INDUSTRIAL APPLICATIONS OF ENZYMES

ASSIGNMENT # 03……SEMESTER SPRING-2024

Submission Date (March 26, 2024)

BY
JAVAIRIA TANVEER
ROLL # 22011514-097
Zoo-466(Biochemistry -I)
Zoology BS-IV (B)
Submitted To
Dr. Razia Iqbal
Department of Zoology

UNIVERSITY OF GUJRAT
 CONTENTS

TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGE

LIST OF FIGURES.............................................................................................................. (ii)

1.Introduction............................................................................................................................ 1

2. Industrial enzymes................................................................................................................. 1

3.Properties and advantages of enzymes................................................................................ 2

4. Industrial applications of enzymes...................................................................................... 2

4.1.Food Industry...................................................................................................................... 3
4.2.Bevarage Industry............................................................................................................... 4

4.3.Detergent Industry............................................................................................................... 4
4
4.4.Textile Industry................................................................,…..............................................
4
4.5.Pharmaceutical Industry......................................................................................................
5
4.6.Agriculture Industry............................................................................................................
7
4.7.Cosmetic Industry................................................................................................................
7
4.8.Paper and pulp Industry....................................................................................................... 8
4.9.Light Industry....................................................................................................................... 9
4.10.Water Treatment................................................................................................................ 9
5.References.............................................................................................................................. 11

i
 LIST OF FIGURES
CONTENTS PAGE
Figure-1:Structure of industrial enzymes......................................................................................... 1
Figure-2:Industrial enzymes.............................................................................…………................. 2
Figure-4.1:Food Industry................................................................................................................... 4
Figure-4.3.3..Detergence powder contain enzymes…...…………......………………….……….. 4
Figuure-4.4.4.Stone washing of denim pants ………………………………………….……...... 5
Figure-4.5.1.In disease diagnosis……………………………………………..…………………. 6
Figure-4.5.4.In drug manufacturing ….…………………………………………………………. 7
Figure-4.7.Enzymes in cosmetic ………………………………………………….…………...... 8
Figure-4. 9:Light industry……………………………………..………………………………… 9

ii
1.Introduction

Enzymatic responses are performed under gentle states of temperature and tension, in non-harmful
solvents and display exceptionally high rates and are in many cases profoundly unambiguous. Because
of exceptionally gentle performing states of biocatalytic methodologies, they can be worked by
innocent apparatuses and are effortless to control. Their capacity to be dissolvable and dynamic in both
watery and non-fluid solvents, are one more properties of these biocatalyst cause to involve them in the
modern, drug, and rural uses. For instance, these biocatalysts can be utilized broadly in different
ventures like food (starch change, dairy items, baking), refreshment (leafy foods juices, wine, lager)
handling, biosensors, material enterprises, creature feed, cleansers, mash and paper, nourishment and
medical care, squander water therapy, substance, drug and beauty care products items, and biofuels, for
example, biodiesel and furthermore the quantity of different applications keep on expanding. (Sepmag ,
2018)

Figure-1:Industrial Enzymes structure

( Sepmag, 2018)

2.Industrial enzymes

Modern compounds are catalysts that are utilized in various businesses like drugs, substance
creation, biofuels, food and drink and buyer items application.Here are a few modern proteins
and their applications (Wont, 1974)

2.1.Lactase: Present day compounds are impetuses that are used in different organizations like
medications, substance creation, biofuels, food and drink and purchaser things application.Here are a
couple of current proteins and their applications (Wont, 1974)

2.2.Amylase: One of the underlying strides of the maturing framework incorporates developing
grain and breaking that starch into maltose and glucose sugar molecules through amylase
synthetic compounds.(Wont, 1974)

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2.3.Lipase: Lipase is utilized in the development of Isopropyl myristate. (Wont, 1974)

2.4.Polyphenol oxidases:Polyphenol oxidases are used for biosensors considering the specific
preferring between a substrate and its impetus. (Wont, 1974)

2.5.Lignin peroxidase: Lignin peroxidase is use for substance place of biomarkers in tissue. (Wont,
1974)

2.6.Horseradish peroxidase: Horseradish peroxidase is use for synthetic invention of biomarkers in

tissue. (Wont, 1974)

2.7.Nitrite reductase: Nitrite reductase is used for biosensors because of the specific prejudice
between a substrate and its protein. (Wont, 1974)

2.8.Urease: Urease is used for biosensors because of the specific proclivity between a substrate and its
synthetic. (Wont, 1974)

