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1/19/2016 Print EXAM II REVIEW flashcards | Easy Notecards
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_________focus a beam of electrons Transmission electron

through a specimen microscope
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A process that takes cells apart and

seperates the major organelles Cell fractionation
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Organelle responsible for protein synthesis Ribosomes
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Chloroplast are present in which types of

cells? Plant cells
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Synthesis of lipids takes place in______

endoplasmic reticulum Smooth
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This organelle consists of a membranous

sac of hydrolytic enzymes that can digest
food particles, damaged organelles, Lysosomes
bacteria
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This organelle helps in cellular respiration

and generates ATP Mitochondria
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Thylakoids are present in which organelle? Chloroplasts
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________ are made up of Actin filaments Microfilaments
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Nucleus
Name an organelles that contain their own Mitochondria
DNA Chloroplast
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_______ focus a beam of electrons onto the

surface of a specimen Scanning electron mircoscope
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Small subunit and large subunit Ribosomes
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Continuous with the nuclear envelope, with

ribosomes studding its surface Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
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Site of protein synthesis, distributes

transport vesicles Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
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Continuous with the nuclear envelope,

lacks ribosomes Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
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Consists of flattened membranous sacs

called cisternae. Cis and trans face Golgi Apparatus
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Modifies, sorts and packages materials into

transport vesicles Golgi Apparatus
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Food
Types of vacuoles Contractile
Central
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A membranous sac which contains food Food Vacuoles
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A membranous sac in protists Contractile vacuoles
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Pump excess water out of cells Contractile vacuoles
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Membranous sac in plants Central vacuoles
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Hold organic compounds and

water Central vacuoles
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Smooth outer membrane, crostata (inner

membrane foldings), inter embrace space,
matrix contains free ribosomes
Mitochondria
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Function in photosynthesis Chloroplasts
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Organelle with single membrane Peroxisomes
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Produce hydrogen peroxide and convert it

to water Peroxisomes
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A network of fibers extending throughout

the cytoplasm. Three types:
microfilaments, intermediate filaments, and Cytoskeleton
microtubules
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Maintainence of cell shape, changes in cell

shape, muscle contraction, cytoplasmic
streaming, cell motility, cell division
Microfilaments
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Organizes the cell's structure, shape, and

activities, anchoring many organelles Cytoskeleton
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Fibrous proteins supercoiled into thicker

cables, contains proteins from one of Intermediate filaments
proteins from keratin family
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Maintenance of cell shape, anchorage of

nucleus and certain other organelles, Intermediate filaments
formation of nuclear lamina
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Diameters in a middle range, hollow tubes;

wall consisting of 13 columns of tubulin
molecules
Microtubules
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Maintenance of cell shape, cell motility,

chromosome movement in cell division,
organelle movement
Microtubules
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Contains nuclear envelope, double

membrane, nuclear pore, nuclear lamina,
and nucleolus, and nucleoplasm
Nucleus
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Located near nucleus and microtubules

organizing center Centrosomes
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Composed of nine sets of triplets

microtubules arranged in a ring Centrioles
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Help organize microtubule

assembly Centrioles
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Locomotor appendages of animal cells Cilia and flagella
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The quality of an image depends on? Magnification, Resolution, Contrast
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Eniclosed by a membrane
What are the two properties that all cells Use DNA as their genetic
have? information
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The inner folded membrane of

mitochondria are called____________ Cristae
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The channels between the adjacent plant

cells are called__________ Plasmodesmata
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This type of junction fasten cells together

into strong sheets and are also called
anchoring junctions
Desmosomes
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Membranes of neighboring cells are

pressed together, preventing leakage of
extracellular fluid
Tight junctions
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Provide cytoplasmic channels between

adjacent cells Gap junctions
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The ratio of an object's image size to its

real size Magnification
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The measure of the clarity of the image Resolution
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Visible differences in parts of the sample Contrast
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A selective barrier primarily made of

double layer of phospholipids Plasma membrane
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Functions of membrane
carbohydrate Cell to cell recognition
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In which type of solution will a plant cell

behave NORMAL (turgid)? Hypotonic
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Name the channel protein used for

facilitated diffusion of water across the
plasma membrane
Aquaporin
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A type of Bulk transport where transport

