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UNILESA-MTH 192: ELEMENTARY MATHEMATICS II

Course Contents
Functions of a real variable. Limits of functions. Continuity. Differential Quotients.
Differentiation from first principle. General rules of differentiation. Techniques of
Differentiation. Maximum and minimum point (Turning point of a curve). Rate of change.
Application of Differentiation to real life situation: velocity and Acceleration. Rules of
integration. Techniques of integration. Reduction formulae. Definite integral. Application of
definite integral to Area between curves. Application of integration to real life situation

Functions of real variable


Definition
A function is a rule that establishes a relationship between two or more sets of variables, the
dependent variable, and the independent variable. If to independent variable x, the dependent
variable y could be generated following a given rule of relationship, then y is said to be a
function of x, written as y = f(x).

Definition

A function f is a rule that assigns to each element x of some set X exactly one element y of Y.
Then y is said to be a function, written as y = f(x).

f Y
X

y
x

Domain: The set of all values which x can assume is the domain of the function

Range: This is the corresponding set of all values that y can assume based on the rule of
relationship between the two variables.

Single valued function: Is a function that entails only one value of y corresponding to each
value of x in the domain of the function.

Multiple valued functions (Function of several variables): Here, an ordered pair of


elements in the domain of the function corresponds to some elements in the range.
E value of the function at which

f Y
X

x z

As shown in the fig. above, two ordered paired in set X of the domain of the function
correspond to one element in the range. An example is momentum which is given as:

Momemtum = f(Mass and Velocity)

Another example is the Volume of a cone given as:

Volume = f(Radius and height)

Types of function

1. Polynomial function: Are functions of the form y = f(x) that satisfy an algebraic
equation.
�0 � �� + �1 � ��−1 + … + ��−1 � � + �� � = 0

Where �0 � , �1 � , …. , �� � are polynomials in �

2. Algebraic function: Are of the form


�0 �� + �1 ��−1 + … + ��−1 � + �� where n is a positive integer and �0 , �1 , … �� are
constants
3. Exponential function: It is of the form � = �� example is � = �2� + 3�−�
4. Logarithmic function: is of the form � = � log� � where k is a constant and is the
log10 �
base of the logarithm. Example � = 3 log5 �

5. Trigonometric function: Example of this is � = cos 3� + 2 sin ( − �)

Note: 3 – 5 above are often called trancedental funtions

Illustrative Examples

Compute the indicated values of the given functions:

i. � � = 3�2 + 5� − 2; � 0 , � −2 , �(1)

ii. � � = �2+1 , � 2 , � 4 , �(50)

2
E value of the function at which

3

iii. � � = 2� − 6 2 ; �(5)

Solution

2
i. � 0 =3 0 +5 0 −2
=0+0–2
∴ � 0 =− 2

2
� −2 = 3 −2 + 5 −2 − 2
= 3 4 − 10 − 2
∴ � −2 = 0

2
� 1 =3 1 +5 1 −2

= 3+5–2

∴� 1 =6

ii. � � = �2+1 , � 2 , � 4 , �(5)

2 2 2
� 2 = 22+1 = =
4+1 5

� 2 = 0.4
4 4 4
� 4 = 42+1 = 16+1 = 17

� 4 = 0.235
50 50 50
� 50 = 502+1 = 2500+1 = 2501

� 50 = 0.02
3

iii. � � = 2� − 6 2

3 3

� 5 = 2(5) − 6 2 = 4−2
1 1 1
= 3
= 3
= = 0.125
4 2 8

Domain of a function

To obtain the domain of any function, we must consider two conditions:

i. You must avoid denominator of the given function to be zero

3
E value of the function at which

ii. You must avoid a complex number

Examples

Find the domain of he following;

1
i. � � = �2−1

ii. � � = � −5

iii. � � = �2 − 1
1
iv. � � = �2−3�+2

Solution

i. Here we avoid �2 − 1 ≠ 0
∴ ���� = � ∈ ℝ: �2 − 1 ≠ 0
���� = � ∈ ℝ: (� + 1)(� − 1) ≠ 0
���� = � ∈ ℝ: � ≠− 1, � ≠ 1
That is, the domain of �(�) is the set of all real numbers apart from -1 and 1


