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Unilesa-Mth 192
Unilesa-Mth 192
Course Contents
Functions of a real variable. Limits of functions. Continuity. Differential Quotients.
Differentiation from first principle. General rules of differentiation. Techniques of
Differentiation. Maximum and minimum point (Turning point of a curve). Rate of change.
Application of Differentiation to real life situation: velocity and Acceleration. Rules of
integration. Techniques of integration. Reduction formulae. Definite integral. Application of
definite integral to Area between curves. Application of integration to real life situation
Definition
A function f is a rule that assigns to each element x of some set X exactly one element y of Y.
Then y is said to be a function, written as y = f(x).
f Y
X
y
x
Domain: The set of all values which x can assume is the domain of the function
Range: This is the corresponding set of all values that y can assume based on the rule of
relationship between the two variables.
Single valued function: Is a function that entails only one value of y corresponding to each
value of x in the domain of the function.
f Y
X
x z
As shown in the fig. above, two ordered paired in set X of the domain of the function
correspond to one element in the range. An example is momentum which is given as:
Types of function
1. Polynomial function: Are functions of the form y = f(x) that satisfy an algebraic
equation.
�0 � �� + �1 � ��−1 + … + ��−1 � � + �� � = 0
Illustrative Examples
i. � � = 3�2 + 5� − 2; � 0 , � −2 , �(1)
�
ii. � � = �2+1 , � 2 , � 4 , �(50)
2
E value of the function at which
3
−
iii. � � = 2� − 6 2 ; �(5)
Solution
2
i. � 0 =3 0 +5 0 −2
=0+0–2
∴ � 0 =− 2
2
� −2 = 3 −2 + 5 −2 − 2
= 3 4 − 10 − 2
∴ � −2 = 0
2
� 1 =3 1 +5 1 −2
= 3+5–2
∴� 1 =6
�
ii. � � = �2+1 , � 2 , � 4 , �(5)
2 2 2
� 2 = 22+1 = =
4+1 5
� 2 = 0.4
4 4 4
� 4 = 42+1 = 16+1 = 17
� 4 = 0.235
50 50 50
� 50 = 502+1 = 2500+1 = 2501
� 50 = 0.02
3
−
iii. � � = 2� − 6 2
3 3
−
� 5 = 2(5) − 6 2 = 4−2
1 1 1
= 3
= 3
= = 0.125
4 2 8
Domain of a function
3
E value of the function at which
Examples
1
i. � � = �2−1
�
ii. � � = � −5
iii. � � = �2 − 1
1
iv. � � = �2−3�+2
Solution
i. Here we avoid �2 − 1 ≠ 0
∴ ���� = � ∈ ℝ: �2 − 1 ≠ 0
���� = � ∈ ℝ: (� + 1)(� − 1) ≠ 0
���� = � ∈ ℝ: � ≠− 1, � ≠ 1
That is, the domain of �(�) is the set of all real numbers apart from -1 and 1
�
��. � � =
� −5
���� = {� ∈ ℝ: � − 5 ≠ 0}
���� = {� ∈ ℝ: � ≠ 5}
That is, the domain of �(�) is the set of all real numbers apart from -5 and 5
��� � � = �2 − 1
���� = {� ∈ ℝ: �2 − 1 ≥ 0}
���� = {� ∈ ℝ: (� + 1)(� − 1) ≥ 0}
���� = {� ∈ ℝ: � ≥ 1, � ≤− 1}
���� = {� = �: � ≤− 1, � ≥ 1}
1
��. � � = �2−3�+2
4
E value of the function at which
���� = {� ∈ ℝ: �2 − 3� + 2 ≠ 0}
���� = {� ∈ ℝ: (� − 2)(� − 1) ≠ 0}
���� = {� ∈ ℝ: (� − 2) ≠ 0, (� − 1) ≠ 0}
���� = {� ∈ ℝ: � ≠ 2, � ≠ 1
���� = {�: � ≠ 2, � ≠ 1}
That is, the domain of �(�) is the set of all real numbers apart from 2 and 1
Composite functions
The notation for the composite function (g ∘ f)(x) is defined by the following
(g∘f)(x)=g(f(x))
In words, you first apply the function f to x, and then you apply the function g to the result of
that. The domain of the composite function is the set of all x values for which f(x) is in the
domain of g.