Figure-2:Industrial Enzymes

(Wont, 1974)

3.Properties and advantages of enzymes

Here are the properties and advantages of enzymes in separate paragraphs(Leray, 1984)

3.1.Properties of Enzymes

Proteins have a novel arrangement of properties that make them exceptionally powerful natural impetuses.
They are profoundly unambiguous, following up on unambiguous substrates, and are inconceivably
productive, speeding up responses frequently by a great many times. Compounds have ideal temperature
and pH ranges for movement, and can keep up with their steadiness over a scope of temperatures and pH.
Moreover, proteins have a high turnover number, catalyzing different responses each second, and some can
be reused on numerous occasions. Moreover, chemicals are biodegradable, being normally happening and

(Page 2 of 16)
handily separated.(Leray, 1984)

3.2.Advantages of Enzymes

The benefits of chemicals are various and huge. They are effective, accelerating responses and decreasing
handling time, and are explicit, limiting undesirable side responses and further developing item quality.
Proteins are additionally harmless to the ecosystem, supplanting unforgiving synthetics and diminishing
ecological effect. They are practical, diminishing energy utilization, water use, and waste age, and work
under gentle circumstances, saving delicate particles. Compounds are adaptable, being utilized in different
businesses and applications, and empower new and creative modern cycles. They assist produce top notch
items with explicit properties, lead to cost reserve funds and decreased natural effect, and advance
manageable practices. (Leray, 1984)

4.Industrial applications of enzyme

Nitrile hydratase, transaminase, , lipase, monoamine oxidase penicillin acylase, They are present in
pharmaceutical industries all around the word. Thse are basically use in this industry for making every
thing like drugs, Antibiotics against any virus.

Trypsin, amylase, glucose isomerase, papain, pectinase Food industry contains these enzymes. They are
helping in making cakes su h as by baking soda.

Protease, lipase, amylase, cellulase Detergent industry contain them. They to remove stain from different
fabric of cloths.

Lipase, cellulase, xylanase biofuel industry have these all of enzymes.

Lipase, cellulase, xyloses paper and pulp industry use these enzymes. These are helpful in making many
paper for workers, students and all the people all around the world.

4.1.Food industry

These catalysts are predominantly utilized for stripping organic product, explaining organic product juice,
decreasing the consistency of organic product juice, expanding the pace of natural product juices, upgrade
security, furthermore, they are likewise applied in making vegetable juice, broadening the timeframe of
realistic usability of leafy foods, diminishing supplement misfortune thus on.Here are a couple of usages of
synthetics in the food business .(Sepea, 2020)

4.1.1.Baking: Impetuses like malt and parasitic α-amylase have been used in bread making for quite a
while. Mixtures can be used as opposed to potassium bromate, a substance added substance that has been
denied in specific countries.(Sepea, 2020)
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4.1.2.Dairy: Lactase is utilized to deliver without lactose milk in certain nations. Lactase hydrolyzes
lactose into glucose and galactose. (Sepea, 2020)

4.1.3.Leafy foods Processing: Pectinase, generally called Pectinase, is a social event of synthetic
compounds that hydrolyze gelatin by hydrolyzing α-1,4 glycoside associations between D-galacturonic
destructive particles. Immobilized pectinase can hydrolyze gelatin and addition the yield of natural item
squeeze.(Sepea, 2020)

4.1.4.Meat: Immobilized proteolytic compound is for the most part used in meat industry like papain.
Papain exists in papaya plastic and shows wide proteolysis. It has been used in the tenderization of meat
and meat things in the getting ready business in the improvement of protein hydrolysates, clarification of
mix and crush, baking, dairy cheddar, ejection of plant flavor and variety structures, and so forth.(Sepea,
2020)

4.1.5.Winemaking: Proteins are normal and fundamental parts in the winemaking framework. In spite of
the way that they happen regularly in wine grapes and yeast, business proteins are usually found in various
high level wineries. They can be used to additionally foster extraction and the fragrant profile of a wine,
while similarly accelerating the winemaking framework. (Sepea, 2020)

Figure-4.1:Food Industry(Parmigiano Reggiano cheese produced in a modern factory)

( Sepea, 2020)

4.2.Bevarage industry

The greater part of them are utilized as handling helps, though others, like lysozyme and invertase, are
utilized as added substances . Among all gatherings of food and drink compounds, amylases, pectinases,
and cellulases are broadly utilized in the refreshment business.(Guison, 2006)