��. � � =
� −5

���� = {� ∈ ℝ: � − 5 ≠ 0}

���� = {� ∈ ℝ: � ≠ 5}

That is, the domain of �(�) is the set of all real numbers apart from -5 and 5

��� � � = �2 − 1

In this case we avoid complex numbers

���� = {� ∈ ℝ: �2 − 1 ≥ 0}

���� = {� ∈ ℝ: (� + 1)(� − 1) ≥ 0}

���� = {� ∈ ℝ: � ≥ 1, � ≤− 1}

���� = {� = �: � ≤− 1, � ≥ 1}

1
��. � � = �2−3�+2

4
E value of the function at which

���� = {� ∈ ℝ: �2 − 3� + 2 ≠ 0}

���� = {� ∈ ℝ: (� − 2)(� − 1) ≠ 0}

���� = {� ∈ ℝ: (� − 2) ≠ 0, (� − 1) ≠ 0}

���� = {� ∈ ℝ: � ≠ 2, � ≠ 1

���� = {�: � ≠ 2, � ≠ 1}

That is, the domain of �(�) is the set of all real numbers apart from 2 and 1

Composite functions

A composite function, also known as a composition of functions, is a way of combining two


or more functions to create a new function. If you have two functions, say f(x) and g(x), you
can create a composite function by taking the output of one function and using it as the input
for the other. The composite function is denoted as (g ∘ f)(x) and is read as "g composed with
f."

The notation for the composite function (g ∘ f)(x) is defined by the following

(g∘f)(x)=g(f(x))

In words, you first apply the function f to x, and then you apply the function g to the result of
that. The domain of the composite function is the set of all x values for which f(x) is in the
domain of g.

Examples

1. f(x)=2x+1 and g(x)=x2.

The composite function (g∘f)(x) is given by

(g∘f)(x)=g(f(x))

(g∘f)(x)=g(2x+1)

(g∘f)(x)=(2x+1)2

So, (g∘f)(x) is the composition of the functions f(x) and g(x).

2. Find the composite function of ��� �, if � � = 3�2 + 2� − 6 ��� � � = � + 2

Solution

5
E value of the function at which

2
��� � = � � � =3 �+2 +2 �+2 −6

= 3 �2 + 4� + 4 + 4� + 4 − 6

=3�2 + 12� + 12 + 4� − 2

= 3�2 + 16� + 10

Limits of function

Given that a function f(x) as defined is a single valued function. For all values of x, the
number “L” is called the limit of f(x) as tend tend to x0.

Definition

The limit of function�(�) is say “�" as � tends to �0 written as lim � � = � meaning that
�→�0

i. Given that "�" is a positive number, then there is a numberx in the domain of f
such that 0 < � − �0 < � and

ii. If � > 0 is a positive number, then there is a positive number� such that

� � 0� < �. For every number � in the domain of � for which 0 < � − �0 <
�.

Theorems on limits

Given that lim � � = � and lim � � = �


�→�0 �→�0

Where � and � are real numbers,

i. lim � � ± lim � � =� ± �
�→�0 �→�0

ii. lim � � . lim � � = �. �


�→�0 �→�0

� � �
iii. lim =
�→�0 � � �

Provided that �0 is the limit point of the domains of each of each of the composite
function.

6
E value of the function at which

Evaluation of limits

Examples

Evaluate each of the following:

3�2 −2�+8
i. lim
�→2 �+2 �+3
9+�−3
ii. lim �
�→0
3�2+8�−5
iii. lim 2�2−9�+5
�→0

Solution

3�2 −2�+8 lim 3�2 −2�+8


i. lim = �→2
�→2 �+2 �+3 lim �+2 lim �+3
�→2 �→2

3 2 2 −2 2 +8
= 2+2 2+3
16 4
= 20 = 5
3�2−2�+8 4
∴ lim =5
�→2 �+2 �+3

9+�−3 9+�−3 9+�+3


��. lim = lim ×
�→0 � �→0 � 9+�+3

9+�−9 �
= lim � 9+�+3
== lim
�→0 �→0 � 9+�+3

1∴
= lim 9+�+3
�→0

1 1
= 3+3 = 6

9+�−3 1
∴ lim �
=6
�→0

3�2 + 8� − 5 3 0 2
+8 0 −5
���. lim 2 = 2
�→0 2� − 9� + 5 2 0 −9 0 +5

−5
= 5

3�2+8�−5
∴ lim 2�2−9�+5 = − 1
�→0

7
E value of the function at which

������ �� ��������

To evaluate limit of a function as the variable approaches infinity, we first divide each term
in the function by the highest power that appears in the denominator and then evaluate the
limit as the variable approaches infinity

Examples

�2 − 2� + 3
�. �������� lim
�→∞ 2�2 + 5� + 1

Solution

�2 2� 3
2
� − 2� + 3 2− 2 + 2
lim 2 = lim � 2 � �
�→∞ 2� + 5� + 1 �→∞ 2� 5� 1
+ 2+ 2
�2 � �
2 3
1− + 2
� �
= lim 5 1
�→∞ 2+ + 2
� �

1
= 2
�2 −�+5
ii. Evaluate lim 1−2�−�2
�→∞

Solution
�2 2� 5
2
� − 2� + 5 − +
lim = lim �3 �3 �3
�→∞ 1 − 2� − �3 �→∞ 1 2� �3
− +
�3 �3 �3
1 2 5
− +
� �2 �3
= lim1 2
�→∞ 3 − 2+1
� �

0−0+0
= 0−0−1

=0
�2 −2�−8 lim (�2 −2�−8)
iii. Evaluate lim �+2
= �→∞lim �+2
�→∞ �→∞
2 3
1− + 2
� �
= lim 1 2
�→∞ +
� �2

=1

8
E value of the function at which

1 1
It should be noted that the limit to ∞ of � , �2
, …. etc is 0

Indeterminate forms

There are some limits that cannot be evaluated simply by substitution because both the
numerator and denominator approach 0 as x approaches the given value of the limit. Such
0 ∞
substitution produces 0 �� ∞
and will be silent about the limit of the quotient. For example,

to evaluate

�2−1 12 −1 0
lim = = by mere substitution of the 1 in the function. We have
�→1 �−1 1−1 0
0
undeterminate form 0 which tells us nothing about the limit of the required quotitent.

Here we apply L’hopital’s rule pronounced as (Loo peetal’s rule) is applied to find the limit
to find the limit of these kinds of given functions.

The procedure is by differentiating the numerator and denominator in turn before evaluating
before evaluating the limit.

Examples

Evaluate the following limits

�2−1
i. lim
�→1 �−1
sin �
ii. lim
�→0 �
log �
iii. lim �2−1
�→1
�� (�� −1)
iv. lim

�→0

Solution

�2−1 � 2
��(� −1)
i. lim = � (�−1)
�→1 �−1 ��
2�
=lim =2
�→1 1

sin �
ii. lim
�→0 �

Apply L’Hopital’s rule

9
E value of the function at which


�� sin �
= lim ( �
�→0 �� �
cos �
= lim 1
=1
�→0
log �
iii. lim �2−1
�→1

��( log �)
= lim � 2
�→1 ��(� −1)

1
1
= lim 2� = 2�
�→1

�� (�� −1)
iv. lim

�→0

Applying L’Hopital rule

�� (�� − 1) � (�� − 1)
lim �
= � lim ��
�→0 � �→0 �
�� (�)
�0
= �� lim
�→0 1

= �� × �0 = ��
Continuity
Definition
A function f is said to be continuous at a point if:
1. �1 is in the domain of �
2. lim � � ������, ���
�→�1

3. lim � � ������ = �(�1 )


�→�1

Examples

1. Determine whether
�2 −�−12
��� � ≠ 3
ℎ � = �−4
6 ��� � = 3
is continuous at x = 3

Solution

We have lim ℎ(�) = 6 = ℎ(3)


�→3

Hence h is continuous at x = 3

10
E value of the function at which

2. Is the function � defined by x-2


�2 −4
��� � ≠ 3
� � = �−2 continuous?
5 ��� � = 3

Solution

lim � � = 5 = ℎ(3)
�→3

Hence, function h is continuous at given point.

Exercise 1

1. Compute the indicated values of the given functions


(a) � � = �2 + 2� + 4; �(2)
(b) � � = � − � − 2 ; � 1 , � 2 , �(4)
(c) � � = 4 + �2 ; �(4)
2. Find the composite function of the following functions
(a) � � = 2� − 10 2 , � � = � − 5
1
(b) � � = �2 , � � = � − 1

3. Evaluate the limit of the following functions


(a) lim 3�2 − 5� + 2
�→2
9−�2
(b) lim
�→3 �−3
�2−4
(c) lim
�→1 �−2

(d) lim �2 + �
�→1
�+ℎ− �
(e) lim ℎ
ℎ→0
�� −1
(f) lim sin �
�→0
cos �−sin �+1
(g) lim� cos �+sin �−1
�→
2

�−sin �
(h) lim �2
�→0
�−sin �
(i) lim �2
�→∞
1−3�3
(j) lim 2�3+2�−7
�→∞

11
E value of the function at which

Differentiation

Definition

The derivative �' of a function say �(�) is :

� �+ℎ −�(�)
�' � = lim ℎ
�→0

If �' � exists, � is said to be differentiable at that point � provided the limit of the function �
exist at � = �. The process of finding the derivatives of a function is called differentiation.

Given that � = � � , the derivative of y with respect to x (usually shortened as wrt x) is


represented by:

�� �
�' = �' � = �� = �� �(�)

Difference Quotient

The difference quotient of a given function �from �� �� �� +△ � is given as:

△� � �+△� −�(�)
△�
= △�

is the average rate of change of f(x) with respect to � ���� �� +△ �

Examples

Find the difference quotient of the following functions:

(a) � � = 4 − 5�
(b) � � = 2� + 3

Solution

� �+ℎ −�(�)
Using ℎ

We will solve by replacing � + ℎ �� � in the function, i.e.