Examples
(g∘f)(x)=g(f(x))
(g∘f)(x)=g(2x+1)
(g∘f)(x)=(2x+1)2
Solution
5
E value of the function at which
2
��� � = � � � =3 �+2 +2 �+2 −6
= 3 �2 + 4� + 4 + 4� + 4 − 6
=3�2 + 12� + 12 + 4� − 2
= 3�2 + 16� + 10
Limits of function
Given that a function f(x) as defined is a single valued function. For all values of x, the
number “L” is called the limit of f(x) as tend tend to x0.
Definition
The limit of function�(�) is say “�" as � tends to �0 written as lim � � = � meaning that
�→�0
i. Given that "�" is a positive number, then there is a numberx in the domain of f
such that 0 < � − �0 < � and
ii. If � > 0 is a positive number, then there is a positive number� such that
� � 0� < �. For every number � in the domain of � for which 0 < � − �0 <
�.
Theorems on limits
i. lim � � ± lim � � =� ± �
�→�0 �→�0
� � �
iii. lim =
�→�0 � � �
Provided that �0 is the limit point of the domains of each of each of the composite
function.
6
E value of the function at which
Evaluation of limits
Examples
3�2 −2�+8
i. lim
�→2 �+2 �+3
9+�−3
ii. lim �
�→0
3�2+8�−5
iii. lim 2�2−9�+5
�→0
Solution
3 2 2 −2 2 +8
= 2+2 2+3
16 4
= 20 = 5
3�2−2�+8 4
∴ lim =5
�→2 �+2 �+3
9+�−9 �
= lim � 9+�+3
== lim
�→0 �→0 � 9+�+3
1∴
= lim 9+�+3
�→0
1 1
= 3+3 = 6
9+�−3 1
∴ lim �
=6
�→0
3�2 + 8� − 5 3 0 2
+8 0 −5
���. lim 2 = 2
�→0 2� − 9� + 5 2 0 −9 0 +5
−5
= 5
3�2+8�−5
∴ lim 2�2−9�+5 = − 1
�→0
7
E value of the function at which
������ �� ��������
To evaluate limit of a function as the variable approaches infinity, we first divide each term
in the function by the highest power that appears in the denominator and then evaluate the
limit as the variable approaches infinity
Examples
�2 − 2� + 3
�. �������� lim
�→∞ 2�2 + 5� + 1
Solution
�2 2� 3
2
� − 2� + 3 2− 2 + 2
lim 2 = lim � 2 � �
�→∞ 2� + 5� + 1 �→∞ 2� 5� 1
+ 2+ 2
�2 � �
2 3
1− + 2
� �
= lim 5 1
�→∞ 2+ + 2
� �
1
= 2
�2 −�+5
ii. Evaluate lim 1−2�−�2
�→∞
Solution
�2 2� 5
2
� − 2� + 5 − +
lim = lim �3 �3 �3
�→∞ 1 − 2� − �3 �→∞ 1 2� �3
− +
�3 �3 �3
1 2 5
− +
� �2 �3
= lim1 2
�→∞ 3 − 2+1
� �
0−0+0
= 0−0−1
=0
�2 −2�−8 lim (�2 −2�−8)
iii. Evaluate lim �+2
= �→∞lim �+2
�→∞ �→∞
2 3
1− + 2
� �
= lim 1 2
�→∞ +
� �2
=1
8
E value of the function at which
1 1
It should be noted that the limit to ∞ of � , �2
, …. etc is 0
Indeterminate forms
There are some limits that cannot be evaluated simply by substitution because both the
numerator and denominator approach 0 as x approaches the given value of the limit. Such
0 ∞
substitution produces 0 �� ∞
and will be silent about the limit of the quotient. For example,
to evaluate
�2−1 12 −1 0
lim = = by mere substitution of the 1 in the function. We have
�→1 �−1 1−1 0
0
undeterminate form 0 which tells us nothing about the limit of the required quotitent.
