Financial Ratio Toolkit Final Dec 2018

FINANCIAL RATIO ANALYSIS
TOOLKIT
Issued December 2018
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THE SOUTH AFRICAN INSTITUTE OF CHARTERED ACCOUNTANTS
Copyright in all publications originated by The South African Institute of Chartered Accountants rests in the
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(No. 98 of 1978), no portion may be reproduced by any process without written permission.
ISBN 978-0-86983-424-4
DISCLAIMER
All publications in this toolkit are commissioned by the South African Institute of Chartered Accountants (SAICA). This toolk
not intended to be all encompassing. It is intended to serve as guidance and not as a form or recommendation.
This toolkit has not been approved, sanctioned, or officially promulgated by SAICA, nor is it intended to represent the stan
This toolkit only sets out limited financial statements, for illustrative purposes and are relevant only for purposes of the to
financial statements that are International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) or IFRS for Small and Medium Entities (SM
Each user of this document is personally responsible for the interpretation and use of the contents of the toolkit and assu
This toolkit will not be updated to address and/or amend any changes, therefore each user must use the toolkit as informa
particular point in time, and assumes the responsibility to ensure that they obtain the necessary updated information as m
Every effort has been made to ensure that the information developed for purposes of this toolkit is accurate. Nevertheless
authoritative guidance with respect to the subject matter and SAICA will have no responsibility to any person for any claim
arise out of or related to the interpretation and use of the contents of this toolkit.
Introduction
This financial toolkit aims to assist the user in calculating some general financial ratios pertaining to the user’s smaller and less complex entities. The toolkit is not aimed to include an exhaustive list of ratios, but
to serve as a starting point by computing and analysing some key ratios that can assist different stakeholders (e.g. management, the board of directors, shareholders, investors, providers of finance) in making de
relevant to their circumstances. The main sources that were consulted in order to identify key ratios are included in the 'References' tab.
Financial ratios assist in identifying qualitative and quantitative factors (numeric outcomes) which are relevant to understanding and providing different perspectives regarding the information contained in or to
contained in the entity's financial statements.
In short, financial ratios are tools to assess the relative (and potential) strengths or weaknesses of an entity. They assist in measuring operational efficiency, liquidity, stability and profitability.
Some of the advantages in using ratios include:

(1) Ratios provide a standard method of comparison. In some respects ratios serve to 'level the playing field' as they go beyond the numbers in revealing key messages regarding an entity's operational efficiency,
liquidity, stability and profitability.
(2) Industry trends can be determined by creating benchmarks against which performance can be measured.
(3) Investors use ratios to evaluate the strengths and weaknesses of individual companies or industries.
(4) Business owners can use ratios and industry trends to motivate business plans to potential investors, customers, suppliers and providers of finance.
It is important not to miss the bigger picture by only relying on ratios, especially with a complex set of information. Financial ratios are based on past performance and can indicate trends, however the present
conditions and future amendments should also be taken into account when interpreting ratios and making decisions.
Definitions and formulas of the ratios in this toolkit

Type of ratio Ratio Formula
(Sales less Cost of sales) /

Gross Profit % (GP%)
Sales
(Sales or Revenue less Expenses) /

Profit margin %
Profitability Ratios Sales
Net Income /
Return on Assets
Total Assets
(Earnings less Initial Cost of Investment) /

Return on Investment (ROI)
Initial Cost of Investment
(Total Current Assets less Total Current

Quick Ratio Inventory) /
Total Current Liabilities
Liquidity Ratios
Total Current Assets /

Current ratio
Total Current Liabilities
Total Liabilities /
Debt-to-equity ratio
Net Equity
Solvency Ratios
Earnings Before Interest, Taxes(EBIT) /

Interest Coverage
Interest Expenses
Credit Sales /
Accounts Receivable turnover
Average Accounts receivable
365 days /
Days Credit Sales outstanding
Accounts receivable turnover
Purchases /
Accounts Payable turnover
Average Accounts payable
Activity Ratios
Cost of Goods Sold /

Inventory turnover ratio
Average Inventory
365 days /
Days Inventory outstanding
Inventory Turnover ratio
365 days /
Days Expenses outstanding
Accounts payable turnover
(Cash plus Marketable Securities plus

Adequacy of Resources Accounts Receivable) /
Monthly Expenses
Yearly Analysis: (Current Year Sales less