� �+ℎ −� � 4−5 �+ℎ − 4 − 5�


=
ℎ ℎ

12
E value of the function at which

4−5�−5ℎ−4+5�
= ℎ

4−4−5ℎ −5ℎ
= = =− 5
ℎ ℎ

Therefore, the difference quotient for � � = 4 − 5� =− 5

(b) � � = 2� + 3

Solution

� �+ℎ −�(�)
Using ℎ

� �+ℎ −� � 2 � + ℎ + 3 − (2� − 3)
=
ℎ ℎ
2�+2ℎ+3−2�−3
= ℎ

2�−2�+2ℎ+3−3
= ℎ

2ℎ
= ℎ
=2

Therefore, the difference quotient for � � = 2� + 3 = 2

Differentiation from the first principle

Let us consider the following curve � = �2 . To find the derivative of the function from the
from the first principle, we proceed as follows:

2
� + �� = � + ��

=�2 + 2��� + �� 2

�� = �2 + 2��� + �� 2
−�

�� = �2 + 2��� + �� 2
− �2

2
�� = 2��� + ��

By dividing through by ��

�� 2���+ �� 2
=
�� ��

13
E value of the function at which

Introducing the limit as � tends to zero

��
lim = lim 2� + ��
��→0 �� ��→0

��
∴ ��
= 2�

The above procedure is called differentiation from first principle.

Further Examples

Find the derivatives of the following from the first principles

(a) � = ��
(b) � = 2�2 + 5
(c) � = sin �

Solution

(a) � = ��
� + �� = ��+��
�� = �� . ��� − �
�� = �� . ��� − ��
�� = �� (�� − 1)
In power series,
�� 2 �� �
��� = �� + 2!
+…+
�!

�� 2 �� �
�� = �� (1 + �� + +…+ − 1)
2! �!
� ������� �ℎ����ℎ �� �� we have
�� �� �� �−1
= �� 1 + 2!
+…+
�� �!

�� �
�� �� �−1
lim = lim � 1 + +…+
��→0 �� ��→0 2! �!

��
= �� (1 + 0 + … + 0)
��
��
∴ ��
= ��

(b) � = 2�2 + 5

14
E value of the function at which

2
� + �� = 2 � + �� +5
= 2(�2 + 2��� + �� 2) + 5
= 2�2 + 4��� + 2 �� 2
+5
�� = 2�2 + 4��� + 2 �� 2
+ 5 − (2�2 + 5)

2
= 4��� + 2 ��

��
��
= 4� + 2��

��
lim = lim (4� + 2��)
��→0 �� ��→0

��
= 4� + 0 = 4�
��

(c ) � = sin �

� + �� = sin � + ��

�� = sin � + �� − sin �

�+� �−�
sin � − sin � = 2 cos 2
sin 2

(�+��)+� �+�� −�
�� = 2 cos 2
sin 2

(2�+��) ��
= 2 cos 2
sin
2

�� ��
= 2cos � + 2
sin 2

�� ��
�� 2 cos �+ 2 sin 2
=
�� ��

�� ��
cos �+ sin
= 2
��
2

�� ��
�� cos �+ 2 sin 2
lim = lim ��
��→0 �� ��→0
2

0 0
�� cos �+ sin
2 2
��
= 0
2

15
E value of the function at which

0
sin
= cos (� + 0) 2
0
2
sin �
Recall that �
= 1 as � → 0

��
∴ = cos � + 0 × 1 = cos �
��

General rules of differentiation

��
A rule of differentiation of a given function � = �� is ��
= ���−1

Examples

Differentiate the following functions

(a) � = 3�2 + 5�
(b) � = �
5
(c) � =− 2 �7

(d) � = 3�4 − 5�3 + 3�2 − 3� + 2

Solution

(a) � = 3�2 + 5�

��
= 6� + 5
��

1
� � = � = �2
1
�� 1
��
= 2 �−2

5
(c ) � =− 2 �7

�� 5
��
= 7 − 2 �7−1

35 6
=− 2

(d) � = 3�4 − 5�3 + 3�2 − 3� + 2

16
E value of the function at which

��
= 4 3�3 − 3 5�2 + 2 3� − 3
��
= 12�3 − 15�2 + 6� − 3

Standard Differential Coefficients

�=� � ��
��
i. �� ��
ii. ��� ����
iii. �� �� ln �
iv. ln � 1

v. log� � 1
ln �

vi. sin � cos �
vii. cos � −sin �
viiii. tan � sec2 �
ix. cot � − cosec2 �
x. sec � sec � tan �
xi. cosec � -cosec � cot �
xii. sinh � cosh �
xiii. cosh � −sinh �

Differentiation of function of functions

Given that � = �(�) and � = �(�), then �(�) is a function of function since �(�) is a
function of �.