Here we apply L’hopital’s rule pronounced as (Loo peetal’s rule) is applied to find the limit
to find the limit of these kinds of given functions.
The procedure is by differentiating the numerator and denominator in turn before evaluating
before evaluating the limit.
Examples
�2−1
i. lim
�→1 �−1
sin �
ii. lim
�→0 �
log �
iii. lim �2−1
�→1
�� (�� −1)
iv. lim
�
�→0
Solution
�2−1 � 2
��(� −1)
i. lim = � (�−1)
�→1 �−1 ��
2�
=lim =2
�→1 1
sin �
ii. lim
�→0 �
9
E value of the function at which
�
�� sin �
= lim ( �
�→0 �� �
cos �
= lim 1
=1
�→0
log �
iii. lim �2−1
�→1
�
��( log �)
= lim � 2
�→1 ��(� −1)
1
1
= lim 2� = 2�
�→1
�� (�� −1)
iv. lim
�
�→0
�� (�� − 1) � (�� − 1)
lim �
= � lim ��
�→0 � �→0 �
�� (�)
�0
= �� lim
�→0 1
= �� × �0 = ��
Continuity
Definition
A function f is said to be continuous at a point if:
1. �1 is in the domain of �
2. lim � � ������, ���
�→�1
Examples
1. Determine whether
�2 −�−12
��� � ≠ 3
ℎ � = �−4
6 ��� � = 3
is continuous at x = 3
Solution
Hence h is continuous at x = 3
10
E value of the function at which
Solution
lim � � = 5 = ℎ(3)
�→3
Exercise 1
(d) lim �2 + �
�→1
�+ℎ− �
(e) lim ℎ
ℎ→0
�� −1
(f) lim sin �
�→0
cos �−sin �+1
(g) lim� cos �+sin �−1
�→
2
�−sin �
(h) lim �2
�→0
�−sin �
(i) lim �2
�→∞
1−3�3
(j) lim 2�3+2�−7
�→∞
11
E value of the function at which
Differentiation
Definition
� �+ℎ −�(�)
�' � = lim ℎ
�→0
If �' � exists, � is said to be differentiable at that point � provided the limit of the function �
exist at � = �. The process of finding the derivatives of a function is called differentiation.
�� �
�' = �' � = �� = �� �(�)
Difference Quotient
△� � �+△� −�(�)
△�
= △�
Examples
(a) � � = 4 − 5�
(b) � � = 2� + 3
Solution
� �+ℎ −�(�)
Using ℎ
12
E value of the function at which
4−5�−5ℎ−4+5�
= ℎ
4−4−5ℎ −5ℎ
= = =− 5
ℎ ℎ
(b) � � = 2� + 3
Solution
� �+ℎ −�(�)
Using ℎ
� �+ℎ −� � 2 � + ℎ + 3 − (2� − 3)
=
ℎ ℎ
2�+2ℎ+3−2�−3
= ℎ
2�−2�+2ℎ+3−3
= ℎ
2ℎ
= ℎ
=2
Let us consider the following curve � = �2 . To find the derivative of the function from the
from the first principle, we proceed as follows:
2
� + �� = � + ��
=�2 + 2��� + �� 2
�� = �2 + 2��� + �� 2
−�
�� = �2 + 2��� + �� 2
− �2
2
�� = 2��� + ��
By dividing through by ��
�� 2���+ �� 2
=
�� ��
13
E value of the function at which
��
lim = lim 2� + ��
��→0 �� ��→0
��
∴ ��
= 2�
Further Examples
(a) � = ��
(b) � = 2�2 + 5
(c) � = sin �
Solution
(a) � = ��
� + �� = ��+��
�� = �� . ��� − �
�� = �� . ��� − ��
�� = �� (�� − 1)
In power series,
�� 2 �� �
��� = �� + 2!
