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The Art of Argument, 2nd Edition

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Statement.
Jill: But you don’t care at all about my heart.
Statement.
Jack: If you have a heart condition, then you should get a good cardiologist to care for it.
Statement.
Jill: You’re making stupid jokes about my heart condition.
Statement.
Are you some kind of jerk, or what?
Not a statement; it’s a question.
EXERCISE 1.1 C
1. Three statements: Stefan walked to store. Stefan bought a newspaper. Stefan went to café to
read it.
2. One statement: Mercury is composed of mostly hot gases.
3. No statements.
4. See Answers to Selected Exercises.
5. Two statements: The internet has revolutionized the way people communicate. Cell phones
have revolutionized the way people communicate.
6. No statements.
7. No statements.
9. No statements: both are imperatives.
10. Two statements: Cherokees believed they had a sacred duty to avenge deaths. War parties
formed following a death.
11. One statement.
13. Two statements: The government should not be in the business of limiting speech. An
institution should have freedom to restrict the speech of anyone at any time who utilizes
resources within its jurisdiction.
14. Three statements: There is good reason why it is important to be able to listen to another
person. We don’t have to learn to interrupt which comes naturally. It is important to be able to
listen to another person
15. No statement. It is a command.
EXERCISE 1.1 D
1. Likely to be a premise.
2. Controversial statement. Unlikely to be a premise.
5. Controversial statement. Unlikely to be premise.
6. Controversial statement. Unlikely to be premise.
11. Not a statement
EXERCISE 1.1 E
1. Conclusion.
2. Conclusion.
3. Conclusion.
5. Not a likely conclusion. It’s a request.
6. Not a likely conclusion. It’s not controversial.
7. Not a likely conclusion. It’s not controversial.
9. Conclusion.
10. Conclusion.
11. Conclusion.
13. Likely to be a premise, not a conclusion. It’s uncontroversial.
14. Conclusion.
15. Not likely to be conclusion. It’s not controversial.
EXERCISE 1.2 A
Note to Instructors: there are unstated premises in some of the following, although the section
on unstated premises comes subsequent to this exercise. We have added the unstated premises,
although, of course, the students would not be expected to do this at this point in the chapter.
(1) It is a steep hill.

(2) I have a heart condition.
Therefore,
(3) It is a bad idea to go up the hill.
(1) You don’t care about my heart.

[2] People should care about other people’s hearts.
Therefore,
(3) You are a heartless human being.
(1) You have a heart condition.

[2] A good cardiologist can help you with your heard condition.
Therefore,
(3) You should get a good cardiologist to care for it.
EXERCISE 1.2 B
although, of course, the students would not be expected to do this at this point in the chapter.
1. Not an argument. Two statements: I don’t like Facebook. I can’t stand Twitter either.
2. Argument.
(1) Every time you hang out with him, you feel miserable.
[2] You don’t want to feel miserable.
Therefore,
(3) You shouldn’t go out with him.
3. Argument.
(1) I have seen 1,000 swans.
(2) All of the swans I have seen are white.
Therefore,
(3) Most swans are white.
5. Argument.
(1) Carbon-dioxide emissions are higher.
(2) Atmospheric particulates are increased.
[3] If emissions and particulates increase, then global temperatures will increase.
Therefore,
(4) Global temperatures will rise over the coming century.
6. Not an argument.
7. Argument
(1) Mary Wollenstonecraft was a woman.
(2) Mary Wollenstonecraft was a famous philosopher.
Therefore,
(3) Some famous philosophers are women.
9. Not an argument.
10. Argument:
(1) Tai nam is my favorite kind of Vietnamese noodles.
[2] If it is my favorite kind of Vietnamese noodle, then you will like tai nam.
Therefore,
(3) You will like tai nam.
11. Not an argument.
14. Not an argument. It’s a description.
15. Two arguments:

(1) The table is the same color but appears differently in reflected light.
(2) If I move, the different parts are reflected.
Therefore,
(3) The distribution of colors will look different with my movement.
(1) The distribution of colors will look different with my movement.

(2) No two people can see the table from exact same point of view.
(3) Any change in point of view means some change in the reflected light.
Therefore,
(4) No two people looking at the table at the same time will see the same distribution of colors.
EXERCISE 1.2 C
Answered above.
EXERCISE 1.3
although of course, the students would not be expected to do this at this point in the chapter.
1. Argument
(1) Every time you hang out with him, you feel miserable.
[2] You don’t want to feel miserable.
Therefore,
[3] You shouldn’t go out with him.
2. Argument
[1] If you don’t buy guns, people who make them will lose their jobs.
[2] People don’t others to become unemployed.
Therefore,
(3) There are economic benefits to gun sales.
(1) There are economic benefits to gun sales.

(2) People’s lives are saved by guns.
[3] Saving people’s lives is good.
Therefore,
[4] You shouldn’t support gun control.
3. Not an argument. It’s an explanation.
4. See Answers to Selected Exercises..
5. Not an argument. It’s an explanation of the fact that people do not save for retirement.
6. Argument
(1) Murata has more experience.
(2) Murata has better communication skills than Johnson.
[3] More experience and education make better employees.
Therefore,
(4) We should hire Murata.
7. Argument
(1) 87% of 1000 surveyed college students preferred instant messaging to email.
Therefore,
(2) The vast majority of college students prefer instant messaging to email.
9. Argument
(1) Young people on average are getting fatter.
(2) Adult diabetes is rising.
[3] Public school lunches are not currently selling healthy food.
Therefore,
(4) Public schools should stop selling unhealthy food.
10. Two arguments

(1) Most words are open to multiple interpretations.
Therefore,
(2) If laws are what their words mean, then the meaning of most laws would be unacceptably
ambiguous.
(1) If laws are what their words mean, then the meaning of most laws would be unacceptably
ambiguous.
Therefore,
(2). The idea that the law is what the words that constitute it mean is too simple.
13. Argument
(1) The unemployment rate for recent four-year college graduates is 6.8%.
(2) The unemployment rate for recent high school graduates is nearly 24%.
(3) Nearly 200,000 jobs for workers with Bachelor’s degree were added during the recession.
(4) Two million jobs for college-educated workers have been added during the recovery.
(5) Nearly four out of five jobs destroyed by the recession where held by workers with a high
school diploma or less.
Therefore,
(6) A college degree is the best defense against unemployment.
14. There are two arguments in this passage.

(1) Nearly 90% of field-collected and laboratory-reared earwig males hold their penises in the
right-ready state.
Therefore,
(2) Earwig males have a strong preference for their right penises.
(1) Earwig males have a strong preference for their right penises.
(2) The two penises are morphologically indistinguishable and fully functional.
Therefore,
(1) Earwig males strong preference for their right penises is largely, if not entirely, behavioral.
15. Most of the passage is an explanation about why SAC still has investors in midst of ethical
scandals (Explanans = investors are only looking for performance when deciding where to
invest. Investors are not concerned about the ethics of the employees in the company).At the end
of the passage there are two arguments:
(1) Investing money on behalf of clients requires trust.
[2] Relationships based on trust require concern with ethics.
Therefore,
(3) Investors should have an interest in ensuring they do not invest in a company with
questionable ethical standards.
(1) Investors should have an interest in ensuring they do not invest in a company with
questionable ethical standards.
Therefore,
[2] Investors should not continue investing in SAC hedge fund.
EXERCISE 1.4
1. Unstated premise. Suicides are undesirable.
2. Unstated premise. People should do things that make them less likely to be victims of crime.
3. Unstated conclusion. A single-payer health care system would be bad.
5. Unstated conclusion. She did not take Bio 101.

6. Unstated premise. In order to graduate, students must complete their academic residency
requirements.
7. All premises and conclusions are stated.
9. Unstated premise. If you do not wash your hands, you will make everyone sick.
10. Two unstated premises and an unstated conclusion.

Unstated premise. All investors want excess return.
Unstated premise. The risks can cause people to lose money.
Unstated conclusion. All investors must accept losing money
11. One unstated premise and unstated conclusion.

Unstated premise. Romeo and Juliet do not want to be killed.
Unstated conclusion. Romeo and Juliet should not elope.
13. Two unstated premises.