Example � = cos 3� + 2 is a function of 3� + 2 since the value of


cos 3� + 2 depends on the value of 3� + 2 and � is a function of cos 3� + 2 .
Therefore cos 3� + 2 is a function of function.

�� �� ��
In general given � = �(�) and � = �(�), then �� = �� �� (Chain rule)

Examples

Differentiate the following:

17
E value of the function at which

6
i. � = 4� − 5
ii. � = cos 3�
iii. � = �tan �
iv. � = ln sin 2�

Solution

6
i. � = 4� − 5
Let � = 4� − 5, �ℎ�� � = �6
�� ��
= 4 ��� = 6�5
�� ��
�� �� ��
∴ =
�� �� ��
5
= 4 × 6 4� − 5
5
= 24 4� − 5
ii. � = cos 3�
Let � = 3�, � = cos �
�� ��
= 3 ��� =− sin �
�� ��
�� �� ��
∴ =
�� �� ��

=− 3 sin 3�
iii. � = �tan �
Let � = tan �, � = ��
�� ��
= ���2 � ��� = �� = �tan �
�� ��
�� �� ��
∴ =
�� �� ��

� tan �
� = �tan � ���2 �
��
iv. � = ln sin 2�
Let � = sin 2�, � = ln �
�� �� 1
= 2 cos 2� ��� =
�� �� �
�� �� ��
∴ =
�� �� ��

18
E value of the function at which

1
= 2 cos 2�

1
= (2 cos 2�) = 2 cot 2�
sin 2�

Product Rule

Given a function, say y which is a function of say u and v written as � = ��, where u
and v are functions of x, then the product rule:

�� �� ��
��
= � �� + � ��

Examples

Differentiate the following functions:

(i) �2 cos 4�
(ii) �3� sin 3�
(iii) �2 ln sinh �

Solution

(i) �2 cos 4�

Let � = �2 , � = cos 4�

�� � � 2
= �2 cos 4� + cos 4� �
�� �� ��

= −4�2 sin 4� + 2���� 4�

�� �3� sin 3�

Let � = �3� , � = sin 3�

�� � � 3�
= �3� sin 3� + sin 3� �
�� �� ��

= 3�3� cos 3� + 3�3� sin 3�

=3�3� cos 3� + sin 3�

(iii) �2 ln sinh �

Let � = �2 , � = �����ℎ �

19
E value of the function at which

�� � � 2
= �2 �����ℎ � + �����ℎ � �
�� �� ��
cosh �
= �2 + 2������ℎ �
sinh �

The derivative of a fraction (Quotient)

Quotient Rule

�(�)
Given that � = � � , �=� � ��� � = �(�) or


Concisely, if � = �

� ' �' �−�' �


Then �' = �
= �2

�� � ' ��� ��−��� ��


��
= �
= �2

Examples

1. Differentiate the following


cos �
(i) �=
�−1

(ii) � = cot �
3�+1 sinh �
(iii) �= �4�

Solution

(i) Using � = � , � = cos �, � = � − 1

�� � ' ��� ��−��� ��


��
= �
= �2

� �
�� �−1 cos �−cos � (�−1)
��
= ��
�−1 2
��

− �−1 sin �−cos �


= �−1 2

20
E value of the function at which

cos �
(ii) � = cot � = sin �

� �
�� sin � cos � − cos � sin �
�� ��
=
�� ���2 �
− ���2 � − ���2 �
=
���2 �
−(���2 � + ���2 �)
=
���2 �
1
= − ���2� =− �����2 �

3�+1 sinh �
(iii) �=
�4�

Using the quotient rule, we have



�= ; � = 3� − 1 sinh �, � = �4�

� �
�� �4� sinh � − (3� − 1) �4�
�� ��
=
�� �4� 2

�4� { 3�−1 cosh �+3 sinh �}−4�4� 3�+1 sinh �


= 2
�4�

�4� [{ 3�+1 cosh �+3 sinh �}−4 3�+1 sinh �]


= 2
�4�

���� �
2. Find the derivative of the function � = 1+cos �

Solution

���� �
�=
1+cos �

� ' �' �−�' �


�' = �
= �2

�' =− ���� � + sin � �' =− ����

�� ( − ���� � + sin �)(1 + cos �) − −���� (�����)


=
�� 1 + cos � 2

�� −���� �+sin �−����2 �+sin ���� �+����2 �


��
= 1+cos � 2

21
E value of the function at which

sin � + sin ���� � + �(���2 � − ���2� − cos � )