vesicles release their content outside the
cell is known as?
Exocytosis
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During _____ transport a cell must expend

energy to move a solute against its
concentration gradient
Active
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During this type of endocytosis, a cell gulps

vesicles (cellular drinking)

fluid

into
Pinocytosis
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Contains DNA Nucleus
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A cell when kept in _______ solution

crenates, plasmolyses Hypertonic
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A cell when kept in _______ solution lyses Hypotonic
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A cell when kept in _______ solution is

flaccid Isotonic solution
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Diffusion of water molecule across

selectively permeable membrane is called Osmosis
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Give an example of active transport? Sodium potassium pump
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Cholestrol
Na+ K-
Glycoprotein
Glycolipids
Carrier proteins
Channel proteins
Plasma membrane
Trans membrane proteins
Peripheral proteins
All of the above are components of?
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How does steroid (CHOLESTROL) affect At warm temperature cholestrol restrains

membrane at cooler & warmer movement of phospholipids and at cooler
temperature? temperature it maintains fluidity by
preventing tight packing
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The movement of substances down their

concentration gradient Diffusion
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Vesicles are involved in what type of

transport Bulk transport
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Binding of ligands to receptors trigger

vesicle formation in what kinds of Bulk Receptor-mediated endocytosis
transport?
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Phagocytosis
What are three types of Endocytosis Pinocytosis
Receptor-mediated endocytosis
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Movement of molecules across the cell

membrane with the help of carrier proteins Carrier mediated diffusion
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Give an example of carrier mediated

diffusion Glucose
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Molecules containing hydrophobic and

hydrophilic regions Amphipathic molecules
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1. Transport
2. Enzymatic activity
Name six major functions of membrane 3. Signal transduction
4. Cell-cell recognition
proteins 5. Intercellular joining
6. Attachment to the cytoskeleton and extra cellular
matrix (ECM)
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Proteins that have a hydrophilic channel

that certain molecules or ions can use as a
tunnel
Channel proteins
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Proteins that bind to molecules and change

shape to shuttle them across the membrane Carrier proteins
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The ability of a solution to cause a cell to

gain or lose water Tonicity
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A solution in which solute concentration is

the same as that inside the cell and no net
movement of water across the plasma Isotonic solution
membrane
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greater outside the cell; cell loses water Hypertonic soluotion
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greater inside the cell; cell gains waterc Hypotonic solution
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The control of water balance Osmoregulation
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In what kind of diffusion does transport

proteins speed the passive movement of Facilitated diffusion
molecules across the plasma membrane
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What kind of proteins provide corridors

that allow a specific molecule or ion to
cross the membrane
Channel protein
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Name an example of a disease caused by

malfunctions in specific transport systems
(FROM POWEPOINT)
Cystinuria
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In what kind of transport does the cell takes

in macromolecules by forming vesicles
from the plasma membrane?
Endocytosis
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In what kind of transport does a cell engulf

a particle in a vacuole? Phagocytosis
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Any molecule that binds specifically to a

receptor site of another molecule Ligand
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______ open or close in response to a

stimulus Ion channels
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During this phase of Interphase, the DNA

duplication/replication happens Synthesis phase
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Which phase of the cell cycle takes 90% of

the entire time required for cell division Interphase
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The narrow waist where two chromatids

are joined together is called Centromere
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During this phase of Mitosis, the chromatin

condenses to form chromosomes Prophase
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During this phase of Mitosis, two identical

nuclei are formed around identical sets of
chromosomes
Telophase
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Binary fission happens in this type of

organisms Prokaryotic
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Cell plate formation and cleavage

furrowing are examples of ? Cytokinesis
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Cell plate formation takes place in? Plant cell
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Cleavage furrowing takes place

in? Animal cell
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A complex of DNA and protein is called? Chromatin
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Name the two steps of cell cycle Interphase and Mitotic phase
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Development from a fertilized cell

