HOD’S WELCOME ADDRESS

Dr. Akpan, Aniefiok Udoh

B.Sc, MBA, M.Sc, Ph.D, ACA
Ag. Head of Department

On behalf of my staff and students, I welcome our guests and prospective students
to the Department of Accounting, Faculty of Management Sciences, University of
Calabar. Our Department offers various courses that lead to the award of B.Sc
Degree in Accounting. We have highly qualified professionals who teach various
courses. Our environment is safe and friendly and we are willing to help you achieve
your dream of becoming an Accounting graduate. In addition, our Department also
offers postgraduate programmes in Accounting. We have programmes leading to
the award of M.Sc and Ph.D degrees in Accounting.

We therefore, welcome you to partner with us to enable you became the seasoned
accounting professional of your dreams. So make the Department of Accounting,
Faculty of Management Sciences your first choice! Thank you.

MISSION/PHILOSOPHY/VISION/OBJECTIVE
VISION: To be an outstanding department noted for professional and academic excellence with
versatile and dynamic academics within an acceptable corporate outlook serving as a centre for
the training of accounting professionals and academics for National and International
opportunities.
MISSION

i. To design courses and offer instructions that develop the mind, elevate professional
horizon, shape mental and analytical capabilities and prepare the mind for balanced
judgments in solving business, financial and environmental problems.
ii. To train high level manpower with state-of-the-art competences to cope with current
financial and economic challenges in keeping with current global requirements.
OBJECTIVES
❖ To offer quality instructions designed to develop knowledge, educational horizons,
background analytical ability and balanced judgment in the solution of business and
related problems.
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 ❖ To make the student better appreciate the role of accounting discipline in industry and
promoting economic growth and development.
❖ To prepare and encourage students to pursue advanced study in Accounting and related
discipline.
❖ To be a model academic unit in the University of Calabar in terms of quality and
quantum of instruction deliveries.

PHILOSOPHY OF THE PROGRAMME

The phenomenal growth in industries and expansion of commerce within the last three decades
has accentuated the demand for skilled manpower in the field of accounting and book keeping.
The academic programme of the Department of Accounting is tailored to provide adequate
opportunities for training and development of middle and high level manpower in accounting to
meet the growing demands of the labour market for professional in the discipline. The Department
of Accounting therefore aims to train and develop middle and high level manpower that will be
able to apply fundamental academic and professional principles to situations, analyze them and
enable effective decision making.

ACADEMIC AND NON-ACADEMIC STAFF

S/NO NAME OF STAFF DESIGNATION
1 Akpan Aniefiok Udoh Senior Lecturer/ HOD
2 Ocheni Stephen Ikani Professor
3 Oti Peter Akpa Asso. Professor
4 Bessong Peter Kekung Asso. Professor
5 Bassey Bassey Eyo Asso. Professor
6 Udoayang Joseph Offiong Senior Lecturer
7 Asuquo Akabom Ita Asso. Professor
8 Effiong Sunday Asuquo Asso. Professor
9 Usang Obal Usang Edet Senior Lecturer
10 Efiong Eme Joel Senior Lecturer
11 Inyang William Smart Lecturer I
12 Kankpang, Alphonsus Kechi Lecturer I
13 Inah Egu Usang Lecturer I
14 Agbor Job Napoleon Nsor Lecturer I
15 Inyang Inyang Ochi Lecturer I
16 Otalor John Ikponwosa Lecturer I
17 Nkiri Joseph Enyam Lecturer II
18 Inyang Ethel Ohanya Lecturer II
19 Otuagoma Florence Onororakpoene Lecturer II
20 Ahakiri Francis Idiege Lecturer II
21 Ogar-Abang John Oyong Lecturer II
22 Okiri, Cyprain Nworie Lecturer II
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 S/NO NAME OF STAFF DESIGNATION
23 Mbu-Ogar Geraldine Banku Lecturer II
24 Ogar Godspower Unung Assistant Lecturer
25 Oko John Odama Assistant Lecturer
26 Idaka Sunday Ebge Assistant Lecturer
27 Oboh John Oganyi Assistant Lecturer
28 Oni Timothy Oluwatominiyi Assistant Lecturer
29 Joshua Udemeobong Monday Assistant Lecturer
30 Eyo Rose Emmanuel Assistant Lecturer
31 Imong Nelly Rapheal Assistant Lecturer
32 Oqua Kingsley Edet Assistant Lecturer
33 Enya Francis Ejeje Assistant Lecturer
34 Animpuye Canice Ushie Assistant Lecturer
35 Ahaneku Roland Nnamdi Assistant Lecturer
36 Gabriel, Femi Goodwill Assistant Lecturer
37 Akomaye Ugbe Adie Assistant Lecturer
38 Andortan Solomon Andortan Assistant Lecturer
38 Ikwuo Ama Kalu Assistant Lecturer
40 Ibrahim Mallam Fali Assistant Lecturer
41 Amos Janada Graduate Assistant
42 Odama Patrick Ojeka Graduate Assistant
43 Nkang Mary Eyong Graduate Assistant
44 Ebaye Theresa Mbong Graduate Assistant
45 Ayanbeshishie Salome Agounim Graduate Assistant
46 Abotisi Lucia abonye Graduate Assistant
PROFESSIONAL & ADMIN STAFF
1 Enyi, Grace Abu Snr. Confid Secretary
2 Bassey, Ikwo Ebianga Secretary in Training
3 Obite, Aneozeng Sunday Data Processor Officer
4 Odey Agnes Omagu Higher Exec Officer
5 Oklebe Janet Omari Higher Exec Officer
6 Augustine, Edung David Executive Officer
7 Ukam , Jammy Stepen Caretaker

ACADEMIC PROGRAMME

ADMISSION REQUIREMENTS
Admission by UTME
The basic admission requirement for undergraduate candidates is five credit passes in five subjects
including English Language, Mathematics and Economics in Senior Secondary School Certificate
Examination (SSCE) or its equivalent in not more than two sittings. The UTME candidates are
admitted to pursue a four-year B.Sc. programme in Accounting for a maximum of six years. The
consultancy degree programme students have minimum of five years and a maximum of seven
years.
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Admission by Direct Entry
The Direct Entry candidates should, in addition to meeting the basic admission requirements stated
above, possess Upper credit in Ordinary National Diploma (OND) in Accounting, University of
Calabar Diploma in Business Administration (DBA), with at a 3.50 CGPA or any other equivalent
qualification that may be accepted by the Department. The candidates will pursue a three-year
degree programme in Accounting for a maximum of five years. The Direct Entry Consultancy
students have a minimum of four years and a maximum of six years to complete the programme.
DEGREE REQUIREMENT (REGULAR PROGRAMME)
To obtain a B.Sc. Degree in accounting, a student must successfully complete courses up to a
minimum of 159 credit hours spread over eight (8) semesters or 120 credit hours over six (6)
semesters in the case of Direct Entry candidates. At least 69 of these credit hours must be in core
accounting courses.
Year One First Semester
Course Code Course Title Credit Hours
GSS 101 Use of English I 2
GSS 141 Anti-corruption I 2
MTH 101 Mathematics for Management Scientists I 3
MGT 141 Introduction to Business 3
GSS 121 Philosophy and Logic 2
GSS 111 Citizenship Education 2
ECS 101 Introduction to Micro Economics 3
ACC 131 Principles of Accounts 3
Total 20

Second Semester
Course Code Course Title Credit Hours
GSS 102 Use of English II 2
GSS 142 Anti-corruption II 2
MTH 102 Mathematics for Management Scientists II 3
ACC 132 Introduction to Extractive Industry Accounting 3
GSS 132 History and Philosophy of Science 2
BAF 132 Principles of Finance 3
ECS 132 Introduction to Macro Economics 3
MGT 142 Nigerian Business Environment 3
BAF 132 Introduction to Money and Banking 3
Total 22

Year Two First Semester

Course Code Course Title Credit Hours
ACC 221 Business Statistics I 3
ACC 211 Introduction to Financial Accounting I 3
ECS 221 Micro Economic Theory 3
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ACC 231 Intro. to Cost and Management Accounting I 3
MKT 251 Principles of Marketing 3
MGT 241 Principles of Management 3
GSS 212 Introduction to Computer 2
ACC 241 Business Communication 2
Total 22

Second Semester
ACC 202 Business Mathematics 3
ACC 222 Business Statistics II 3
ACC 212 Introduction to Financial Accounting II 3
GSS 212 Computer Application 2
ACC 232 Intro. To Cost and Management Accounting II 3
ECS 232 Macro Economic Theory 3
SOC 142 Introduction to Psychology 2
Total 19

Year Three First Semester

Course Code Course Title Credit Hours
ACC 311 Intermediate Financial Accounting I 3
ACC 341 Taxation I 3
ACC 351 Management Accounting I 3
ACC 331 Quantitative Techniques in Accounting 3
ACC 361 Business Law I 3
ACC 321 Cost Accounting 3
ACC 371 Financial Reporting and Regulatory Framework 3
GSS 301 Entrepreneurship Education I 2
Total 23

Second Semester
ACC 312 Intermediate Financial Accounting II 3
ACC 332 Professional Ethics and Corporate Governance 2
ACC 342 Taxation II 3
ACC 362 Business Law II 3
POS 102 Elements of Government 3
ACC 322 Research Methods in Accounting 3
ACC 352 Management Accounting II 3
GSS 302 Entrepreneurship Education II 2
Total 22

Year Four First Semester

Course Code Course Title Credit Hours
ACC 431 Strategic Financial Management 3
ACC 411 Advanced Financial Accounting I 3
ACC 471 International Accounting 3
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ACC 421 Auditing and Forensic Accounting I 3
ACC 441 Mining, Oil and Gas Accounting I 3
ACC 490 Research Project in Accounting 3
MGT 461 Business Policy and Strategy I 3
Total 21

Second Semester
ACC 412 Advanced Financial Accounting II 3
ACC 422 Auditing and Forensic Accounting II 3
ACC 442 Mining, Oil and Gas Accounting II 3
ACC 432 Public Sector Accounting 3
ACC 472 Accounting Information System and Info. Tech. 3
ACC 490 Research Project in Accounting 3
MGT 462 Business Policy and Strategy II 3
Total 21

COURSE DESCRIPTION
GSS 101: Use of English I
Introduction: General instruction regarding English for Academic Purpose (EAP) and study
skills. Reading: Speed and Techniques, Comprehension for Evaluation, Vocabulary Development.
Listening, Speaking, Writing, Study skills, Grammar and Communication, Spelling, Punctuation
and Library skill.
1) The library skills component carries twenty (20) marks. Lecturer for this component will
take one hour each week in the last five weeks before examination.
2) Assignments and tests carry thirty (30) marks while the semester examination carries fifty
(50) marks
3) Each student should endeavor to acquire the core text and at least two novels.

MTH 101: Mathematics for Management Scientists I

Symbolic logic, inductive and deductive systems, mapping and transformation, complex numbers,
Discrete and continuous variables, Trigonometric Functions, Logarithmic Functions, Exponential
Functions, Maxima and Minima, Point of Inflection,Integral Calculus: Integration by substitution
and by parts; Expansion of Algebraic Functions, Sequences and series, The straight line in various
forms, The circle, Matrix and Determinants.
MGT 141: Introduction to Business
A survey and operational analysis of business administration and organization, consideration is
given to such topics as the concepts of business, legal forms of business, the functional areas of
business namely; management, marketing, risk, accounting and finance, research and statistics,
personnel, production. Elementary treatment of the skills required in management: planning,

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organizing, staffing, directing and controlling, showing how they cut across the functional areas.
Government regulation of businesses, Introduction to business cases.

GSS 121: Philosophy and Logic

Definition of Philosophy, History of Philosophy: (a) Ancient Period (b) Medieval Period (c)
Modern Period. Existentialism, African Philosophy, African Political Philosophy and Violence.
Logic Section:
What is Logic? History and development of logic, laws of thought; What is an Arguments?
Components of Arguments, Types of Arguments, Evaluation of Arguments. Fallacies: Formal and
informal, give examples.
Definition, Categorical Propositions, Elementary Logical operations, Truth Tables, Formal Proof
Rules of Influence, Elementary Introduction to Qualification Theory.

GSS 111: Citizenship Education

The Nigerian Constitution, Ethics and Discipline in National Life, Rights and Obligations, Nation-
building in Nigeria, Arms of Government, Citizenship, Ethic Pluralism and National Identification
in Nigeria, Psychology and Human Behaviour, Culture and People of Nigeria, Women and
Development in Nigeria, Sustainable Development, Federalism and Revenue Allocation and
Nigerian Constitutional Development.
ECS 101: Introduction to Micro Economics
The basic problem of scarcity and choice: The methodology of economic science; the general
principles of resource allocation; the concepts of optimality and equity; equilibrium and
disequilibrium; micro-economics versus macro-economics; demand, supply and price: Types of
resource allocation decisions, methods of resource allocation in an economy; theory of the firm;
introduction to welfare economics.
ACC 131: Principles of Accounts
Definition, Nature, scope, purpose and development of accounting system and its relation to the
physical and financial activities of the organization. Accounting Information and its uses.
Accounting cycle. Ethics and Accounting environment. The development of a systematic method
of Book Keeping/FRCN. Financial position and accounting equation Introduction to accounting
concepts and convention, Double entry principles, Steps involved in book keeping, Posting from
Books of original entry to the ledger, Cash transactions and bank reconciliation statement, Trial
balance, Final accounts of sole proprietor and adjustments.
GSS 102: Use of English II
The Process of Research Writing I, Advanced Reading, Advanced Reading for Research, Reading
for Note-making for Research, Proceed to Stage II of the mini-research writing. Writing:

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Structuring paragraphs. Proceed to Stage III of the mini-research project. Advanced Writing:
Proceed to Stage IV of mini-research. Writing: Offering letters and memos.