Previous Year Sales) / Previous Year Sales
Sales Growth % Monthly Analysis: (Current Month Sales
less Previous Months Sales) / Previous
Months Sales
Yearly Analysis: (Current Year Revenue

less Previous Year Revenue) / Previous
Year Revenue
Revenue Growth %
Monthly Analysis: (Current Month
Revenue less Previous Months Revenue) /
Previous Months Revenue
Sales /
Operating Self-Sufficiency ratio
Operational Efficiency Total expenses
Total fixed costs (in Rands) divided

Contribution Margin Ratio
Operating income Break-even point
(Contribution Margin or Gross Profit
divided by Revenue)
Sales /
Average sales per customer
Average number of customers
Sales /
Revenue per Employee
Average number of employees
Total cost /
Total Cost per Employee
Average number of employees
Bank Overdraft
Cash and Cash equivalents
Cash Sales
Credit Sales
Cost of Sales
Current portion of Long-term Borrowings
Current Tax Payable
Deferred Tax Asset
Deferred Tax Liability
Depreciation & Amortisation
Employee Costs
Goodwill
Impairments
Income Tax Expense
Interest Expense
Intangible Assets
Investments
Investment Income
Investment Property
Inventories
Loans Receivable - Long Term
Loans Receivables - Short Term
Long-term Borrowings
Long-term Provisions
Other Components of Equity
Other Current Assets
Other Current Liabilites
Other Expenses
Other Income
Other Intangible Assets
Other Non-current Assets
Other Non-current Liabilites
Property, Plant and Equipment
Retained Earnings
Revenue
Share capital/Capital Account/Members Contributions
Short-term Borrowings
Short-term Provisions
Trade Payables
Trade Receivables
g to the user’s smaller and less complex entities. The toolkit is not aimed to include an exhaustive list of ratios, but rather
stakeholders (e.g. management, the board of directors, shareholders, investors, providers of finance) in making decisions
atios are included in the 'References' tab.
ich are relevant to understanding and providing different perspectives regarding the information contained in or to be
of an entity. They assist in measuring operational efficiency, liquidity, stability and profitability.
playing field' as they go beyond the numbers in revealing key messages regarding an entity's operational efficiency,
be measured.
dustries.
nvestors, customers, suppliers and providers of finance.
set of information. Financial ratios are based on past performance and can indicate trends, however the present
and making decisions.
Explanation
In general the GP % of an entity should remain fairly static. A decrease in percentage could mean:
(1) the entity has have not responded by increasing prices as suppliers costs have increased;
(2) misappropriation of merchandise either by staff or suppliers in delivery; or
(3) unauthorized discounts, misappropriation of cash revenue and free handouts.
Thus the GP % should be tracked so that mitigation strategies can be put in place at the first sign of a
decline.
The profit margin ratio is a percentage that shows an entity's earnings after deducting all expenses.
Profit margins vary by business, thought it could be useful to compare to industry averages.
This profitability ratio is used to determine how effectively an entity's assets are used to generate
profits. The higher this ratio the more efficient an entity is at using its assets to make money.
This is a very useful measure of comparison within an industry. A low ratio compared to industry may
mean that the entity's competitors have found a way to operate more efficiently.
ROI compares the amount of money an investment brings into an entity to how much is paid for the
investment. This ratio shows the entity's investment and the profit received in return based on the
investment. Thus a higher ROI, the more income is generated by investments.
The quick ratio measures short-term liquidity. Liquidity is the ability to pay off current liabilities with
current assets (excluding inventory).
Important to note that the current assets used in calculating the quick ratio excludes inventory.
The current ratio is similar to the quick ratio, but measures your ability to pay long-term debts.
So the current ratio looks at how many assets you have compared to liabilities.
Current ratio includes inventory.
The debt-to-equity ratio shows how dependent an entity is on borrowed finances compared to own
funding. This ratio compares how much an entity owe to how much they own.
If the debt-to-equity ratio is greater than 1, the entity has more capital from lenders. This could be
seen as a risk when applying for a loan.
Interest coverage measures an entity's ability to meet interest payment obligations with business
income.
Ratios close to 1 indicates that an entity is having difficulty in generating enough cash flow to pay
interest on its debt. The ideal ratio is above 1.5.
This activity ratio measures how quickly an entity collects its accounts receivable (evaluate issue of
credit and the collection thereof).
A high ratio indicates that the entity is efficient in collecting its debt, while lower ratios can lead to
accounts unnecessarily tying up working capital.
Day sales outstanding indicates how many days an entity's clients (on credit) take to pay.
An entity should aim to collect payment quicker for which they are extending credit for.
This activity ratio shows how quickly an entity pays money owed to its suppliers.
A ratio of 5 suggests that the entity used and paid off credit five times during the year, or once every
73 days. This ratio increases when more purchases are made or an entity decreases its accounts
payable.
A high ratio indicates that the entity is paying off its creditors quicker, where as a low ratio indicates
the opposite.
An inventory turnover ratio reveals how frequently inventory is converted into sales. It shows how
much product is sold and how efficiently inventory is managed.
The greater the inventory turnover ratio, the more frequently inventory converts into cash.
Day Inventory outstanding indicates average number of days the entity holds its inventory before
selling it.
An entity should aim to turn over inventory quickly since this indicates the number of days funds are
tied up in inventory.
Day expenses outstanding indicates how many days an entity take to pay creditors back.
An entity should aim to extend payment as late as possible to ensure they have sufficient cash on
hand.
This ratio determines the number of months an entity could operate without further funds received
(burn rate).
Sales growth indicates a percentage increase (decrease) in sales between two time periods.
If overall costs and inflation are increasing, an entity should see a corresponding increase in sales. If
not, they may need to adjust pricing policy to keep up with costs.
Revenue growth indicates a percentage increase (decrease) in revenue between two time periods.
If overall costs and inflation are increasing, an entity should see a corresponding increase in revenue. If
not, they may need to adjust pricing policy to keep up with costs.
Operating self-sufficiency measures the degree to which an organisation’s expenses are covered by its
core business and is able to function independent of grant support.
For this calculation, business revenue should exclude any non-operating revenues or contributions and
total expenses should include all expenses (operating and non-operating) including social costs.
The break-even formula helps determine the value of operating income required in order to ensure
your entity will break even. This formula can help you set targets and minimums.
Many small businesses miss the opportunity for multiple sales by selling associated products because
they don't measure and track the average customer sales results. By measuring the average customer
sales the entity may become more aware of significantly improving profits every time an associated
sale is made (i.e. belts with trousers, drinks with food).
This is a simple way to seamlessly improving the bottom line.
This ratio can be used to compare the entity against others in the same industry. Ideally, the entity
want the highest revenue per employee possible as it indicates higher productivity and effective use of
resources.
Revenue per employee is affected by an entity's employee turnover rate, and turnover is defined as
the percentage of the total workforce that leaves voluntarily each year and must be replaced.
This ratio can be used to analyse the total cost per employee.
How to use the toolkit
Link
Step 1: Complete Company information tab with the required information Company information
Please note: Turnover received from either Sale of Goods or Services should be
allocated as follows in the "Trialbalance".
> Services to be included as "Revenue" in the allocation column.

