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SIMPLIFIED LEARNING MATERIAL 2022-23

ASSIGNMENT NO.: 04 CLASS:11 SUBJECT:Chemistry DATE: 26.05.2022

CLASS: 11th
SUBJECT: CHEMISTRY
UNIT NO.& NAME: 1. Some basic concepts of chemistry
CHAPTER NO.& NAME: 1. Some basic concepts of
chemistry
TOPIC: Atomic and Molecular masses (atomic mass,
average atomic mass) and formula mass (intext question
1.1)

Assignment No.: 04 DATE: 26.05.2022

ATOMIC AND MOLECULAR MASSES

YOU KNOW THAT......

1. Atom: Atom is the smallest particle of an element which
may or maynot have independent existence.
2. All Elements are composed of Atoms. There are about 118
Elements known and obviously there are 118 different types of
Atoms.
3. Molecule: When two or more Atoms of different molecules
combinethe molecule of a compound is formed.
4. The molecules are made up of Atoms of same or different
Elementsand are capable of independent existence.

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ASSIGNMENT NO.: 04 CLASS:11 SUBJECT:Chemistry DATE: 26.05.2022

Atomic masses
We know that the smallest portion of matter is atom which may or may not exist
independently. But as it is extremly small in size, it is not possible to isolate a
single atom and weight it. Therefore a single atom cannot be weighted. The mass
of an atom of hydrogen is 1.672 X 10-24g. It is so small that a gram is very big unit
to express the same. In order to solve this problem it was suggested that the mass
of an atom should be expressed as relative mass. It could be done by fixing some
standard of a mass and then comparing the mass of atoms of any element relative
to it. it is this relative mass which Is normally known as the atomic mass unit
(a.m.u) or as unified mass (u).

In the beginning hydrogen was choose to be the standard element because it

happens to be the lightest of all the elements moreover the mass of an atom of
hydrogen could be taken exactly as one unit. According to hydrogen standard

Mass of 1 atom of an element

Relative atomic mass of an element =
mass of 1 atom of hydrogen

Thus on the hydrogen scale the atomic mass of oxygen is sixteen which
means that an atom of oxygen is 16 times heavier than atom of hydrogen.
But since many elements do not react with hydrogen under normal
condition the hydrogen standard was replaced by oxygen standard keeping
in view the fact that oxygen is ore reactive than hydrogen. Since an atom of
oxygen is 16 times heavier than the hydrogen atom the relative atomic mass
of an element as expressed on this scale was
of 1 atom of an element
Relative atomic mass of an element =
1/16 × mass of 1 atom of oxygen

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At the time when oxygen was selected as the standard only O-16 isotope was
known. But later on O-17 and O-18 isotopes of oxygen was also isolated.
Therefore it became a problem to use oxygen as the standard. In 1961 a meeting
of the chemists from all over the world known as international union of chemistry.
Selected the most stable and most abundant isotope carbon C-12 for expressing
the relative atomic mass. its abundance is 98.892%. Although C-13 and C-14
isotope and also known but their relative abundance is negligible by common
agreement an atom of C-12 isotope has a mass exactly equal to 12 atomic
mass unit and an atomic mass unit is one twelfth(1/12) of the mass of one C-
12 isotope. Thus on the carbon standard
𝐑𝐞𝐥𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐯𝐞 𝐚𝐭𝐨𝐦𝐢𝐜 𝐦𝐚𝐬𝐬 𝐨𝐟 𝐚𝐧 𝐞𝐥𝐞𝐦𝐞𝐧𝐭
𝐦𝐚𝐬𝐬 𝐨𝐟 𝟏 𝐚𝐭𝐨𝐦 𝐨𝐟 𝐚𝐧 𝐞𝐥𝐞𝐦𝐞𝐧𝐭
=
𝟏/𝟏𝟐 × 𝐦𝐚𝐬𝐬 𝐨𝐟 𝟏 𝐚𝐭𝐨𝐦 𝐨𝐟 𝐜𝐚𝐫𝐛𝐨𝐧 (𝐂 – 𝟏𝟐)
For example:-
(i) if an atom of an element has twice the mass of C-12 atom, this means that
it has a relative atomic mass of 2 × 12 = 24 u
(ii) if an atom of an element has one-third the mass of C-12 atom this means
that it has a relative atomic mass 1/3 × 12 = 4 u
The value 1 u mass = 1.66056 × 10-24g
Mass of an atom of hydrogen = 1.6736 × 10-24g
the mass of atom of hydrogen = (1u)×(1.6736×10-24g)/(1.66056 × 10-24g)
= 1.008u
initially the term Dalton was used to express the mass of a single atom of
carbon (1.66056 × 10-24g) later on it was replaced by the term atomic mass
unit (a.m.u) at present the term unified mass (u) is commonly used to
represent the same.