Note:
1) Lecturers should liaise with departments to have a clear idea of academic writing required.
2) The mini-research will account for twenty percent (20%) and the centrally conducted
assessment will account for the remaining twenty percent (20%) allocated to Continuous
Assessment.
MTH 102: Mathematics for Management Scientists II
Pre-requisite: MTH 1011. Trigonometry; Circular Functions and their properties, graphs of
circular functions, relationships between degrees and radians, inverse trigonometric functions,
sine, cosine and tangent formulae, solution of triangles, certain equations involving the
trigonometric functions, polar coordinates. Vectors: Definitions of scalar and vectors quantity,
vector algebra, laws of vector algebra, rectangular unit vectors, vector fields, scalar and vector
products. Differential calculus: Derivative of simple functions and some basic rules for finding
them, differentials, the derivative of product. Sum and quotient of two functions, the derivative of
a function of function. Application of differentiation, integration, some applications of definite
integral.
ACC 132: Introduction to Extractive Industry Accounting
Definition of Extractive Industries, Extractive Industries in Nigeria. Definition of Mining
operations, Oil and Gas operations. Regulatory frame work for extractive activities. Accounting
policies for extractive industries; SAS 14 and SAS 17, Methods of Accounting for Extractive
Industries Operation, The solid minerals industry and their locations; The Oil and Gas industries
and their locations. Distinction between upstream and downstream operations.
GSS 132: History and Philosophy of Science
Man: his origin and nature; man and his cosmic environment; Scientific methodology, science and
technology in the society and in the service of man; renewable and nonrenewable resources – man
his energy resources. Environmental effect of chemicals, plastics, textiles wastes, and other
materials; chemical and hazards. Introduction to various areas of science and technology.
BAF 132: Principles of Finance
An introduction to the study of finance, the definition and nature of finance short-term and long-
term finance needs to household, commercial banks, merchant banks, development banks; money
and the organized capital markets, methods of fund acquisition, uses of fund, financing of assets
and current assets and the maintenance of optimum cash position, capital budgeting and control,
assets management and financial analysis, company debtors (senior and equity stock holder)
relationship, Prerequisite: None.
ECS 132: Introduction to Macro Economics

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Differences between Micro and Macro Economics: National income accounting; meaning, basic
concepts: gross national product (GNP), gross domestic product (GDP), national income, national
expenditure, depreciation, net national income, government expenditure, transfers, taxes,
Importance or uses of national income accounting. Methods of measuring GDP; income approach,
expenditure approach, value added (output) approach, how are the problems solved. Problems of
national income, accounting measurement. Consumption, saving and investment: consumption,
propensities to consume, determinants of consumption, saving, propensities to save, determinants
of saving investments, propensity to invest, determinants of investment. Keynesian Theory;
Keynesian consumption theory, Keynesian investment theory, savings and investment. The
government sector; reasons for government intervention, types of government expenditure, what
is budget, ways of financing a deficit budget, taxes vs. transfers, types of taxes: progressive tax,
regressive tax, proportional tax. Nigeria’s external trade and balance; reasons for trade, theory of
absolute advantage, theory of comparative advantage, terms of trade. Money and banking; the
nature of money/definitions of money, functions of money, central bank, functions of central
bank/commercial banks, theories of money demand: simple quantity theories of money, Keynesian
theory of money demand. National income determination; national income in a one-sector model,
simple multiplier concept. Inflation; types of inflation, causes of inflation, consequences of
inflation, control of inflation. Economic development and Planning; distinction between economic
growth and economic development, problems of economic development, economic planning and
goals, short-comings of planning, Nigeria’s planning experience since independence.
MGT 142: Nigerian Business Environment
Examination of the influences of physical, social, political, legal, economic, moral and behavioral
aspects of the environment on management decision making. Special emphasis will be laid on the
meaning of business environment, the evolution of the Nigerian business enterprise system, the
roots of the business environment, groups in society that influence business decisions; business
environmental problems and their impact on management decision making, Prerequisite: MSS
1401.
ACC 221 Business Statistics I
Meaning, scope and origin of statistics, classification and tabulation of data. Diagrammatic and
graphical presentation of data. Measures of central tendencies, Dispersion, skewness and kurtosis.
Element of probability, binomial and Poisson distributions, index numbers.
ACC 211 Introduction to Financial Accounting I
Final accounts: trading, profit and loss, balance sheet, adjustments, Accruals and prepayments.
Manufacturing, trading, profit and loss Accounts, the correction of errors, correction during and
after the accounting year, Bank reconciliation, Control accounts and self balancing ledgers,
incomplete records. Accounts of Not-for-profit organizations: receipts and payments; income and
expenditure accounts for clubs, societies and voluntary organizations, Contract accounts, Royalty
account, Farm accounts, Bill of exchange accounts.
ECS 221 Micro Economic Theory
Economic Models, Economic theory and reality, Partial Equilibrium and Disequilibrium. Statics
– Comparative static Models. Introduction to dynamic models. Neo-classical consumer and
demand market theories. Budget constraints, preferences, utility choice, demand, revealed
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preference, slusky equation, buying and selling and offer curves, inter prep oral choice, assets
markets, uncertainty, risky assets, consumer’s surplus, market demand, equilibrium in a single
market technology.
ACC 231 Intro. To Cost and Management Accounting I
Definition, scope and functions of cost and management accounting. Principles of cost accounting.
The different meanings of cost, viz: Historical cost, capital cost, expired cost, unexpired cost,
period cost, product cost, variable cost, controllable cost etc. The elements of cost and
classification of costs. Costs accounting for materials, labour and overheads. Principles underlying
the preparation and presentation of cost for various types of businesses. Analyses of problems in
cost dealing with job cost system. Inventory control.
MKT 251 Principles of Marketing
Definition and Nature of marketing. The marketing concepts. The marketing and distribution
systems and the environments - economic, political, cultural, technology, etc. Analysis of:- Major
marketing decision variables, Product policy decision (e.g. Branding, packaging). Marketing
Research, Pricing. The Sales Force. Distribution channels. Physical distribution. Advertising and
sales promotion.
MGT 241 Principles of Management
Definitions, Nature and Types of management. The Corporate framework, scientific management
Tayor, Gilbreth, Fayol, Human Relations School - Mayo and the Chicago schools. Introduction to
organizational Theory, system approach forecasting. Authority and leadership. Delegation, group
functions and committees. Communication theory and practice of decision making. Prerequisite:
MSS 1401
GSS 212 Introduction to Computer
Definition, Brief History, Generations of computers: The modern-day computers classification:
digital, analog and hybrid computers. The microcomputers, hardware, input, processing and output
units. Software and peripherals. Storage devices: ROM, RAM, Hard disk, Diskette, Binary
numbers, Memory rating bits, nibbles and bytes.
Programming Languages, machine language, high level and low level languages, characteristics
and examples.
Fundamentals of BASIC programming: definitions, constants, variables and strings; data types,
coding of data, program, algorithm and flowcharting: rules for coding. Program statements: Input,
processing and output statements; control in output statements. Other program statements:
assignment, declarative, repetitive loop and transfer of control statement. Examples of simple
programs. Computer networking: definition, advantages and network topologies. E-mails, web-
sites, browsing.
ACC 241 Business Communication
Concepts of communication, language and their relationships; importance of communication in
Business, Principles of effective communication. Formal communication; Vertical downward
communication, Horizontal/Diagonal communication, Informal communication; Grapevine,

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Rumor, Barriers to effective communication, Report writing; Routine/Regular reports,
Progress/Technical reports, Attribute of good reports, Importance of reports to management
decision making process, speech writing.
ACC 202 Business Mathematics
A survey of the areas of mathematical applications in business, computation of simple interests,
Compound interests, discounting and compounding, annuities – present value and compound
values, sinking fund, depreciation methods, inventory management models. Indices, matrices, set
theory, quadratic equations, Series: Arithmetic and geometric progressions, linear programming,
Calculus - differential and integral, marginal functions and optimization models.
ACC 222 Business Statistics II
Sampling distribution, statistical estimation, hypothesis testing, simple linear regression and
correlation analysis, multiple regression and correlation analysis, time series analysis and
forecasting, analysis of variance. Prerequisite: ACC 221

ACC 212 Introduction to Financial Accounting II

Hire purchase and payment by installments. Container accounts, Branch accounts, Investment
accounts, and Consignment accounts. Introduction to partnership accounts: Formation, operation,
admission of a partner, Death of partner and dissolution of partnership. Treatment of Goodwill and
revaluations in partnership, conversion of partnership to limited liability company, amalgamation
of partnerships. Joint ventures. Lease accounting, Solicitors accounts. Voyage accounts.
GSS 212 Computer Application
Safety precaution in computer laboratories. Identification of Hardware components. Keyboard,
mouse, CPU, monitor and printers. Support electronic peripherals, UPS, voltage stabilizers etc.
Bootingup the system cold boot and warm boot. Windows start up environment, start button, the
pull-down menu. Loading the DOS and characteristics of the DOS screen. Keyboard identification
of the keys. How to use the keyboard (in DOS mode) typing in small and capital letters, use of
backspace, space bar and arrow keys. Editing by use of insert and delete keys. DOS commands
and function of ENTER key, Diskettes handling and formatting, coping of files from hard disk on
to diskettes. The BASIC editor loading on to the RAM, characteristics of the editor screen.
Running some small-scale programs saving programs on hard disc and diskettes. Loading of
programs from diskettes on to RAM.
Use of software packages and word processing, Microsoft word, etc., printing and saving of
documents. Sending and receiving E-mails, browsing the internet. Shutting down the computer.
ACC 232 Intro. To Cost and Management Accounting II
A review of history, principle and objectives (in terms of users)of accounting information.
Preparation and presentation of cost information for various users and levels of management as
well as of businesses. Marginal costing (break-even or cost-volume-profit analysis). Standard
costing and budgetary control. Variance and variance analysis: quantity, rate, cost and efficiency
variances. Behavioral aspect of cost accounting.

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ECS 232 Macro Economic Theory
Economic models. Statistics and dynamics. Problems and essence of Keynesian macroeconomics.
National Income Accounting and the definitions of the aggregates; simple and aggregate recovery
models involving multiplier concepts; introducing government activity into the simple Keynesian
recovery model. Aggregative general equilibrium – the equilibrium of the expenditure and
monetary sectors; the effects of the extreme properties of the demand-for-money function; the
labour market.
SOC 142 Introduction to Psychology
Theories of personality; the measurement of personality, Situation determinant of behavior,
conduct, disorders, Neurotic behavior, Attitude to change, Behavior differences and diagnostic
groups, Psychotherapy. Influence of culture on behavior, Basic psychological process in learning,
Motivation, Remembering and Forgetting.

ACC 311 Intermediate Financial Accounting I

Final Accounts of limited liabilities companies including private and public companies. Formation
of company. Statutory and statistical books. Issues of shares and debentures payable in full. Shares
and debentures payable by installments. Convertible loan stocks, Shares over or under-subscribed.
Calls in Arrears and in Advance. Forfeiture of shares and re-issues. Preliminary expenses.
Debentures as collateral security for loans. Redemption of shares and debentures.
ACC 341 Taxation I
Definition, nature and objectives of taxation, Distinction between taxes, levies, fines and penalties,
Historical background and structure of Nigerian tax system, Sources of various tax laws,
Jurisdiction in respect to rules of residence applicable to individuals, families, estates, executors
and itinerant workers. General guidelines and practical procedures for various taxes and relevant
tax authorities. Returns, assessment procedures and collection of taxes, interest on overdue tax.
Objections, appeals, back-duty and enforcement. Multiplicity of taxes, organs of administration.
Tax clearance certificate; nature, objective, relevance and problems; Bases of Assessment;
Individual assessment, Trust settlement, Adjustment of trading profit.