Key roles of cell division Growth
Repair and maintenance
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DNA molecules in a cell are packaged

into? Chromosomes
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These cells have two sets of chromosomes Somatic (non reproductive) cells
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In this phase the chromosomes line up at

the equator of the cell Metaphase
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In this phase daughter chromosomes are

pulled to opposite ends of the cell Anaphase
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DNA is wrapped around which protein? Histones
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G1 phase
Name the three stages of Interphase S phase
G2phase
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The energy in the system is Constant. This is stated in which

law of Thermodynamics (1 st
or 2 nd
) First law
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The site of enzyme where it interacts with

its substrate is called? Active site
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The non-protein helpers of the enzyme are

known as Cofactors and Coenzymes
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Examples of Coezymes Vitamins
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A reaction that releases energy is known as Exergonic reaction
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Example of endergonic reaction Photosynthesis
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What does the second law of Energy conversions increase the disorder
Thermodynamics say
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Adenine
Name the components of ATP Ribose
Three phosphate groups
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The target molecule of an enzyme Substrate
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These inhibitors compete for enzyme's

active site and block substrates from Competitive inhibitors
entering active site
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These inhibitors bind at allosteric sites,

change shape of the enzyme Noncompetitive inhibitors
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Zn, Fe, or Cu are examples of Cofactors
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Energy of motion Kinetic energy
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Energy as a result of its location Potential energy
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The capacity to do work Energy
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Cellular respiration is a example of Exergonic reaction
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Requires an input of energy and yields

products rich in potential energy Endergonic reaction
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How many ATP molecule(s) are formed

through the complete oxidation of one
glucose molecule during cellular 38 ATPs
respiration
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Name the molecule which acts as the final

electron acceptor of the hydrogen ion and
converts it into water
Oxygen
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Which molecule is oxidized during cellular

respiration Glucose
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How many ATP molecules are formed

during energy pay-off phase of glycolysis 4 ATPs
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Which steps of cellular respiration involve Glycolysis and Kreb cycle (citric acid
substrate level phosphorylation cycle)
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During the Bridge reaction, Pyruvic acid is

converted to? Acetyl CoA
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NADH AND FADH

2are? Electron carriers
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How many total NADH molecule(s) are

formed during the Kreb cycle (ONE
GLUCOSE MOLECULE)
6 NADH
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What is the location/site for Electron

transport chain Cristae of Mitochondria
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The process through which glucose molecules are converted

into ethanol and CO
2in the absence of oxygen is known as Alcohol fermentation
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Substance gains electrons Reduction
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Oxidation and reduction reactions are

called Redox reactions
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What is the net ATPS and NADH gain at

the end of Glycolysis? 2 ATPs and 2 NADHs
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Where does glycolysis takes

place? Cytosol/Cytoplasm
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The Krebs cycle

generates_______ATP,_______NADH,
and ______FADH2 per one glucose 2 ATP, 6 NADH, and 2 FADH
2
molecule
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Which step of cellular respiration generates

90% of ATP? Oxidative phosphorylation
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What is the location of chemiosmosis? Mitochondrial matrix
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Intermediate step/bridge reaction

Which steps of cellular respiration require Krebs cycle
oxygen Oxidative phosphorylation
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How many ATPs are produced during

substrate level phosphorylation? 4 ATPs
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Where does bridge reaction takes place? Mitochondrion
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What percentage of energy of a glucose

molecule is converted into ATP? 40%
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Cheese and yogurt are formed through

what type of fermentation? Lactic acid fermentation
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Substrate level phosphorylation generates

what percentage of total ATP produced
during cellular respiration?
10%
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What organic molecule is produced at the

end of glycolysis? Pyruvic acid
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These organisms are producers of the

biosphere Autotrophs
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These organisms are the consumers of the

biosphere Heterotrophs
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The green pigment within chloroplast Chlorophyll
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CO2 enters and O2 exits the lead through

these microscopic pores Stomata
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Connected sacs in the

chloroplasts Thylakoids
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Thylakoids stacked in columns Grana
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A dense fluid in chloroplast Stroma
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The process that converts solar energy into

chemical energy Photosynthesis
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Photo in photosynthesis means? Light reaction
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Synthesis in photosynthesis Calvin cycle or dark reaction

means?
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What are the reactants for photosynthesis? Carbon dioxide and water
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What are the products of photosynthesis? Glucose, water, and oxygen
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What is oxidized and reduced in Water is oxidized and carbon dioxide is

photosynthesis? reduced
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Where does light reaction takes place? Thylakoids membrane
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Where does Calvin cycle takes place? Stroma
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Which stage of photosynthesis produces

oxygen? Light reaction
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Name the organic molecule formed during

dark reaction Sugar
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Which photosystem releases