Unstated premise. Pluto cannot be smaller than other space objects and retain its planet status.
Unstated premise. The asteroid Ceres is of comparable size to Pluto and 2003 UB313.
14. All premises and conclusions are stated.
15. Unstated conclusion. High-street retailers should meet the demands for clothing styles from
the mature women market.
EXERCISE 1.5 A
2. Argument One
(1) The patient is having severe chest pain.
(2) There is a history of heart attacks in his family.
Therefore,
(3) The patient is having a heart attack and we must operate immediately.
Argument Two
(1) The patient has a receipt from Joe’s Greasy Fried Chicken Shack for five portions of Greasy
chicken wings.
(2) The patient’s hands have a lot of grease on them.
Therefore,
(3) The patient is more likely having indigestion than a heart attack.
(1) The patient is more likely having indigestion than a heart attack.
Therefore,
(2) We should not immediately perform surgery.
EXERCISE 1.5 B
1. Argument
(1) I-75 is always a mess.
(2) They are repaving part of I-75 today.
Therefore,
(3) We should take I-285 instead of I-75.
2. Not an argument. Description.
3. Argument.
(1) Your car is pulling to the right.
(2) The tires look ok.
Therefore,
(3) One of your tie rods is bent.
5. Not an argument. Question.
6. Not an argument. Assertion.
7. Argument.
(1) Brown sugar is white sugar with molasses added.
(2) The molasses adds only minuscule amounts of minerals.
Therefore,
(3) Nutritionally, brown sugar and white sugar not much different.
(1) Nutritionally, brown sugar and white sugar not much different.
Therefore,
(2) Brown sugar is not a healthier option than white sugar.
9. Argument.
(1) The Spaniards appeared for the first time in 1517, whereas Quetzalcoatl was supposed
to have returned in a One-Reed year of the Aztec calendar in 1519.
Therefore,
(2) Montezuma may not have believed that Cortes was Quetzalcoatl.

11. Not an argument. Joke.
13. Not an argument. Description (of what happened after Apple dropped its contract with
Google).
14. Argument.
(1) The fossils of amphibians have been found in Antarctica.
[2] Amphibians cannot live in extremely cold climates.
Therefore,
(3) The weather in Antarctica at that time must have been warmer than it is now.
15. Argument.
(1) Melanesians do not believe in physiological paternity.
(2) Melanesian men are as jealous as men in societies in which procreation is understood.
[3] Explanations are either genetic or cultural.
Therefore,
(4) Sexual jealousy has a genetic rather than purely cultural explanation.
EXERCISE 1.5 C
1. Argument.
(1) Students do better when classes are smaller.
Therefore,
(2) We should decrease class sizes.
2. Explanation.
Explanans: He does not exercise, eats donuts for breakfast, and eats hamburgers every night.
Explanandum: He is getting fat.
3. Argument against an explanation.

(1) His parents were divorced before he was two.
[2] He did not go to school until after he was two.
Therefore,
(3) The divorce could not have caused the drop in grades.
(1) The divorce could not have caused the drop in grades.
Therefore,
(2) There is some other cause for the drop in grades.
5. Neither an argument nor an explanation.
6. Neither an argument nor an explanation.

7. Explanation.
Explanans: The inside wheel’s track has a smaller radius, making a tighter turn.
Explanandum: The front wheels are not pointing in same direction when you turn the car.
9. Explanation.
Explanans: People are concerned the economy’s expansion will erode due to mortgage industry
troubles.
Explanandum: Stocks fell yesterday.
10.
(1) Peace and freedom result when one’s sexual desires relax.
[2] One desires to have peace and freedom.
Therefore,
(3) It is good to no longer desire to have sex.
11. Explanation
Explanans: Humans could build shelters, use fire and make clothes that would counter any
advantages of having fur like keeping warm
Explanandum: Humans do not have fur.
13. Explanation
Explanans: The U.S. would never invest in rehabilitating the poor as long as things like Vietnam
continued to drain off energy and resources.
Explanandum: The war was an enemy of the poor.
14. Argument.
(1) We do not have to learn to interrupt which comes naturally.
(2) Interrupting is considered impolite.
Therefore,
(3) We have to learn not to interrupt.
(1) We have to learn not to interrupt.

[2] We act either naturally or by learning.
Therefore,
(3) It is important that we learn to listen.
15. No argument and no explanation. Just an announcement.
EXERCISE 1.6 A AND 1.6 B
Answered above.
EXERCISE 1.6 C
1. Argument.
(1) You were playing with your dinosaur in the kitchen less than an hour ago.
(2) You have not been out of the house in the last hour.
Therefore,
(3) Your dinosaur is in the house.
2. Not an argument.
3. Argument.
(1) If he goes to work, he’ll get sick.
(2) He won’t go to work.
Therefore,
(3) He will not get sick.
This is an imperfect standardization because it contains pronouns but the passage does not tell us
who “he” is.
5. Argument.
(1) Napoleon either lost at Waterloo or at Austerlitz.
(2) Napoleon did not lose at Austerlitz.
Therefore,
(3) Napoleon lost at Waterloo.
6. Argument.
(1) There is some red dirt on Watson’s shoe.
(2) There is red dirt on the ground in front of the Seymour Street Post Office that lies in such a
way that it is difficult to avoid treading in it in entering.
Therefore,
(3) Watson has been to the Seymour Street Post Office.
7. Argument.
(1) God has many earthly children but he does not tenderly care for them and he inflicts wanton
cruelty on them.
(2) People condemn those who have children and do not tenderly care for them and treat them
cruelly.
(3) People do not condemn God’s failure to tenderly care for his earthly children and God’s
infliction of wanton cruelty on them.
Therefore,
(4) People do not correctly use their reasoning abilities when they think about religious matters.

9. This is a series of descriptions of claims made by Peter Singer. It is not an argument.
However, someone might be confused into thinking that the passage is making an argument
because the authors are describing an argument made by Singer. Here’s is a standardization of
Singer’s argument:
(1) The reflective, communicative, emotional, and social abilities of severely mentally impaired
humans are not any greater than that of a pig or a primate.
Therefore,
(2) There are no morally relevant differences between some non-human animals and some
severely mentally impaired human beings.
(1) There are no morally relevant differences between some non-human animals and some
severely mentally impaired human beings.
Therefore,
(2) We should treat all these beings in similar ways.
10. Not an argument. There is a set of descriptions.
11. Argument.
(1) 1964 is an election year.
Therefore,
(2) 1964 threatens to be the most explosive year America has ever witnessed.
13. Argument.
(1) After 45 days, the presence of sesame oil in the diets was observed to lower blood pressure.
(2) After 45 days, the withdrawal of sesame oil from the diets of the same patients brought back
their initial blood pressure (before the addition of the sesame oil).
Therefore,
(3) Sesame oil in the diet lowers blood pressure levels.
14. Explanation.
Explanans: Descartes has waited until such time as he has experience, background knowledge,
leisure, age and maturity sufficient to allow him to be able to successfully carry out such an
enterprise.
Explanandum: Why Descartes will begin his overthrow of all his opinions today.
15. Mr. Logan’s argument:

(1) None of the prior convictions were felonies that led to having his rights revoked
(2) Anyone whose rights are not revoked should be treated equally with those who have had their
rights restored
(3) Those convictions on which rights were restored are exempted from the three prior
convictions law
Therefore,
(4) Mr. Logan’s case should be exempted.
(1) Mr. Logan’s case should be exempted.
Therefore,
(2) His sentence should be 10 years, not 15 years
The Court’s argument

(1) If something is never lost, it cannot be restored.
(2) Mr. Logan never lost his rights.
Therefore,
(3) His rights were not restored.
(1) His rights were not restored.

Therefore,
(2) His rights do not fall under the exemption.
(1) His rights do not fall under the exemption.

Therefore,
(2) Mr. Logan’s sentence should be 15 years, not 10.
EXERCISE 1.7 A
See the attached PowerPoint file.
EXERCISE 1.7 B
See the attached PowerPoint file.

CHAPTER TWO
NOTE: beginning with Chapter Two and throughout the rest of the chapters, students will be
asked to evaluate arguments by determining whether they pass the true premises test and the
proper form test. We note here that many arguments will pass one or both tests by degrees. A
minimum threshold is required, but there are many arguments that do a better job than others in
exceeding that threshold. In particular, inductive arguments will pass the proper form test by
degrees. Depending on the type of argument, we will give students specific guides for decision-
making. For example, a statistical argument will need to have a representative sample before it
will be said to pass the proper form test; a causal argument can pass the proper form test as long
as it is able to be put into its standard form; however, an argument that explicitly took into
account third party causes will pass the proper form test to a higher degree. Similarly, we will
use a rough-and-ready distinction for how to decide whether arguments pass the true premises
test in exercises that are not actual cases taken from real sources: (a) silly cases invented just for
the exercises, (b) fictional cases in literature, or (c) plausible invented cases. Students will be told
that arguments with silly cases should be said to fail the true premises test. Arguments from
fictional cases pass the true premises test for the relevant audience. (For example, English
professors discussing a scene in a Jane Austen novel.). Arguments that are invented but plausible
would pass the true premises test if they were real arguments. For example, we have invented
statistical or causal arguments said to take place at Very Cool University. VCU is invented but if
students may encounter similar premises in actual cases in their lives, then they would evaluate
the argument as passing the true premises test.
EXERCISE 2.1 A
1. Passes both tests.

