your father that a wild
beast has devoured him.”
Then Judah beckoned to his brother Naphtali, who was very swift of
foot, and said to him, “Run speedily and count all the streets in
Egypt, and come swiftly back and tell me.”
But Simeon said, “There is no need; I will break a stone out of the
mountains and throw it down on the land of Egypt, and will utterly
destroy it.”[428]
Then Joseph saw that it was not well to press them further; so he
took a bowl, and filled it, and looked into it as though he were
divining by it, and said suddenly, “Ye are liars! Ye told me that your
brother Joseph was dead, and behold he is alive, and I see him in
this bowl! Ye sold him.”
Then he bade Zuleika bring the deed of sale, and he handed it to
Judah. Thereupon the brothers knew him, and fell down before him,
and besought him to pardon them.
Then he told them how God had exalted him, and he comforted their
hearts, and after that he asked news of his father.
They replied, “He is blind with grief at having to part with Benjamin.”
Therefore Joseph said, “Take my shirt and go to my father, and pass
my shirt before his face, and he will recover his sight. Then take all
that you have, and come down into Egypt.”[429]
When the caravan left Memphis, the sons of Jacob carried with them
abundance of corn and the shirt of Joseph; and the wind was in their
backs, and blew the scent of the shirt from the gate of Memphis into
Canaan. And Jacob snuffed the wind, and said, “O women! O
children! I can smell Joseph.”
They all thought, “He is deranged,” but they said, “It is forty years
since Joseph died, and thou canst think of nothing else; thou art
always insisting that he is alive.”
When the caravan was near the dwelling of Jacob, Judah brought
the shirt of Joseph in, and said, “On the day upon which I bore the
bloody coat of Joseph, I said a wolf had devoured him. Now I bring
thee good news.” And he cast the shirt upon the face of his father,
and Jacob recovered his sight.[430]
The story in the Sepher Hadjaschar, or Book of Jasher, is more
poetical. As the sons were approaching the home of their father,
Sarah, the adopted daughter of Asher, came to meet them. She was
very beautiful and graceful and modest, and could play sweetly on
the harp. They gave her the kiss of peace, and told her the tidings.
Then she went singing home, accompanying her words upon the
harp, “Joseph is not dead, God has been his protector, and he lives,
and is governor in Egypt; rejoice and be glad of heart!” Then Jacob
was filled with hope and consolation, and he said, “Because thou
hast revived my spirit, my daughter, death shall never seize on
thee.”[431]
After that, Jacob went down into Egypt, that he might see his son
Joseph before he died. And when they met, they fell on one
another’s neck and wept, and kissed; and Jacob said to his son, “Tell
me, I pray thee, what evil thy brothers did to thee.” But Joseph
answered, “Nay, my father, I will tell thee only how great good the
Lord did to me.”
We have heard how that Joseph married Zuleika, the wife of
Potiphar, but this is not a universal tradition. It is said in Genesis that
he had to wife Asenath, daughter of Potipherah, priest of On. Many
suppose that this Asenath was the daughter of Potiphar, the old
master of Joseph, and that her mother was Dinah, the daughter of
Jacob, and the following story is related of Asenath:—
She was a maid of wondrous beauty, of which she was very proud,
and she greatly despised all men, though she had never seen any,
saving her father. She dwelt in a tower next to her father’s house, ten
stories high, which contained everything that the eye could desire,
and also idols in gold and silver, which she daily worshipped.
Asenath was as tall as Sarah, as comely as Rebekah, and as
beautiful as Rachel.

Full Download pdf of Test Bank for Human Development: A Cultural Approach, 3rd Edition, Jeffrey Jensen Arnett, Lene Arnett Jensen, ISBN-10: 0134641345, ISBN-13: 9780134641348, ISBN: 9780134711447 all chapter

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Full Download pdf of Test Bank for Human Development: A Cultural Approach, 3rd Edition, Jeffrey Jensen Arnett, Lene Arnett Jensen, ISBN-10: 0134641345, ISBN-13: 9780134641348, ISBN: 9780134711447 all chapter

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Test Bank for Human Development: A

Cultural Approach, 3rd Edition, Jeffrey

Test Bank for Child Development: A Cultural Approach,

Test Bank for Nursing Health Assessment A Best Practice

Test Bank for Child Development: A Cultural Approach

Test Bank for Human Development A Cultural Approach 2nd

Test Bank for Gerontological Nursing, 3rd Edition,

Test Bank for Principles of Anatomy and Physiology,

Test Bank For The Cultural Landscape: An Introduction

Test Bank for The Economics of Money, Banking and

ASSESSMENT Chapter 1, Section 1

Learning Remember the Understand the Apply What You

Section 1 Human Development Today and Its Origins

6. When did the world population reach 500 million people?

9. The total human population in 2018 is about __________.

11. How is the total fertility rate (TFR) defined?

12. What is the current total fertility rate (TFR) worldwide?

20. Most of the people living in India live on __________ a day.

24. The United States population is projected to be __________ by 2050.

27. Which statement is true regarding population changes by country?

35. __________ cultures emphasize independence and self-expression, whereas __________

37. Which statement is a true comparison of collectivistic and individualistic values?

49. Which statement best highlights phylogenetic development?

60. The Upper Paleolithic period was from __________.

61. Human art first appeared during the __________ period.

64. When was the Neolithic Period?

69. __________ is characterized by cities, written language, specialization of work, and

Short Answer Questions

76. What are the components of socioeconomic status (SES)?

79. Describe a research question an evolutionary psychologist might investigate.

Learning Remember Understand Apply What

Section 2 Theories of Human Development

20. What was the goal of Freud’s psychotherapeutic approach?

23. Freud’s theory of personality consisted of the __________.

45. Erik Erikson’s psychosocial theory comprises __________ stages.

49. Erikson’s eighth and final stage of psychosocial development is __________.

52. According to Erikson, what is the developmental challenge during infancy?

70. In his theory, Bronfenbrenner recognizes that __________.

72. The stage of middle childhood encompasses __________ of age.

73. Which of the following signifies the onset of adolescence?

77. Which of the following is the best example of continuous development?

Short Answer Questions

81. Why is emerging adulthood considered to be a phenomenon of developed countries rather

Learning Remember the Understand the Apply What

Section 3 How We Study Human Development

2. What is the first step of the scientific method?

6. The second step in the scientific method is to __________.

8. Which of the following is an example of a scientific hypothesis?

9. Questionnaires, interviews, and observations are examples of __________.

12. How does the text define the term population?

18. The last step in the scientific method is __________.

22. Which of the following best describes a theory?

30. Qualitative data is __________, whereas quantitative data is __________.

35. __________ refers to the consistency of measurements across different occasions.

38. What is the advantage of the experimental method?

39. In an experiment, what group receives the treatment?

40. In an experiment, what group receives no treatment?

49. Which of the following best describes ethnographic research?

52. What is the main disadvantage of the ethnographic method?

58. Which statement is an example of a positive correlation?

59. Which statement is an example of a negative correlation?

61. A basic statistical principle of scientific research is that correlation __________.

66. The main strength of a cross-sectional study is that it can __________.

77. Informed consent is for __________, whereas a debriefing is for __________.

35. cultures emphasize independence and self-expression, whereas

30. Qualitative data is , whereas quantitative data is .

77. Informed consent is for , whereas a debriefing is for .