> Sale of Goods to be included as either "Credit sales" or "Cash Sales" in the
allocation column.
It is crucial to insert the figure for "Opening Retained Earning Balance for the first
period" on the "Company Information" Tab.
(Bear in mind that a credit balance should be recorded as a negative figure and a
debit balance as a possitive figure)
It is important to take note of the following:

The Trial Balance should be populated consistently based on the value / rounding selected
in the "Company Information" tab, Cell A10 and Cell B10.
Please also bear in mind that the selection above will have an effect on the following
ratios:
> Average customer sale
> Revenue per employee ratio
> Cost per employee ratio
Step 2:
Populate the "Trail balance" tab by including the account information and
selecting the account from the drop-down menu.
Both positive and negative balance can be captured and note the balance check
built in on LINE 4. Trialbalance
Sale of Goods (Revenue) needs to be split between:
1) Credit Sales
2) Cash Sales
As the user of this toolkit it is required to take the entity's full trial balance based on its
chart of accounts and decide how the various accounts and classes of accounts need to be
allocated and grouped in order to complete the information required for purposes of the
"ratio calculation" trial balance included in this tab of the toolkit. Please ensure that all
information is appropriately allocated and grouped, and caputured in this "ratio
calculation" trial balance, otherwise the accuracy of the resulting financial ratios will be
advesely affected.
Step 3: It is important to take note of the following:
Allocate a positive Bank Balance to "Cash and Cash Equivalents" and a negative Bank
Balance to "Bank Overdraft".
Allocate a Debit Deferred Tax Balance to "Deferred Tax Asset" and a Credit Deferred Tax
Balance to "Deferred Tax Liability".
Retained earnings captured on the trailbalance should be that of the previous year, thus
the current year's opening balance.
If unsure where to allocate a balance:

