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Full Download PDF of Probability Foundations For Engineers 1st Nachlas Solution Manual All Chapter
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′ ′ ′
d. A ∩ B ∩ C = {(1,2),(1,4),(2,1),(4,1),(4,5),(5,4),(5,6),(6,5)}
6. C ∩ ( A ∩ B) = C ∩ ( Ac ∪ Bc ) = (C ∩ Ac ) ∪ (C ∩ B c )
c
7. R ∪ (R c ∩ S) = (R ∪ R c ) ∩ (R ∪ S) = Ω ∩ (R ∪ S) = R ∪ S
8.
Rc ∩ S
9.
a. A ∩C c = {(1,1),(1, 2),(1,3),(2,1),(2, 2),(3,1)}
b. A ∩ B c ∩ C = {(1,4),(1,5),(2,4),(4,1),(4,2),(5,1)}
c. B ∩ C c = {(3,1), (1, 3)}
d. Ac ∩ C c = ∅
A ∪ (B ∩ C) = {(1,1), (1, 2), (1, 3), (1, 4), (1,5),(2,1),(2, 2),(2,3),(2, 4),(3,1), (3, 2),
e.
(3, 3), (4,1), (4, 2),(5,1),(3, 4),(3,5),(3,6),(4,3),(5,3), (6,3)}
10. We can associate a natural number with each star and can continue the process indefinitely.
11.
E1 = {x | x is a club}
E2 = {x | x is a diamond}
E3 = {x | x is a heart}
E4 = {x | x is a spade}
12.
B
A
13.
7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
[…………A……………]
[……………B……………..)
(………C.……….]
[………………D……………….]
14.
Y2 ∪ Y3 voters 2 and/or 3 say the transmission is accurate
Y ∪Y ∪Y c voters 1 and/or 2 say the transmission is accurate while voter 3 says it is
1 2 3
not
c
(Y1 ∪Y3 ) neither voter 2 nor 3 say the transmission is accurate
(Y1 ∪Y2 ∪Y3 )c none of the voters say the transmission is accurate
Y1 ∩Y2 voters 1 and 2 say the transmission is accurate
Y2 ∩Y3
c
voter 2 says the transmission is not accurate and voter 3 says the
transmission is accurate
(Y1 ∩Y2 ∩Y3 ) not all of the voters say the transmission is accurate
c
15. Ω = {x | 0 ≤ x ≤ 80 mph}, A corresponds to a rush hour traffic jam, B may correspond to dense
rush hour traffic, and C corresponds to mid-day or evening traffic flow.
Chapter 3
1. A random experiment consists of measuring the weight of the carbon dioxide emitted by a
coal fired power plant during a 4 hour period. Identify the sample space for this experiment.
Ω = {x | 0 ≤ x ≤ M}
where M is a large number on the order of thousands.
2. An experiment consists of selecting an acre of land in the Jefferson National Forest at random
and counting the number of Cardinal nests in that parcel of land. Identify the sample space for this
experiment.
Ω = {x | 0 ≤ x ≤ K, x integer}
where K is a suitably large number – probably on the order of tens.
Training
Training in Gas Defense. In the latter part of October seventeen
young engineer officers, who had just arrived in France, were
assigned to the Gas Service and were promptly sent to British Gas
Schools for training in mask inspection, salvage and repair and in
training men to wear masks and take other necessary precautions
against gas in the field. It was also necessary at this time to establish
gas training in the First Division, and Captain Boothby was assigned
to that work.
Fig. 9.—Destroying Mustard Gas on the Battle Field.
Fries was at the front visiting the Headquarters of the First Army
and the Headquarters of the 1st, 3d, and 5th Corps from two days
before the beginning of the battle of the Argonne to four days
afterwards. He watched reports of the battle on the morning of the
attack at the Army Headquarters and later at the 1st, 5th and 3d
Corps headquarters in the order named. No reports of any gas
casualties were received. This situation continued throughout the
day. It was so remarkable that he told the Chief of Staff he could
attribute the German failure to use gas to only one of two possible
conditions; first, the enemy was out of gas; second, he was
preparing some master stroke. The first proved to be the case as
examination after the Armistice of German shell dumps captured
during the advance revealed less than 1 per cent of mustard gas
shell. Even under these circumstances the Germans caused quite a
large number of gas casualties during the later stages of the fighting
in the Argonne-Meuse sector.