ACC 351 Management Accounting I

The changing role of managerial accounting in a dynamic business environment. The nature and
objectives of management accounting: The preparation, interpretation and presentation of business
budgets, forecasts and other advanced forms of cost accounts in aid of management. Budgets and
budgetary control:to include short and long term budgeting, relationship between budgets and
standard costing. Preparation of budgets of various types, types of standard and significance and
analysis of causes of variance. Behavioral aspects of budgeting: participation, negotiation,
budgetary slack, feedback. Review of process costing, product costing including joint and by
product and their application to decision making situations. Marginal costing and cost volume
profit analysis. Introduction to investment appraisal: traditional methods (Return on investment,

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accounting rate of return, payback period) and discounting techniques (net present value, internal
rate of return).
ACC 331 Quantitative Techniques in Accounting
Financial model building, mathematical programming formulation of the firms short-term and
long-term “investment-financing” choices problems, sensitivity analysis, linear programming;
graphical management, network analysis, PERT, CPM stock, replacement of capital, games
theory; two-person zero-sum game; goal programming, dynamic programming.
ACC 361 Business Law I
Contracts: Introducing the concept of offer and acceptance, the doctrine of consideration; capacity
of parties; unenforceable contracts, vitiating elements in contract; discharge of contract,
contractual remedies, and quasi contracts.
Agency: Introduction; types of agency, capacity of agency; agents’ authority; contractual liability,
agent/principal relationship; third party’s position, termination.
Mercantile: Sales of Goods, the contract of sale, duties of seller and buyer, transfer of ownership;
rights of unpaid seller, seller’s and buyer’s personal remedies. Carriage of Goods by Sea.
Hire Purchase: Conditional sale agreements (Hire Purchase) Decree 1965
ACC 321 Cost Accounting
Introduction – Review of history, principles and objectives of cost accounting information (in
terms of users), preparation of cost accounting information, presentation of cost accounting
information. Job cost accounting – recording the purchase of raw materials, recording the issue of
materials, accounting procedures for labour costs, accounting procedure for manufacturing
overheads, non-manufacturing overheads, accounting procedure for jobs completed and products
sold, costing profit and loss account, interlocking accounting, contract accounting, batch cost
accounting. Process cost accounting – flow of costs in a process costing system, normal and
abnormal losses, accounting for the sales of scrap, abnormal gains, closing and opening work-in-
progress, previous process costs, weighted average method, first-in-first-out method, standard cost
method, equivalent production and normal losses, equivalent production and abnormal losses.
Joint product and by-product cost accounting. Absorption and marginal cost accounting. Cost-
volume-profit analysis-the breakeven point, assumption underlying CVP analysis. CVP in multi-
products firm, CVP and operating leverage, CVP with taxation. Standard cost accounting and
budgetary control, types of cost standards, variance analysis; material, labour and overhead
variances, cash budgets. Behavioural aspects of cost accounting, contemporary issues in cost
accounting.
ACC 371 Financial Reporting and Regulatory Framework
The role and scope of theories of accounting; brief history and development of accounting.
Accounting postulates, concepts and principles; concepts and types of income; Accounting income
versus economic income. Concepts of revenue, gains and losses; measurement and reporting of
business incomes, depreciation, inventory valuation, goodwill, research and development and
other deferred expenditure, Theoretical aspect of financial statement construction and presentation.
Accounting standards: Nigeria Financial Reporting Council (NFRC), International bodies;
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Authority of NFRC and International Standards. Sources and principles underlying different
reporting jurisdictions. Ethical and professional issues in accounting and financial reporting,
relevance and importance.
Accounting and reporting policies for single entity and consolidated financial statements; Laws,
regulations, accounting standards; Recognizing and measuring assets and liabilities of single entity
or group, accounting and reporting concepts: true and fair view presentations. Circumstances in
which accounting and reporting concepts may override accounting standards and legal provisions.
Extracts from financial statements; Single entity and consolidated entities in accordance with
IFRS: Financial and other data of subsidiary, associate, joint venture, Single entity according to
IFRS. Application of SAS, IFRS and other accounting disclosure requirements, ratios, trends etc.
Stages in financial statements analysis. Accounting standards and application.

GSS 301 Entrepreneurship Education I

Concept and nature of Entrepreneurship; the role of entrepreneurship in economic development,
Theories of entrepreneurship and entrepreneurial supplies: Richard Cantillon’s theory: Max
Weber’s theory: Joseph Schumpeter’s theory: David McClelland’s theory: Everett Hagen’s theory:
Thomas Cochran: Frank young: Akeredulu Ale: The entrepreneurial process, opportunity seeking
and Gap recognition, focus changes, systematic planning and formulation of strategies,
VentureRisk Analysis, projects selection, sources of finance identification; monitoring and
evaluation: start up system monitoring, financial system monitoring, inputs monitoring, outputs
capacity building monitoring, impact sustainability monitoring, Annual Audit and Evaluation;
personal attributes of entrepreneurship; methods of generating business ideas; technical sources,
task induced sources, micro-environmental sources, project concept in entrepreneurship: project
conceptualization, characteristics of good economic project; project identification.
ACC 312 Intermediate Financial Accounting II
Published Accounts of Companies: Recommendations on Accounting Principles, Reserves,
Provisions and Current Liabilities, Distinction between a provision and a reserve. Reserve funds,
Secret reserves. Balance sheet requirements: Sources of fund and uses of funds. Profit and loss
account requirements. Loans to officers and directors’ reports. Types of debentures, redemption
of debentures, conversion into new debentures, conversion of debentures into shares, debentures
issued to a bank, Issues and redemption of redeemable preferences shares.
ACC 342 Taxation II
Capital Allowances Computations, Personal income tax administration, total income, chargeable
income, personal allowance and tax rates. PAYE system, computation of PAYE, Employer’s
responsibilities and Employee’s responsibilities. Personal Income Tax Act (PITA) (CAP 8 LFN
2004) as it applies to sole proprietorship and partnership businesses. Companies’ Income Tax
Computation and Company Income Tax Act (CITA) (CAP 21 LFN 2004), computation of
Petroleum Profit Tax (PPT) and Petroleum Profits Tax Act (PPTA) (CAP 13 LFN 2004), Capital
Gains Tax (CGT), Withholding Tax, Pioneer Legislations and other tax incentives. Value Added
14
Tax (VAT), Mining taxation. Computer-aided tax planning and management, Double Taxation
Relief
ACC 362 Business Law II
Negotiable Instruments: Bills of Exchange; Cheques, Promissory Notes.
Partnership: Formation of partnerships, operating the partnership; dissolution; limited partnership.
Company Law: Companies and Allied Matters Acts 1990, Nature and formation of companies,
shares, the operation of company promoters, directors, meetings, company accounts, contractual
capacity, winding up. Prerequisite: ACC 3311
POS 102 Elements of Government
Nature of politics, society and social organizations: The state, the problem of law,
constitutionalism, political ideology, the classical heritage, Plato, Aristotle, Stoleism and Pax
Romanica: Revolt towards the Mass Man, organs of government (National Governmental
Institutions), Public Administration, Political Parties and Pressure Groups, Public opinion and
Propaganda, Elections, International order.
ACC 322 Research Methods in Accounting
This course focuses on the basic principle and procedures for designing and executing empirical
research in accounting including formulating of research problems using scientific approach;
research questions and hypotheses formulations; research design, definition of constructs and
variables and their measurement; alternative research designs, sampling procedures and methods
of data collection; analysis and interpretation of data; report writing. Methods and structure of
presenting articles in journals. The problems and prospects of accounting research in Nigeria.
ACC 352 Management Accounting II
Capital investment appraisal, Pricing Decisions, Divisional performance appraisal and transfer
pricing. Information for decision making: elements of decision making, Cost concepts and
decision: Use, meaning and measurement of relevant incremental and marginal costs, opportunity
costs, optimization with limiting factors, idle capacity. Applications of decision making: adoption
of new products; product mix, alternative methods of manufacturing; discontinuing product lines,
make or buy and sell or process further; shut-downs and temporary closure, conversion. Linear
programming (single limiting factors and multiple limiting factors), Learning curve, Profitability
analysis and change in profit, Network analysis.
GSS 302 Entrepreneurship Educational II
Forms of business organization; sole proprietorship, the partnership; other forms of business
organizations, legal issues for entrepreneurs; meaning of business law, contract, intellectual
property; preparing the business plan, what is business plan, information needs, environmental and
industry analysis; entrepreneurial success factors and causes of business failure, the economic
environment, hybrid causes, major causes of business failures in Nigeria; bad corporate
governance, political instability, high production costs, lack of human resources training and
development, poor enterprise risk management, lack of backward integration, lack of innovations;
sources of finance record keeping and accounting processes; book keeping versus accounting, the

15
theory of double entry; the basic principles of accounting; financial statements and their
interpretation; the importance of financial statement analysis, ratio analysis.
ACC 332 Professional Ethics and Corporate Governance
Ethics:
Nature of ethics, the ethical framework for accountants: Rules-based and Principles-based
approaches; the foundation of the accounting profession, Ethics and the profession; Accountants
and their stakeholders; Interest of stakeholders and conflicts; Professional conduct and the public
interest, commonly used theories and principles. Theories of moral development, Virtue Ethics
Theory and Value Based Education; Ethics and Culture; Professional values, Ethics and Attitudes
and the Code of Conduct for Accountability; Investigative reports and Professionalism.
Compliance with fundamental ethical principles, code of ethics. Technical and Ethical Standards.
Current Developments in Professional Ethics. Ethical Decision Model; Ethical threats and
safeguards.

Corporate Governance:
The nature, significance and scope of enterprise governance. Threats to effective governance.
Theoretical framework including agency problems. Minimizing the threats of agency costs.
Stakeholders relationship, Regulatory frame-work for corporate and enterprise governance. The
role of accountants and auditors in governance framework. Governance; good practice and issues.
Analysis of cases of governance failures, global developments in enterprise and corporate
governance. Scope, background, and concept of corporate social responsibility; corporate and
other social responsibilities and limits of social responsibility activities.
MGT 461 Business Policy and Strategy I
Concept of strategy in relation to business, corporations and management; linkage between
organizations and their environments. Concept of policies, decision making , business objectives,
performance criteria, structure and management behavior. Practice of calculating simple financial
and economic indices from business data and other accounting information. Learning the
behavioral implication of courses of action. Analysis of a firm’s opportunities and threats,
strengths and structures of the public limited liability companies from their published annual
reports. Developing clear business objectives, setting clear strategies and policies and presenting
structures that are capable of being used implicating chosen strategies
ACC 431 Strategic Financial Management
Nature and Scope of Strategic Financial Management, Financial objectives of both profit and non-
for-profit organizations maximizing shareholders wealth. Goals and Objectives of Corporate
Strategy, Types and importance of strategy including the relationship between corporate strategy
and financial strategy, Strategic planning and differences between strategic, tactical and
operational planning. Application of IT in Financial Management Process. Financial Management
of Small and Medium Scale Enterprises,SME’s and capital Investment appraisal techniques,
Determination of financial needs of SME’s, problems of SME’s financing, Government grants and
subvention as well as international funds, Micro-credit financing. Corporate Re-Structuring,
Mergers and Acquisitions. Types of restructuring, take-overs, leveraged buy-outs, distress
16
restructuring, Valuation of business units and entities, The mechanics and tactics of a merger, The
impact and effects of government regulations on mergers and acquisitions, Quantitative factors in
mergers and acquisitions. Working Capital Management: The components of working capital and
the importance of effective working capital management to corporate survival. Analysis and
evaluation of various credit terms, debt factoring and invoice discounting, evaluating trade credits
and the advantages and disadvantages of trading on credit, Stocks: formulation of various stock
policies and stock control systems techniques including inventory models such as Economic Order
Quantity (EQQ). Capital Market Financing and Risk Management, Public issues, Rights issues,
Private placement, Public issue of bonds and debentures, Capital market efficiency; forms and
tests of efficiency, implications of the efficiency of the market, The applicability of market
efficiency to Nigerian capital market and empirical evidence of texts on the market, Portfolio
analysis: selection and decision techniques, The market models; Capital Asset Pricing Model
(CAPM), Arbitrage Pricing Model (APM), Measurement for portfolio performance, Nigerian
Capital Market Operations. Financing, Capital Structure and Dividend policy Decisions,
Identification and evaluation of various sources of finance, Leasing, The concept of measurement
of the various costs of capital, Optimal capital mix. Weighted Average Cost of Capital (WACC).
Weighted net income/net operating income approach (Modigliani and Miller concept), Active and
passive dividends – cash dividend, scrip dividend and scrip issues (stock dividend), Legal and
procedural aspects of dividend payment in Nigeria, Relevance and irrelevance theories of dividend
policy to the value of firm.
ACC 411 Advanced Financial Accounting I
Conversion of partnership to limited liability company. Review of company accounts, Group
accounts preparation of consolidated accounts, elimination of inter-group balances and profits of
inter-group transactions. Treatment of minority interest and cost of control. Accounting problems
of group companies including multinationals, takeovers, mergers, reconstructions,
reorganizations, associate companies. Accounting for foreign operations, foreign
branches/affiliates, methods of conversion etc. Valuation of shares and business-going concern
and break-up basis.
ACC 421 Auditing and Forensic Accounting I
Introduction to auditing, historical development, position of auditors’ under the companies
decrees, 1943, 1967 and 1979; Companies Act 1990 qualifications of an auditor, main objects of
an audit; audit plans and reports, letters of engagement, client time tables, audit time tables and
budgets, reporting files and working papers, Internal control, Generally Accepted Auditing
Standards, Green audit and value for money audit, reporting to shareholders, reporting to
management, the letter reporting system. Introduction to systems audits notes, descriptive
questionnaires. Flow charts, evaluating systems management control, organizational controls,
processional controls, internal control questionnaires, auditing transactions, transaction tests,
weakness tests, suggested audits tests, sample selection, sample size, sample techniques..
ACC 471 International Accounting
The student should be familiar with the International Accounting Standards. The course involves
preparation, translation and analysis of financial statements in companies that are branches of
foreign multi-national companies. Examination of accounting and control problems of multi-
national companies. Method of transfer of dividends, cost of foreign products, foreign directors.
Transfer pricing, IFRS – emerging issues, Diversities, Harmonization.
17
ACC 441 Mining, Oil and Gas Accounting I
Oil and Gas:
Accounting practices in the petroleum Industry; Upstream Activities (SAS14), Distributive
features of upstream activities, Activities prior to the start of production, classification of costs,
mineral right Acquisition costs, Exploration and Drilling costs, Developments Costs, Supports
equipment and facilities costs, General cost, oil and Gas Accounting methods: full cost method,
Successful Efforts method, Reserve Recognition method, Full cost in successful effort method,
Assessment of improved properties, Depletion of Acquisition cost proved properties, Amortization
and Depreciation of capitalized exploratory Drilling and Development cost.
Mining:
Introduction to mineral accounting, reserve and resources, Definition of mining terms, prospecting,
Exploration, Reclamation and Restoration. Recognition of exploration and Evaluation assets,
measurement of recognition, element of cost of Exploration and evaluation assets, measurement
after recognition, changes in accounting policies, Mining cost accumulation and stock valuation
methods.
ACC 490 Research Project
Topics for research projects must be chosen from any appropriate contemporary area in
accounting. The student’s work will be supervised by lecturers in the same area or related area.
Special project is a one-session course and grades are awarded only at the end of the session for 6
credit hours.
MSS 462 Business Policy and Strategy II
This course is designed to integrate the material and management approaches learned by the
students in the functional areas of business. It considers the crucial dimension and implementations
from a company-wide perspective. The endogenous and exogenous factors which affect company
polices, strategies and decision making are examined as well as the role of the firm in society.
Strategic planning at the executive and middle levels will be studied through exercises and cases
drawn from accounting, finance, marketing and personnel, which are illustrative of top
management practice in business and public sector organizations.
ACC 412 Advanced Financial Accounting II
Bankruptcy and insolvency, requirements of accounting for bankruptcy and insolvency.
Accounting for transactions, Accounting for bank and insurance industries, with special reference
to relevant legislation. Interpretation of financial statements and ratio analysis, cash flow and
objectives of disclosures and financial reports for management, directors and public. Accounting
for pension funds/Evaluation of Audit evidence.
ACC 422 Auditing and Forensic Accounting II
Stock and work-in-progress examinations. The existence of stock, work-in-progress, attendance at
stock taking, standard accounting practice with regards to the valuation of stock. Summary of the
responsibilities of the client and the auditors with regard to stock. The inventory letter, flow
charts/organizational charts, purchase and liabilities basis in accounting, audit objectives, audit