2. Premise (1) is false, so argument does not pass true premises test. If both premises were true,
the conclusion would follow, so the argument does pass the proper form test.
3. Fails both tests. Premises are false and irrelevant to conclusion.
5. Argument passes true premises test because both premises are true. They are just barely
relevant to the conclusion, in that they give evidence that some things can be recycled. But it is
not enough evidence to pass the proper form test very well, since the things in the conclusion are
not the same sort of materials as the things in the conclusion.
6. Fails the true premises test because premise (2) is false. The argument might pass the proper
form test if one assumes that there are two and only two genders (men and women). If one does
not make that assumption, then the first premise is a false dichotomy. (For more information
about false dichotomies, see Chapter Five.)
7. Fails both tests. There is no reason to believe that everyone likes any given food. The
argument fails the proper form test because, if the premises were true, then everyone would
already be buying pizza regularly, so no increase could occur. The premises, if true, would
actually provide evidence against the conclusion.
9. The argument passes the true premises test, but the argument does not do well on the proper
form test.
10. The argument fails the true premises test because both premises are false. IF they were true,
they would prove the conclusion, so this argument passes the proper form test.
11. Fails both tests. The first premise is false and the second premise is not knowable. The
reference in the two premises are different, so it is not clear that if you would be eaten, anyone
else and therefore any given “somebody” would be eaten, so the premises even if true, could not
prove the conclusion. The argument fails the proper form test.
13. We don’t know who the speaker is and the premise isn’t plausible. It is doubtful that most
people have seen the feet of 4,000 ducks. So the argument fails the true premises test. However,
if the speaker was a scientist who studied ducks, the argument would pass the true premises test.
If the premise is true, it would be evidence for the conclusion, so it also passes the proper form
test. Notice that webbed feet is not a matter of simple choice for ducks, like the color of a house
(in #12 above). So if 4,000 ducks have webbed feet, it is very likely they all do (barring injury or
deformity).
14. The argument passes the true premises test as both are uncontroversial empirical statements.
But the argument fails the proper form test because both premises are irrelevant to the
conclusion.
15. Only “you” will know if this argument passes the true premises test, since only you know
whether the premises are true or not. The argument passes the proper form test because it is a
valid deductive argument (it is called denying the consequent and will be introduced in Chapter
Five).
EXERCISE 2.1 B
Student answers will vary. The following are examples.
Example 1 Example 2
Fails true (1) All Italians talk with their (1) If you step on a crack, you’ll break
premise test hands. your mother’s back.
(2) Maria is Italian. (2) You stepped on a crack!
Therefore, Therefore,
(3) Maria talks with her hands. (3) Your mom’s back will break.
Fails proper (1) Maria is Italian. (1) If you step on a crack, you might
form test (2) Maria talks with her hands. trip.
Therefore, (2) You tripped.
(3) All Italians talk with their Therefore,
hands. (3) You stepped on a crack.
Fails both (1) All Italians talk with their (1) If you step on a crack, you’ll break
hands. your mother’s back.
(2) Maria talks with her hands. (2) Your mom had to go to the
Therefore, chiropractor today for a broken back.
(3) Maria is Italian. Therefore,
(3) You busted your mom’s back!
Fails neither (1)Maria is Italian. (1) If my mom hurts her back, she’ll
(2) Maria talks with her hands. go to the chiropractor.
Therefore, (2) My mom lifted a big box and
(3) Maria is a gesticulating Italian. threw out her back.
Therefore,
(3) She will go to see the chiropractor.
Student answers will vary. The following are examples.
Likely to be known by… Unlikely to be known by…

1 German Historical Society Ms. Smith’s Pre-school class
2 Chemistry 101 Class Amungme tribe of New Guinea
3 Griffith University Journal of Sociology Teenagers
editorial board
4 ETS senior management team Senior citizens who never had kids
5 Residents of Green Bay, Wisconsin British school children (for whom
football means soccer)
6 History of Modern Philosophy PhD Middle-schoolers
candidate pool
7 Mrs. Smith’s 5th grade class in Our Toddlers
Town, USA
8 Readers of Critical Thinking in College Flat Earth Society
textbook
9 Hyat’s immediate family NASCAR Members Club
10 College physics majors Little league baseball team
11 IT History Society Purple Hat Society
12 Real Estate Developers Cub Scout Troop 321
13 High school English Teachers Assn. Tiny tots swim team
14 U.S. Census Bureau Employees Icelandic Trappers
15 Audiology researchers Sponge Bob Square Pants Fan Club
EXERCISE 2.3 A, 2.3 B, 2.3 C
Student answers will vary.
EXERCISE 2.4
1. Form B.
2. Form D.
3. Form B.
5. Form C.
6. Form A.
7. Other form.
9. Other form.
10 Form B.
11. Other form.
13. Form D.
14. Form A.
15. Other form.
EXERCISE 2.5 A
1. Deductive and valid.

(1) If that is a cow, then I am a goat.
(2) It is a cow.
Therefore,
(3) I am a goat.
2. Inductive. One clue that the author does not intend the argument to be deductive is the
wording “I bet,” which usually indicates there is some chance involved.
(1) I called Joi and she said she was at the library.
Therefore,
(2) She is probably at the library.
3. Main and subarguments are both deductive and valid. The specific argument forms will be
introduced in Chapter Five.
(1) The syllabus says that you need to cite three sources.
[2] If you only cite one source, you have not cited three sources.
(3) You only cite one source.
Therefore,
[4] You have not cited three sources.
[1] You have not cited three sources.

[2] If you have not cited three sources, then you have not met the requirement.
Therefore,
[3] You have not met the requirement.
[1] You have not met the requirement.

[2] If you have not met the requirement, you will not get the grade you want.
Therefore,
(3) You won’t get the grade you want.
6. Deductive and valid. Specific argument form introduced in Chapter Five.

(1) Bret is either in class or in the rec center.
(2) Bret is not in class.
Therefore,
(3) Bret is in the rec center.
7. Not an argument. Instructions.

9. Deductive and sound.
(1) All human beings are mortal.
(2) Socrates was a human being.
Therefore,
(3) Socrates was mortal.
10. Deductive and valid, but not sound. The first premise is false. Some cars do not have
transmissions (they may have been stolen or taken out for repair)
(1) All cars have a transmission.
(2) Your car is a car.
Therefore,
(3)Your car has a transmission.
11. Inductive, strong and cogent, as long as you have in fact seen 500 cars. Because this
argument is inductive, it does not claim to guarantee the truth of the conclusion. Therefore, not
as much evidence is required from the premises as it would be in a deductive claim (like #10
above). When making a deductive claim, you must be sure that the premises will have enough
support to prove the conclusion every single time without exception. For inductive arguments,
you are only claiming that the premises are likely to prove the conclusion. Therefore, the fact
that there are probably some exceptions is not enough to completely weaken the argument.
(1) I have seen 500 cars.
(2) All 500 cars had transmissions.
Therefore,
(3)Your car probably has a transmission.
13. Deductive and valid. Two subarguments.

Subargument 1.
[1] Wisdom includes being correct in assessing what one knows.
(2) This man thinks he knows something he does not.
Therefore,
(3) This man is not wise.
Subargument 2.
(1) I Socrates know that I do not know anything.
Therefore,
(2) I am not incorrect in what I know.
Main Argument.
[1] Not being incorrect about lack of wisdom is wiser than not being wise at all.
Therefore,
(2) I Socrates am “a trifle” wiser than this man is.
14. Deductive and valid.

(1) The earth is either flat or spherical.
(2) If the earth is flat, it does not project a circular shadow on the moon during a lunar eclipse.
(3) If the earth is round, it projects a circular shadow on the moon during a lunar eclipse.
(4) The earth projects a circular shadow on the moon during a lunar eclipse.
Therefore,
(5) The earth is spherical.
15. Deductive and valid main argument plus two subarguments.

Subargument. Deductive
(1) The heart pumps 1/6 of an ounce of blood every time it pumps.
(2) The heart beats 1,000 times every half hour.
Therefore,
(3) The heart pumps 540 pounds of blood in a day.
Subargument. Inductive.
(1) If the blood is produced by the liver, the liver would have to produce 540 pounds a day.
(2) The liver does not produce 540 pounds of blood in a day.
Therefore,
(3) The blood is not produced by the liver.
Main Argument. Deductive.