First determine which "class" it falls under (i.e Current Asset/Non Current Asset/Current
Liability/Non Current Liability/Income/Expense).
Thereafter allocate it to one of the "Other" accounts.(i.e Other Current Assets/ Other Non
Current Assets/ Other Current Liabilities/Other Non Current Liabilities/Other Income/Other
Expenses).
Step 4: The following tabs will be automatically updated with the information from the Statement of Financial Position
trail balance, no additional information required.
Statement of profit or loss
Statement of changes in Equity
The Statement of financial position, Statement of profit or loss and Statement of changes
in equity are products of the information that is entered into this trial balance, whether it
be information for a specific period / interim period or for a full financial year, in order to
provide a generic overview of the entity's assets, liabilities, equity, revenue, expenses and
profit or loss for puprposes of calculating the financial ratios included in this toolkit. They
do not present formal financial statements for external reporting purposes, e.g. as would
be required in the case of an entity's statutory financial statements.
Step 5: From the statements the ratios are automatically calculated. Ratios
The "Accounts Receivable Turnover", "Accounts payable turnover" and "Inventory
Turnover" ratios require calculation of average inventory, accounts receivable and
accounts payable balances thus it is important to include as much comparative
information as possible for the correct ratio to be calculated.
Step 6: Last tabs of the documents include graphs for comparing ratios
(1) Yearly Per ratio_year on year
(2) Quarterly Per ratio_quarterly
(3) Monthly for the last financial year Analysis_monthly
Company Information
Company name: XYZ 123 (Pty) Ltd
Current financial year end 31-Dec-17
Prior year end 31-Dec-16
Year 3 31-Dec-15
Year 4 31-Dec-14
R value R'000
31-Dec-17 31-Dec-16 31-Dec-15 31-Dec-14

Average number of employees for
the year 1,200 1,000 800 750
Average number of customers for
the year 800 770 500 360
Opening Retained Earning Balance

for the first period N/A N/A N/A
XYZ 123 (Pty) Ltd
Trailbalance as at year end
As the user of this toolkit it is required to take the entity's full trial balance based on its chart of accounts and decide how the various
accounts and classes of accounts need to be allocated and grouped in order to complete the information required for purposes of the
"ratio calculation" trial balance included in this tab of the toolkit. Please ensure that all information is appropriately allocated and grouped,
and caputured in this "ratio calculation" trial balance, otherwise the accuracy of the resulting financial ratios will be advesely affected. 2017 31-Jan-17 28-Feb-17 31-Mar-17 30-Apr-17 31-May-17 30-Jun-17 31-Jul-17 31-Aug-17 30-Sep-17 31-Oct-17 30-Nov-17 31-Dec-17
Trial Balance Check - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Account number Account description Allocation R'000 R'000 R'000 R'000 R'000 R'000 R'000 R'000 R'000 R'000 R'000 R'000 R'000
2016 31-Jan-16 29-Feb-16 31-Mar-16 30-Apr-16 31-May-16 30-Jun-16 31-Jul-16 31-Aug-16 30-Sep-16 31-Oct-16 30-Nov-16 31-Dec-16
- - - - - - - - - - - - -
R'000 R'000 R'000 R'000 R'000 R'000 R'000 R'000 R'000 R'000 R'000 R'000 R'000
- - - - - - - - - - - - -
R'000 R'000 R'000 R'000 R'000 R'000 R'000 R'000 R'000 R'000 R'000 R'000 R'000
- - - - - - - - - - - - -
R'000 R'000 R'000 R'000 R'000 R'000 R'000 R'000 R'000 R'000 R'000 R'000 R'000
XYZ 123 (Pty) Ltd
Statement of financial position as at year end
The Statement of financial position, Statement of profit or loss and Statement of changes in equity
are products of the information that is entered into this trial balance, whether it be information for
a specific period / interim period or for a full financial year, in order to provide a generic overview
of the entity's assets, liabilities, equity, revenue, expenses and profit or loss for puprposes of
calculating the financial ratios included in this toolkit. They do not present formal financial
statements for external reporting purposes, e.g. as would be required in the case of an entity's
statutory financial statements.
2017
ASSETS R'000
Non-current assets -
Property, plant and equipment -
Investment Property -
Intangible assets -
Deferred Tax Asset -
Goodwill -
Investments -
Loans Receivable - Long Term -
Other Intangible Assets -
Other Non-current Assets -
Current assets -
Inventories -
Trade receivables -
Other current assets -
Loans Receivables - Short Term -
Cash and cash equivalents -
Total assets -
EQUITY AND LIABILITIES