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ASSIGNMENT NO.: 04 CLASS:11 SUBJECT:Chemistry DATE: 26.05.2022

Average atomic mass

It may be noted that most of the elements exist as isotopes which are are the
different atom of the same element with different mass number and same
atomic number. Therefore the atomic mass of an element must be its
average atomic mass and may be defined as:
“The average relative mass of the atom of an element as compared to
the mass of carbon atom (C-12) taken as 12u”
In general the average atomic masses of various elements are determined
by multiplying the atomic mass of each isotope by its fractional abundance
and adding the values thus obtained. These are divided by the sum of the
ratios in which these isotopes exist. If a and b be the atomic masses of the
two isotope of an element ; m and n be the ratio in which these isotopes
occur then average atomic mass of the element is:
Average atomic mass = a × m + b × n/ m+n
for example the element chlorine has two isotopes. these are Cl-35 and Cl-
37 and their relative proportions are 3 : 1 . These average atomic mass of
chlorine may be given as
Average atomic mass of chlorine = 35 × 3 + 37 × 1/3 + 1 = 105+37/4 = 142/4
= 35.5u
The average atomic mass does not mean that the element chlorine has
atomic mass of 35 .5u. it indicates that in a sample of chlorine both Cl-35 and
Cl-37 isotopes are present and their average is 35.5u. Please note that in
general all elements with fractional atomic masses are supposed to exist as
isotopes.

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ASSIGNMENT NO.: 04 CLASS:11 SUBJECT:Chemistry DATE: 26.05.2022

The relative atomic masses of some common elements which are involved in
the chemical calculation are given in the following table. Carbon-12 isotope
has been taken as the reference. these are actually atomic masses.
Elements Symbol Atomic mass Elements Symbol Atomic mass

Aluminum Al 27.0 Lithium Li 6.94

Argon Ar 39.948 Lead Pb 207.2

Antimony Sb 121.8 Magnesium Mg 24.3

Arsenic As 74.9 Mercury Hg 200.6

Beryllium Be 9.01 Manganese Mn 54.9

Boron B 10.8 Neon Ne 20.2

Bromine Br 79.9 Nickel Ni 58.7

Carbon C 12.0 Nitrogen N 14.0

Calcium Ca 40.2 Oxygen O 16.0

Chlorine Cl 35.5 Phosphorous P 31.0

Copper Cu 63.5 Potassium K 39.1

Fluorine F 19.0 Silicon Si 28.1

Hydrogen H 1.008 Silver Ag 107.1

Helium He 4.0 Sulphur S 32.1

Iodine I 126.9 Uranium U 238.0

Iron Fe 55.8 Zinc Zn 65.4

Example 1:-
The average atomic mass of copper is 63.5. It exist as two isotope which are
63
29
Cu and 65
29
Cu. Calculate the percentage of each isotope present in it.

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ASSIGNMENT NO.: 04 CLASS:11 SUBJECT:Chemistry DATE: 26.05.2022

63
Solution:- Let the percentage of 29
Cu isotope = x
65
The percentage of 29
Cu isotope = 100 – x
63 × x (100 − x)
the average atomic mass of Cu = + 65 ×
100 100

But the given average atomic mass of Cu = 63.5

63 × x (100−x)
+ 65 × = 63.5
100 100

63x + 6500 – 65x = 6350

-2x = 6350 – 6500 = -150
2x = 150
x = 75
Percentage of 63
29
Cu isotope = 75%

Percentage of 65
29
Cu isotope = 25%

Example 2
Chlorine has two isotope of atomic mass unit 34.97u and 36.97u. The
relative abundance of these two isotopes 0.735 and 0.245 respectively. Find
out the average atomic mass of chlorine.
Solution:- Atomic mass of first isotope = 34.97u
Relative abundance of first isotope = 0.735
Atomic mass of second isotope = 36.97u
Relative abundance of second isotope = 0.245
Average atomic mass of chlorine =
(34.97u) × 0.735 × (36.97u) × 0.245/0.735 + 0.245
= (25.703 + 9.058)u/0.980 = 35.47u

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Gram Atomic mass or Gram atom