(1) The blood is either produced by the liver or it circulates.
(2) The blood is not produced by the liver (conclusion to subargument above)
Therefore,
(3) The blood circulates.
EXERCISE 2.5 B
1.
(a)
(1) If the earth is made of mozzarella, then the moon is made of green cheese.
(2) The earth is made of mozzarella.
Therefore,
(3) The moon is made of green cheese.
(b)
(1) I have visited 2,000 celestial bodies and they were all made of green cheese.
Therefore,
(2) The moon is made of green cheese.
2.
(a)
(1) Martha Stewart is either a good cook or she is a Canadian.
(2) Martha Stewart is not a Canadian.
Therefore,
(3) Martha Stewart is a good cook.
(b)
(1) I ate dinner at Martha Stewart’s house every night for the past two weeks and every meal was
delicious.
Therefore,
(2) Martha Stewart is a good cook.
3.
(a)
(1) All jungles are places where it rains often.
(2) The Amazon jungle is a jungle.
Therefore,
(3) It often rains in the Amazon jungle.
(b)
(1) It has rained every day in the last month in the Amazon jungle.
Therefore,
(2) It often rains in the Amazon jungle.
5.
(a)
(1) If you are tired of waiting around for the thing to load, you should buy a new computer.
(2) You are tired of waiting around for the thing to load.
Therefore,
(3) You should buy a new computer.
(b)
(1) Your current computer is a wreck and you have lots of money.
Therefore,
(2) You should buy a new computer.
6.
(a)
(1) If my computer is neither white nor black but in between, then my computer is gray.
(2) My computer is neither white nor black but in between.
Therefore,
(3) My computer is gray.
(b)
(1) I checked out almost all of the computers in the other dorm rooms on my floor and they are
gray.
Therefore,
(2) My computer is gray.
7.
(a)
(1) If my watch says 5:40 pm and it is two minutes fast, then it must really be 5:42 pm.
(2) My watch does say 5:40 pm and it is two minutes fast.
Therefore,
(3) It is 5:42 pm.
(b)
(1) The clock on the wall says that it is 5:42 pm.
Therefore,
(2) It is 5:42 pm
9.
(a)
(1) Either the Atlanta Braves is a good baseball team or the Washington Nationals is a good
baseball team.
(2) The Washington Nationals is not a good baseball team.
Therefore,
(3) The Atlanta Braves is a good baseball team.
(b)
(1) The Atlanta Braves won the last ten games they played.
Therefore,
(2) The Atlanta Braves are a good baseball team.
10.
(a)
(1) I either like Coldplay or I like Polka music.
(2) I don’t like Polka music.
Therefore,
(3) I like Coldplay.
(b)
(1) I like rock bands.
(2) I like alternative bands.
(3) I like bands from England.
Therefore,
(4) I like Coldplay.
EXERCISE 2.5 C
(a) Deductive argument.

(b) Yes, it is relevant because the word ''All'' includes every single human without exception so
Socrates is also included in the group.
(c) The subargument is inductive.
(1) Everyone known to be a human being in the past was mortal.
(2) No one who was human was known to be immortal.
Therefore,
(3) All humans are mortal
EXERCISE 2.5 D
Using G for group and F for feature, let
G1 = Residents of the 4th Congressional District of our state
G2 = Residents who do not earn more than the minimum wage.
F1 = Will not be affected by the upcoming tax hike.
(1) All G1 have F1.

(2) All G2 have F1.
Therefore,
(3) All G1 are G2.
You can see that this argument about the residents does not pass the proper form test by
comparing it to the following argument:
(1) All college students attend classes and read books.
(2) All graduate students attend classes and read books.
Therefore,
(3) All college students are graduate students.
EXERCISE 2.5 E
Answered above in Exercise 2.5A
EXERCISE 2.6 A
1. Relevant, independent premise.

2. Irrelevant, independent premise.
6. Relevant, independent premises.
7. Irrelevant independent premise.
13. Relevant, independent premises.
EXERCISE 2.6 B
(1) Relevant since being in need of money might motivate one to go a place where there is a lot
of money like a bank.
(2) Not relevant since the crime is not similar.
(3) Not relevant since phrenology is a disproven “science.”
(4) Only relevant if the prior convictions were similar.
(5) Relevant since we are often influenced by those around us.
(6) Relevant but not much since there are many blue Fords.
(7) Relevant since there are probably not that many bank robbers that use a .22 pistol.
EXERCISE 2.7 A
1. Argument with relevant, dependent premises.

(1) Socrates was a human being.
(2) All human beings are mortal.
Therefore,
(3) Socrates was mortal.

(1) Transfatty acids lead to heart disease.
(2) Children shouldn’t be given foods that lead to heart disease.
Therefore,
(3) Children should not be given foods with transfatty acids.

(1) Rhianna is either a man or a woman.
(2) Rhianna is a man.
Therefore,
(3) Rhianna isn’t a woman.

(1) All cows are pigs.
(2) All pigs are ducks.
Therefore,
(3) All cows are ducks.

(1) If Reza had fallen, he would have a bump on his head.
(2) Reza didn’t have a bump on his head.
Therefore,
(3) Reza didn’t fall.
7. Main and Subargument with relevant, independent premises.

Subargument.
(1) The coffee cup was still warm.
(2) The newspaper was open on the dining room table.
(3) The microwave was heating up a frozen dinner.
[4] Each of these three scenes indicates someone was recently present in the room.
Therefore,
[5] If someone was recently in the room, he or she couldn’t have gone far.
Main argument.
(1) If someone was recently in the room, he or she couldn’t have gone far.
Therefore,
(2) The killer couldn’t have gone far
9. Not an argument.

(1) A survey indicated 26% of voters in favor of Smith.
(2) A slightly later survey indicated 23% of voters favored Smith.
Therefore,
(3) It is likely that about 25% of voters will favor Smith in the election.
11. Argument with relevant, independent premises.

(1) The Toyota has better mileage than the Honda.
(2) The Toyota costs less than the Honda.
(3) The Toyota has a better repair record than the Honda.
Therefore,
(4) You should buy the Toyota.
14. Argument with two irrelevant premises and one relevant independent premise.
(1) It was recorded that Christ chose only men for Apostles.
(2) The Catholic Church tradition is to imitate the Christ in choosing only men.
(3) The Catholic Church's authority has constantly held that the exclusion of women from the
priesthood is in accordance with God's plan for his Church.
Therefore,
(4) It is not admissible to ordain women to the priesthood of the Catholic Church.
15. Main and Subargument with relevant, independent premises.