18
procedures, sale and debtors, accounting objectives, audit procedures, bank and cash balances
accounting records, basis in accounts, audit of companies’ profits and loss account and balance
sheet; balance sheet audit programmes, detailed analysis of the balance sheet audit programme.
Events after the balance sheet date; the audit report and the basic legal requirements, the clean
report, qualification of audit reports, auditing consolidated accounts; auditing computer system,
special audit and investigations. Audit report, computer environment, fraud prevention in business,
investigation, money laundry, quality control standards, the effects of information technology on
the audit, forensic accounting.
ACC 442 Mining, Oil and Gas Accounting II
Oil and Gas
Depreciation of support equipment and facilities, Revision of estimated reserves, Restoration and
Abandonment costs, Abandonment of unproved Assets: Successful effort methods, deferred tax,
conveyance and its types, General principles for Accounting for conveyance, conveyance under
successful efforts method, conveyance under full-cost method, joint venture, Accounting treatment
for joint ventures, Account for crude oil over 1 year and under 1 year, functional currency,
Accounting policy, classification of costs, carried interests.
Mining
Classification of Exploration and evaluation assets, Reclassification of exploration and evaluation
assets impairment: Recognition and measurement, specifying the level at which exploration and
evaluation assets are assessed for impairment, Disclosure, Transitional provisions, Environmental
accounting and social responsibility accounting.
ACC 432 Public Sector Accounting
Introduction to Public Sector Accounting distinction between public and private sectors, Definition
of terms and finance officers, Sources of Government revenue, expenditure authorizations,
Revenue Control and fund accounting. Expenditure Control, Preparation of government Vouchers.
Functions of cash officers, Monthly Transcript and Treasury Final accounts, Statement of source
and application of fund. Investment appraisal and capital budgeting. Budgets and Budgetary
Control, Pension and Gratuity. Public Procurement processes (Due process). Public debts and debt
management strategies. Transparency and good governance. Governance implications of public
sector accounting. e- governance.
ACC 472 Accounting Information System and Information Technology
Introduction to and fundamentals of data processing: brief history and conventional data
processing methods (manual and mechanized methods).
Classification of systems and their relative merits and objectives (total system and sub-system).
Data processing and Accounting Information System (AIS), organization of AIS including the use
of mechanical and electronic accounting machines, flow charting and principles of system design
and documentation, Managerial uses of the information output as a basis of developing criteria and
systems information needs of management. Design of AIS, Computer and data processing,
evolution of computer and the computer system, programming languages used in business,
electronic data processing (EDP) methods; batch processing, real-time processing and the

19
management of EDP. Business systems, hierarchical structure of organizations, the sub-
optimization issue.
Network components, configuration and design, types of network, Evolution of e-commerce,
definition and characteristics of e-commerce technologies, potential risk of e-commerce, e-
commerce relationships and security implication of e-commerce. Communication supported by
information technology: SMS, Electronic file transfer, web surfing, email, digital signatures and
certificates. Issues on privacy and secrecy: threats to personal identity, threats to information
system, Computer crime and abuse, types of threats, security requirement, security threats and
information systems resources: types of viruses and Computer worms. Information access security:
identification and authentication, log on IDs and passwords, features of passwords, identification
and authentication best practices.
E-government tools and software: definition of e-government, benefits of e-government,
expectations of e-government, e-government models, challenges for development, e-government
software. IT controls and the control environment, IT risk management, IT governance, flow of
authority and responsibility with the IT function, IT asset safeguarding. Emerging issues in IT:
Cloud computing, computer forensic.
EXAMINATION REGULATIONS
Conditions for PROBATION and WITHDRAWAL from the University are as follows:

(1) Student who fails up to 10 Credit Units with CGPA of LESS THAN 1.50 should be on
PROBATION.
(2) Student who fails up to 15 Credit Units with CGPA of LESS THAN 1.50 or above
should be on PROBATION.
(3) Student who fails up to 15 Credit Units BUT CGPA is LESS THAN 1.50 should
WITHDRAW or CHANGE PROGRAMME
(4) Student who fails MORE THAN 15 Credit Units should WITHDRAW

SUPPLEMENTARY EXAMINATION
1 A student shall be eligible for a supplementary examination if he has followed the full
programme but is unable to take the examination provided this inability is supported by an
appropriate certificate or other reasons acceptable to Senate.
2 In all cases, whether a repeat or supplementary or even on probations the grade obtained
for each course unit during the year shall be recorded and registered as such.
2 A student who fails a repeat core course unit upon a third attempt shall withdraw from the
programme or change programme.

EXPLANATORY NOTE

20
This regulation is a supplement to the University guidelines, rules and regulations in respect
thereof and it is without prejudice to what the Senate may decide from time to time as the case
may be.

21
 POST GRADUATE PROGRAMME
2. PHILOSOPHY

The Accounting postgraduate programme of the University of Calabar provide adequate opportunities for
the development and training of middle and high level manpower in accounting, to enhance effective
development, standardization and effective accounting and financial operations in both the public and
the private sector organizations. The programmes develop well-trained accountants to effectively
anticipate, acquire and efficiently allocate financial resources in order to foster efficient management of
human and material resources. The underlying philosophy of the Department of Accounting is therefore
based on training and development of middle and high level manpower that will apply fundamental
academic principles to situational analysis to make appropriate and effective decisions. The products of
these programmes are expected to be patriots, men of integrity, honour and character who can be trusted
with sacred calls to national and international offices.

3. VISION

To be a center of excellence producing globally competitive graduates and contributing significantly to

development through research.

4. MISSION OF THE PROGRAMMES

The mission of the PG programmes of Accounting is at its core the commitment to nurturing enterprise,
promoting social responsibility and enabling people to fulfill leadership roles in business and the
community. Students come to us for our knowledge and experience to enhance their career and personal
ambitions. Our partners come to us to find latest research led thinking and to access the talents of our
students.

Our courses integrate business, social sciences and finance to ensure that we are well placed to meet the
needs of businesses and society. The Department offers outstanding taught and research based
postgraduate degrees to blend graduates of this Department with challenging dynamic requirements of
our present day environment.

5. OBJECTIVES OF THE PROGRAMME

The postgraduate programmes of Accounting are aimed at:

• Developing and bringing up seasoned and well trained financial managers who can provide
enduring and meaningful leadership in public and private sector organizations.
• Training and equipping financial managers and practitioners both academically and professionally
to function in a complex, technological and computer-based environment
• Facilitating the acquisition of professional and managerial skills by graduate students of
accounting
• Providing opportunity to graduates of our Universities and relevant institutions to upgrade their
academic and practical knowledge.

6. ADMISSION REQUIREMENTS

The eligibility and procedure for admission into the M.Sc, M.Sc/Ph.D and Ph.D Accounting Programme
of University of Calabar are as follows:

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6.1 M.Sc ADMISSION REQUIREMENTS

(a) Candidates must possess a bachelor’s degree in Accounting or related areas of the
University of Calabar or from other Universities recognized by the Senate, with a
minimum CGPA of 3.0 on a five point grading system or 2.75 on a four point grading
system.

(b) Candidates with minimum of 3.5 in Post-Graduate Diploma in Accounting (PGDA) who
have a good bachelor’s degree in such related or relevant areas as Economics, Banking,
Finance, Insurance/Actuary Sciences, Business Management etc may be considered for
admission.

(c) Candidates are equally expected to present and defend a concept note in the Department
and obtain a pass level in written and oral screening tests as approved by the Graduate
School.

(d) The above admission requirements are additional to the basic entry requirements for
B.Sc. Accounting of the Department which are: O’level 5 credit passes in not more than
two sittings, including English Language, Mathematics, Economic and any other two
subjects.

6.2 M.Sc/Ph.D ADMISSION REQUIREMENTS

(a) Candidates seeking admission into the Ph.D programme but do not meet the required
grade point of 4.0 on a 5-point or 3.0 on 4.0 point scale have the option of seeking
admission into the M.Sc/Ph.D programme.

(b) Candidates with a cumulative grade point average (CGPA) of below 60% (B grade) but not
below 55% (that is 3.5 on a 5-point grading system or 2.75 on a 4-point grading system)
in the master’s degree are eligible to apply.

(c) The duration of the progarmme shall be 4 academic sessions. The first session shall be
spent on remedying areas of the candidate’s weakness(es) during their M.Sc programme.
The candidate can only transit to the full Ph.D programme (which will last for the
remaining three academic sessions) only upon successful completion of the first year of
the M.Sc/Ph.D programme with a minimum CGPA of 60%.

(d) The credit load for the Masters’ programme preparatory to the Ph.D programme is a
maximum of 24 credit units. The candidate takes courses that he/she did in the earlier
Masters’ programme and scored less than a “B” grade. Candidates are also expected to
take other courses recommended to him/her by the Department to complete 24 credit
units. There shall not be any waivers for Masters/Ph.D until the candidate is advanced to
Ph.D.

(e) M.Sc/Ph.D students who graduated with the old M.Sc syllabus should in addition to
courses they had less than “B” grade pick courses in the new M.Sc syllabus which were
not in the old syllabus.

N/B: CGPA of 3.00/5 or 2.75/4 for Masters, 4.00/5 or 3.00/4 for Ph.D and 3.50/5 or 2.75/4 for
Masters/Ph.D.

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6.3 Ph.D ADMISSION REQUIREMENTS

(a) Candidate must possess M.Sc. Degree in Accounting with CGPA not lower than 4.00 on a
5.00 point scale or 3.00 on a 4.00 point scale grading system respectively from the
University of Calabar or any other University recognized by the Senate of the University
of Calabar.

(b) Candidate must have at least a “B” grade at M.Sc thesis.

(c) Candidate must have had 5 credit passes at one or two sittings including English,
Mathematics and Economics at the Ordinary Level.

(d) Candidate must have attained a satisfactory level of performance in the University’s
aptitude test or screening exercise and oral interview where applicable.

7. REGISTRATION

Candidates who have satisfied Graduate School admission criteria, and who have been recommended and
listed by the Department and Faculty shall be admitted into their programmes of choice. The candidates
shall be issued admission letters to commence registration.

7.1 Departmental Registration Procedure

Candidates shall commence their registration at the Departments/Faculties before proceeding to the
Graduate School for registration. The underlisted documents must be provided for Departmental
registration.

a. Admission letter;

b. Online course enrolment form;

c. Evidence of payment of school fees.

Candidates will not be deemed to have registered until they have completed their registration in the
Graduate School. Registration in the Graduate School will be authenticated with the issuance of an I.D.
card. On the completion of the registration process, the final list of registered students shall be forwarded
to the Departments by the Graduate School.

7.2 Graduate School Registration Procedure

a. Only candidates duly issued with the admission letters shall be registered by the Graduate School
after payment of fees.

b. Candidates shall provide the under-listed documents for perusal to registration officers.

i. Evidence of payment of fees;

ii. Admission letter;

iii. Original certificate for sighting;

iv. NYSC discharge or exemption certificate;

v. Any other document considered necessary in special cases, e.g. change of name.

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8. DEPARTMENTAL PROCEDURE FOR COMMENCEMENT OF STUDIES

Supervision

a. With the help of concept notes, Departmental Graduate Committees shall assign supervisor,
taking into consideration the area of specialization and research interest of the student and
supervisor.

b. Change of supervisor should not be erratic. This could however be done, if a supervisor takes into
consideration an established credit overload, negative attitude or inability to cope by the student.

c. A student may request for change of supervisor, if a strained relationship is established for any
justifiable reason. These changes must be carried out within the first session of supervision.

Master’s: Only one supervisor (exceptional cases: 2 supervisors arising from multidisciplinary nature of
the area of research). The supervisor should not be below the rank of Lecturer I

Credit Load

The supervisor(s) shall guide the candidate(s) to undertake (a) prescribed course(s) of study and research,
which shall include coursework. Students are required to take and attain the required levels of
performance in prescribed courses for credits as follows:

A minimum of 30 (inclusive of 6 credit hours for thesis) and maximum of 36 credit hours for the Master’s.
Candidates on Full Time or Part Time status shall register for the specified number of courses per
semester.

Full Time Part Time

Not more than 5 courses Not more than 3 courses

Not less than 4 courses Not less than 2 courses

Note: There shall be no fewer than two lecturers for each course unit.