4.2.1.Pectinases: Most routinely elaborate compound in natural item squeeze industry, increases juice
yields, and paces up juice clarification. (Guison, 2006)
4.2.2.Xylanases: Deals with filtration, diminishes the presence of gooey polysaccharides, and additions
free amino nitrogen creation.(Guison, 2006)
4.2.3.α-Amylases: Increases starch liquefaction and saccharification, fabricates the improvement of

(Page 4 of 16)
fermentable sugars.(Guison, 2006)
4.2.4.Preparing Enzymes:Used as a wine impetus that helps with reducing grape-juice consistency and
fouling of ultrafilter layers (Guison, 2006)
4.2.5.Esterases: Used in the baking industry to diminish hitter staling and work on the quality and shade of
arranged things. (Guison, 2006)
4.2.6.Glucoamylases:A fundamentally unambiguous catalyst utilized in the improvement of gluconic
horrendous from Beta D-Glucose. (Guison, 2006)
4.2.7.Glucose Oxidase: Used in the dairy business for the production of frozen yogurts and improved,
prepared, and combined milk.(Guison, 2006)
4.2.8.Lipoxygenases (LOX): Can color the flour conceal carotenoid, by co-oxidation of the shade with
unsaturated fats.(Guison, 2006)
4.2.9.Tannase: Used for making sense of the wine and besides used to decrease the thickness in drink
adventures. (Guison, 2006)
4.3.Detergent industry

4.3.1.Stain Removal:Compounds like proteases, amylases, and lipases separate protein, starch, and fat-
based smudges, making it simpler to take off them from dress and different textures. (Guison, 2006)

4.3.2.Fabric Care:Chemicals like cellulases and mannanases help to save texture quality by separating
harmed cellulose and hemicellulose, diminishing texture corruption and further developing non-
abrasiveness. (Guison, 2006)

4.3.3.Detergent Boosting: Enzymes like proteases and amylases enhance the effectiveness of
detergents by breaking down complex molecules, allowing surfactants to penetrate and remove dirt and
stains more easily. (Guison, 2006)

Figure-4.3.3:Detergent powder contain enzymes

(Guison, 2006)

4.3.4.Cold Water Washing: Enzymes like proteases and amylases enable effective stain removal and

(Page 5 of 16)
washing in cold water, reducing energy consumption and preserving fabric quality. (Guison, 2006)

4.3.5.Environmentally Friendly:Chemicals are biodegradable and non-poisonous, making them a

harmless to the ecosystem option in contrast to customary cleanser fixings, and decreasing the
ecological effect of clothing cleansers. ( Guison, 2006)

4.4.Texile industry

4.4.1.Scouring: Cellulase and pectinase are combined and used for Bioscouring. Pectinase demolish the
cotton fingernail skin structure by handling the gelatin and dispensing with the relationship between the
fingernail skin and the gathering of cotton fiber, while cellulase can obliterate fingernail skin structure
by handling the fundamental wall cellulose instantly under the fingernail skin of cotton.

4.4.2.Biopolishing: This finishing framework further creates surface quality by generally lessening
featheriness and pilling property of cellulosic fiber. The objective of the communication is the removal
of small fibrils of cotton through the action of cellulase compound.(Wormhill ,1853)

4.4.3.Bio-bleaching:proteins can in like manner be used in blurring. Glucose oxidases (Divine

creatures) are lipoproteins with a flavin-adenine-dinucleotide (Winning design) dynamic site. The
compound is astoundingly unambiguous for B-D-glucose and catalyzes the going with reaction for
hydrogen peroxide age at pH-4.5-7 and temperatures of around 40°C(Wormhill ,1853)

4.4.4.Celluase:Denim is an excellent cotton and its washing is done as such as to give a very much
utilized look, for instance, stone washing of denim pants, in which the denim surface is blurred using
sodium hypochlorite or potassium permanganate are used as pumice stones and this has achieved
damage to the surface and machine. The business creation of cellulases has extended the effectiveness
without impacting garment or the machine. Cellulases hydrolyses the uncovered surface of shaded
(indigo) surface leaving the inner parts unsullied, deficient hydrolyses of the surface results in the
ejection of variety and leaves a light region (Wormhill ,1853)

