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Name: Class: Date:

Chapter 01: Introduction to Statistics

5. A researcher is curious about the average monthly cell phone bill for high school students in the state of Florida. If this
average could be obtained, it would be an example of a ______.
a. sample
b. statistic
c. population
d. parameter
ANSWER: d

6. Although a research study is typically conducted with a relatively small group of participants known as a
_________, most researchers hope to generalize their results to a much larger group known as a _________.
a. sample; population
b. statistic; sample
c. population; sample
d. parameter; population
ANSWER: a

7. The relationship between a statistic and a parameter is the same as the relationship between ______.
a. a sample and a population
b. a statistic and a parameter
c. a parameter and a population
d. descriptive statistics and inferential statistics
ANSWER: a

8. Organizing a set of scores in a table is an example of using _______.

a. parameters
b. statistics
c. descriptive statistics
d. inferential statistics
ANSWER: c

9. A characteristic, usually a numerical value, which describes a sample is called a _______.

a. parameter
b. statistic
c. variable
d. constant
ANSWER: b

10. A researcher records the change in weight (gained or lost) during the first semester of college for each
individual in a group of 25 freshmen, then calculates the average change in weight. The average is an example
of a _______.
a. parameter
b. statistic
c. variable
Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero. Page 2
Name: Class: Date:

Chapter 01: Introduction to Statistics

d. constant
ANSWER: b

11. The average verbal SAT score for the entire class of entering freshmen is 530. However, if you select a
sample of 20 freshmen and compute their average verbal SAT score you probably will not get exactly 530.
What statistical concept is used to explain the natural difference that exists between a sample mean and the
corresponding population mean?
a. Statistical error
b. Inferential error
c. Sampling error
d. Parametric error
ANSWER: c

12. A researcher conducts an experiment to determine whether moderate doses of St. John's Wort have any effect of
memory for college students. For this study, what is the independent variable?
a. The amount of St. John’s Wort given to each participant
b. The memory score for each participant
c. The group of college students
d. Cannot answer without more information
ANSWER: a

13. A recent study reports that students who just finished playing a prosocial video game were more likely to
help others than students who had played a neutral or antisocial game. For this study, what is the independent
variable?
a. The students who were given the prosocial game
b. The students who were given the neutral or antisocial game
c. The kind of game given to the students
d. The helping behavior of the students
ANSWER: c

14. In a correlational study,

a. 1 variable is measured and 2 groups are compared.
b. 2 variables are measured and 2 groups are compared.
c. 1 variable is measured and there is only 1 group of participants.
d. 2 variables are measured and there is only 1 group of participants.
ANSWER: d

15. For a research study comparing attitude scores for males and females, participant gender is an example of
what kind of variable?
A quasi-independent variable
a. An independent variable
b. A dependent variable
c. A quasi-independent variable
Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero. Page 3
Name: Class: Date:

Chapter 01: Introduction to Statistics

d. A quasi-dependent variable
ANSWER: a

16. For an experiment comparing two methods of teaching social skills training to autistic children, the
independent variable is _______ and the dependent variable is _______.
a. teaching methods; the autistic children
b. the autistic children; the social skills that are learned
c. the social skills that are learned; the autistic children
d. teaching methods; the social skills that are learned
ANSWER: d

17. Which of the following is an example of a discrete variable?

a. The age of each student in a psychology class
b. The gender of each student in a psychology class
c. The amount of time to solve a problem
d. The amount of weight gained for each freshman at a local college
ANSWER: b

18. Which of the following is an example of a continuous variable?

a. The gender of each student in a psychology class
b. The number of males in each class offered by the college
c. The amount of time to solve a problem
d. The number of children in a family
ANSWER: c

19. If it is impossible to divide the existing categories of a variable, then it is an example of a(n) _____ variable.
a. independent
b. dependent
c. discrete
d. continuous
ANSWER: c