Subargument.
[1] Religious texts are not always right.
[2] The age of a text is not relevant to its containing truth.
Therefore,
(3) There is no reason to trust religious texts.
Main Argument.
(1) The natural world can be explained without a divine being.
(2) There is no reason to trust religious texts (conclusion from first argument).
Therefore,
(3) Atheists have reasons that support their view.
EXERCISE 2.7 B
Answered above in Exercise 2.7 A.
EXERCISE 2.7 C
(a) Argument 1
(1) There is reddish dirt on your foot.
(2) Deep dirt has been overturned near the Wigmore post office recently.
(3) The dirt near the Wigmore post office is difficult to avoid when entering the post office.
(4) The dirt near the post office is a reddish kind that is only known by Holmes to be near the
post office (within the confines of the neighborhood).
Therefore,
(5) You were at the Wigmore Post-Office this morning.
Argument 2
(1) I sat next to you all morning and did not observe you writing a letter.
(2) I saw that you have enough stamps and postcards in your possession.
[3] The only reasons to go to the post office are to send a letter, buy stamps, buy postcards, or
dispatch a telegram.
(4) You went to the Post-Office today [this is (5) from first argument above].
Therefore,
(5) You dispatched a telegram today.
(b)
Argument 1 is inductive because it is possible that one could have avoided the red dirt, or that
the red dirt was from a different source.
Argument 2 is deductive because the unstated premises create a case where the conclusion must
be true if the premises are true.
(c)
Argument1
The first premise depends on any one of the other three. The other three are somewhat dependent
in that they have a cumulative effect that is greater than any one of them alone. However, as long
as premise one was joined with at least one of the other three, the argument would still be
somewhat strong, so that means there is some independent support for each of the second, third
and fourth premise.
Argument2
The premises are all dependent, as long as the unstated premise is accepted. It has a valid
argument form called Denying a Disjunct (that will be introduced in Chapter Five).
(d)
Argument 1
If we make the assumptions that Holmes is not a liar, this argument passes the True Premises
test. This inductive argument passes the proper form test, because if all the premises were true,
the conclusion would be very likely.
Argument 2
This argument does not do as well on the True Premises test. The unstated premise is clearly
assumed by Holmes, but it is not always true. Moreover, Watson may have reason to buy even
more postcards or stamps than Holmes thinks he needs and surely Watson could have penned his
letter the previous day and just gone to mail it today. However, this deductive argument does
pass the proper form test because it is valid. It is not sound because the unstated premise is not
necessarily true.
EXERCISE 2.8 A AND 2.8 B
EXERCISE 2.9 A
1. Appeal to Popularity.
3. Appeal to Tradition.
5. Easy Target.
6. Not an argument.
7. No Fallacy.
9. Two arguments. No fallacy.
11. Easy Target.
14. Appeal to Novelty.
15. Red Herring.
EXERCISE 2.9 B
EXERCISE 2.10
1. Appeal to Ignorance.
2. Appeal to Tradition.
3. Appeal to Fear.
5. No fallacy.
6. Not an argument.
7. Begging the Question.
9. Appeal to Pity.
10. Ad Hominem.
13. If taken as an argument with unstated premise, it would be an Appeal to Ignorance.
14. Appeal to Ignorance.
15. Begging the Question.
CHAPTER THREE
EXERCISE 3.1 A
1. Empirical.
2. Empirical.
3. Empirical.
5. Not empirical.
6. Empirical.
7. Empirical.
9. Not empirical. Definitional.
10. Not empirical.
11. Empirical.
15. Empirical.
EXERCISE 3.1 B
1. No.
2. No.
3. Yes.
5. No.
6. Yes.
7. No.
9. Can be assumed as an uncontroversially true definitional statement.
10. No.
11. Yes.
13. Yes.
14. No. Not a statement
15. No.
EXERCISE 3.1 C
1. Yes.
2. No.
3. Yes.
5. No.
6. No.
7. No.
9. No.
10. No.
11. Yes.
13. Yes.
14. Yes.
15. No.
EXERCISE 3.1 D
EXERCISE 3.1 E
Statements 2 and 3 are empirical.
EXERCISE 3.1 F
Premises 2, 3 and 4 are all statements based on evidence from experimental data from an expert
in a relevant field.
EXERCISE 3.2 A
1. No.
2. No.
3. Yes.
5. No.
6. No.
7. No.
9. Yes.
10. No.
11. No.
13. Yes.
14. Yes.
15. No.
EXERCISE 3.2 B
1. No.
2. No. Assumed as uncontroversially true empirical statement.
5. No
6. No.
7. No
9. Yes
10. No
13. No.
14. No.
15. No
EXERCISE 3.2 C
EXERCISE 3.2 D
1. Empirical. Would make a good premise.

2. Empirical. Testimonial. Would make a good premise.
3. Definitional. Would make a good premise.
5. Definitional. Would make a good premise.
6. Empirical. Testimonial. Would make a good premise.
Note: Due to a type setting error, what should have been numbered #7-10 below are numbered 1-
4 in the text.
[1] Definitional. Would make a good premise.
[2] Empirical. Would make a good premise.
EXERCISE 3.2 E
Statement [1] is a definition. Statements [2], [3], and [4] are empirical. All three empirical
statements are based on expert testimony, as indicated by the citation found in the citation index.
The claims are based on scientific experiments and reported in an academic journal. Therefore,
all four statements would make good premises.
EXERCISE 3.2 F
1. Two testimonial statements would make good premises because they appear to be plausible
empirical claims by a reliable expert.
2. Testimonial would make a good premise because it appears to be an uncontroversial
definitional claim by a reliable expert.
3. Testimonial would make a good premise because it appears to be a plausible empirical claim
by a reliable expert.
5. Empirical testimonial would make a good premise because it appears to be a plausible claim
by a reliable expert.
EXERCISE 3.3 A
1. The expert is CEO of Cooperative Grocers Association, Robyn Shrader, making claims about
the organic food market. Can be assumed as plausible from reliable expert.
2. The expert is an internal document of Georgia State University Police, stating the penalty for
employee drug use. Can be assumed as plausible from reliable expert.
3. Jason Stanley, Rutgers University professor, is making a plausible claim about a textbook. If it
is in his area of expertise he can be assumed, with some reservations as the language appears to
be exceptionally positive, as if approaching a marketing review as opposed to a direct evaluation,
especially since the remarks are claimed to be “from the student’s point of view,” when
presumably Stanley is not a student.
5. Donna Henderson-King, author of article in the academic Journal of Higher Education.
Plausible claims by reliable expert are assumable.
6. Checking the List of Citations in the back of this textbook, you will find that Kyriacos
Kareklas is the lead author of an article titled, “2013 Water-Induced Finger Wrinkles Improve
Handling of Wet Objects.” Published in an academic journal, Biology Letters. Assuming that the
journal and the biologist pass the five criteria for experts, this premise may be assumed as a
definition by an expert.
7. The author of this empirical statement is the biologist noted in #6 above. It is a plausible
empirical claim made by an expert so it may be assumed as a premise.
9. Aspirin users cannot be assumed to be reliable experts on acetylsalicylic acid, so the claim
should not assumed.
10. Pierre Bourdieu, 20th century French sociologist, was a reliable expert; however, his claim is
controversial, and so would not make a good assumable premise.
11. Raphael is the expert but since the claim is controversial it should not be assumed as a
premise.
13. Looking at the List of Citations in the back of this textbook, you will see the source for these
claims is Harvey Levenstein, “The Birth of Food Phobia: How industrialization, bad science and
middle-class paranoia made us irrationally terrified of contamination,” published at
www.salon.com/2012/03/24/the_birth_of_food_phobia/. If you go to the link, you will see that
Harvey Levenstein is professor emeritus of history at McMaster University in Hamilton, Ontario.
So you would assume these statements as plausible claims by an expert.
14. Alexandra Alter, reliable expert journalist reporting for The New York Times, makes
plausible claims about what Brad Feldman, company representative, said. That he made these
claims are assumable. However, the claims themselves (that people liked what they were
hearing) cannot be assumed because Feldman works for the company with a stake in that result.
His interpretation may be biased.
15. Same as #14. Journalist’s report is assumable. However, Alex Lundry, the person cited,
works for the company about which the claim is made. His claim should not be assumed.
EXERCISE 3.3 B
1. Would be a good premise. Uncontroversial empirical claim.

2. Would be a good premise. Plausible empirical claim by reliable expert journalist.
3. Would not be a good premise. The neighbor is not likely to be an expert on mortgages.
5. See above.
6. Would be a good premise. Plausible definitional claim made by reliable experts. The
definition is somewhat controversial since it is fairly new (2005), but it is acceptable as a
premise in an argument, since the majority of the expert astronomers in the society voted for the
new definition.
7. May or may not be a good premise. This empirical claim may be plausible or not depending
on what one knows about the capacity of the Hubble telescope’s range. If your research
determines that the Hubble telescope of powerful enough to see Pluto and the asteroid belt, you
could assume it as a premise.
9. Would be a good premise. Uncontroversial empirical claim given by an appropriate expert.
10. Would be a good premise. This is a definition that is easily verifiable.
11. Looking at the List of Citations in the back of this textbook you will find that the source for
this passage is Cahoon, Donald R. and others. “Mass Tree Mortality Leads to Mangrove Peat
Collapse at Bay Islands, Honduras after Hurricane Mitch.” The Journal of Ecology 91, no. 6
(2003): 1093–1105. Since it is an academic journal this would be a good premise because it is an
empirical claim made by an expert.
13. Would not be a good premise. This statement is very interesting but is too controversial to
assume, although it comes from a reliable expert. It is probably a conclusion.
14. May or may not be a good premise. Clooney’s claims could not be assumed on the basis of
his career (a movie and theatre actor); however, he did travel to the area with his journalist
father, so he may be somewhat of an expert on the problem. To that extent the claims are
assumable as expert testimony from a reliable source.
15. Would not be a good premise. Does not meet the criterion of having expertise in the relevant
field.
EXERCISE 3.3 C
George W. Rainbolt, Professor and Chair at Georgia State University, B.A. at Oberlin College,
Ph.D. at University of Arizona, Publications (Example): The Concept of Rights, Springer 2006,
Awards: Named the Outstanding Junior Faculty Member in the College of Arts and Sciences at
Georgia State University, 1997.
Sandra L. Dwyer: Senior Lecturer and Coordinator of Graduate Teaching at Georgia State
University, Ph.D. at Emory University, B.A at James Madison University, Conference
presentation (Example) “Is Hannah Arendt an Elitist,” Awards: Graduate Fellowship and Tuition
Scholarship, Emory University.
EXERCISE 3.3 D
Two Definitions
1. Part of the first sentence, that says, “a planet is a body that orbits a star, shines by reflecting
the star’s light and is larger than an asteroid” is a definition.
2. The part of the next to the last sentence, that says “a planet [is] an object that orbits a star, is
large enough to have settled into a round shape and crucially, ‘has cleared the neighborhood
around its orbit,’’ is a definition.
The rest of the sentences in the passage are all empirical statements.
EXERCISE 3.3 E
The two premises are assumable because they come from a reliable expert in a well-respected
journal article (Foreign Affairs). Note that the conclusion, (3), is a statement about what experts
believe. It is not a claim that what the experts believe is actually true.
EXERCISE 3.4 A
Weakest 5, 3, 1, 2, 4. Strongest
EXERCISE 3.4 B
1. Neither is warranted.
5. Scope is appropriate and strength is high but warranted.
9. Large scope and conclusion’s strength (probably “likely) is warranted.
EXERCISE 3.4 C
1. There is a missing premise: Selena Gomez is a two-footed animal.