+…+
�!
�� 2 �� �
�� = �� (1 + �� + +…+ − 1)
2! �!
� ������� �ℎ����ℎ �� �� we have
�� �� �� �−1
= �� 1 + 2!
+…+
�� �!
�� �
�� �� �−1
lim = lim � 1 + +…+
��→0 �� ��→0 2! �!
��
= �� (1 + 0 + … + 0)
��
��
∴ ��
= ��
(b) � = 2�2 + 5
14
E value of the function at which
2
� + �� = 2 � + �� +5
= 2(�2 + 2��� + �� 2) + 5
= 2�2 + 4��� + 2 �� 2
+5
�� = 2�2 + 4��� + 2 �� 2
+ 5 − (2�2 + 5)
2
= 4��� + 2 ��
��
��
= 4� + 2��
��
lim = lim (4� + 2��)
��→0 �� ��→0
��
= 4� + 0 = 4�
��
(c ) � = sin �
� + �� = sin � + ��
�� = sin � + �� − sin �
�+� �−�
sin � − sin � = 2 cos 2
sin 2
(�+��)+� �+�� −�
�� = 2 cos 2
sin 2
(2�+��) ��
= 2 cos 2
sin
2
�� ��
= 2cos � + 2
sin 2
�� ��
�� 2 cos �+ 2 sin 2
=
�� ��
�� ��
cos �+ sin
= 2
��
2
�� ��
�� cos �+ 2 sin 2
lim = lim ��
��→0 �� ��→0
2
0 0
�� cos �+ sin
2 2
��
= 0
2
15
E value of the function at which
0
sin
= cos (� + 0) 2
0
2
sin �
Recall that �
= 1 as � → 0
��
∴ = cos � + 0 × 1 = cos �
��
��
A rule of differentiation of a given function � = �� is ��
= ���−1
Examples
(a) � = 3�2 + 5�
(b) � = �
5
(c) � =− 2 �7
Solution
(a) � = 3�2 + 5�
��
= 6� + 5
��
1
� � = � = �2
1
�� 1
��
= 2 �−2
5
(c ) � =− 2 �7
�� 5
��
= 7 − 2 �7−1
35 6
=− 2
�
16
E value of the function at which
��
= 4 3�3 − 3 5�2 + 2 3� − 3
��
= 12�3 − 15�2 + 6� − 3
�=� � ��
��
i. �� ��
ii. ��� ����
iii. �� �� ln �
iv. ln � 1
�
v. log� � 1
ln �
�
vi. sin � cos �
vii. cos � −sin �
viiii. tan � sec2 �
ix. cot � − cosec2 �
x. sec � sec � tan �
xi. cosec � -cosec � cot �
xii. sinh � cosh �
xiii. cosh � −sinh �
Given that � = �(�) and � = �(�), then �(�) is a function of function since �(�) is a
function of �.