=
1 + cos � 2

sin �(1_ cos �)+�(���2 �−���2�−cos � )


= 1+cos � 2

The Derivatives of logarithm

�'(�)
If � = ��� � , �' =
�(�)

Examples

Find the derivatives of the following functions

(i) � = ���
(ii) � = ��(� + 1)
(iii) � = ln (3� + 2)

Solution

(i) � = ���

(�) 1
�' = �� =�

(ii) � = ��(� + 1)

(� + 1) 1
'
� = �� =
�+1 �+1
(iii) � = ln (3� + 2)

3�+2 3
'
� = ��
3�+2
= 3�+2

Implicit functions

All along, we have been dealing with explicit functions where y is completely defined in
terms of x. But in some cases where x and y are more involved. It is not desirable to
separate y completely on one side as in 3�� + cos � = 5, then y is said to be an implicit
function of x.

Examples

��
Find �� for the following functions

(i) 3�� + cos � = 5

22
E value of the function at which

(ii) �3 + �3 + 3��2 = 25 at x = 1 and y = 2


(iii) �2 + �2 = 25
�2 �
(iv) �2 + �2 − 2� − 6� + 5 = 0 at x = 3 and y = -2. Also find ��2

Solution

(i) 3�� + cos � = 5


�� ��
3� + 3� − ���� =0
�� ��
�� 3�
=
�� 3� − sin �
(ii) �3 + �3 + 3��2 = 25
�� ��
3�2 + 3� + 6�� + 3�2 = 0
�� ��
��
3�2 + 3�2 + 3�2 + 6�� = 0
��
��
3�2 + 6�� =− 3�2 + 3�2
��

�� 3(�2 +�2) (�2+�2 )


=− 3(�2+2��) = − (�2+2��)
��

at x = 1, y = 2
�� − 12 + 22
∴ = 2
�� (2 + 2 1 (2)
�� 5
⟹ =−
�� 8

��� �2 + �2 = 25

��
2� + 2� =0
��
��
2� =− 2�
��
�� −2� �
= =−
�� 2� �

(iv) �2 + �2 − 2� − 6� + 5 = 0

�� ��
2� + 2� �� − 2 − 6 �� = 0

23
E value of the function at which

��
2� − 6 = 2 − 2�
��

�� 2 1−�
=
�� 2 �−3

�� 1−�
��
= �−3

at x = 3 and y = 2

�� 1−3 −2
��
= 2−3 = −1

��
∴ ��
= 2 �� � = 3, � =− 2

�2� � 1−�
For ��2 = �� �−3

Using quotient rule,


��
�2� 3−� − 1−�
��2
= �−3 2
��

At x = 3 and y = 2

�2� 3−2 − 1−3 2 1− −2 2 1+4


��2
= −1 2
= = =5
1 1

�2 �
����� = 5 �� � = 3, � = 2
��2

Differentiation of Inverse Trigonometric function

Inverse trigonometric functions are sin−1 �, cos−1 �, tan−1 �, which are functions �,
here we examine how to find the differential coefficient of these functions:

Examples

Find the differential coefficient of each of the following:

(i) y = sin−1 � (ii) � = sin−1 2� (iii) � = tan−1 (3� − 2)

Solution

y = sin−1 �

⟹ � = sin �

24
E value of the function at which

��
��
= cos �

�� 1
∴ = ��
��
��

1
= cos �

But ���2� = 1 − ���2 �

= 1 − �2 (������� � = sin �)

cos � = 1 − �2

�� 1
∴ =
��
1−�2

� 1
Similarly ( cos−1 �) =−
��
1−�2

� 1
And ��
( tan−1 �) =
1+�2

(ii) � = sin−1 2�
�� 1
Recall that �� =
1−�2

Applying this, we have


� 1
( sin−1 2 �) = 2 ×
�� 1 − (2�)2

�� 2
∴ =
�� 1 − 4�2

(iii) � = tan−1 (3� − 2)


� 1
( tan−1 3� − 2) = ×3
�� 1 + (3� − 2)2
3
= 1+9�2 −12�+4

Exercise
1. Find the difference quotient for the following functions:
(a) � � = 4� − �2

25
E value of the function at which

1
(b) � � = �

2. Differentiate from the first principle:


(a) � = cos � (b) � = �4�
3. Differentiate the following:
(a) � = 6�2 − 4� 3

(b) � = �sin �
(c) � = ln 5 − 7 sin �
6�+4 cos 5�
(d) � = �5�
��
4. Given that � = sin � ��� � = cos 5�, ���� ��
��
5. If 2�3 + 3�2 + 9��2 = 36, ���� ��
�� � = 1 ��� � = 2

6. Differentiate each of the following functions:


(a) � = sin−1 4� (b) y=tan−1 5� − 3
7. Differentiate the following implicit functions:
(a) �3 + �3 � + 3��2 = 8
(b) �3 + �3 + 4��2 = 5

The maximum and minimum values

Stationary Points

��
Definition: Consider a curve � = � � , a point on the curve at which �� = 0 is called a

Stationary point.