2. Selena Gomez is a two-footed animal.
3. Student answers will vary.
5. a or b depending on your evaluation of the sample size.
6. a.
7. a.
9. b.
10. b.
11. a (of those studied).
13. a.
14. b.
15. b.
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cause o’t to ony man, though I whiles think it wad be naething to me,
that’s sae weel used till’t mysel.’
“‘Helen,’ said I, ‘when did Willie Meldrum find opportunities to
gain your heart? I never saw him in the house in my life.’
“‘Oh, sir!’ said she, ‘gin I could hae bidden in the house, he wad
never hae seen me either; but I was forced to walk out wi’ the bairns,
and there was nae place sae quiet and out o’ the gate, but Willie was
sure to find me out. If I gaed down the burn, Willie was aye fishing; if
I gaed up the loan, there was aye something to be dune about the
kye. At the kirk door, Willie was aye at hand to spier for your honour,
and gie the bairns posies; and after our sair distress, when I was little
out for mony a day, I couldna slip out ae moonlight night, to sit a
moment upon Jeanie’s grave, but Willie was there like a ghaist aside
me, and made my very heart loup to my mouth!’
“‘And do you return his good-will, Helen?’ said I, gravely.
“‘Oh, sir,’ said the poor thing, trembling, ‘I darena tell you a lie. I
tried to be as proud and as shy as a lassie should be to ane abune her
degree, and that might do sae muckle better, puir fallow! I tried to
look anither gate when I saw him, and mak mysel deaf when he
spoke o’ his love; but oh! his words were sae true and kindly, that I
doubt mine werena aye sae short and saucy as they sud hae been. It’s
hard for a tocherless, fatherless lassie to be cauldrife to the lad that
wad tak her to his heart and hame; but oh! it wad be harder still, if
she was to requite him wi’ a father’s curse! It’s ill eneuch to hae nae
parents o’ my ain, without makin’ mischief wi’ ither folk’s. The auld
man gets dourer and dourer ilka day, and the young ane dafter and
dafter—sae ye maun just send me aff the country to some decent
service, till Willie’s a free man, or a bridegroom.’
“‘My dear Helen,’ said I, ‘you are a good upright girl, and I will
forward your honest intentions. If it be God’s will that Willie and you
come together, the hearts of men are in His hand. If otherwise, yours
will never at least reproach you with bringing ruin on your lover’s
head.’
“So I sent Helen, Mr Francis, to my brother’s in the south country,
where she proved as great a blessing and as chief a favourite as she
had been with us. I saw her some months afterwards; and though her
bloom had not returned, she was tranquil and contented, as one who
has cast her lot into the lap of Heaven.
“Well, to make a long story short, Willie, though he was
unreasonable enough, good, worthy lad as he is, to take in dudgeon
Helen’s going away (though he might have guessed it was all for his
good), was too proud, or too constant, to say he would give her up, or
bind himself never to marry her, as his father insisted. So the old
man, one day, after a violent altercation, made his will, and left all
his hard-won siller to a rich brother in Liverpool, who neither
wanted nor deserved it. Willie, upon this quarrel, had left home very
unhappy, and stayed away some time, and during his absence old
Blinkbonnie was taken extremely ill. When he thought himself dying,
he sent for me (I had twice called in vain before), and you may be
sure I did my best not to let him depart in so unchristian a frame
towards his only child. I did not deny his right to advise his son in
the choice of a wife; but I told him he might search the world before
he found one more desirable than Helen, whose beauty and sense
would secure his son’s steadiness, and her frugality and sobriety
double his substance. I told him how she had turned a deaf ear to all
his son’s proposals of a clandestine marriage and made herself the
sacrifice to his own unjust and groundless prejudices. Dying men are
generally open to conviction; and I got a fresh will made in favour of
his son, with a full consent to his marriage honourably inserted
among its provisions. This he deposited with me, feeling no great
confidence in the lawyer who had made his previous settlement, and
desired me to produce it when he was gone.
“It so happened that I was called to a distance before his decease,
and did not return till some days after the funeral. Willie had flown
home on hearing of his father’s danger, and had the comfort to find
him completely softened, and to receive from his nearly speechless
parent many a silent demonstration of returned affection. It was,
therefore, a doubly severe shock to him, on opening the first will (the
only one forthcoming in my absence), to find himself cut off from
everything, except the joint lease of the farm, and instead of five
thousand pounds, not worth a shilling in the world. His first
exclamation, I was told, was, ‘It’s hard to get baith scorn and skaith—
to lose baith poor Helen and the gear. If I had lost it for her, they
might hae ta’en it that likit!’
“About a week after, I came home and found on my table a letter
from Helen. She had heard of Willie’s misfortune, and in a way the
most modest and engaging, expressed herself ready, if I thought it
would still be acceptable, to share his poverty and toil with him
through life. ‘I am weel used to work,’ said she, ‘and, but for you, wad
hae been weel used to want. If Willie will let me bear a share o’ his
burden, I trust in God we may warsle through thegither; and, to tell
you the truth,’ added she, with her usual honesty, ‘I wad rather
things were ordered as they are, than that Willie’s wealth should
shame my poverty.’
“I put this letter in one pocket, and his father’s will in the other,
and walked over to Blinkbonnie. Willie was working with the manly
resolution of one who has no other resource. I told him I was glad to
see him so little cast down.
“‘Sir,’ said he, ‘I’ll no say but I am vexed that my father gaed to his
grave wi’ a grudge against me, the mair sae, as when he squeezed my
hand on his death-bed I thought a’ was forgotten. But siller is but
warld’s gear, and I could thole the want o’t, an’ it had nae been for
Helen Ormiston, that I hoped to hae gotten to share it wi’ me. She
may sune do better now, wi’ that bonnie face and kind heart o’ hers!’
“‘It is indeed a kind heart, Willie,’ answered I: ‘if ever I doubted it,
this would have put me to shame!’——So saying, I reached him the
letter, and oh, that Helen could have seen the flush of grateful
surprise that crossed his manly brow as he read it! It passed away,
though, quickly, and he said, with a sigh, ‘Very kind, Mr Monteith,
and very like hersel; but I canna take advantage o’ an auld gude will,
now that I canna reward it as it deserves!’”
‘And what if ye could, Willie?’ said I, ‘as far, at least, as worldly
wealth can requite true affection? There is your father’s will, made
when it pleased God to touch his heart, and you are as rich a man as
you were when Helen Ormiston first refused to make you a beggar.’
“Willie was not insensible to this happy change in his prospects;
but his kind heart was chiefly soothed by his father’s altered feelings,
and at the honourable mention of Helen’s name he fairly began to
greet.
“The sequel is easily told; but I think the jaunt I made to
Tweeddale with Willie, to bring back Helen Ormiston in triumph,
was the proudest journey of my life.
“A year ago I married them at the manse, amid much joy, but
abundance of tears in the nursery. To-day, when, according to an old
promise, I am to christen my name-son Charlie, I expect to be fairly
deaved with the clamorous rejoicings of my young fry, who, I verily
believe, have not slept this week for thinking of it. But” (pulling out
his watch), “it is near four o’clock: sad quality hour for Blinkbonnie!
The hotch-potch will be turned into porridge, and the how-towdies
burnt to sticks, if we don’t make haste!”
I wish, my dear reader, you could see the farm of Blinkbonnie,