Figure-4.4.4.Stone Washing Of Denim Pants

(Nusse,1989)
(Page 6 of 16)
4. 5.Pharmaceuticl industry

4.5.1.In disease diagnosis

Compound digestion is a fundamental natural cycle, which is fundamental for the endurance,
everything being equal. Their extraordinary capability is to catalyze synthetic responses. Catalysts have
a large number of utilizations in further developing the response rate near harmony. Chemicals assume
a critical part in the metabolic exercises, everything being equal, whether human, creature, plant or
microbial, catalyst has a large number of uses in microbial biotechnology and its conclusion cycle. The
anomaly of protein digestion framework prompts numerous metabolic illnesses. Studies have shown
that numerous illnesses are connected with a huge number of compound digestion framework, and have
been broadly utilized in clinical assessment as a particular marker of sickness.(Wormhill, 1853)

4.5.2.Therapeutic enzymes:Compounds are utilized as medications to treat different infections, like

leukemia, skin ulcers, cardiovascular illnesses, Parkinson’s sickness, irritation, stomach related messes,
and pancreatic problems. (Wormhill ,1853)

4.5.3.Alternative raw materials: Proteins are utilized to use elective natural substances in the creation
of drugs. Chemicals are utilized to use elective unrefined substances in the creation of drugs, offering
an economical and imaginative way to deal with drug improvement. By outfitting the force of proteins,
drug organizations can change over inexhaustible assets like biomass, agrarian waste, and plant-
determined materials into important drug intermediates and items.(Wormhill, 1853)

4.5.4.In drug manufacturing

It is many times believed that compound changes (or biocatalysts’), is a new and arising innovation in the
production of little particle dynamic drug fixings (APIs). As a matter of fact a moderately huge number of
drugs currently available contain intermediates created by biocatalysts. A blast in the number and amounts
of chemicals accessible to the engineered natural scientist has made biocatalysts an undeniably alluring and
practical assembling choice. As usual, cost of merchandise and interaction efficiency are key drivers of
reception. What’s more, maintainability and the reception of greener and more secure advancements are
additionally clear factors impacting fabricating course choice today and proceeding. Biocatalysts is a green
innovation, and life cycle examination shows that the utilization of recombinant advances has a significant
impact .

Figure-4.5.4:Role of enzymes in drug manufacturing

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 (Wormhill,1954)

4.6.Agriculture industry

4.6.1.Organic Fertilizer

Compounds are proteins that work as the impetuses in the synthetic responses that happen. The
impetuses are liable for completing a specific response and facilitating it. Consequently, it is
fundamental for researchers to get a few impetuses to accelerate the interaction, and finish things. The
biochemical responses in all actuality do require a natural compound to finish the activity. This is the
most essential capability of the proteins as the impetuses in nature. Accordingly, riding over this ideas,
individuals and ranchers are required to have been made mindful of, so that as opposed to squandering
their endeavors on setting up the foundation for crude and old natural cultivating, they could enjoy
showering of catalysts over the fields of produce. (staingaurd, 1643)

4.6.2.Biomass degradation: Compounds assist in the debasement of biomass with squandering, which
can be utilized as creature feed and manure.(staingaurd, 1643)

4.6.3.Biopesticides: Enzymes can be used to control pests and diseases, reducing the need for chemical
pesticides. .(staingaurd, 1643)

4.6.4.Bioremediation: Enzymes can help clean pollutants from soil and water, making the environment
safer. .(staingaurd, 1643)

4.6.5.Crop protection: Catalysts can assist with safeguarding crops from sickness and bugs, decreasing
harvest harm and expanding yields. . (staingaurd, 1643)

4.7.Cosmetic industry

Enzymes have been used in the cosmetic industry to improve skin appearance . (Perkins, 2020)

4.7.1.Exfoliation:Catalysts separate proteins in the layer corneum to assist remove with dead cleaning
cells and advance skin cell reestablishment .(Perkins, 2020)

4.7.2.Antioxidant: A few chemicals, similar to superoxide dismutase, have cell reinforcement

properties to kill receptive oxygen species (ROS) and increment life span (Perkins, 2020)

4.7.3.nti-aging: Proteins like protease and basic phosphatase work with the entrance of dynamic
substances and animate skin digestion to lessen indications of maturing. (Perkins, 2020)

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4.7.4.Peeling: Enzymatic strips utilize proteolytic catalysts to separate proteins and advance natural
peeling, skin recovery, and infiltration of dynamic substances.Accordingly, riding over this ideas,
individuals and ranchers are required to have been made mindful of, so that as opposed to squandering.
(Perkins, 2020)

Figure-4.7: Enzymes in cosmetics

(Perkins, 2020)

