Best Method of Block Work for Construction

Block work is most important work for the construction of any building. Concrete
blocks are very common building components that are used worldwide. There is a
wide variety of size and type used within the construction industry today. Let us look
at some examples of units used in block work

Blocks are produced in a range of shapes and sizes. The face side is
usually 450 x 225, the thickness varies from 60 mm up to 150 mm and the weight
from 6.1 to 15 kg. They are produced in solid, hollow and multi-cut format Multicast
enable a bolster cut to be made without wastage Walling built with pre-cast blocks
may be divided into two main categories le. Load bearing and non-load bearing

Types of Blocks

Load bearing blocks are pre-cast in moulds and compacted with the aid of vibration,
or moulding machines involving the use of compressed air, or a combination of both.
These blocks are usually made of concrete comprised of cement and aggregate. The
cement is usually Portland cement and a variety of aggregates are used.

Non load bearing block can also be pre-cast in moulds but others are produced in slab
format and cut to size when set. These blocks are usually made with a variety of
lightweight materials and cement such as Breeze or Clinker waste coke or ash and
certain, Burnt clay etc.

Materials in this construction activity include:

• Solid and Hollow Concrete Masonry Blocks
• Thermal Blocks
• Cement
• Sand
• Damp Proof Course
• Steel masonry accessories, head ties, lateral ties etc.
• Cement based Non shrink grout etc.

Required tools for block work

Table Grinder for block cutting
Scaffolding Platforms
Electric drills
Trowels & Hand tools
Mixer machine
Wheel barrow
Masonry saw Mason square
3m long Aluminium straight edge
Spirit level
Water level
Measuring tape
Line dory Plumb bob
Calibrated survey instruments.

MASONRY BLOCK WORK METHOD OF INSTALLATION

Ensure that bloc work material, sample and method statement and masonry
accessories are approved. Masonry delivered to site shall be carefully unloaded &
handled to prevent chipping and breakage and random sample to be sent for testing.

Masonry block work units shall be stored in dry location on plank platforms of
adequate size. Verify that all reinforcing, anchors, dowels, lintels, flashings, and other
built-in items are on hand, of proper size, and locations established. Before
commencement of block work ascertain the nature and location of all MEP openings
and built in items.

A Mock-up wall of typical wall type shall be constructed and approval to be taken
from client. After approval of block work mock-up proceed with masonry works.
Concrete block masonry work shall match with approved mock-up wall.

Block Work Procedure

The surveyor will mark out the layout for the block work using current layout
drawings.

In dry and hot climate, masonry units will be wetted before laying in order to prevent
quick drying and shrinkage of cement based mortars.

200 thick thermal blocks shall be used for all the external walls or as per approved
shop drawings details.

An approved Damp Proof Course (DPC) material shall be pre-laid into base of the
wall along alignment of the block wall. The width of DPC material shall be same as
the particular thickness of the blocks specified on

the approved shop drawing. • First layer of blocks to be solid blocks and it’s should be
fully set out with proper alignment.

Blocks shall be properly laid on a full bed of mortar Mortar joint thickness for the
general purpose mortar will be 8mm to 12mm

Mortar made on site should preferably be mixed by machine.

Mortar Mixing for Wall Block Work:

• Mortar mix ration is 1:6 OPC/Sand for CMU blocks and 1:4 OPC/Sand for thermal
blocks or as specified. Add and mix thoroughly and uniformly in enough water to
make mortar tightly ball in man's hand and to

lightly ooze through fingers as the hand is closed. Mix no more mortar at a time than
can be used within one and half hour. Mortar not used within the one and half hour
time shall be disposed off. Do not re-temper mortar.

Place masonry to lines and levels indicated. Masonry units shall be set out with a
storey rod so that coursing

lines up at steel shelf angles, sills, heads of windows and doors with full courses.
Masonry units will be assembled together overlapped, so the vertical joints are
staggered from course to course. At the corners and wall intersections the overlapping
should be the minimum width of the units.

Only cut dimension units will be used at these locations. Horizontal anchors for the
masonry block walls will be respected as per specifications.

• All the horizontal joints shall be levelled and vertical joint shall be aligned during
construction, cutting of masonry will be done by power driven masonry saw.

General Requirements - Block Works

Walls shall be kept level at all times. Do not install any portion of wall more
than 1.2 m in height in any particular day. Carry up walls in a uniform manner, no part
being raised more than 1000 mm above any adjacent un-built course, and no area of
walling higher than 600 mm, above any course which is not fully set. Angles and
reveals shall be kept true, square and plumb. Broken walls must be laid up with a
lead.