lying as it does on a gently sloping bank, sheltered from the north by
a wooded crag or knoll, flanked upon the east by a group of venerable
ashes, enlivened and perfumed on the west by a gay luxuriant
garden, and open on the south to such a sea-view, as none but
dwellers on the Firth of Forth have any idea of. Last Saturday, it was
the very beau ideal of rural comfort and serenity. The old trees were
reposing, after a course of somewhat boisterous weather, in all the
dignity and silence of years. The crows, their usual inhabitants,
having gone on their Highland excursion, those fantastic interlopers,
Helen’s peacocks (a present from the children at the manse), were
already preparing for their “siesta” on the topmost boughs. Beneath
the spreading branches the cows were dreaming delightfully, in
sweet oblivion of the heats of noon. In an adjoining paddock,
graceful foals, and awkward calves, indulged in their rival gambols;
while shrieks of joy from behind the garden hedge, told these were
not the only happy young things in creation.
We deposited our horses in a stable, to whose comforts they bore
testimony by an approving neigh, and made our way by a narrow
path, bordered with sweet-brier and woodbine, to the front of the
house. Its tall, good-looking young master came hastily to meet us,
and I would not have given his blushing welcome, and the bashful
scrape that accompanied it, for all the most elaborate courtesies of
Chesterfield.
No sooner were our footsteps heard approaching, than out poured
the minister’s whole family from the little honey-suckled porch, with
glowing faces and tangled hair, and frocks, probably white some
hours before, but which now claimed affinity with every bush in the
garden.
Mrs Monteith gently joined in the chorus of reproaches to papa for
being so late; but the look with which she was answered seemed to
satisfy her, as it usually did, that he could not be in fault. We were
then ushered into the parlour, whose substantial comforts, and
exquisite consistency, spoke volumes in favour of its mistress.
Opulence might be traced in the excellent quality of the homely
furniture—in the liberal display of antique china (particularly the
choice and curious christening-bowl)—but there was nothing
incongruous, nothing out of keeping, nothing to make you for a
moment mistake this first-rate farmhouse parlour for a clumsy, ill-
fancied drawing-room. A few pots of roses, a few shelves of books,
bore testimony to Helen’s taste and education; but there were
neither exotics nor romances in the collection; and the piece of
furniture evidently dearest in her eyes was the cradle, in which
reposed, amid all the din of this joyous occasion, the yet
unchristened hero of the day. It is time to speak of Helen herself, and
she was just what, from her story, I knew she must be. The actors, in
some striking drama of human life, often disappoint us by their utter
dissimilitude to the pictures of our mind’s eye, but Helen was
precisely the perfection of a gentle, modest, self-possessed Scottish
lassie,—the mind, in short, of Jeanie Deans, with the personal
advantages of poor Effie. Her dress was as suitable as anything else.
Her gown, white as snow, and her cap of the nicest materials, were
neither of them on the pattern of my lady’s; but they had a matronly
grace of their own, worth a thousand second-hand fashions; and
when Helen, having awakened her first-born, delivered him, with
sweet maternal solicitude, into the outstretched arms of the
minister’s proud and favoured youngest girl, I thought I never saw a
picture worthier the pencil of Correggio. It was completed, when,
bending in all the graceful awkwardness of a novice over the group,
Willie received his boy into his arms, and vowed before his pastor
and his God to discharge a parent’s duty, while a parent’s transport
sparkled in his eyes.
I have sat, as Shakspeare says, “at good men’s feasts ere now”—
have ate turtle at the lord mayor’s and venison at peers’ tables, and
soufflés at diplomatic dinners—have ate sturgeon at St Petersburg,
and mullet at Naples; mutton in Wales, and grouse in the Highlands;
roast-beef with John Bull, and volauxvents at Beauvilliers’; but I
have no hesitation in saying that the hotch-potch and how-towdies of
Blinkbonnie excelled them all. How far the happy human faces of all
ages round the table contributed to enhance the gusto, I do not
pretend to decide; but I can tell Mr Véry that, among all his
consommés, there is nothing like a judicious mixture of youth and
beauty, with manliness, integrity, and virtue.—Blackwood’s
Magazine.
A SCOTTISH GENTLEWOMAN OF THE LAST
CENTURY.
By Susan Edmonstone Ferrier.
“Though last, not least of nature’s works, I must now introduce