NADPH? Photosystem I
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P700 is the other name for which

photosystem? Photosystem I
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The distance between crest of waves Wavelength
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Lower wavelength =? More energy
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Consists of wavelengths that drive

photosynthesis Visible light
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Light consists of discrete particles called? Photons
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Substances that absorb visible light Pigments
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These assessor pigments absorb excessive

light that would damage chlorophylll Carotenoids
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Which photosystem functions

first Photosystem II
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In which stage of light reaction the water

molecule is split? Photosystem II
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What is the other name for Calvin cycle? Dark reaction
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During which stage of photosynthesis,

sugar is produced? Dark reaction or Calvin cycle
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Which stage of photosynthesis requires

carbon dioxide? Calvin cycle
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1. Carbon fixation
Three phases of Calvin cycle in order 2. Reduction
3. Regeneration of the CO2 acceptor
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Carbon fixation is catalyzed by? Rubisco
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Name the organic molecule which is

regenerated in the Calvin cycle Ribulose bisphosphate
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What is the name of the sugar produced Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate

during Calvin cycle? (G3P)
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ATP and NADPH is used up during which

stage of photosynthesis? Calvin cycle
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How many molecules of CO 2

are fixed for
Three molecules of CO
2
net synthesis of 1G3P?

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1/19/2016 Print EXAM II REVIEW flashcards | Easy Notecards

_________focus a beam of electrons Transmission electron

A process that takes cells apart and

Organelle responsible for protein synthesis Ribosomes

Chloroplast are present in which types of

Synthesis of lipids takes place in______

This organelle consists of a membranous

This organelle helps in cellular respiration

Thylakoids are present in which organelle? Chloroplasts

________ are made up of Actin filaments Microfilaments

_______ focus a beam of electrons onto the

Small subunit and large subunit Ribosomes

Continuous with the nuclear envelope, with

Site of protein synthesis, distributes

Continuous with the nuclear envelope,

Consists of flattened membranous sacs

Modifies, sorts and packages materials into

A membranous sac which contains food Food Vacuoles

A membranous sac in protists Contractile vacuoles

Pump excess water out of cells Contractile vacuoles

Membranous sac in plants Central vacuoles

Hold organic compounds and

Smooth outer membrane, crostata (inner

Function in photosynthesis Chloroplasts

Organelle with single membrane Peroxisomes

Produce hydrogen peroxide and convert it

A network of fibers extending throughout

Maintainence of cell shape, changes in cell

Organizes the cell's structure, shape, and

Fibrous proteins supercoiled into thicker

Maintenance of cell shape, anchorage of

Diameters in a middle range, hollow tubes;

Maintenance of cell shape, cell motility,

Contains nuclear envelope, double

Located near nucleus and microtubules

Composed of nine sets of triplets

Help organize microtubule

Locomotor appendages of animal cells Cilia and flagella

The quality of an image depends on? Magnification, Resolution, Contrast

The inner folded membrane of

The channels between the adjacent plant

This type of junction fasten cells together

Membranes of neighboring cells are

Provide cytoplasmic channels between

The ratio of an object's image size to its

The measure of the clarity of the image Resolution

Visible differences in parts of the sample Contrast

A selective barrier primarily made of

In which type of solution will a plant cell

Name the channel protein used for

A type of Bulk transport where transport

During _____ transport a cell must expend

During this type of endocytosis, a cell gulps ​

Contains DNA Nucleus

A cell when kept in _______ solution

A cell when kept in _______ solution lyses Hypotonic

A cell when kept in _______ solution is

Diffusion of water molecule across

Give an example of active transport? Sodium potassium pump

Integral proteins front 63 back 63

How does steroid (CHOLESTROL) affect At warm temperature cholestrol restrains

The movement of substances down their

Vesicles are involved in what type of

Binding of ligands to receptors trigger

During this type of endocytosis, a cell gulps