�� �� ��
In general given � = �(�) and � = �(�), then �� = �� �� (Chain rule)
Examples
17
E value of the function at which
6
i. � = 4� − 5
ii. � = cos 3�
iii. � = �tan �
iv. � = ln sin 2�
Solution
6
i. � = 4� − 5
Let � = 4� − 5, �ℎ�� � = �6
�� ��
= 4 ��� = 6�5
�� ��
�� �� ��
∴ =
�� �� ��
5
= 4 × 6 4� − 5
5
= 24 4� − 5
ii. � = cos 3�
Let � = 3�, � = cos �
�� ��
= 3 ��� =− sin �
�� ��
�� �� ��
∴ =
�� �� ��
=− 3 sin 3�
iii. � = �tan �
Let � = tan �, � = ��
�� ��
= ���2 � ��� = �� = �tan �
�� ��
�� �� ��
∴ =
�� �� ��
� tan �
� = �tan � ���2 �
��
iv. � = ln sin 2�
Let � = sin 2�, � = ln �
�� �� 1
= 2 cos 2� ��� =
�� �� �
�� �� ��
∴ =
�� �� ��
18
E value of the function at which
1
= 2 cos 2�
�
1
= (2 cos 2�) = 2 cot 2�
sin 2�
Product Rule
Given a function, say y which is a function of say u and v written as � = ��, where u
and v are functions of x, then the product rule:
�� �� ��
��
= � �� + � ��
Examples
(i) �2 cos 4�
(ii) �3� sin 3�
(iii) �2 ln sinh �
Solution
(i) �2 cos 4�
Let � = �2 , � = cos 4�
�� � � 2
= �2 cos 4� + cos 4� �
�� �� ��
�� �3� sin 3�
�� � � 3�
= �3� sin 3� + sin 3� �
�� �� ��
(iii) �2 ln sinh �
Let � = �2 , � = �����ℎ �
19
E value of the function at which
�� � � 2
= �2 �����ℎ � + �����ℎ � �
�� �� ��
cosh �
= �2 + 2������ℎ �
sinh �
Quotient Rule
�(�)
Given that � = � � , �=� � ��� � = �(�) or
�
Concisely, if � = �
Examples
(ii) � = cot �
3�+1 sinh �
(iii) �= �4�
Solution
�
(i) Using � = � , � = cos �, � = � − 1
� �
�� �−1 cos �−cos � (�−1)
��
= ��
�−1 2
��
20
E value of the function at which
cos �
(ii) � = cot � = sin �
� �
�� sin � cos � − cos � sin �
�� ��
=
�� ���2 �
− ���2 � − ���2 �
=
���2 �
−(���2 � + ���2 �)
=
���2 �
1
= − ���2� =− �����2 �
3�+1 sinh �
(iii) �=
�4�
� �
�� �4� sinh � − (3� − 1) �4�
�� ��
=
�� �4� 2
���� �
2. Find the derivative of the function � = 1+cos �
Solution
���� �
�=
1+cos �
21
E value of the function at which
�'(�)
If � = ��� � , �' =
�(�)
Examples
(i) � = ���
(ii) � = ��(� + 1)
(iii) � = ln (3� + 2)
Solution
(i) � = ���
�
(�) 1
�' = �� =�
�
(ii) � = ��(� + 1)
�
(� + 1) 1
'
� = �� =
�+1 �+1
(iii) � = ln (3� + 2)
�
3�+2 3
'
� = ��
3�+2
= 3�+2
Implicit functions
All along, we have been dealing with explicit functions where y is completely defined in
terms of x. But in some cases where x and y are more involved. It is not desirable to
separate y completely on one side as in 3�� + cos � = 5, then y is said to be an implicit
function of x.