Evidently the Germans, immediately after the opening of the
attack, or more probably some days before, began to gather together
all available mustard gas and other gases along the entire western
battle front, and ship them to the American sector. This conclusion
seems justified because the enemy never had a better chance to use
gas effectively than he did the first three or four days of the Argonne
fight, and knowing this fact he certainly would never have failed to
use the gas if it had been available. Had he possessed 50 per cent
of his artillery shell in the shape of mustard gas, our losses in the
Argonne-Meuse fight would have been at least 100,000 more than it
was. Indeed, it is more than possible we would never have
succeeded in taking Sedan and Mezieres in the fall of 1918.
Officers’ Training Camp. The first lot of about 100 officers were
sent to France in July, 1918, with only a few days’ training, and in
some cases with no training at all. Accordingly, arrangements were
made to train these men in the duties of the soldier in the ranks, and
then as officers. Their training in gas defense and offense followed a
month of strenuous work along the above mentioned lines.
This camp was established near Hanlon (Experimental) Field, at
a little town called Choignes. The work as laid out included squad
and company training for the ordinary soldier, each officer taking
turns in commanding the company at drill. They were given work in
map reading as well as office and company administration.
This little command was a model of cleanliness and military
discipline, and attracted most favorable comment from staff officers
on duty at General Headquarters less than two miles distant. Just
before the Armistice arrangements were made to transfer this work
to Chignon, about 25 miles southeast of Tours, where ample
buildings and grounds were available to carry out not alone training
of officers but of soldiers along the various lines of work they would
encounter, from the handling of a squad, to being Chief Gas Officer
of a Division.
Educating the Army in the Use of Gas. As has been remarked
before, the Medical Department in starting the manufacture of gas
masks and other defensive appliances, and the Bureau of Mines in
starting researches into poisonous gases as well as defensive
materials, were the only official bodies who early interested
themselves in gas warfare. Due to this early work of the Bureau of
Mines and the Medical Department in starting mask manufacture as
well as training in the wearing of gas masks, the defensive side of
gas warfare became known throughout the army very far in advance
of the offensive side. On the other hand, since the Ordnance
Department, which was at first charged with the manufacture of
poisonous gases, made practically no move for months, the
offensive use of gas did not become known among United States
troops until after they landed in France.
Moreover, no gas shell was allowed to be fired by the artillery in
practice even in France, so that all the training in gas the artillery
could get until it went into the line was defensive, with lectures on the
offensive.
The work of raising gas troops was not begun until the late fall of
1917 and as their work is highly technical and dangerous, they were
not ready to begin active work on the American front until June,
1918.
By that time the army was getting pretty well drilled in gas
defense and despite care in that respect were getting into a frame of
mind almost hostile to the use of gas by our own troops. Among
certain staff officers, as well as some commanders of fighting units,
this hostility was outspoken and almost violent.
Much the hardest, most trying and most skillful work required of
Chemical Warfare Service officers was to persuade such Staffs and
Commanders that gas was useful and get them to permit of a
demonstration on their front. Repeatedly Chemical Warfare Service
officers on Division staffs were told by officers in the field that they
had nothing to do with gas in offense, that they were simply
defensive officers. And yet no one else knew anything about the use
of gas. Gradually, however, by constantly keeping before the
General Staff and others the results of gas attacks by the Germans,
by the British, by the French, and by ourselves, headway was made
toward getting our Armies to use gas effectively in offense.
But so slow was this work that it was necessary to train men
particularly how to appeal to officers and commanders on the
subject. Indeed the following phrase, used first by Colonel Mayo-
Smith, became a watchword throughout the Service in the latter part
of the war—“Chemical Warfare Service officers have got to go out
and sell gas to the Army.” In other words we had to adopt much the
same means of making gas known that the manufacturer of a new
article adopts to make a thing manufactured by him known to the
public.