20. What kind of variable requires the use of real limits?

a. Independent
b. Dependent
c. Discrete
d. Continuous
ANSWER: d

21. A doctor is measuring children’s heights to the nearest ½ inch and obtains scores such as 40.0, 40.5, 41.0, and so on.
What are the real limits for a score of X = 42?
a. 41 and 43
Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero. Page 4
Name: Class: Date:

Chapter 01: Introduction to Statistics

b. 41.5 and 42.5

c. 41.75 and 42.25
d. 41.25 and 42.75
ANSWER: c

22. Students in an introductory art class are classified as art majors and non-art majors. What scale of
measurement is being used to classify the students?
a. Nominal
b. Ordinal
c. Interval
d. Ratio
ANSWER: a

23. The participants in a research study are classified as high, medium, or low in self-esteem. What
measurement scale is being used to classify self-esteem?
a. Nominal
b. Ordinal
c. Interval
d. Ratio
ANSWER: b

24. Using letter grades (A, B, C, D, and F) to classify student performance on an exam is an example of
measurement on a(n) _______ scale of measurement.
a. nominal
b. ordinal
c. interval
d. ratio
ANSWER: b

st nd
25. Determining the class standing (1 , 2 , and so on) for the graduating seniors at a high school would involve
measurement on a(n) _____ scale of measurement.
a. nominal
b. ordinal
c. interval
d. ratio
ANSWER: b

26. What additional information is obtained by measuring two individuals on an ordinal scale compared to a
nominal scale?
a. Whether the measurements are the same or different
b. The direction of the difference
c. The size of the difference
Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero. Page 5
Name: Class: Date:

Chapter 01: Introduction to Statistics

d. None of the other options is correct

ANSWER: b

27. What additional information is obtained by measuring two individuals on an interval scale compared to an
ordinal scale?
a. Whether the measurements are the same or different
b. The direction of the difference
c. The size of the difference
d. None of the other options is correct
ANSWER: c

28. What scale of measurement is being used when a teacher measures the number of correct answers on a quiz
for each student?
a. Nominal
b. Ordinal
c. Interval
d. Ratio
ANSWER: d

29. After measuring two individuals, a researcher can say that Tom’s score is 4 points higher than Bill’s. The
measurements must come from a(n) _______ scale.
a. nominal
b. ordinal
c. interval
d. interval or ratio
ANSWER: d

30. What kind of measurement scale is necessary to conclude that one score is twice as big as another?
a. Ordinal
b. Interval
c. Ratio
d. Interval or ratio
ANSWER: c

31. For statistical purposes, it usually is not important to differentiate between which two scales of
measurement?
a. Nominal and ordinal
b. Ordinal and interval
c. Interval and ratio
d. Nominal and interval
ANSWER: c

Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero. Page 6

Name: Class: Date:

Chapter 01: Introduction to Statistics

2
32. What is the final step to be performed in the mathematical expression, (ΣX) ?
a. Square each score
b. Add the scores
c. Add the squared scores
d. Square the sum of the scores
ANSWER: d

33. What is the first step to be performed in the following mathematical expression, ΣX2?
a. Square each score
b. Add the scores
c. Add the squared scores
d. Square the sum of the scores
ANSWER: a

34. What is the final step to be performed when computing Σ(X – 2)2?
a. Square each value
b. Subtract 2 points from each score
c. Sum the squared values
d. Subtract 22 from each X2 value
ANSWER: c

35. What is the first step to be performed when computing Σ(X + 2)2?
a. Square each value
b. Add 2 points to each score
c. Sum the squared values
d. Sum the (X + 2) values
ANSWER: b

36. What is the value of (ΣX)2 for the scores 1, 5, 2?

a. 10
b. 16
c. 30
d. 64
ANSWER: d

37. What is the value of ΣX2 for the scores 1, 0, 2, 4?

a. 14
b. 21
c. 28
d. 49
ANSWER: b
Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero. Page 7
Name: Class: Date:

Chapter 01: Introduction to Statistics

38. What is the value of ΣX + 1 for the scores 1, 0, 2, 4?

a. 8
b. 10
c. 11
d. 14
ANSWER: a

39. What is the value of Σ(X + 1) for the scores 1, 0, 1, 4?

a. 4
b. 6
c. 7
d. 10
ANSWER: d

2
40. What is the value of Σ(X – 1) for the scores 1, 2, 1, 4?
a. 10
b. 16
c. 36
d. 49
ANSWER: a

41. What is the value of (ΣX)2 for the scores 1, 0, 2, 4?

a. 14
b. 21
c. 28
d. 49
ANSWER: d

42. What is the value of ΣX + 1 for the scores 1, 6, 3?

a. 10
b. 11
c. 13
d. 16
ANSWER: b

43. What is the value of Σ(X + 1) for the scores 2, 4, 7?

a. 10
b. 11
c. 13
d. 16
ANSWER: d

Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero. Page 8

Name: Class: Date:

Chapter 01: Introduction to Statistics

44. What is the value of Σ(X – 2) for the scores 2, 3, 5?

a. 4
b. 6
c. 8
d. 10
ANSWER: a

45. What is the value of Σ(X – 2)2 for the scores 2, 3, 5?

a. 8
b. 10
c. 16
d. 36
ANSWER: b

46. You are instructed to subtract 4 points from each score and find the sum of the resulting values. How would
this set of instructions be expressed in summation notation?
a. ΣX – 4
b. Σ (X – 4)
c. 4 – ΣX
d. Σ(4 – X)
ANSWER: b

47. You are instructed to subtract 4 points from each score, square the resulting value, and find the sum of the
squared numbers. How would this set of instructions be expressed in summation notation?
a. ΣX – 42
b. (ΣX – 4)2
c. Σ(X – 4)2
d. ΣX2 – 4
ANSWER: c

48. Which of the following is done last in the order of operations?

a. Squaring
b. Multiplication
c. Addition
d. Summation ()
ANSWER: c

49. Using the average score to describe a sample is an example of inferential statistics.

a. True
b. False
ANSWER: False
Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero. Page 9
Name: Class: Date:

Chapter 01: Introduction to Statistics

50. Using the election results from a sample of n = 100 voters to predict the results for the entire state is an
example of inferential statistics.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: True

51. A researcher is interested in the average income for registered voters in the United States. The entire group
of registered voters is an example of a population.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: True

52. A researcher interested in vocabulary development obtains a sample of 3-year-old children to participate in a
research study. The average score for the group of children is an example of a parameter.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: False

53. The goal for an experiment is to demonstrate that changes in one variable are responsible for causing
changes in a second variable.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: True

54. A correlational study typically uses only one group of participants but measures two different variables (two scores)
for each individual.

a. True
b. False
ANSWER: True

55. A recent study found a correlation between gum disease and heart disease. This result indicates that gum
disease causes people to develop heart disease.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: False

56. A correlational study is used to examine the relationship between two variables but cannot determine
whether it is a cause-and-effect relationship.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: True

57. A recent report concluded that children with siblings have better social skills than children who grow up as an only
child. This is an example of an experimental study.
Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero. Page 10
Name: Class: Date:

Chapter 01: Introduction to Statistics

a. True
b. False
ANSWER: False

58. A recent report concluded that college graduates have higher life-satisfaction scores than individuals who do
not receive college degrees. For this study, graduating versus not graduating is an example of a quasi-
independent variable.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: True

59. A discrete variable must be measured on a nominal or an ordinal scale.

a. True
b. False
ANSWER: False

60. Classifying people into two groups on the basis of gender is an example of measurement on an ordinal scale.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: False

61. To determine how much difference there is between two individuals, you must use either an interval or a
ratio scale of measurement.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: True

62. If a researcher measures two individuals on a nominal scale, it is impossible to determine which individual has the
larger score.