9. EXAMINATION

9.1 CONDUCT OF EXAMINATIONS

University of Calabar runs a semester system. There are two semesters in one academic session
and a semester is approximately 18 weeks. About 15 weeks are reserved for teaching while the remaining
3 weeks are for registration and examinations.

9.2 CONTINUOUS ASSESSMENT

During the semester, students are given take-home assignments, quizzes and tests in each
course. These constitute continuous assessment. The continuous assessment scores are recorded and
form part of the final score in the give n course.

9.3 END OF SEMESTER EXAMINATIONS

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 At the end of each semester, students are given an organized examination in each course. The
score obtained in the examination together with the continuous assessment score form the final score in
the course.

9.4 ADMISSION INTO EXAMINATION HALL

The regulation provides that in order to be admitted into examination all, a student must have
been registered for the course, satisfied the University requirements regarding payment of fees and
attendance at lectures.

9.5 EXAMINATION VENUE

Under the regulation, it is the responsibility of every student to ensure that he/she is registered
for the appropriate examination and to ascertain the dates, times and venues of examinations.

9.6 REPORTING FOR EXAMINATIONS

(a) A student is expected to be at the examination venue at least 30 minutes before the
commencement of the examination.
(b) A student is required to go to examination hall with his/her complete writing materials.
(c) A student can be admitted up to 30 minutes after the commencement of the examination but
cannot be given extra time. If a student is more than 30 minutes late, the invigilator may at
his/her own discretion admit him/her if the reason for lateness is satisfactory.
(d) Every student must produce evidence of registration and identity card on entry into examination
venue and leave them prominently displayed on the desk for inspection by the invigilators
throughout the examination. The student’s fee clearance card which is not mutilated may be
enough for this exercise.

9.7 LEAVING THE EXAMINATION ROOM

A student may be permitted by the invigilator to leave the examination room during the course of an
examination provided that:
(a) The student has spent at least one hour into the examination except in cases of emergency. In
the event of a student being taken ill, the invigilator must complete the appropriate form and
send the sick student along with an examination attendant to the Medical Centre. The student
must hand his/her script to the invigilator before leaving the examination room.
(b) A student who leaves the examination room shall not be readmitted unless throughout the period
of his/her absence, he/she has been continually under the supervision of an invigilator or a person
duly appointed by the invigilator.

9.8 EXAMINATION MISCONDUCT AND PRESCRIBED PUNISHMENT

S/N OFFENCE PUNISHMENT

1 Communicating with another student in the
examination room.
2 Possession of extraneous materials in the
examination room.
3 (a) Copying from an extraneous material.
(b) Copying from a material received from
another student in the examination room.
4 Writing examination, term paper or project for
another student.
Cancellation of the papers of both students
Suspension for one academic session
Suspension for two academic sessions for the
student(s) involved.
Expulsion of the students involved. Where
the other party is a non-student he should be
reported to the police.

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S/N OFFENCE PUNISHMENT
5 Breaking in or unauthorized entry into any office Expulsion from the university.
of the University of Calabar and/or removing,
changing or tempering with examination
materials or results and illegal removal of same.
6 (i) Plagiarizing the entire Cancellation of the term paper or project and
(a) undergraduate diploma, certificate term suspension for one academic session.
paper or project

(b) Graduate term paper or project Cancellation of the term paper or project and
suspension for two academic sessions.

Cancellation of the thesis/ dissertation and

(c) Graduate thesis and dissertation. expulsion.

Suspension for one academic session.

(ii) Plagiarizing only part/or entire sections of any Cancellation of the particular chapter(s).
of the above.

7 Presentation of fake result(s) by a student or for (a) Cancellation of the result if there is no
a student to the University. evidence that the student is involved in
organizing the fake result.
(b) If it is discovered that the student had a
hand in the presentation of the fake result or
results, suspension for two academic session.
8 Snatching of examination material(s) before/or Expulsion of all involved.
after an exam by a student(s)
9 (a) Possession of cell phone in an (a) Cancellation of the paper.
examination hall. (b) Seizure of phone and
(b) Usage of the phone.
10 Possession of another student’s fee clearance Suspension for one academic session.
card or receipt in the examination hall with
intension of writing for the students.
11 University staff involved in examination misconduct
(a) Where a University staff undergoing a course of study in the University is found guilty of
examination misconduct as prescribed 1 – 10 above, he/she shall be punished accordingly.
In addition, he/she shall be referred to the appropriate misconduct University Disciplinary action
in respect of the misconduct.
(b) Where a University staff aids and abates examination misconduct he/she shall be referred to
the Disciplinary Committee for disciplinary action in respect of the misconduct.
12 In all cases, students suspended on grounds of examination misconduct shall forfeit wall the
grades for that session.
13 Procedure for handling examination malpractice cases:
(a) Each Department shall, where there exist separate and distinct departments, have a
Departmental Examination Misconduct Committee which shall act as a court of first instance.

27
 S/N OFFENCE PUNISHMENT
(b) There shall be a Faculty Examination Misconduct Committee which shall receive and consider
the report of the Departmental Committee.
(c) The report of the Faculty Committee shall be forwarded to the Faculty Board for approval.
(d) The Dean of each Faculty shall forward the report from the Faculty Board to the Chairman of
Senate for onward transmission to the SEMC for consideration by the Committee for final
submission to Senate.

9.9 RELEASE OF EXAMINATION RESULTS

(a) Raw scores are release to students as soon as the marking is completed and results
submitted to the Head of Department.
(b) Students can also assess their results on-line.

9.10 ABSENCE FROM EXAMINATION

(a) No student can be excused from taking the whole or any part of any examinations except on the
strength of a Medical Certificate supplied and recognized by the Director of University of Calabar Medical
Services that he/she is unfit to take the examination. In such cases, the facts supported by evidence shall
be submitted to the Board of Examiners by the Faculty Examination Officer which Board shall make
recommendation to Senate for appropriate action.
(b) An application by a student or, if he/she is incapacitated, by a person acting on his/her behalf for
exemption from any examination on medical grounds can be submitted to the Faculty Examinations
Committee through the Head of Department as soon as possible and normally not later than seven days
after the date of the examination providing full relevant evidence. The examination committee shall,
thereupon consider all the evidence submitted to it including oral evidence, where appropriate, and make
recommendations through the Faculty Board to Senate. The decision of Senate on such recommendations
is final. This section of regulations makes it almost mandatory for each student to have a folder in the
University Medical Centre.

9.11 GRIEVANCES CONCERNING EXAMINATIONS RESULT (APPEALS)

Occasionally, a student may have reasons to disagree with a grade awarded him/her on a particular
course. If he/she believes that he/she deserves a better grade than what he/she is awarded, he/she may
appeal through his/her Head of Department to the Dean of the Faculty for a reassessment of his/her
examination scripts on payment of a prescribed fee per course unit. He/she cannot appeal for the
reassessment of scripts belonging to another student. The regulation provides that for an appeal to be
valid, notice in writing of such an appeal must be lodged with the Registrar within four weeks of the
publication of the relevant results.

10. ORGANISATION
a.
It shall be the responsibility of the Faculty Graduate Committee to organise and give examinations
for course units taught by the Department in the Faculty in accordance with Regulations and other
directives laid down by the Graduate School from time to time (Ref. Section 11:2.01 – 2.02 of
Regulations).
b. The Faculty Graduate Committee shall produce a timetable for examinations of course units
taught by Departments in the Faculty.
c. The Supervision of the examination shall rest with the Head of Department (Chief Examiner) in
consultation with members of staff teaching particular course units during the session.
Note:

28
(a) Only students that have paid fees and registered for appropriate courses shall be allowed to take
examinations. Each candidate shall produce an examination card obtained from the Graduate
School which shall show only his registration number and identity card on entry to every
examination and leave them prominently displayed for the inspection of the invigilator
throughout the examination.
(b) There shall be no fewer than two internal examiners per course unit.
(c) No student shall be excused from taking the whole or part of the examinations except on the
strength of a medical certificate supplied or recognized by the Director of the University Medical
Services, that he/she is unfit to take the examination. In such cases, the facts, supported by the
evidence, shall be submitted to the Dean of Graduate School by the Department on which the
Board shall make recommendation to Senate for a supplementary examination.

10.1 COMPREHENSIVE EXAMINATION

There shall be a comprehensive examination at the end of the coursework for Ph.D. candidates.
The comprehensive examination shall be on general knowledge of the field in which the subject
for the research shall form a part of the overall examination.
(a) All Ph.D students are required to take the Comprehensive examinations.
(b) Candidates eligible to write Comprehensives must have completed the course work and
passed with a minimum CGPA of 4.00 points.
(c) Comprehensive examinations will be administered ONCE in a session: during the second
semester of the second year or during the first semester of the third year of the Ph.D
programme.
(d) The maximum time frame for resit of any failed examination is six months.
(e) Anyone who fails should wait for the next slot.
(f) A student can repeat the Comprehensive examination only once and can obtain full
graduate including the grade of ‘A’.
(g) A student is required to pass all the 3 comprehensive papers at one sitting but can repeat
any failed paper separately and only once.
(h) At least two lecturers must mark each section of the Comprehensive examination.

Note: The comprehensive examination shall be in three papers referred to as Paper I, Paper II and Paper
III. Each paper shall be marked in a manner presented by the Departmental Examination
Committee. Scores or grades for each paper shall be recorded separately. The grades shall NOT
be used in the computation of the CGPA but must be shown on the result sheet.

10.2 CONSIDERATION AND COMMUNICATION OF EXAMINATION RESULTS

Marks and grades for all course units shall be considered in the first instance by the Departmental
Graduate Committee under the Chairmanship of the Head of Department (Chief Examiner). The
recommendation of the Departmental Graduate Committee shall be forwarded through the Faculty
Graduate Committee which shall make recommendations to the Graduate School Board. The examination
results which shall be in an approved format shall be signed by the Head of Department, Chairman of
Departmental Graduate Committee and the Chairman of Faculty Graduate Committee. All Graduate
School approved results shall be signed by the Dean on behalf of the Board.

Note:

29
 a. All sessional examination results may be submitted to the Graduate School en-bloc at the end of
every session.
b. Results of students in her last year of study must be individualized and reported in the approved
format.

c. Results of the last year of study of a Ph.D. candidate include grades for courses taken at the
Master’s level to which credits were waived in a format approved by the Graduate School. The
individualized result report sheet must include grades obtained in each of the papers that make
up the Comprehensive examination (indication of one composite grade for all Comprehensive
papers is not allowed).

d. Calculation of Cumulative Grade Point Average ((CGPA). The Grade Point Average (GPA) shall be
based on all courses done per session for which a candidate has been examined. Results of the
last session of registration shall have CGPA calculated for all courses taken. The thesis grade shall
be part of the final CGPA computation. Grades for waived courses are NOT used for CGPA
calculation but the grades must be shown on the result sheet.
Note: Terminal results shall not be reported en-bloc, but on individual basis. The comprehensive results
must be entered in the last column of the approved Graduate Examination Report Form.

10.3 GRADING SYSTEM

Examination grades shall be reported with the following designations:

Grading System of Higher Degrees

NEW GRADING SYSTEM
Score Letter Grade Point Verbal equivalent
70 – 100 A 5.00 Excellent
60 – 69 B 4.00 Very Good
50 – 59 C 3.00 Good
Below 50 F 0.00 Fail

10.4 DETERMINATION OF PASS, CREDIT, RESIT, REPEAT AND WITHDRAWAL PERFORMANCES

a. The minimum pass grade for each course unit for Post Graduate programmes shall be ‘C’ grade.

b. Master’s: The minimum cumulative grade point average for graduation shall normally be
3.00/5.00, provided no fail grade is recorded.

c. The minimum cumulative grade point average for graduation in the Doctorate degree programme
shall normally be 4.00/5.00. Superior grades (A) may be applied to offset ‘C’ grades, provided that
the required minimum cumulative grade point average of 4.00/5.00 is attained by the candidate.

d. Repeat: A student who obtains less than a pass grade (C) in one or more course units in a
programme has failed the course unit. Such a student shall repeat and pass the course unit(s).
Upon repeating a course, a student can obtain any pass grade that he/she merits, but the original
fail grade remains in his/her records and computation.

NOTE: The candidate has one chance to repeat and pass the failed course(s)

e. Resit: Resits are allowed in graduate examinations Maximum score in resit exams is a ‘C’ grade.
The ‘C’ grade replace the fil grade in the result computation and the record. However, a candidate
30
 for Ph.D. may be allowed to have a maximum of TWO ‘C’ grades provided GPA/CGPA is up to 4.00.
If there is a third or more, ‘C’ grades, the student must register a fresh course(s) approved by the
Department to replace the excess ‘C’ grade course(s).

f. Supplementary Examination: A candidate who for health reasons or other acceptable reasons
could not sit for an examination at the scheduled period by the Department may be allowed
supplementary examination on approval of the Senate. In this case, actual grades obtained for
each course shall be recorded for the candidate.

g. Withdrawal from University: A student shall be deemed to have failed the examination and shall
be required to withdraw from the University if:

i He/she tails all the prescribed course units for full-time or part-time students, as the case
may be, at the end of the first session.

ii. A full-time student fails 5 or more courses at the end of the session, and fails to obtain an
overall Grade Point Average of 2.50 for PGD, 3.00 for Master’s and 4.00 for Ph.D.

iii. A part-time student obtains 3 or more failed grades at the end of the session and fails to
obtain an overall Grade Point Average of 3.00 for PGD, 3.00 for Master’s and 4.00 for
Ph.D.

iv. A candidate who resist/repeats a failed course unit(s) and fails to pass, shall withdraw
from the programme.