��
Consider a curve � = �(�) a point on the curve at which �� = 0 is called a stationary point.
��
The value of the function at which �� = 0 is called its stationary value. To obtain the
��
stationary points, we solve the resulting equation ��
= 0.

Examples

1. Find the stationary points of the function � � = 4�3 + 15�2 − 18� + 7

Solution

Let � = 4�3 + 15�2 − 18� + 7

��
��
= 12�2 + 30� − 18

26
E value of the function at which

��
Put ��
= 0, that is 12�2 + 30� − 18 = 0

6 2� − 1 � + 3 = 0

Either 2� − 1 = 0 or � + 3 = 0

1
i.e. � = 2 �� � =− 3

1
The two stationary points are 2 and -3

To determine the stationary vales, we return to the original given function;

1
� � = 4�3 + 15�2 − 18� + 7 to determine �( 2 ) and �( − 3)
3 2
1 1 1 1
� =4 + 15 − 18 +7
2 2 2 2
4 15
=8+ 4
−9+7
9
=4
3 2
Also � −3 = 4 −3 + 15 −3 − 18 −3 +

= 88

9
Hence the two stationary values are 4 and 88

Maximum and Minimum

Let us consider the diagram below:

��
=0
��

��
=+ ��
�� =−
��
� � =�

27
E value of the function at which

Figure represents a curve y = f(x). The curve passes through a stationary point and reach a
��
maximum value at the point where �� = 0. As we can see in the diagram, as x increases
��
��
decreases from +ve through 0 to -ve.

�� ��
Consider a given curve y = f(x) at a minimum point ��
= 0 and as x increases,
��
increases

from -ve through 0 to +ve.

The maximum and minimum points are called Turning points.

��
=−
�� ��
=+
��

�=� �
��
=0
��

Summary

�� �2�
1. At maximum point = 0 and <0
�� ��
�� �2�
2. At minimum point = 0 and ��2
>0
��

Examples

�3 �2
1. Find the stationary points on the curve � = 3
− 2
− 2� + 9

Solution
�� 3�2 2�
��
= 3
− 2
−2

= �2 − � − 2

��
For the stationary point �� = 0 i. e. �2 − � − 2 = 0

28
E value of the function at which

�−2 �+1 =0

� = 2 �� � =− 1

The stationary point are x = 2, x = -1

Now for the nature of the stationary point

�2� �
��2
= �2 − � − 2 = 2� − 1
��

�2�
��2
= 2� − 1

�2 �
We now investigate how ��2 changes at the neighborhood x = 2 and x = -1

�2 �
At x = 2, ��2
= 2 2 − 1 = 4 − 1 = 3( + ��)

�2 �
At x = -1, ��2 = 2 −1 − 1 =− 3 (-ve)

�2 �
At x = 2, ��2 > 0, ℎ���� � = 2 gives minimum point

�2 �
At x = -1, ��2 < 0, this leads to maximum point

23 22
���� = − − 2(2) + 9
3 2

8 4 8 4
=3−2−4+9 = 3
− +5
2

34 2
= 6
= 53

2
Hence ���� = 5 3

( − 1)3 (−1)2
���� = − − 2( − 1) + 9
3 2
5 61
= -6 + 11 = 6

1
= 10
6

2. Find the maximum and minimum value of the function � = � � = 3 sin � + 4 cos �
and the value of � 0° ≤ � ≤ 360° which they occur

29
E value of the function at which

Solution

Let � � = 3 sin � + 4 cos �

��
�' � = = 3 cos � − 4 sin �
��

�2 �
�'' � = ��2 =− 3 sin � − 4 cos �

��
For the stationary points �� = 0

Hence 3 cos � − 4 sin � = 0

3
3 cos � = 4 sin � and cos � = ��� �
4

3 sin �
This implies that 4 = cos � = tan �

3
Hence tan x = 4 .

In the range 0° to 360°

� = 36°52' or 216°52’

�2 �
With � = 36°52' , ��2
< 0. This a maximum point

�2�
If � = 216°52’, ��2 > 0. This gives a minimum point.

Application of Differentiation to real life situation (Physical realm):

Velocity

The velocity v of a particle can be defined as the rate of change of position with respect to
time.