Examples
��
Find �� for the following functions
22
E value of the function at which
Solution
at x = 1, y = 2
�� − 12 + 22
∴ = 2
�� (2 + 2 1 (2)
�� 5
⟹ =−
�� 8
��� �2 + �2 = 25
��
2� + 2� =0
��
��
2� =− 2�
��
�� −2� �
= =−
�� 2� �
(iv) �2 + �2 − 2� − 6� + 5 = 0
�� ��
2� + 2� �� − 2 − 6 �� = 0
23
E value of the function at which
��
2� − 6 = 2 − 2�
��
�� 2 1−�
=
�� 2 �−3
�� 1−�
��
= �−3
at x = 3 and y = 2
�� 1−3 −2
��
= 2−3 = −1
��
∴ ��
= 2 �� � = 3, � =− 2
�2� � 1−�
For ��2 = �� �−3
At x = 3 and y = 2
�2 �
����� = 5 �� � = 3, � = 2
��2
Inverse trigonometric functions are sin−1 �, cos−1 �, tan−1 �, which are functions �,
here we examine how to find the differential coefficient of these functions:
Examples
Solution
y = sin−1 �
⟹ � = sin �
24
E value of the function at which
��
��
= cos �
�� 1
∴ = ��
��
��
1
= cos �
= 1 − �2 (������� � = sin �)
cos � = 1 − �2
�� 1
∴ =
��
1−�2
� 1
Similarly ( cos−1 �) =−
��
1−�2
� 1
And ��
( tan−1 �) =
1+�2
(ii) � = sin−1 2�
�� 1
Recall that �� =
1−�2
�� 2
∴ =
�� 1 − 4�2
Exercise
1. Find the difference quotient for the following functions:
(a) � � = 4� − �2
25
E value of the function at which
1
(b) � � = �
(b) � = �sin �
(c) � = ln 5 − 7 sin �
6�+4 cos 5�
(d) � = �5�
��
4. Given that � = sin � ��� � = cos 5�, ���� ��
��
5. If 2�3 + 3�2 + 9��2 = 36, ���� ��
�� � = 1 ��� � = 2
Stationary Points
��
Definition: Consider a curve � = � � , a point on the curve at which �� = 0 is called a
Stationary point.
��
Consider a curve � = �(�) a point on the curve at which �� = 0 is called a stationary point.
��
The value of the function at which �� = 0 is called its stationary value. To obtain the
��
stationary points, we solve the resulting equation ��
= 0.
Examples
Solution
��
��
= 12�2 + 30� − 18
26
E value of the function at which
��
Put ��
= 0, that is 12�2 + 30� − 18 = 0
6 2� − 1 � + 3 = 0
Either 2� − 1 = 0 or � + 3 = 0
1
i.e. � = 2 �� � =− 3
1
The two stationary points are 2 and -3
1
� � = 4�3 + 15�2 − 18� + 7 to determine �( 2 ) and �( − 3)
3 2
1 1 1 1
� =4 + 15 − 18 +7
2 2 2 2
4 15
=8+ 4
−9+7
9
=4
3 2
Also � −3 = 4 −3 + 15 −3 − 18 −3 +
= 88
9
Hence the two stationary values are 4 and 88
��
=0
��
��
=+ ��
�� =−
��
� � =�
27
E value of the function at which
Figure represents a curve y = f(x). The curve passes through a stationary point and reach a
��
maximum value at the point where �� = 0. As we can see in the diagram, as x increases
��
��
decreases from +ve through 0 to -ve.
�� ��
Consider a given curve y = f(x) at a minimum point ��
= 0 and as x increases,
��
increases
��
=−
�� ��
=+
��
�=� �
��
=0
��
Summary
�� �2�
1. At maximum point = 0 and <0
�� ��
�� �2�
2. At minimum point = 0 and ��2
>0
��
Examples
�3 �2
1. Find the stationary points on the curve � = 3
− 2
− 2� + 9
Solution
�� 3�2 2�
��
= 3
− 2
−2
= �2 − � − 2
��
For the stationary point �� = 0 i. e. �2 − � − 2 = 0
28
E value of the function at which
�−2 �+1 =0
� = 2 �� � =− 1
�2� �
��2
= �2 − � − 2 = 2� − 1
��
�2�
��2
= 2� − 1
�2 �
We now investigate how ��2 changes at the neighborhood x = 2 and x = -1
�2 �
At x = 2, ��2
= 2 2 − 1 = 4 − 1 = 3( + ��)
�2 �
At x = -1, ��2 = 2 −1 − 1 =− 3 (-ve)
�2 �
At x = 2, ��2 > 0, ℎ���� � = 2 gives minimum point
�2 �
At x = -1, ��2 < 0, this leads to maximum point
23 22
���� = − − 2(2) + 9
3 2
8 4 8 4
=3−2−4+9 = 3
− +5
2
34 2
= 6
= 53
2
Hence ���� = 5 3
( − 1)3 (−1)2
���� = − − 2( − 1) + 9
3 2
5 61
= -6 + 11 = 6
1
= 10
6
2. Find the maximum and minimum value of the function � = � � = 3 sin � + 4 cos �
and the value of � 0° ≤ � ≤ 360° which they occur
29
E value of the function at which
Solution
��
�' � = = 3 cos � − 4 sin �
��
�2 �
�'' � = ��2 =− 3 sin � − 4 cos �
��
For the stationary points �� = 0
3
3 cos � = 4 sin � and cos � = ��� �
4
3 sin �
This implies that 4 = cos � = tan �
3
Hence tan x = 4 .