Width

Face

Walls shall be constructed as true planes and when tested with a 3000 mm straight
edge placed anywhere on the wall in any direction shall be true to place within 3 mm
and plumb within 4 mm. Fach horizontal joint shall be level and at same height in all
walls around the room and true to the lines and dimensions indicated on the drawings.
Unsatisfactory work shall be removed and replaced.

Bed
Height
Length
Joint

Intersecting concrete block walls shall be tied together in a masonry bond. Extend
masonry partitions, unless shown otherwise, to within 20 mm of underside of
structure. Fill the 20 mm gap with insulation under 25% compression, so placed that
space is left each side of the finished wall to accept joint sealant

Install reinforced concrete lintels over openings in concrete block walls. Lintels shall
a minimum of 200 mm bearing on supporting masonry. Install solid concrete masonry
bearing blocks at the jambs of all concrete block. The bearing blocks to be of the
same material as the adjacent wall surfaces.

How Is Provide Lateral Support:

Intersecting bearing walls shall be tied together with a prefabricated "Tee Section" of
wall reinforcement or strap a second bed course and every third course thereafter, full
height of wall. Tops of masonry walls up to 45 mm thick to cast-in place concrete
slabs above with strap anchors securely fixed to the slab and securely embedded into
ma wall. Space anchors not more than 600 mm apart.

Block work more than 6 m in height shall be reinforced with reinforced concrete
stiffening frame work comprising mm verticals at 4.00 meter centre
and 200 x 300 mm horizontals at mid-height or at every 3.00 meters in case wall
than 5.00 meters as per the approved shop drawings. When the distance between the
structural columns is more that is the width of panel Block masonry is more
than 6.0 meter, and the height and the height of the panel is mor provide non-
structural columns (200x200) not exceeding 6.0 m on centers as stiffeners.

Stiffener columns and beams shall be provided according to the approved shop
drawings and should be approved casting of stiffener columns and lintels.

Construct vertical control joints in masonry walls at maximum 6000 mm o.c. Joints
shall be constructed full height partitions, Joints shall be formed by using one half and
full blocks to form a continuous straight vertical joint and p continuous tarred or
waxed paper or asphalt emulsion on the end half-cells of the blocks; the resulting
center key completely filled with mortar as each course is placed. Vertical joint
between the block ends shall be raked out to a mm full height, both sides and left
ready to receive caulking as specified.

MEP Cut out in Block Wall

Maintain openings as per the drawing and cut units to accommodate frames, conduit,
fixtures, recesses the wall block work.

Doors in Block Wall

As Work progresses, install metal door frames, fabricated metal frames, window
frames anchor bolts, pla other built-in items into Work. All frame work shall be
anchored both jams and set plumb and true. Bloc respective dimension, thickness and
height mentioned on the drawing.
‫‪Curing the block work:‬‬

‫‪Damp cure the block works for 3 days, lintels and sills for 7 days as per the project‬‬
‫‪specifications.‬‬

‫‪Cleaning of block work‬‬

‫‪As the work proceeds, carefully remove mortar splashes from masonry surfaces and‬‬
‫‪adjoining surfaces. A section of the wall block work, clean down surfaces and make‬‬
‫‪good where required.‬‬

‫أفضل طريقة ألعمال البناء بالبلوكات‬

‫أهمية العمل بالبلوك‪:‬‬

‫البلوكات الخرسانية هي مكونات بناء شائعة تستخدم في جميع أنحاء العالم بأحجام وأنواع مختلفة‪.‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫يتم إنتاج البلوكات بأشكال وأحجام مختلفة‪ ،‬الوجه األمامي عادة ‪ 450x225‬ملم‪ ،‬سمك يتراوح من ‪60‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫إلى ‪ 150‬ملم‪ ،‬وزن يتراوح من ‪ 6.1‬إلى ‪ 15‬كجم‪.‬‬

‫أنواع البلوكات‪:‬‬

‫بلوكات تحميل‪:‬‬ ‫‪.1‬‬

‫تصب في قوالب وتضغط باالهتزاز أو باستخدام الهواء المضغوط‪.‬‬ ‫‪‬‬

‫مصنوعة عادة من الخرسانة المكونة من األسمنت والركام‪.‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫األسمنت المستخدم عادة هو األسمنت البورتالندي مع أنواع مختلفة من الركام‪.‬‬ ‫‪‬‬