10.5 THESIS EXAMINATION

Master’s and Ph.D.

A candidate for the Master’s or Ph.D. degree shall have the thesis examined at the end of the last
semester of the last year of registration. Such a candidate shall have completed all prescribed
courses and obtained a minimum of 24 and 36 credit hours at 800 levels for Master’s and Ph.D.
programmes respectively.

Note: The maximum credit hours are exclusive of the six (6) credit hours of the thesis.

The Thesis and CGPA

The Master’s and Ph.D. theses grades shall be part of the final CGPA computed for the student.

Thesis Submission

Thesis should be submitted both in hard copy and soft copy (in PDF format). The University shall
obtain intellectual property over the submitted research titles. This will ensure that even
electronic versions of the theses, when upload on the World Wide Web, could generate some
income no matter how small, through access fees paid by interested users.
31
 Length of Thesis

60,000 and 100,000 words are recommended at maximum for Master’s and Ph.D. degrees
respectively.

11 APPROVED CREDIT UNITS FOR POSTRADUATE PROGRAMMES

i. The approved credit units are a maximum of 21 for PGD. 24 for Master’s degree and 36
for Ph.D. in addition to 3 credit hours for PGD project and 6 credit hours for both Master’s
and Ph.D. theses.

ii. All Postgraduate courses carry 3 (three) credit units each, expect seminar that is 1 (one)
credit unit.

12. SUBMISSION OF COMPLETED THESES TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL

i. When a completed thesis, results and final fee clearance have been submitted and
received by the Graduate School for external defence, such candidate(s) shall NO LONGER
pay school fees from the date of submission.

ii. After the defence of thesis, the final result of the student should be prepared to include
the result of the thesis. The remark should read ‘Pass, recommended for award of M.Sc.,
Ph.D. etc. (in the programme being run)’.

13. APPOINTMENT OF EXTERNAL EXAMINERS

At the beginning of each session, External Examiner(s) shall be nominated into a pool of examiners by the
Department Graduate Committee at a meeting chaired by the Head of Department for that purpose. Their
named(s) qualifications, address(es), along with their ranks and area(s) of specialization shall be sent to
Senate by the Graduate School. The appointment is normally for a maximum of three (3) consecutive
years on a yearly basis.

Note: A candidate shall be examined by not less than three examiners. External Examiner, Head of
Department, and Internal Examiner (candidate’s supervisor). The Dean of Graduate School or his
representative shall take part in the examination.

External Examination

a. Doctoral Theses
a. Two External Examiners shall be appointed per Doctoral thesis based on the area of specialization
and expertise in relations to the thesis to be examined. They shall be expected to send in a written
report on the thesis to be examined before the date of examination. The report shall be submitted
to the Graduate School within one month from the date of receipt of the theses. The two examiners
must confirm the suitability of the thesis for examination. One of the examiners will be required to
come down to conduct the oral examination. He shall be expected to submit a written report after
the examination.

ii. An Internal Examiner shall be expected to be knowledgeable in the field where the thesis has been
written He shall submit an independent report to the Dean of Graduate School after the oral
examination. He/she shall complete and sign a joint report with the external examiner after the
oral examination. He/she shall serve as the Graduate School Representative. The report on reaching
32
 the Dean of Graduate School shall be further transmitted to the Head of the Unit concerned in the
Graduate School for vetting purposes.

b. Master’s Theses
i. An External Examiner shall be appointed per Master’s thesis. He/she shall be required to make a
written report on the suitability of the thesis for the award of the degree before the date of the
examination. The report shall be submitted within one month from the date of receipt of the thesis.
Where the thesis is deemed unsuitable for the degree in view, the candidate shall rewrite the thesis
to an acceptable standard before an oral examination is conducted.

ii. The requirement governing the nomination of an internal examiner for the Ph.D shall also hold for
the Master’s thesis.

Duties of External Examiner(s)

a. The External Examiners shall report to the Faculty Graduate Committee on each candidate.
b. Details of assessment shall be made concise, clear and explicit, and not given in single words (The
Head of Department shall provide the necessary guidance).
c. The External Examiner shall indicate clearly whether the work has sufficient merit to justify the
award of the degree. An approved higher degree report form shall be used for this purpose.
d. The External Examiners shall be encouraged to present scores in oral defence as percentage, grade
or verbal equivalent. A score less than 60% (B) is failure for Ph.D and 50% (C) for Master’s Degree.
e. A failed oral examination will necessitate a re-examination of the candidate on a date determined
by the External Examiner in consultation with the internal examiners.
f. The candidate is expected to carry out speedily all corrections suggested by the External Examiner,
either to the satisfaction of Internal Examiners or as the cases may be, of the External Examiner. In
this case, the thesis would be returned for the External Examiner to ascertain the execution the
certificate of corrections. Similarly, the Internal Examiner shall endorse the certificate of corrections
if the correction must be made to his satisfaction as instructed by the External Examiner.
g. The certificate of corrections must be done on a separate page and not attached to the Higher
Degree report.
h. The Head of Department shall ensure that candidates are up-to-date in their payment of fees and
charges to qualify for participation at any stage.

i) How long after examinations are results released.

Ans: All semester examination results must be submitted to the Graduate School en-bloc at the end of
every semester.

ii) Appraise the standard of examination based on:

(a) adequacy of coverage of the syllabus content.
(b) quality of students’ answers to the various questions.
(c) quality of practical work, continuous assessment and degree projects.
(d) students’ readiness for the level of manpower he/she is being trained for.
(e) external examination or moderation scheme.

iii) State how matters arising from examinations are handled.

M.SC ACCOUNTING PROGRAMME

33
The M.Sc Degree programme has as its objective the development of those interested in joining the
academia by preparing them for doctoral studies in Accounting. It has an additional objective of
developing professional managers with sound theoretical and practiceal dispositions to serve the needs
of industry, government and academic institutions.

ADMISSION REQUIREMENTS

Admission into the M.Sc programme of the Accounting Department is in accordance with the general
regulations governing graduate studies of the University of Calabar. Without prejudice to these
regulations, applicants must satisfy the following departmental requirements:
(a) Candidates must possess a bachelor’s degree in Accounting or related areas of the
University of Calabar or from other Universities recognized by the Senate, with a
minimum CGPA of 3.0 on a five point grading system or 2.75 on a four point grading
system.

(b) Candidates with minimum of 3.5 in Post-Graduate Diploma in Accounting (PGDA) who
have a good bachelor’s degree in such related or relevant areas as Economics, Banking,
Finance, Insurance/Actuary Sciences, Business Management etc may be considered for
admission.

(c) Candidates are equally expected to present and defend a concept note in the Department
and obtain a pass level in written and oral screening tests as approved by the Graduate
School.

(d) The above admission requirements are additional to the basic entry requirements for
B.Sc. Accounting of the Department which are: O’level 5 credit passes in not more than
two sittings, including English Language, Mathematics, Economic and any other two
subjects.

Note that the above admission requirements are additional to the basic entry requirements for B.Sc.
Accounting of the Department.

Objectives
The M.Sc programme is designed to:
(a) Inculcate the requisite intellectual/conceptual foundations that will permit meaningful
participation in the discussion or resolution of the problems which confront the accounting
discipline in the contemporary word;
(b) Encourage research into problems which impede the maximum contribution of accounting to
national development and well-being of the people;
(c) Develop skill in logical reasoning and critical analysis and improve the capacity of students in
formulating sound accounting policies and strategies.
Course Structure
The M.Sc. programme requires a minimum of 36 credit unit made up as follows:
• Eleven core courses - 24 units
• Three courses from area of concentration
(two credit each) - 6 units units
• Thesis - 6 units
• Total - 36 units

34
First Semester
Course Code Course Title Credit Hours
ACC 831 Financial Accounting Theory 2
ACC 861 Research Methodology 2
ACC 821 Corporate Finance 3
ACC 811 Auditing Theory 2
ACC 851 Management Accounting Theory 2
ACC 841 International Accounting 2

Second Semester
Course Code Course Title Credit Hours
ACC 832 Management Information System 2
ACC 862 Public Sector Accounting 2
ACC 872 Taxation Theory & Practice 2
ACC 812 Economic Theory 2
ACC 802 M.Sc Seminar 2

ELECTIVE COURSES
Management Theory and Practice 2
Portfolio Theory and Investment Analysis 2
Business Policy & Strategic Management 2
Management of Financial Institutions 2

ACC 852 Oil and Gas Accounting 2

ACC 822 Forensic Accounting 2
International Business Finance 2
Public Finance 2
ACC 801 Accounting Standard 2

Thesis 6

Students are expected to take one elective course in the first semester and two elective courses in the
second semester.

DESCRIPTION OF COURSES

ACC 831: Financial Accounting Theory

A review of basic accounting procedures, including the rationale of financial accounting and the economic
foundations of accounting generally. Elements of the history of accounting. Working papers and the
interpretations of financial statements, including the analysis of working capital and statements of the
sources and application of funds and cash flows. Generally accepted accounting principles and net income
concepts, including the valuation of stock and work-in-progress. The theory and techniques relating to
balance sheet categories including cash, debtors, stock, investments, tangible and intangible fixed assets,
liabilities and reserves, elements of the impact of price-level changes on financial statements.

ACC 861: Research Methodology

Introduction – The domain of scientific research, research design and strategy sampling, Activities of
research department – Model construction, Data-collecting strategies, The questionnaire, the interview

35
motivating research, Measurement and analysis of data, report writing, Research in Nigeria. Ethics in
Management, Business and social responsibility, research presentations, Guest lectures.

ACC 821: Corporate Finance

Theory and measurement of business income; finance and growth-investment selection, business
valuation; financial planning and budgeting capital structure-sources, gearing, cost; financial criteria; new
issue market and role of institution; principles and law; international comparisons.

ACC 811: Auditing Theory

Advanced principles in external and internal auditing, practices and techniques; principles and practices
of internal control; the auditor’s report audit programme, auditing standards, professional ethics.

ACC 841: International Accounting

The courses is designed for students interested in accounting and financial control of international
operations. It involves preparation, transition and analysis of financial statements for companies that
have branches of foreign multinational companies.

ACC 851: Management Accounting Theory

Introductory Matrix Algebra, Linear programming and quadratic programming, Cost system, standards
and control; input-output analysis, mathematical analysis of variances, Break-even analysis; cost-
voluming-profit analysis, sensitivity analysis, Algol programming, Planning and budgeting; Integrated
forecasting and operating systems, planning and control of large-scale projects, Employee motivation and
accounting, Divisional performance and transfer pricing.

ACC 832: Management Information System (MIS)

This course is designed to expose students to the practical application of computers to management
information processing. The course provides the steps followed in the utilization of electronic data
processing (EDP) system in producing financial and management information, in feasibility studies, system
analysis, system design and system implementation for computerized accounting system. Among other
things, the course will examine the following issues, elements of computing mechanical and electronic,
types of computers and their applications, computer programming using either COBOL or FORTRAN, data
processing manual and mechanized systems, system analysis and design, evaluation and administration
of MIS with emphases on computer based systems, meaning of information technology and its application
in business finance and management.

ACC 862: Public Sector Accounting

Basic accounting for non-profit organization; basic characteristics of government accounting, structure of
government accounting in Nigeria; the treasury; audit department; consolidated revenue fund, capital
and development fund; planning, programming and budgeting system (PPBS).

ACC 872: Taxation Theory & Practice

The principles, practice and theory of the Nigerian system of income tax, surtax, corporation tax and
capital gains tax. Computation and assessments in relation to individuals, partnerships and limited
companies. Procedures and practice relative to claims and appeals. Nigerian taxation in relation to
foreign taxation.

ACC 812: Economic Theory (Details in the Department of Economic)

36
Management Theory and Practice
Conventional and modern conceptions of management, Definition and dynamics of management theory;
levels and feature of theory in management. Applications and relevance of theory in the Nigeria context.
Organizational design and outline managing group processes, problems of integration and control;
managing change and development, Modern issues in management theory.

Portfolio Theory and Investment Analysis

Evaluation of securities; efficiency and technical analysis, ratio analysis, profit planning, definitions of
capital projects, capital budgeting techniques, applications of Linear Programming in Capital Project,
Feasibility studies: Project Conceptualization, design, market, technical Economic Analysis.

Business Policy & Strategic Management

The course deals with the corporate Management of the business enterprise. The first part of the course
focuses on the nature and dynamics of business policy, the strategy concept, missions and objectives. The
rest of the course will cover the strategic planning process, stakeholder or management, techniques for
strategic appraisal, SWOT, industry and competitive analysis, portfolio analysis, development of strategic
options, turn over and recovery strategies, mergers, acquisitions and divestment.

Management of Financial Institutions

A survey of the structure and operation of the market for medium and long-term securities. The course
examines the nature, types, sources and uses of term securities as well as the nature, objectives structure,
functions and practices of institutions such as the stock exchange, acceptance houses, trust, investment
banks, insurance companies and international finance institutions. Economics and legal aspect of the
capital market, analysis of interest rates, cost of capital, prices of securities, risk dividend policies and their
implications for investment decision and income are also studied.

ACC 852: Oil and Gas Accounting

This course aims at introducing the students to the up and down streams of oil activities in Nigeria.
Royalties, petroleum tax and financial control activities in the oil and gas industry.

ACC 822: Forensic Accounting

This course introduces the students to the investigative aspects of accounting.

International Business Finance

Course content focuses on the government in which the international financial manager operates. You
will study the risks of doing business overseas and the tools available to minimize those risks. Foreign
exchange risks, political risk, working capital management, long-term investments and financial and
accounting and control are examined within this context.