� = 36°52' or 216°52’
�2 �
With � = 36°52' , ��2
< 0. This a maximum point
�2�
If � = 216°52’, ��2 > 0. This gives a minimum point.
Velocity
The velocity v of a particle can be defined as the rate of change of position with respect to
time.
��(�)
�. �. � � = ��
��������
Solution
30
E value of the function at which
� = 2�2 , � = �2 − 4� and � = 3� − 5
� � = 2�2 � + �2 − 4� � + 3� − 5 �
��(�)
� � = ��
�
= �� 2�2 � + �2 − 4� � + 3� − 5 �
= 4�� + 2� − 4 + 3�
∴ � � = 4�� + 2� − 4 + 3�
Now at t = 2,
� 2 = 4(2)� + 2(2) − 4 + 3�
= 8� + 4 − 4 � + 3�
= 8� + 3�
� 2 = 8� + 3�
Solution
��(�)
� � = ��
�
= �� cos � � + sin � � + ���ℎ��
31
E value of the function at which
Solution
��(�)
� � =
��
�
= �� (4 + sin 2�)� + (3 − cos 9�)�.
Acceleration
The acceleration vector of a particle can be defined as the rate of change of velocity with
respect to time.
��(�)
� � = ��
�� �2� �3�
Note that the vectors ��
, ��2
, ��3
, … can also be denoted by �, �, �, …
Examples
1. If the position vector of a particle is given by � � = 4�3 + 2�� − 7�. Find the
acceleration of the particle.
Solution
� � = 4�3 � + 2�� − 7�
��(�)
� � = ��
��(�)
� � =
��
�
= �� (4�3 � + 2�� − 7�)
32
E value of the function at which
= 12�2 + 2�
∴ � � = 12�2 + 2�
��(�)
Now � � = ��
�
= �� (12�2 + 2�
= 24��
Solution
��(�)
� � =
��
�
=�� (2�2 � +(�2 − 4�)� + (3� − 5)� )
= 4�� + 2� − 4 � + 3�
��(�)
� � = ��
�
= �� (4�� + 2� − 4 � + 3� )
= 4� + 2�
⟹ � � at time t = 4� + 2�
Examples
It is estimated that in x months from now, the population of the fast growing community will
be given by the equation � � = �2 + 10� + 5000.
33
E value of the function at which
(a) At what rate will the population be changing with respect to time in 12 months from
now?
(b) Estimate by how many people the population will actually change during the 18th
month.
Solution
� �
�' � = � � = �2 + 10� + 5000
�� ��
∴ �' � = 2� + 10
�' 12 = 2(12) + 10
�' 12 = 34 ������
Meaning the population of the community will be changing at the rate of 34 people per month.
(b) The actual change in the population in the 18th month is given by P(18) – P(17)
= 5504
= 5459
∴ P(18) – P(17) = 45
Hence the population will actually change by 45 people during the 18th month
3. For a production firm, it was estimated that the revenue function is given as
� � = 2�4 + 34�3 + 4�
Solution
34
E value of the function at which
� �
Marginal Revenue, �� = �� � � = �� 2�4 + 34�3 + 4�
= 8�3 + 9�2 + 4
3 2
�� � = �� 10 = 4 10 + 9 10 +4
= 4(1000) + 9(100) + 4
= $4904
35