‫بلوكات غير حاملة‪:‬‬ ‫‪.2‬‬

‫تصب في قوالب أو تنتج في شكل ألواح وتقطع إلى الحجم عند التصلب‪.‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫مصنوعة من مواد خفيفة الوزن مثل الكلينكر أو الرماد المحترق‪.‬‬ ‫‪‬‬

‫المواد المستخدمة في البناء‪:‬‬

‫بلوكات خرسانية صلبة وجوفاء‬ ‫‪.1‬‬

‫بلوكات حرارية‬ ‫‪.2‬‬
‫أسمنت‬ ‫‪.3‬‬
‫رمل‬ ‫‪.4‬‬
‫ملحقات حديدية مثل روابط الرأس والروابط الجانبية‬ ‫‪.5‬‬
‫جروات‬ ‫‪.6‬‬
 ‫األدوات المطلوبة ألعمال البلوك‪:‬‬

‫طاولة طحن لقطع البلوكات‬ ‫‪.1‬‬

‫منصات سقاالت‬ ‫‪.2‬‬
‫مثاقيب كهربائية‬ ‫‪.3‬‬
‫مجارف وأدوات يدوية‬ ‫‪.4‬‬
‫خالطة أسمنت‬ ‫‪.5‬‬
‫عربة يدوية‬ ‫‪.6‬‬
‫منشار بناء‬ ‫‪.7‬‬
‫مستوى روح‬ ‫‪.8‬‬
‫شريط قياس‬ ‫‪.9‬‬
‫ميزان ماء‬ ‫‪.10‬‬
‫أدوات مسح معايرة‬ ‫‪.11‬‬

‫طريقة تركيب البلوك‪:‬‬

‫استخدام مخطط الموقع لوضع عالمات على أماكن البلوك‪.‬‬ ‫‪.1‬‬

‫بدء بطبقة البلوك الصلبة األولى‪.‬‬ ‫‪.2‬‬
‫استخدام مالط بسمك ‪ 12-8‬مم بين البلوكات‪.‬‬ ‫‪.3‬‬
‫امزج المونة األسمنتية بالماء الكافي لتشكيله‪.‬‬ ‫‪.4‬‬
‫وضع البلوك في األماكن المحددة وتأكد من تداخل الوصالت العمودية‪.‬‬ ‫‪.5‬‬

‫المتطلبات العامة‪:‬‬

‫الحفاظ على مستوى الجدران‪.‬‬ ‫ا‪.‬‬

‫ال تبني أكثر من ‪ 1.2‬م في االرتفاع في يوم واحد‪.‬‬ ‫ب‪.‬‬
‫الحفاظ على زوايا الجدران مستقيمة ومربعة‪.‬‬ ‫ج‪.‬‬
‫يجب أن تكون الجدران مسطحة بشكل تام مع انحراف ال يزيد عن ‪ 3‬مم‪.‬‬ ‫د‪.‬‬
‫احتفظ بالفتحات حسب الرسومات وقطع الوحدات لتناسب اإلطارات والقنوات والتركيبات‪.‬‬ ‫ه‪.‬‬
‫قم بتركيب إطارات األبواب المعدنية والنوافذ أثناء العمل‪ ،‬وثبتها بشكل صحيح‪.‬‬ ‫و‪.‬‬
‫قم بترطيب البلوك لمدة ‪ 3‬أيام‪ ،‬والعوارض والسدود لمدة ‪ 7‬أيام‪.‬‬ ‫ز‪.‬‬
‫قم بإزالة بقع المونة األسمنتية من األسطح أثناء العمل وتنظيفها بشكل صحيح‪.‬‬ ‫ح‪.‬‬
‫التأكد من الموافقة على مواد البلوك والعينة وطريقة التركيب والملحقات‪.‬‬ ‫ط‪.‬‬
‫تخزين وحدات البلوك في مكان جاف‪.‬‬ ‫ي‪.‬‬
‫التحقق من وجود جميع المواد مثل التسليح والمرابط والعوارض‪.‬‬ ‫ك‪.‬‬
‫في المناخ الحار‪ ،‬بلل وحدات البناء قبل وضعها‪.‬‬ ‫ل‪.‬‬
Materials:

1. Solid and Hollow Concrete Blocks

2. Thermal Blocks
3. Cement
4. Sand
5. Steel accessories such as head ties and lateral ties
6. grout
7. Clean water

Tools Required for Block Work:

1. Table Grinder for cutting blocks

2. Scaffolding Platforms
3. Electric Drills
4. Trowels and Hand Tools
5. Mortar Mixer
6. Wheelbarrow
7. Masonry Saw
8. Spirit Level
9. Measuring Tape
10. Water Level
11. Calibrated Survey Instruments

Block Installation Method:

1. Use the site layout plan to mark the positions for the block work.
2. Start with the first layer of solid blocks.
3. Apply mortar with a thickness of 8-12 mm between blocks.
4. Mix the mortar with sufficient water to achieve the right consistency.
5. Place the blocks in the marked positions and ensure the vertical joints are
staggered.

General Requirements:

a. Keep the walls level.

b. Do not build more than 1.2 m in height in one day.
c. Keep the wall corners straight and square.
d. Walls should be completely flat with a deviation not exceeding 3 mm.
‫‪e. Maintain openings as per the drawings and cut units to fit frames, conduits, and‬‬
‫‪fixtures.‬‬
‫‪f. Install metal door and window frames during the work and secure them properly.‬‬
‫‪g. Damp cures the blocks for 3 days and lintels and sills for 7 days.‬‬
‫‪h. Remove mortar splashes from surfaces during work and clean them properly.‬‬
‫‪i. Ensure that block materials, samples, installation methods, and accessories are‬‬
‫‪approved.‬‬
‫‪j. Store block units in a dry location.‬‬
‫‪k. Verify the availability of all materials such as reinforcement, anchors, and lintels.‬‬
‫‪l. In hot climates, wet the masonry units before laying them.‬‬

‫يجب مراعاة تقسيط المداميك على إرتفاع الحوائط بحيث تكون جميع المداميك متساوية وكذلك العراميس‪.‬‬
‫يتم مراقبة نسب خلط مونة المباني‪.‬‬
‫يتم عمل مدماك أرضي بكامل الدور أو الوحدة‬
‫استرباع الغرف‪.‬‬
‫تحديد أماكن الفتحات‪.‬‬
‫وزن المباني أسفل الكمرات‪.‬‬
‫يتم وضع قوالب البلوك (أول مدماك) على فرشة كاملة من المونة‪.‬‬
‫يجب أن ترتفع حوائط المبني بإنتظام بحيث ال يزيد إرتفاع أي جزء عن اآلخر بأكثر من ‪ 1.5‬م في أي وقت‬
‫وينتهي آخر مدماك في منسوب بطنيات الميدات وبالطات األسقف واألعتاب وال تستعمل أجزاء الطوب‪.‬‬
‫يجب تفريغ العراميس بمقدار من ‪ 2-1‬سم أوًال بأول حتى تساعد على تماسك البياض أو الكحلة‪.‬‬
‫ترش العراميس بالماء بعد تفريغ العراميس ثم تكحل بالمونة‪.‬‬
‫يجب عمل الكحلة من أعلى الحائط إلى أسفله خاصة العراميس الطولية‪.‬‬
‫في حالة البناء بالبلوك المفرغ يتم عمل ‪ 3‬مداميك من الطوب المصمت أسفل وأعلى البالطة المسلحة وكذلك‬
‫عمل مدماكين في منسوب العتب من الطوب المصمت وأيضًا حول فتحات الشبابيك واألبواب و على منسوب‬
‫أماكن التمديدات الكهربائية و الميكانيكية‪.‬‬
‫يجب أال تقل المحاكية بجوار العمود الخرسانة عن ‪ 20‬سم أما إذا قل المقاس عن ذلك يجب صب المحاكية‬
‫مع العمود‪.‬‬
‫يتم إستخدام ميزان خيط لمراجعة رأسية الحوائط كل ثالثة مداميك ‪.‬‬
‫في حالة مباني الحوائط الساندة البلوك المفرغ يتم وضع أسياخ حديد رأسية على مسافات أفقية ‪ 1.2‬م ويتم ملء‬
‫البلوكات المار بها أسياخ الحديد بمونة أسمنتية‪.‬‬

‫‪The mixing ratios of the masonry mortar are monitored.‬‬

‫‪A ground course is constructed for the entire floor or unit.‬‬
‫‪Squaring the rooms.‬‬
‫‪Marking the locations of openings.‬‬
‫‪Aligning the masonry beneath the beams.‬‬
‫‪The first course of blocks is placed on a full bed of mortar‬‬
Alumenium