Public Finance
The nature and scope of public finance; comparative models of financial management; profit
maximization, welfare maximization, value for money and accountability models. Objectives and
functions of the government.

Organization of government for financial management; the functions and responsibilities of the Chief
Executive and Accounting Officer, the Accountant General, the Revenue Collector, the board of Survey,
the Board of Inquiry, the Treasury Cash Officer Sub Accountant, the Store Officer, etc.

37
Financial and supplies, principles of sharing revenue among the tiers of government in a federal system –
the Nigerian experiences; sources of revenue and their relative importance, the politics of revenue
allocation in Nigeria.

The allocated and unallocated stores; the rationale for one establishment of allocated stores. The
Nigerian public debt and its management. Funded and unfunded methods of debt payments and
provision for debt repayment.

ACC 801 Accounting Standard

The aim of this course is to inculcate in the students the understanding the major, accounting standards
bodies of the world including their history, methods and the standards they set. The Nigerian Accounting
Standards Board (NASB) now Financial Reporting Council of Nigeria (FRCN) and the Statements of
Accounting Standards (SASs); the Financial Accounting Standards Board (F ASB-USA) and the Financial
Accounting Standards (FASs), the Accounting Standard Board (ASB-UK) and the Statements of Standard
Accounting practice (SSAPs), and the International Accounting Standards Board (ISAB) and International
Financial Reporting Standards (IFRSs).

POSTGRADUATE – M.Sc/Ph.D

In addition, candidates seeking admission into the Ph.D programme but do not meet the required grade
point of 4.0 on a 5-point or 3.0 on 4.0 point scale have the option of seeking admission into the M.Sc/Ph.D
programme.

Admission Criteria: Candidates with a cumulative grade point average (CGPA) of below 60% (B grade) but
not below 55% (that is 3.5 on a 5-point grading system or 2.75 on a 4-point grading system) in the master’s
degree are eligible to apply.

Duration of the Programme: The duration of the progarmme shall be 4 academic sessions. The first
session shall be spent on the M.Sc programme. The candidate can only transit to the Ph.D programme
(which will last for the remaining 3 sessions) only upon successful completion of the first year of M.Sc/Ph.D
programme.

Course Load/Content: The credit load for the Masters’ programme preparatory to the Ph.D programme
is a maximum of 24 credit units. The candidate takes courses that he/she did in the earlier Masters’
programme and scored less than a “B” grade. Candidates are also expected to take other courses
recommended to him/her by the Department to complete 24 credit units. There shall not be any waivers
for Masters/Ph.D until the candidate is advanced to Ph.D.

M.Sc/Ph.D students with the old M.Sc programme should in addition to courses they had less than “B”
grade pick courses in the new M.Sc programme which were not in the old programme in order to enrich
themselves.

NB: CGPA of 3.00/5 or 2.75/4 for Masters, 4.00/5 or 3.00/4 for Ph.D and
3.50/5 or 2.75/4 for Masters/Ph.D.

Ph.D ACCOUNTING

The Ph.D programme is structured around three major segments viz:

38
 1. Course work for doctorate which comprises a minimum of 36 credit hours (excluding thesis
credits), made up as follows – 6 credit hours of courses at 900 level in major area, three of which
must emphasis theory of the discipline; a doctoral seminar in the area of specialization (3 credits),
Economics (6 credits), advanced statistical method (3 credits), behavioural sciences (3 credits)
doctoral seminar (3 credits). Course requirements will be worked out with each candidate by the
supervisor in conjunction with the Chairman, Departmental Graduate Committee. This is aimed
at eliminating differences in previous academic preparation.

2. Admission into candidacy is contingent upon maintenance of at least B in each course, successful
completion of a written comprehensive examination comprising 3 papers, of three hours each viz:
Paper I – Theory, Paper II – Research and Statistical Methods; Paper III – Area of Specialization;
and submission of a formal research proposal and successful defence of it.

3. Research and thesis have the aim of providing the candidate with a research experience that
meets the general standards of the discipline. Upon submission of, and passing an oral
examination, based on a formal research proposal having a focus on a clearly defined research
topic, the candidate can advance into candidacy and continues with the writing of the thesis under
the supervision of a major advisor who must be assisted by two other supervisors.

NB: CGPA of 3.00/5 or 2.75/4 for Masters, 4.00/5 or 3.00/4 for Ph.D and
3.50/5 or 2.75/4 for Masters/Ph.D.
Objectives
The doctoral programme in Accounting is designed to provide specialist educationand training for
researchers, in tertiary institution as well as for high level business managers.
It requires general familiarity with critical knowledge of the various segments in the accounting discipline.
A successful completion of the doctoral progarmme requires an ability to make full and intensive use of
the relevant concepts, tools, modern accounting techniques and an ability to communicate these to other
people. In other words, the doctoral graduate should be able to impart his or her knowledge to others as
colleagues, subordinates or students.

COURSE STRUCTURE

The Ph.D programme requires a minimum of 36 credit units made up as follows:

• Six core courses (3 credits each) - 18 units

• Two courses from area of concentration
(3 credits each) - 6 units
• Thesis - 12 units
• Total - 36 units

YEAR ONE – FIRST SEMESTER

Course Code Course Title Credit Hours
ACC 931 History of Accounting Thought 3
ACC 921 Advanced Financial Accounting Theory 3

Second Semester
Course Code Course Title Credit Hours
ACC 912 Advanced Auditing 3

39
ACC 972 Advanced Management Theory 3

YEAR TWO – FIRST SEMESTER

Course Code Course Title Credit Hours
ACC 911 Contemporary Issues in Accounting 3
ACC 941 Advanced Research Methodology in Accounting 3
One Elective 3
SECOND SEMESTER

Course Code Course Title Credit Hours

ACC 922 Ph.D Seminar 3
One Elective 3

YEAR THREE – FIRST SEMESTER

Course Code Course Title Credit Hours
ACC 990 Doctoral Thesis 12

Elective Courses
Course Code Course Title Credit Hours
ACC 951 Environmental Accounting 3
ACC 961 Advanced Theory of Corporate Finance 3
ACC 962 Public Sector Accounting 3
Strategic Management 3

DESCRIPTION OF COURSES

ACC 931: History of Accounting Thought

The nature and scope of accounting and its evolution; The accounting function and its relationship with
the information systems of organizations. Accounting procedures and systems. Sources documents,
books of original entry and books of accounts. Double entry book keeping systems, the trial balance,
accruals, prepayments and adjustments. Provisions and reserves, classification of expenditure between
capital and revenue, methods of recording accounting data-manual and mechanical; manufacturing,
trader, Accounting treatment of control accounts and bank reconciliation.

ACC 921: Advanced Financial Accounting Theory

Further work on advanced company accounts including the accounts of banks and insurance companies,
and the Nigerian Insurance Acts. Valuation of good will and company shares. Divisible profits and
company dividends. Royalty and hire-purchase accounts. Consolidated and other group accounts.

Elements of mechanized accounting, including the application of computers and related systems to
business accounts. Governmental, municipal and public utility accounting, with special reference to
Nigerian Organizations. Seminars on accounting systems, including business, governmental municipal and
public utility accounting systems.

ACC 941: Advanced Research Methodology in Accounting

Introduction to Research Methodology Research in Social Sciences Research in Physical and Natural
Sciences problems of research in Developing countries Common errors in research

Research in Practice:
40
(a) Problem identification
(b) Literature review
(c) Materials and Methods (Methodology)
(d) Results (Data Analysis)
(e) Discussions
(f) Summary, Conclusions and Recommendations
(g) Report writing

ACC 962: Public Sector Accounting

Basic accounting for non-profit organization; basic characteristics of government accounting; structure of
governmental accounting in Nigeria; the treasury; audit department; consolidated revenue fund, capital
and development fund; planning, programming and budgeting system (PPBS).

ACC 972: Advanced Management Theory

Conventional and modern conceptions of management. Definition and dynamics of management theory;
levels and feature of theory in management. Applications and relevance of theory in the Nigeria context.
Organizational design and outline managing group processes, problems of integration and control;
managing change and development. Modern issues in management theory.

ACC 911: Contemporary Issues in Accounting

Discussion and articulation of recent developments in the accounting literature.

ACC 912: Advanced Auditing Theory

Evolution of auditing, procedures with particular reference to internal control systems, internal audit
functions; sampling and statistical techniques; auditing standards and guidelines including exposure
drafts; post audit review; audit of account of solicitors, charitable and other non-trading organizations.

ACC 951: Environmental Accounting

This course has the aim inculcating in the students the idea of cost and control processes of the effects
productive activities on the environment.

ACC 961: Advanced Theory of Corporate Finance

Theory and measurement of business income; finance and growth-investment selection, business
valuation, financial planning and budgeting capital structure-sources, gearing, cost, financial criteria, new
issue market and role of institutions, principles and law; international comparisons.

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 REVISED EDITION

9. AVAILABLE M.Sc ACCOUNTING AREAS OF SPECIALIZATION

The Department of Accounting offers programmes leading to the award of Master Degree in the
following areas:

➢ Auditing and Forensic Accounting

➢ Cost and Management Accounting
➢ Taxation and Public Finance

10(a) OBJECTIVES OF M.Sc ACCOUNTING (AUDITING AND FORENSIC ACCOUNTING )

The objective of this specialty among others is to introduce students to the investigative aspect of
accounting. The course is designed to inculcate the requisite intellectual/conceptual foundations that will
permit and encourage research into problems which impede national development and well-being of
people.

10(b) OBJECTIVES OF M.Sc ACCOUNTING (COST AND MANAGEMENT ACCOUNTING)

Cost and Management Accounting is a specialized area of Accounting designed for Postgraduate students
of Accounting who had undergone various trainings and lectures in Cost Accounting, Management
Accounting, Financial Accounting and Quantitative Techniques in Accounting, and had obtained first
degree in Accounting. This area of Accounting is structured to meet the following specific objectives:
(1) To expose the students to concepts of cost and costing methods necessary for smooth
preparation and presentation of cost information.
(2) To develop in the students the ability to quantify, codify and analyse costs of goods, transactions
and services using different costing techniques.
(3) To develop in the students decision making skills using managerial approaches and managerial
techniques.
(4) To equip the students with analytical and advisory skills on cost management and product life
cycle.

10(c) OBJECTIVES OF M.Sc ACCOUNTING (TAXATION AND PUBLIC FINANCE)

The programme is designed to train persons who are interested in taxation and public finance. It
specifically targets potential academics, public and private sector professionals who are interested in
taking their careers to the next level. The main objective of the programme is to provide training on
Nigerian tax system, international taxation and it applicability to public finance. Hence, at the end of the
course, specific competence would have been garneted for practical applicability in the various sectors of
the economy.

11. GENERAL COURSES FOR ALL M.Sc ACCOUNTING PROGRAMMES

FIRST SEMESTER
Advanced Accounting Theory
Research Methodology
Accounting Information Systems
Corporate Finance
Micro Finance

SECOND SEMESTER
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Accounting Information Systems
M.Sc Accounting Seminar
Oil & Gas
Corporate Finance
Macro Economics

12. COURSE STRUCTURE

YEAR ONE: FIRST SEMESTER

AUDITING AND FORENSIC ACCOUNTING
S/N COURSE CODE COURSE TITLE CREDIT UNITS
1 ACC 811 Research Methodology 2
2 ACC 821 Accounting Information Systems 1 2
3 ACC 831 Corporate Finance 2
4 ECS 811 Micro Economics 2
5 ACC 841 Advanced Auditing Theory 1 2
6 ACC 851 Advanced Financial Accounting Theory 2
7 ACC 861 Forensic Accounting 1 2
8 ACC 871 Accounting Standards 2
Total 16

YEAR ONE: SECOND SEMESTER

AUDITING AND FORENSIC ACCOUNTING
S/N COURSE CODE COURSE TITLE CREDIT UNITS
1 ACC 822 Accounting Information Systems 2 2
2 ACC 802 M.Sc Accounting Seminar 2
3 ACC 893 Oil & Gas 2
4 ACC 832 Corporate Finance 2
5 ECS 812 Macro Economics 2
6 ACC 842 Advanced Auditing Theory 2 2
7 ACC 862 Forensic Accounting 2 2
TOTAL 14

YEAR ONE: FIRST SEMESTER

COST AND MANAGEMENT ACCOUNTING
S/N COURSE CODE COURSE TITLE CREDIT UNITS
1 ACC 811 Research Methodology 2
2 ACC 821 Accounting Information Systems 1 2
3 ACC 831 Corporate Finance 1 2
4 ECS 811 Micro Economics 2
5 ACC 881 Management Accounting Theory 1 2
6 ACC 891 Cost Accounting Techniques 1 2
7 ACC 843 International Accounting 2
Total 14

YEAR ONE: SECOND SEMESTER

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 COST AND MANAGEMENT ACCOUNTING
S/N COURSE CODE COURSE TITLE CREDIT UNITS
1 ACC 822 Accounting Information Systems 2 2
2 ACC 802 M.Sc Accounting Seminar 2
3 ACC 893 Oil & Gas 2
4 ACC 832 Corporate Finance 2 2
5 ECS 812 Macro Economics 2
6 ACC 882 Management Accounting Theory 1 2
7 ACC 892 Cost Accounting Techniques 2 2
8 Take one elective from any other area of specialization 2
Total 16

YEAR ONE: FIRST SEMESTER

TAXATION AND PUBLIC FINANCE
S/N COURSE CODE COURSE TITLE CREDIT UNITS
1 ACC 811 Research Methodology 2
2 ACC 821 Accounting Information Systems 1 2
3 ACC 831 Corporate Finance 1 2
4 ECS 811 Micro Economics 2
5 ACC 853 Taxation Theory 1 2
6 ACC 863 Public Finance 1 2
7 ACC 871 Accounting Standards 2
Total 14

YEAR ONE: SECOND SEMESTER

TAXATION AND PUBLIC FINANCE
S/N COURSE CODE COURSE TITLE CREDIT UNITS
1 ACC 822 Accounting Information Systems 2 2
2 ACC 802 M.Sc Accounting Seminar 2
3 ACC 893 Oil & Gas 2
4 ACC 832 Corporate Finance 2 2
5 ECS 812 Macro Economics 2
6 ACC 853 Taxation Theory 2 2
7 ACC 863 Public Finance 2 2
8 Take one elective from any other area of specialization 2
Total 16
YEAR TWO: FIRST SEMESTER
S/N COURSE CODE COURSE TITLE CREDIT UNITS
1 ACC 890 Thesis Proposal Defense
2 ACC 890 Faculty Seminar 3
Total 3

YEAR TWO: SECOND SEMESTER

S/N COURSE CODE COURSE TITLE CREDIT UNITS
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 1 ACC 890 Thesis 3
Total 3

13. COURSE DESCRIPTIONS

ACC 811: Research Methodology

Introduction – The domain of scientific research, research design and strategy sampling, Activities of
research department – Model construction, Data-collecting strategies, The questionnaire, the interview
motivating research, Measurement and analysis of data, report writing, Research in Nigeria. Ethics in
Management, Business and social responsibility, research presentations, Guest lectures.