Gram atomic mass of an element may be defined as:
“The quantity of an element whose mass in gram is numerically equals
to its relative atomic mass or atom mass.”
In other words it is the atomic mass of an element expressed in grams. It is
also called one gram atom.
For example
Atomic mass of nitrogen = 14u
Gram atomic mass of nitrogen = 14g
(Or one gram atom)
Atomic mass of oxygen= 16u
Gram atomic mass of oxygen = 16g
Molecular mass
Molecules as we know are made up of atoms. Since the molecules are also
quite small just like atoms the actual mass of a molecule cannot be
determined. it is also expressed as the relative mass known as the average
relative mass. C-12 isotope is used to express the relative molecular masses
of the substance. Thus molecular mass of substance may be defined as:
“The average relative mass of its molecule as compared to the mass of
carbon atom (C-12) taken as 12u”
Thus molecular mass expresses as the how many times a molecule of a
substance is heavier that 1/12th of the mass of carbon atom(C-12). For
example a molecule of nitrogen (N2) is 28 times heavier than 1/12th of the
mass of carbon. Therefore the molecular mass of nitrogen = 28u

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Calculation of molecular mass

The molecular mass of a substance can be calculated as the sum of the atomic
masses of all the atoms which consist a molecule of that substance. For example
Molecular mass of CaCO3 = Atomic mass of Ca + Atomic mass of C + 3 × atomic
mass of O
40 + 12 + 3 × 16 = 100u
Molecular mass of HNO3 = Atomic mass of H + Atomic mass of N + 3 × Atomic
mass of O
= 1+ 14 + 3 × 16 = 63u
Please note that molecular mass of a substance is also known as its molar mass.

Gram molecular mass

Gram molecular mass of a substance may be defined as:

“The quantity of a substance whose mass in grams is numerically equal to
its relative molecular mass.”
In other words it is the molecular mass of a substance expressed in grams. it is
also called one gram molecule.

For example
Gram molecular mass of CaCO3 = 100g
Gram molecular mass of HNO3 = 63g
In general moles of a substance = mass in gram / gram molar mass

Example 3
Calculate (a) Mass of 2.5 gram atoms of magnesium,
(b) Gram atoms in 1.4 grams of nitrogen (Atomic mass : Mg = 24, N=14)

Solution:- (a) 1 gram atom of Mg = 24g

2.5 gram atoms of Mg = 24 × 2.5 = 60g
(b) 1 gram atom of N = 14g; 14g of N = 1 gram atom
1.4g of N = 1/14 × 1.4 = 0.1 gram atom

Formula mass

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SIMPLIFIED LEARNING MATERIAL 2022-23
ASSIGNMENT NO.: 04 CLASS:11 SUBJECT:Chemistry DATE: 26.05.2022

Some substance such as sodium chloride does not contain discrete molecules as
their constituent units. In such compound positive and negative entities are
arranged in a three- dimensional structure.
It may be noted that in sodium chloride one Na+ ion is surrounded by six Cl- ion
and vice versa
The formula such as NaCl is used to calculate the formula mass instead of
molecular mass. As in the solid state sodium chloride thus exist as single entity.
Thus, the formula mass of sodium chloride is 18
Atomic mass of sodium + atomic mass of chloride
=23.0u + 35.5u = 58.5u

NCERT Intext problem 1.1

Calculate the molecular mass of glucose (C6H12O6) molecule?
Solution:- Molecular mass of glucose (C6H12O6)
= 6(12.011u) + 12(1.008u) + 6(16.00u)
= (72.066u) + (12.096) + (96.00u)
= 180.162u

REMEMBER THAT...

GRAM ATOMIC MASS = ATOMIC MASS EXPRESSED IN GRAMS = GRAMATOMS

GRAM MOLECULAR MASS = MOLECULAR MASS EXPRESSED IN GRAMS

= GRAM MOLECULES

𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑎𝑛
ATOMIC MASS = 1 𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑚
𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑎 𝑐𝑎𝑟𝑏𝑜𝑛 𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑚 (12𝐶)
12

MOLECULAR MASS OF XY2 = NUMBER OF ATOMS (X) × ATOMIC MASS

OF ATOM (X) + NUMBER OF ATOMS (Y) × ATOMIC MASS OF ATOM (Y)

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ASSIGNMENT NO.: 04 CLASS:11 SUBJECT:Chemistry DATE: 26.05.2022

LET’S EXPLORE MORE :

EXAMPLE(I): Calculate mass of 1.5 g atoms of calcium (at. mass = 40)