-
Share capital/Capital Account/Members Contributions -
Other components of equity -
Retained earnings -
Non-current liabilities -
Long-term borrowings -
Deferred Tax Liability -
Other Non-current Liabilites -
Long-term provisions -
Current liabilities -
Trade payables -
Other current liabilites -
Bank Overdraft -
Short-term borrowings -
Current portion of long-term borrowings -
Current tax payable -
Short-term provisions -
Total Liabilities -
Total equity and liabilities -
Balance check 0.00

tion as at year end
2016
R'000
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
2015
R'000
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
2014
R'000
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
XYZ 123 (Pty) Ltd
Statement of profit/(loss) for year ended
The Statement of financial position, Statement of profit or loss and Statement of changes
in equity are products of the information that is entered into this trial balance, whether it
be information for a specific period / interim period or for a full financial year, in order to
provide a generic overview of the entity's assets, liabilities, equity, revenue, expenses and
profit or loss for puprposes of calculating the financial ratios included in this toolkit. They
do not present formal financial statements for external reporting purposes, e.g. as would
be required in the case of an entity's statutory financial statements.
2017
R'000
Cash Sales -
Credit Sales -
Total Sales -
Cost of Sales -
Gross Profit -
Revenue -
Other Income -
Employee costs -
Other expenses -
Earning before Interest, tax, depreciation and amortisation (EBITDA) -
Depreciation & Amortisation -
Impairments -
Operating profit / (loss) -
Investment income -
Interest expense -
Profit before Tax -
Income Tax Expense -
Profit/(Loss) for the year -
2016
R'000
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
2015
R'000
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
2014
R'000
0
-
-
-
###
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
###
-
-
###
-
XYZ 123 (Pty) Ltd
Statement of Changes in Equity as at year end
The Statement of financial position, Statement of profit or loss and Statement of changes in equity are products of the information that is entered into this
trial balance, whether it be information for a specific period / interim period or for a full financial year, in order to provide a generic overview of the entity's
assets, liabilities, equity, revenue, expenses and profit or loss for puprposes of calculating the financial ratios included in this toolkit. They do not present
formal financial statements for external reporting purposes, e.g. as would be required in the case of an entity's statutory financial statements.
Other
Components of
Share Capital Equity Retained Earnings Total Equity
R'000 R'000 R'000 R'000
Balance at the beginning of the year - - - -
Issue of shares - - - -
Profit / (loss) for the year - - - -
Balance at the end of the year - - - -

This shape represents a table slicer. Table slicers are supported in Excel 2013
or later.
If the shape was modified in an earlier version of Excel, or if the workbook