��(�)
�. �. � � = ��

��������

1. A particle moves along a curve � = 2�2 , � = �2 − 4� and � = 3� − 5. Where t is the


time. Find its velocity at time t and at t = 2.

Solution

30
E value of the function at which

� = 2�2 , � = �2 − 4� and � = 3� − 5

The position vector of an object moving w.r.t. the origin is

� � = 2�2 � + �2 − 4� � + 3� − 5 �

��(�)
� � = ��


= �� 2�2 � + �2 − 4� � + 3� − 5 �

= 4�� + 2� − 4 + 3�

∴ � � = 4�� + 2� − 4 + 3�

Thus the velocity at time t is 4�� + 2� − 4 + 3�

Now at t = 2,

� 2 = 4(2)� + 2(2) − 4 + 3�

= 8� + 4 − 4 � + 3�

= 8� + 3�

� 2 = 8� + 3�

Therefore the velocity at time t = 2 is 8� + 3�

2. Find the velocity of the particle whose position vector is given by

� � = cos � � + sin � � + ���ℎ��

Solution

� � = cos � � + sin � � + ���ℎ��

��(�)
� � = ��


= �� cos � � + sin � � + ���ℎ��

= − sin �� + cos �� + cosh ��

∴ � � = − sin �� + cos �� + cosh ��

31
E value of the function at which

3. If the position vector of a particle is given by � � = (4 + sin 2�)� + (3 − cos 9�)�.


Find the velocity of the particle.

Solution

� � = (4 + sin 2�)� + (3 − cos 9�)�.

��(�)
� � =
��


= �� (4 + sin 2�)� + (3 − cos 9�)�.

= 2 cos 2�� + 9 sin 9��

∴ � � = 2 cos 2�� + 9 sin 9��

Acceleration

The acceleration vector of a particle can be defined as the rate of change of velocity with
respect to time.

��(�)
� � = ��

Where v(t) is the velocity of the particle.

�� �2� �3�
Note that the vectors ��
, ��2
, ��3
, … can also be denoted by �, �, �, …

Examples

1. If the position vector of a particle is given by � � = 4�3 + 2�� − 7�. Find the
acceleration of the particle.

Solution

� � = 4�3 � + 2�� − 7�

��(�)
� � = ��

We need to find the velocity of the particle first

��(�)
� � =
��


= �� (4�3 � + 2�� − 7�)

32
E value of the function at which

= 12�2 + 2�

∴ � � = 12�2 + 2�

��(�)
Now � � = ��


= �� (12�2 + 2�

= 24��

2. Find the acceleration at time t and time t = 6 seconds of the particle


� = 2�2 , � = �2 − 4� ��� � = 3� − 5

Solution

Here � � = 2�2 � +(�2 − 4�)� + (3� − 5)�

We need to first find the velocity at t

��(�)
� � =
��


=�� (2�2 � +(�2 − 4�)� + (3� − 5)� )

= 4�� + 2� − 4 � + 3�

Now the acceleration,

��(�)
� � = ��


= �� (4�� + 2� − 4 � + 3� )

= 4� + 2�

⟹ � � at time t = 4� + 2�

At time t = 6 seconds, the answer is still 4� + 2� since there is no t in the acceleration

Application Problems on Differentiation for business studies and Commercial activities

Examples

It is estimated that in x months from now, the population of the fast growing community will
be given by the equation � � = �2 + 10� + 5000.

33
E value of the function at which

(a) At what rate will the population be changing with respect to time in 12 months from
now?
(b) Estimate by how many people the population will actually change during the 18th
month.

Solution

The rate of change of the population is the derivative

� �
�' � = � � = �2 + 10� + 5000
�� ��

∴ �' � = 2� + 10

Hence the rate of change in 12 months time from now is given by

�' 12 = 2(12) + 10

�' 12 = 34 ������

Meaning the population of the community will be changing at the rate of 34 people per month.

(b) The actual change in the population in the 18th month is given by P(18) – P(17)

P(18) = 182 + 10 18 + 5000

= 324 +180 + 5000

= 5504

P(17) = 172 + 10 17 + 5000

= 289 + 170 + 5000

= 5459

∴ P(18) – P(17) = 45

Hence the population will actually change by 45 people during the 18th month

3. For a production firm, it was estimated that the revenue function is given as
� � = 2�4 + 34�3 + 4�

Estimate the marginal revenue at x = 10 months.

Solution

34
E value of the function at which

� �
Marginal Revenue, �� = �� � � = �� 2�4 + 34�3 + 4�

= 8�3 + 9�2 + 4

At x = 10, the marginal revenue is given by

3 2
�� � = �� 10 = 4 10 + 9 10 +4

= 4(1000) + 9(100) + 4

= $4904

35

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