SOLUTION: mass of 1 g atom of calcium = 40 g

mass of 1.5 g atoms of calcium = 40×1.5 = 60 g

EXAMPLE(II): Calculate the average atomic mass of naturally occurring Argon

from the following data :

ISOTOPE ISOTOPIC MASS ABUNDANCE

(g/mol)
36Ar 35.967 0.337%
38Ar 37.962 0.063%
40Ar 39.962 99.600%

SOLUTION: Average atomic mass of Ar (argon)

35.967 × 0.337 + 37.962 × 0.063 + 39.962 × 99.600

=
100

= 39.948 g/mol

EXAMPLE (III): Calculate molecular mass of carbon dioxide (CO2).

SOLUTION: Molecular mass of CO2 = atomic mass of C + 2
× atomic mass of O

= 12 + 2×16 = 44 u

EXAMPLE (IV): Calculate mass of 2.6 g molecule of SO2 .

SOLUTION: Molecular mass of SO2 = atomic mass of S + 2 × atomic mass of O
= 32 + 2 × 16 = 64 u
1 g molecule of SO2 = 64 g
2.6 g molecule of SO2 = 2.6×64 = 166.4 g

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ASSIGNMENT NO.: 04 CLASS:11 SUBJECT:Chemistry DATE: 26.05.2022

EXAMPLE (V): If molecular mass of oxygen is 32. What will be its Gram molecular
mass?
SOLUTION: Molecular mass of oxygen is 32 then its Gram molecular mass will be
32 g.

{gram molecular mass = gram molecules = molecular mass expressed in g}

QUICK
MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS : ASSIGNMENT

1. The quantity of mass is equal to 1/12th of the mass of an atom of .

(a) Oxygen (b) Carbon (c) Hydrogen (d) Iron

2. Atomic mass of Chlorine is taken as .

(a) 35 (b) 36 (c) 35.5 (d) 17

3. Molecular mass of Water (H2O) is .

(a) 12 (b) 18 (c) 3 (c) 16

A. FILL IN THE BLANKS :

4. Atom is the smallest particle of an element which may or may not have
_________________ existence.
5. The scale of relative masses of atoms is called __________________.

B. TRUE / FALSE :

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ASSIGNMENT NO.: 04 CLASS:11 SUBJECT:Chemistry DATE: 26.05.2022

4. When Molecular mass of a substance is expressed in grams, it is called GRAM

MOLECULAR MASS.

5. Atomic mass of oxygen is 8.

C. NUMERICAL SOLVING PROBLEMS :

6. Calculate the average atomic mass of SILICON from the following data :

ISOTOPE ISOTOPIC MASS ABUNDANCE

(g/mol)

Si 28 92.25%
Si 29 4.65%
Si 30 3.10%

7. Calculate molecular mass of: (a)C6H12O6 (b)H2SO4

10. Calculate gram atoms in 12.8 g of oxygen (atomic mass = 16 )

ANSWERS KEY :

A. MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS :

1.(b) Carbon
2. (c) 35.5
3. (b) 18 (As H2O = 2 × 1 + 16 = 18 )

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ASSIGNMENT NO.: 04 CLASS:11 SUBJECT:Chemistry DATE: 26.05.2022

B. FILL IN THE BLANKS :

4. Atom is the smallest particle of an element which may or may not have
independent existence.
5. The scale of relative masses of atoms is called Atomic mass unit.
TRUE / FALSE :

6. When Molecular mass of a substance is expressed in grams, it is called

GRAM MOLECULAR MASS. True

7. Atomic mass of oxygen is 8. False ( because its atomic mass is 16 )

D. NUMERICAL SOLVING PROBLEMS

28×92.25+29×4.65+30×3.1
8. Average atomic mass of Si (Siliconn) = = 28.11u
100

9. Calculate molecular mass of: (a) C6H12O6 = 6×12 + 12×1 + 6×16 = 180u
(b) H2SO4 = 2×1 + 1×32 + 4×16 = 98u

10. 1 gram atom of oxygen = 16 g

1
12.8g of oxygen = × 12.8 = 0.8 g atom
16

Prepared by: Navneet singh wilku, Lecturer Chemistry GSSS

Shankarpura.Gurdaspur

Under the guidance of: Sh. Rajesh Saini, Principal Cum Dm,
DistrictGurdaspur

Supervised by: Smt. Jasvinder Kaur (Assistant Director) PPPP

ScienceSen. Sec. State Coordinator.

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