4.8.Paper and pulp industry

4.8.1.Bleaching: Compounds can be utilized to eliminate lignin from synthetic pulps, which is essential
for stylish reasons and to further develop paper properties. Hemicellulose catalysts have been utilized
economically for mash blanching, while ligninolytic compounds have been demonstrated to be
powerful in fading make pulps.(Nusse, 1989)

4.8.2.Fiber Modification:Chemicals can be utilized to change filaments and diminishing energy

utilization during the creation of thermomechanical pulps. They can likewise be utilized to make pulps
simpler to beat, particularly when joined with a soluble pre-treatment. (Nusse, 1989)

4.8.3.Deinking: Catalysts can be utilized to eliminate ink from reused filaments, which can work on the
nature of the strands and make them more appropriate for use in paper creation.(Nusse, 1989)

4.8.4.Eliminating Pitch: Proteins can be utilized to eliminate pitch, a part of wood that can create
issues during the papermaking system. Lipases have been utilized for this reason.(Nusse, 1989)

4.8.5.Recycling: Catalysts can be utilized to further develop the waste pace of reused filaments, which
can make them more reasonable for use in paper creation. This can assist with diminishing how much
waste delivered during the papermaking system. (Nusse, 1989)

4.8.6.Environmental Effect: The utilization of compounds in the paper and mash industry can assist
with diminishing the natural effect of paper creation. Proteins can assist with diminishing how much
energy and water utilized during the papermaking system, and they can likewise assist with lessening
(Page 9 of 16)
how much waste delivered.

4.9. Industry of Light

Proteins are generally utilized in feed, material, papermaking, calfskin, cleanser, and other modern
creation. The expansion of catalysts in feed can further develop the use pace of starch, protein, and
minerals; debase the antinutritional factors existing in creature feed; forestall creature heartburn and
further develop feed edibility. Amylase and lipase are mostly utilized in texture pulping, further
developing whiteness, color retention, and relaxing texture. Pretreatment of mash with xylenes and
Cellulase in the papermaking business can lessen how much synthetic fade. Laccase can corrupt lignin
in mash and work on the whiteness of paper. (Nusse, 1989)

Figure-4.9: Light Industrial Enzymes

( Nusse,1989)

4.10.Water treatment

4.10.1. Oxygenases

Oxygenases are utilized to treat water sources that are tainted by petroleum derivatives like petrolediesel.
Petroleum products are hydrophobic. Oxygenases work by bringing sub-atomic or nuclear oxygen into
these poisons which transform them into water-dissolvable mixtures which are oxidized and treated.
(Nusse, 1989)

4.10.2. Peroxidases

Peroxidases are utilized to treat water sources contaminated by synthetic mixtures like phenols, colors,
fragrant mixtures, and natural peroxides explicitly hydrogen peroxide. Peroxidases move electrons to these
mixtures which brings about their breaking into more modest innocuous mixtures. (Nusse, 1989)

4.10.3. Polyphenol oxidases

Polyphenol oxidases are chemicals in wastewater treatment utilized for eliminating phenolic
contaminations from wastewater. They break the phenolic contaminations more than once until they
structure insoluble atomic colors which can without much of a stretch be separated and discarded.

(Page 10 of 16)
Polyphenol oxidases are broadly present on the planet and utilized financially in the food and drink
industry as well. These chemicals can additionally be isolated into 2 principal classifications of Tyrosinase
and Laccase according to their oxidation of various phenolic compounds.(Nusse,1991)

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5.REFERENCES

Sepmag,W.D.(2018).Introduction of industrial applications of enzymes. International biochem73,1-27

Wont,L.(1974).Industrial enzymes ;64 477-499
Leray,C.(1984).properties and advantages of enzymes.Enzymatic industry b research Hub;26,428-447
Meryal,B.J.(1999). Industrial enzymes.Industry Insights;100,238-25
SAPEA (2020). A sustainable food system for the European Union (PDF). Berlin: SAPEA – Science
Advice for Policy by European Academies. P. 39
Guisan,J(2006). All detergent industries. Springer Science & Business Media.;11,549-556
Wormhill,K. (1853) . Pharmaceutical industry :1753, 298-63
Staingaurd, I. G. (1643). Role of enzymes in agriculture. P. 86
Perkins, C. (2020). The Cosmetics The State Library of NSW;843, 90,5
Nusse, P. (1989). The light industry. Enzymes involved in industry of light. 96,1_45

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