was saved in Excel 2007 or earlier, the slicer can't be used.
General ratio's
Type of ratio 2017 Month1 Month2 Month3 Month4 Month5 Month6 Month7 Month8 Month9 Month10 Month11 Month12 Q1_2017 Q2_2017 Q3_2017 Q4_2017
Gross Profit % (GP%) #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0!
Profit margin % #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0!
Return on Assets #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0!
Return on Investment (ROI) #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0!
Quick Ratio #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0!
Current ratio #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0!
Debt-to-equity ratio #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0!
Interest Coverage #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0!
Accounts Receivable turnover #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0!
Days Credit Sales outstanding #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0!
Accounts Payable turnover #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0!
Days Expenses outstanding #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0!
Adequacy of Resources #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0!
Sales Growth % #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0!
Revenue Growth % #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0!
Operating Self-Sufficiency ratio #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0!
Operating income Break-even point #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0!
Average sales per customer - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Inventory turnover ratio #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0!
Days Inventory outstanding #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0!
Revenue per Employee - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Total Cost per Employee - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
2016 Month13 Month14 Month15 Month16 Month17 Month18 Month19 Month20 Month21 Month22 Month23 Month24 Q1_2016 Q2_2016 Q3_2016 Q4_2016
#DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0!
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
N/A N/A #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0!
N/A N/A #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0!
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
This shape represents a slicer. Slicers 1.00
are supported in Excel 2010 or later. Type of ratio
Data Accounts Payable turnover Accounts Receivable turnover
If the shape was modified in an earlier 0.90
Sum of 2014 #VALUE! #VALUE!
version of Excel, or if the workbook
was saved in Excel 2003 or earlier, the Sum of 2015 #VALUE! #VALUE!
slicer cannot be used. 0.80 Sum of 2017 #VALUE! #VALUE!
Sum of 2016 #VALUE! #VALUE!
0.70
0.60
0.50
0.40
0.30
0.20
0.10
0.00
Sum of 2014 Sum of 2015 Sum of 2017 Sum of 2016
This shape represents a slicer. Slicers
are supported in Excel 2010 or later. Type of ratio
Days Inventory outstanding Data Days Inventory outstanding Total Result
If the shape was modified in an earlier Sum of Q1_2017 #VALUE! #VALUE!
version of Excel, or if the workbook 1.00
was saved in Excel 2003 or earlier, Sum of Q2_2017 #VALUE! #VALUE!
the slicer cannot be used. 0.90 Sum of Q3_2017 #VALUE! #VALUE!
Sum of Q4_2017 #VALUE! #VALUE!
0.80 Sum of Q1_2016 #VALUE! #VALUE!
0.20
0.10
0.00
7 7 7 7 6 6 6 6 5 5 5 5 4 4 4 4
01 01 01 01 01 01 01 01 01 01 01 01 01 01 01 01
_2 _2 _2 _2 _2 _2 _2 _2 _2 _2 _2 _2 _2 _2 _2 _2
Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4
of of of of of of of of of of of of of of of of
m m m m m m m m m m m m m m m m
Su Su Su Su Su Su Su Su Su Su Su Su Su Su Su Su
This shape represents a slicer. Slicers
Type of ratio
are supported in Excel 2010 or later. Accounts Payable turnover Data Accounts Payable turnover Total Result
If the shape was modified in an 1.00 Sum of Month1 #VALUE! #VALUE!
earlier version of Excel, or if the Sum of Month2 #VALUE! #VALUE!
workbook was saved in Excel 2003 or
0.90 Sum of Month3 #VALUE! #VALUE!
earlier, the slicer cannot be used.
Sum of Month4 #VALUE! #VALUE!
0.80
0.70
0.40
0.30
0.20
0.10
0.00
Sum of Sum of Sum of Sum of Sum of Sum of Sum of Sum of Sum of Sum of Sum of Sum of
Month1 Month2 Month3 Month4 Month5 Month6 Month7 Month8 Month9 Month10 Month11 Month12
References
The advantages of Financial Ratio's, David Ingram - June 2018
https://smallbusiness.chron.com/advantages-financial-ratios-3973.html
Advantages and disadvantages of Financial Ratio's. Hunkar Ozyasar - April 2018

https://yourbusiness.azcentral.com/advantages-disadvantages-financial-ratios-1679.html
3 Financial Ratios That All Successful Small Business Owners Need to Track
https://www.inc.com/quora/3-financial-ratios-that-all-successful-small-business-owners-need-to-track.html
Financial Ratio Analysis

https://www.accountingverse.com/managerial-accounting/fs-analysis/financial-ratios.html
Ratio Analysis: Using Financial Ratios

https://www.investopedia.com/university/ratio-analysis/using-ratios.asp

Financial Ratio Toolkit Final Dec 2018

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Financial Ratio Toolkit Final Dec 2018

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FINANCIAL RATIO ANALYSIS

THE SOUTH AFRICAN INSTITUTE OF CHARTERED ACCOUNTANTS

Some of the advantages in using ratios include:

Definitions and formulas of the ratios in this toolkit

(Sales less Cost of sales) /

(Sales or Revenue less Expenses) /

(Earnings less Initial Cost of Investment) /

(Total Current Assets less Total Current

Total Current Assets /

Earnings Before Interest, Taxes(EBIT) /

Cost of Goods Sold /

(Cash plus Marketable Securities plus

Yearly Analysis: (Current Year Sales less

Yearly Analysis: (Current Year Revenue

Total fixed costs (in Rands) divided

> Services to be included as "Revenue" in the allocation column.

It is important to take note of the following:

If unsure where to allocate a balance:

31-Dec-17 31-Dec-16 31-Dec-15 31-Dec-14

Opening Retained Earning Balance

EQUITY AND LIABILITIES

Total equity and liabilities -

Balance check 0.00

Balance at the end of the year - - - -

If the shape was modified in an earlier version of Excel, or if the workbook

Advantages and disadvantages of Financial Ratio's. Hunkar Ozyasar - April 2018

Financial Ratio Analysis

Ratio Analysis: Using Financial Ratios

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