ACC 821: Accounting Information System (AIS)

This course is designed to expose students to the practical application of computers to management
information processing. The course provides the steps followed in the utilization of electronic data
processing (EDP) system in producing financial and management information, in feasibility studies, system
analysis, system design and system implementation for computerized accounting system. Among other
things, the course will examine the following issues, elements of computing mechanical and electronic,
types of computers and their applications, computer programming using either COBOL or FORTRAN, data
processing manual and mechanized systems, system analysis and design, evaluation and administration
of MIS with emphases on computer based systems, meaning of information technology and its application
in business finance and management.

ACC 831: Corporate Finance

Theory and measurement of business income; finance and growth-investment selection, business
valuation; financial planning and budgeting capital structure-sources, gearing, cost; financial criteria; new
issue market and role of institution; principles and law; international comparisons.

ECS 811: Micro Economics (Details in the Department of Economic)

ACC 841: Advanced Auditing Theory 1

Advanced principles in external and internal auditing, practices and techniques; principles and practices
of internal control; the auditor’s report audit programme, auditing standards, professional ethics.

ACC 851: Advanced Financial Accounting Theory 1

A review of basic accounting procedures, including the rationale of financial accounting and the economic
foundations of accounting generally. Elements of the history of accounting. Working papers and the
interpretations of financial statements, including the analysis of working capital and statements of the
sources and application of funds and cash flows. Generally accepted accounting principles and net income
concepts, including the valuation of stock and work-in-progress. The theory and techniques relating to
balance sheet categories including cash, debtors, stock, investments, tangible and intangible fixed assets,
liabilities and reserves, elements of the impact of price-level changes on financial statements.

ACC 861: Forensic Accounting

This course introduces the students to the investigative aspects of accounting.

ACC 871 Accounting Standards

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The aim of this course is to inculcate in the students the understanding the major, accounting standards
bodies of the world including their history, methods and the standards they set. The Nigerian Accounting
Standards Board (NASB) now Financial Reporting Council of Nigeria (FRCN) and the Statements of
Accounting Standards (SASs); the Financial Accounting Standards Board (F ASB-USA) and the Financial
Accounting Standards (FASs), the Accounting Standard Board (ASB-UK) and the Statements of Standard
Accounting practice (SSAPs), and the International Accounting Standards Board (ISAB) and International
Financial Reporting Standards (IFRSs).

ACC 881: Management Accounting Theory 1

Introductory Matrix Algebra, Linear programming and quadratic programming, Cost system, standards
and control; input-output analysis, mathematical analysis of variances, Break-even analysis; cost-
voluming-profit analysis, sensitivity analysis, Algol programming, Planning and budgeting; Integrated
forecasting and operating systems, planning and control of large-scale projects, Employee motivation and
accounting, Divisional performance and transfer pricing.

ACC 853: Taxation Theory 1

The principles, practice and theory of the Nigerian system of income tax, surtax, corporation tax and
capital gains tax. Computation and assessments in relation to individuals, partnerships and limited
companies. Procedures and practice relative to claims and appeals. Nigerian taxation in relation to
foreign taxation.

ACC 893: Oil and Gas Accounting

This course aim at introducing the students to the up and down streams of oil activities in Nigeria.
Royalties, petroleum tax and financial control activities in the oil and gas industry.

ACC 843 : International Accounting 1

The courses is designed for students interested in accounting and financial control of international
operations. It involves preparation, transition and analysis of financial statements for companies that
have branches of foreign multinational companies.

ACC 863: Public Finance

The nature and scope of public finance; comparative models of financial management; profit
maximization, welfare maximization, value for money and accountability models. Objectives and
functions of the government.
Organization of government for financial management; the functions and responsibilities of the Chief
Executive and Accounting Officer, the Accountant General, the Revenue Collector, the board of Survey,
the Board of Inquiry, the Treasury Cash Officer Sub Accountant, the Store Officer, etc.
Financial and supplies, principles of sharing revenue among the tiers of government in a federal system –
the Nigerian experiences; sources of revenue and their relative importance, the politics of revenue
allocation in Nigeria.
The allocated and unallocated stores; the rationale for one establishment of allocated stores. The
Nigerian public debt and its management. Funded and unfunded methods of debt payments and
provision for debt repayment.

Ph.D ACCOUNTING

The Ph.D programme is structured around three major segments viz:

46
1. Course work for doctorate which comprises a minimum of 36 credit hours (excluding thesis credits),
made up as follows – 6 credit hours of courses at 900 level in major area, three of which must
emphasize theory of the discipline; a doctoral seminar in the area of specialization (3 credits),
Economics (6 credits), advanced statistical method (3 credits), behavioural sciences (3 credits)
doctoral seminar (3 credits). Course requirements will be worked out with each candidate by the
supervisor in conjunction with the Chairman, Departmental Graduate Committee. This is aimed at
eliminating differences in previous academic preparation.

2. Admission into candidacy is contingent upon maintenance of at least B in each course, successful
completion of a written comprehensive examination comprising 3 papers, of three hours each viz:
Paper I – Theory, Paper II – Research and Statistical Methods; Paper III – Area of Specialization; and
submission of a formal research proposal and successful defence of it.

3. Research and thesis have the aim of providing the candidate with a research experience that meets
the general standards of the discipline. Upon submission of, and passing an oral examination, based
on a formal research proposal having a focus on a clearly defined research area, the candidate can
advance into candidacy and continues with the writing of the thesis under the supervision of a major
advisor who must be assisted by two other supervisors.

NB: CGPA of 3.00/5 or 2.75/4 for Masters, 4.00/5 or 3.00/4 for Ph.D and
3.50/5 or 2.75/4 for Masters/Ph.D.

Objectives
The doctoral programme in Accounting is designed to provide specialist education and training for
researchers, in tertiary institution as well as for high level business managers.
It requires general familiarity with critical knowledge of the various segments in the accounting discipline.
A successful completion of the doctoral progarmme requires an ability to make full and intensive use of
the relevant concepts, tools, modern accounting techniques and an ability to communicate these to other
people. In other words, the doctoral graduate should be able to impart his or her knowledge to others as
colleagues, subordinates or students.

8. COURSE STRUCTURE

Ph.D Programme:
(A) Core Courses 10 (3 credits each) - 30 Credit Hours
(B) Two Elective Courses (2) (3 credits each)- 6 Credit Hours
(C) Thesis - 6 Credit Hours
Total - 42 Credit Hours

The Ph.D programme requires a minimum of 36 credit units made up as follows:

• Ten (10) core courses (3 credits each) - 30 units

ACC 921 Advanced Financial Accounting Theory 3
ACC 951 Advanced Management Accounting Theory 3
ACC 931 History of Accounting Thought 3
ACC 911 Contemporary Issues in Accounting 3
ACC 941 Advanced Research Methodology in Accounting 3
ACC 981 Ph.D Seminar 3

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 ACC 952 Environmental Accounting 3
ACC 912 Advanced Auditing and Investigation 3

ACC 962 Advanced Taxation 3

ACC 972 Public Sector Accounting 3

• First Semester Year 1

Course Code Course Title Credit Hours
ACC 931 History of Accounting Thought 3
ACC 921 Advanced Financial Accounting Theory 3
ACC 951 Advanced Management Accounting Theory 3
ACC 911 Contemporary Issues in Accounting 3
ACC 941 Advanced Research Methodology in Accounting 3

Second Semester Year 1

ACC 912 Advanced Auditing 3
ACC 962 Advanced Taxation 3
ACC 952 Environmental Accounting 3
ACC 972 Public Sector Accounting 3

First Semester Year 2

ACC 981 Ph.D Seminar 3

Second Semester Year 2

ACC 990 Doctoral Thesis 6
First & Second Semester Year 3

Two Compulsory Elective Courses

MGT 941 Advanced Management Theory 3
ECS 912 Advanced Economic Theory 3
Grand Total 42 units

DESCRIPTION OF COURSES

ACC 931: History of Accounting Thought

The nature and scope of accounting and its evolution; The accounting function and its relationship with
the information systems of organizations. Accounting procedures and systems. Sources documents,
books of original entry and books of accounts. Double entry book keeping systems, the trial balance,
accruals, prepayments and adjustments. Provisions and reserves, classification of expenditure between
capital and revenue, methods of recording accounting data-manual and mechanical; manufacturing,
trader, Accounting treatment of control accounts and bank reconciliation.

ACC 921: Advanced Financial Accounting Theory

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Further work on advanced company accounts including the accounts of banks and insurance companies,
and the Nigerian Insurance Acts. Valuation of good will and company shares. Divisible profits and
company dividends. Royalty and hire-purchase accounts. Consolidated and other group accounts.

Elements of mechanized accounting, including the application of computers and related systems to
business accounts. Governmental, municipal and public utility accounting, with special reference to
Nigerian Organizations. Seminars on accounting systems, including business, governmental municipal and
public utility accounting systems.

ACC 941: Advanced Research Methodology in Accounting

Introduction to Research Methodology Research in Social Sciences Research in Physical and Natural
Sciences problems of research in Developing countries Common errors in research

Research in Practice:
(a) Problem identification
(b) Literature review
(c) Materials and Methods (Methodology)
(d) Results (Data Analysis)
(e) Discussions
(f) Summary, Conclusions and Recommendations
(g) Report writing

ACC 962: Public Sector Accounting

Basic accounting for non-profit organization; basic characteristics of government accounting; structure of
governmental accounting in Nigeria; the treasury; audit department; consolidated revenue fund, capital
and development fund; planning, programming and budgeting system (PPBS).

ACC 972: Advanced Management Theory

Conventional and modern conceptions of management. Definition and dynamics of management theory;
levels and feature of theory in management. Applications and relevance of theory in the Nigeria context.
Organizational design and outline managing group processes, problems of integration and control;
managing change and development. Modern issues in management theory.

ACC 911: Contemporary Issues in Accounting

Discussion and articulation of recent developments in the accounting literature.

ACC 912: Advanced Auditing Theory

Evolution of auditing, procedures with particular reference to internal control systems, internal audit
functions; sampling and statistical techniques; auditing standards and guidelines including exposure
drafts; post audit review; audit of account of solicitors, charitable and other non-trading organizations.

ACC 951: Environmental Accounting

This course has the aim inculcating in the students the idea of cost and control processes of the effects
productive activities on the environment.

ACC 961: Advanced Theory of Corporate Finance

Theory and measurement of business income; finance and growth-investment selection, business
valuation, financial planning and budgeting capital structure-sources, gearing, cost, financial criteria, new
issue market and role of institutions, principles and law; international comparisons.
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POSTGRADUATE – M.Sc/Ph.D

In addition, candidates seeking admission into the Ph.D programme but do not meet the required grade
point of 4.0 on a 5-point or 3.0 on 4.0 point scale have the option of seeking admission into the M.Sc/Ph.D
programme.

Admission Criteria: Candidates with a cumulative grade point average (CGPA) of below 60% (B grade) but
not below 55% (that is 3.5 on a 5-point grading system or 2.75 on a 4-point grading system) in the master’s
degree are eligible to apply.

Duration of the Programme: The duration of the progarmme shall be 4 academic sessions. The first
session shall be spent on the M.Sc programme. The candidate can only transit to the Ph.D programme
(which will last for the remaining 3 sessions) only upon successful completion of the first year of M.Sc/Ph.D
programme.

Course Load/Content: The credit load for the Masters’ programme preparatory to the Ph.D programme
is a maximum of 24 credit units. The candidate takes courses that he/she did in the earlier Masters’
programme and scored less than a “B” grade. Candidates are also expected to take other courses
recommended to him/her by the Department to complete 24 credit units. There shall not be any waivers
for Masters/Ph.D until the candidate is advanced to Ph.D.

M.Sc/Ph.D students with the old M.Sc programme should in addition to courses they had less than “B”
grade pick courses in the new M.Sc programme which were not in the old programme in order to enrich
themselves.

NB: CGPA of 3.00/5 or 2.75/4 for Masters, 4.00/5 or 3.00/4 for Ph.D and
3.50/5 or 2.75/4 for Masters/Ph.D.

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