a. True
b. False
ANSWER: False

63. If a researcher measures two individuals on an ordinal scale, it is impossible to determine how much
difference exists between the two people.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: True

64. For statistical purposes, there usually is not much reason to differentiate between interval and ratio scales.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: True
Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero. Page 11
Name: Class: Date:

Chapter 01: Introduction to Statistics

65. Recording the number of text messages you receive each day would be an example of measuring a discrete
variable.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: True

66. A high school gym teacher records how much time each student requires to complete a one-mile run. This is
an example of measuring a continuous variable.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: True

67. In an introductory theater class, the professor records each student’s favorite movie from the previous year.
The teacher is measuring a discrete variable.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: True

68. A data set is described as consisting of n = 15 scores. Based on the notation being used, the data set is a
sample.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: True

69. To compute ΣX2, you first add the scores, then square the total.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: False

70. The first step in computing Σ(X + 1) is to add 1 point to each score.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: True

71. The final step in computing Σ(X + 1)2 is to square the sum of the (X + 1) values.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: False

72. For the following scores, X2 = (X)2. Scores: 1, 1, 1, 1

a. True
b. False
ANSWER: False
Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero. Page 12
Name: Class: Date:

Chapter 01: Introduction to Statistics

73. For the following scores, Σ(X + 1) = 9. Scores: 1, 3, 0, 1

a. True
b. False
ANSWER: True

74. For the following scores, Σ(X + 1)2 = 81. Scores: 1, 3, 0, 1

a. True
b. False
ANSWER: False

75. For the following scores, ΣX2 = 35. Scores: 1, 3, 5

a. True
b. False
ANSWER: True

76. For the following scores, ΣX2 = 49. Scores: 1, 4, 2, 0

a. True
b. False
ANSWER: False

77. Statistical techniques are classified into two major categories: descriptive and inferential. Describe the general purpose
of each category.
ANSWER: The purpose of descriptive statistics is to summarize and simplify the organization and presentation
of data. The purpose of inferential statistics is to use the limited data from a sample as the basis for
making general conclusions about the population.

78. Define the concept of “sampling error.” Note: your definition should include the concepts of sample, population,
statistic, and parameter.
ANSWER: A parameter is a value that is obtained from a population of scores and is used to describe the
population. A statistic is a value obtained from a sample and used to describe the sample. Typically,
it is impossible to obtain measurements for an entire population, so researchers must rely on
information from samples; that is, researchers use statistics to obtain information about unknown
parameters. However, samples provide only limited information about their populations. Thus,
sample statistics are usually not identical to their corresponding population parameters. The error or
discrepancy between a statistic and the corresponding parameter is called sampling error.

79. Describe the sequence of mathematical operations that would be used to evaluate each of the following expressions:
a. ΣX2
b. (ΣX)2
c. ΣX – 2
d. Σ(X – 2)
e. Σ(X – 2)2
Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero. Page 13
Name: Class: Date:

Chapter 01: Introduction to Statistics

ANSWER: a. Square each score, then sum the squared values.

b. Sum the scores, then square the sum.
c. Sum the scores, then subtract 2 from the sum.
d. Subtract 2 from each score, then sum the resulting values.
e. First, subtract 2 from each score, then square the resulting values, then sum the squared numbers.

80. Calculate each value requested for the following set of scores. Scores: 2, 3, 0, 5
a. ΣX
b. ΣX2
c. (ΣX)2

ANSWER: a. 10
b. 38
c. (10)2 = 100

81. Calculate each value requested for the following set of scores. Scores: 3, 4, 2, 6
a. ΣX – 2
b. Σ(X – 2)
c. Σ(X – 2)2

ANSWER: a. 13
b. 7
c. 21

82. Calculate each value requested for the following set of scores.
a. ΣX X Y
b. ΣY 1 5
c. ΣXΣY 3 1
d. ΣXY 0 –2
2 –4

ANSWER: a. 6
b. 0
c. 0
d. 0

Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero. Page 14

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