you to a friend of mine,” said Mr Douglas, as they bent their steps
towards the Castlehill of Edinburgh. “Mrs Violet Macshake is an aunt
of my mother’s, whom you must often have heard of, and the last
remaining branch of the noble race of Girnachgowl.”
“I am afraid she is rather a formidable person, then?” said Mary.
Her uncle hesitated.
“No, not formidable,—only rather particular, as all old people are;
but she is very good-hearted.”
“I understand; in other words, she is very disagreeable. All ill-
tempered people, I observe, have the character of being good-
hearted, or else all good-hearted people are ill-tempered—I can’t tell
which.”
“It is more than reputation with her,” said Mr Douglas, somewhat
angrily; “for she is, in reality, a very good-hearted woman, as I
experienced when a boy at college. Many a crown-piece and half-
guinea I used to get from her. Many a scold, to be sure, went along
with them; but that, I daresay, I deserved. Besides, she is very rich,
and I am her reputed heir; therefore gratitude and self-interest
combine to render her extremely amiable in my estimation.”
They had now reached the airy dwelling where Mrs Macshake
resided, and having rung, the door was at length most deliberately
opened by an ancient, sour-visaged, long-waisted female, who
ushered them into an apartment, the coup d’œil of which struck a
chill to Mary’s heart. It was a good-sized room, with a bare
sufficiency of small-legged dining-tables, and lank hair-cloth chairs,
ranged in high order round the walls. Although the season was
advanced, and the air piercing cold, the grate stood smiling in all the
charms of polished steel; and the mistress of the mansion was seated
by the side of it in an arm-chair, still in its summer position. She
appeared to have no other occupation than what her own
meditations afforded; for a single glance sufficed to show that not a
vestage of book or work was harboured there. She was a tall, large-
boned woman, whom even Time’s iron hand had scarcely bent, as
she merely stooped at the shoulders. She had a drooping snuffy nose,
a long turned-up chin, small, quick, gray eyes, and her face projected
far beyond her figure, with an expression of shrewd, restless
curiosity. She wore a mode (not a-la-mode) bonnet, and cardinal of
the same; a pair of clogs over her shoes, and black silk mittens on her
arms.
As soon as she recognized Mr Douglas, she welcomed him with
much cordiality, shook him long and heartily by the hand,—patted
him on the back,—looked into his face with much seeming
satisfaction; and, in short, gave all the demonstrations of gladness
usual with gentlewomen of a certain age. Her pleasure, however,
appeared to be rather an impromptu than a habitual feeling; for as
the surprise wore off, her visage resumed its harsh and sarcastic
expression, and she seemed eager to efface any agreeable impression
her reception might have excited.
“An’ wha thought o’ seein’ you e’noo?” said she, in a quick gabbling
voice; “what’s brought you to the toun? Are ye come to spend your
honest faither’s siller, ere he’s weel cauld in his grave, puir man?”
Mr Douglas explained, that it was upon account of his niece’s
health.
“Health!” repeated she, with a sardonic smile, “it wad mak a
howlet laugh to hear the wark that’s made about young fowk’s health
noo-a-days. I wonder what ye’re a’ made o’,” grasping Mary’s arm in
her great bony hand; “a wheen puir feckless windle-straes—ye maun
awa to England for yer healths. Set ye up! I wonder what came o’ the
lasses i’ my time, that but to bide hame? And whilk o’ ye, I sud like to
ken, will e’er live to see ninety-sax, like me?—Health! he! he!”
“You have not asked after any of your Glenfern friends,” said Mr
Douglas, hoping to touch a more sympathetic chord.
“Time eneugh—will ye let me draw my breath, man?—fowk canna
say a’ thing at ance. An’ ye but to hae an English wife, too?—A Scotch
lass wadna ser’ ye. An’ yer wean, I’se warran’, it’s ane o’ the warld’s
wonders—it’s been unco lang o’ comin’—he! he!”
“He has begun life under very melancholy auspices, poor fellow!”
said Mr Douglas, in allusion to his father’s death.
“An’ wha’s faut was that?—I ne’er heard tell the like o’t, to hae the
bairn kirsened an’ its grandfather deein’! But fowk are neither born,
nor kirsened, nor do they wad or dee as they used to do—a’thing’s
changed.”
“You must indeed have witnessed many changes,” observed Mr
Douglas, rather at a loss how to utter anything of a conciliatory
nature.
“Changes!—weel a wat, I sometimes wonder if it’s the same warld,
an’ if it’s my ain head that’s upon my shouthers.”
“But with these changes you must also have seen many
improvements?” said Mary, in a tone of diffidence.
“Impruvements!” turning sharply round upon her, “what ken ye
about impruvements, bairn? A bonnie impruvement to see tylors and
sclaters leevin’ whaur I mind Jukes and Yerls. An’ that great
glowerin’ New Town there,” pointing out of her windows, “whaur I
used to sit and look at bonnie green parks, and see the kye milket,
and the bits o’ bairnies rowin’ an’ tumblin’, an’ the lasses trampin’ in
their tubs;—what see I noo, but stane and lime, and stour and dirt,
and idle chiels, and dunket-out madams prancing.—Impruvements,
indeed!”
Here a long pinch of snuff caused a pause in the old lady’s
harangue; but after having duly wiped her nose with her coloured
handkerchief, and shook off all the particles that might be presumed
to have lodged upon her cardinal, she resumed:
“An’ nae word o’ ony o’ your sisters gaun to get men yet? They tell
me they’re but coorse lasses; an’ wha’ll tak ill-faured, tocherless
queans, when there’s walth o’ bonny faces an’ lang purses i’ the
market?—he, he!” Then resuming her scrutiny of Mary,—“An’ I’se
warran’ ye’ll be lookin’ for an English sweetheart too;—that’ll be
what’s takin’ ye awa to England!”
“On the contrary,” said Mr Douglas, seeing Mary was too much
frightened to answer for herself—“on the contrary, Mary declares she
will never marry any but a true Highlander—one who wears the dirk
and plaid, and has the ‘second sight.’ And the nuptials are to be
celebrated with all the pomp of feudal times; with bagpipes and
bonfires, and gatherings of clans, and roasted sheep, and barrels of
whisky, and”——
“Weel a wat an’ she’s i’ the right there,” interrupted Mrs
Mackshake, with more complacency than she had yet shown. “They
may ca’ them what they like, but there’s nae waddin’s noo. Wha’s the
better o’ them but innkeepers and chaise-drivers? I wadna count
mysel married i’ the hidlin’s way they gang aboot it noo.”
Mr Douglas, who was now rather tired of the old lady’s
reminiscences, availed himself of the opportunity of a fresh pinch to
rise and take leave.
“Ou, what’s takin’ ye awa, Archie, in sic a hurry? Sit doon there,”
laying her hand upon his arm, “an’ rest ye, and tak a glass o’ wine; or
maybe,” turning to Mary, “ye wad rather hae a drap broth to warm
ye. What gars ye look sae blae, my bairn? I’m sure it’s no cauld; but
ye’re just like the lave; ye gang a’ skiltin’ about the streets half-naked,
an’ then ye maun sit and birsle yersels afore the fire at hame.”
The wine being drunk, and the cookies discussed, Mr Douglas
made another attempt to withdraw, but in vain.
“Canna ye sit still a wee, man, an’ let me speir after my auld freens
at Glenfern? Hoo’s Grizzy, an’ Jacky, an’ Nicky?—aye working awa at
the pills and the drogs?—he, he! I ne’er swallowed a pill, nor gaed a
doit for drogs, a’ my days, an’ see an ony of them’ll run a race wi’ me
when they’re naur five score.”
Mr Douglas here paid her some compliments upon her
appearance, which were pretty well received; and added that he was
the bearer of a letter from his aunt Grizzy, which he would send
along with a roebuck and a brace of moor game.
“Gin your roebuck’s nae better than your last, atweel it’s no worth
the sending,—puir fushionless dirt, no worth the chewing; weel a
wat, I begrudged my teeth on’t. Your muirfowl was no that ill, but
they’re no worth the carrying; they’re dang cheap i’ the market e’noo,
so it’s nae great compliment. Gin ye had brought me a leg o’ good
mutton, or a caller sawmont, there would hae been some sense in’t;
but ye’re ane o’ the fowk that’ll ne’er harry yoursel wi’ your presents;
it’s but the pickle poother they cost you, an’ I’se warrant ye’re
thinking mair o’ your ain diversion than o’ my stamack when ye’re at
the shooting o’ them, puir beasts.”
Mr Douglas had borne the various indignities levelled against
himself and his family with a philosophy that had no parallel in his
life before; but to this attack upon his game he was not proof. His
colour rose, his eyes flashed fire, and something resembling an oath
burst from his lips, as he strode indignantly towards the door.
His friend, however, was too nimble for him. She stepped before
him, and breaking into a discordant laugh, as she patted him on the
back,—
“So, I see ye’re just the auld man, Archie,—aye ready to tak the
strumps, an ye dinna get a’thing yer ain way. Mony a time I had to
fleech ye oot o’ the dorts when ye was a callant. Div ye mind hoo ye
was affronted because I set ye doon to a cauld pigeon pie an’ a tanker
o’ tippenny, ae night to yer four-hours, afore some leddies? he, he,
he! Weel a wat, your wife maun hae her ain adoos to manage ye, for
ye’re a cumstarie chield, Archie.”
Mr Douglas still looked as if he was irresolute whether to laugh or
be angry.
“Come, come, sit ye doon there till I speak to this bairn,” said she,
as she pulled Mary into an adjoining bed-chamber, which wore the
same aspect of chilly neatness as the one they had quitted. Then
pulling a large bunch of keys from her pocket, she opened a drawer,
out of which she took a pair of diamond ear-rings.
“Hae, bairn,” said she, as she stuffed them into Mary’s hand; “they
belanged to your faither’s grandmother. She was a good woman, an’
had four and twenty sons and dochters, an’ I wuss ye nae waur fortin
than just to hae as mony. But mind ye,” shaking her bony finger,
“they maun a’ be Scots. Gin I thocht ye wad marry ony pock-puddin’,
fient hait wad ye gotten frae me. Noo, haud yer tongue, and dinna
deave me wi’ thanks,” almost pushing her into the parlour again;
“and sin’ ye’re gaun awa the morn, I’ll see nae mair o’ ye e’noo—so
fare ye weel. But, Archie, ye maun come an’ tak your breakfast wi’
me. I hae muckle to say to you;—but ye maunna be sae hard upon my
baps as ye used to be,” with a facetious grin to her mollified
favourite, as they shook hands and parted.—“Marriage: a Novel.”
THE FAITHLESS NURSE:
A LEGENDARY TALE OF THE GREAT
REBELLION.
Most of our readers who are citizens of “our own romantic town,”
are familiarly acquainted with the valley which, winding among the
Pentland Hills, forms the path by which the waters of Glencorse seek
their way to those of the more celebrated Esk. It has long been the
haunt of those “pilgrims of his genius” who loved to see with their
own eyes the sacred scene chosen by the Pastoral Poet of Scotland for
the display of lowly loves and rustic beauty; and it has now—alas the
day!—acquired attractions for spirits of a far different sort; and who
can see without a sigh the triumphs of art domineering over and
insulting the sweetest charms of nature? It is not, however, to visit
the stupendous and unseemly barrier which now chains up the gentle
waters of the burn, nor even to seek the summer-breathing spot
where Patie sung and Roger sighed, that we now request the
attendance of our readers; but simply to point out to their attention a
party of three individuals, who, on a still September evening, in the
memorable year 1644, might have been seen slowly riding up the
glen.
Two of the party were entitled in courtesy to be termed fair; but of
these twain, one would have been acknowledged lovely by the most
uncourteous boor that ever breathed. She had hardly reached the
earliest years of womanhood, ’tis true, and the peachy bloom that
mantled o’er her cheek showed as yet only the dawn of future
loveliness; but her fair brow, on which, contrary to the fashion—we
had almost said taste—of the times, her auburn locks danced
gracefully; the laughing lustre of her dark-blue eye, and the stinging
sweetness of her pouting lip, aided by an expression of indomitable
gentleness of heart and kindliness of manner, lent a witchery to her
countenance which few could gaze upon unmoved.
The other female had thrice the years of Lady Lilias Hay; but they
had not brought her one tithe of that maiden’s beauty, and what little
God had given her, she had, long ere the day we saw her first,
destroyed, by screwing her features into an unvarying cast of prim
solemnity, which, had she practised it, would have blighted the cheek
of Venus herself.
The “squire of dames” who accompanied the pair we have
described was also young, his chin as yet being guiltless of a hair. But
there was a firmness in his look, a dark something in his eye, that
bespoke his courage superior to his years; and a scar that trenched
his open brow showed that he had arrived at the daring, if not the
wisdom of manhood.
On the present occasion, however, it was not a feeling of
recklessness which characterised the demeanour of the youth. He
was thoughtful and abstracted, riding silently by the side of the
maiden, who more than once attempted to dispel the gloom which
hung over the gallant. It gave way, indeed, to the influence of her
gentle voice; but it was for a moment only, and the downcast eye and
contracted brow ever and anon returned when the accents of her
voice had ceased.
“Nay, prithee, cousin Maurice, do doff the visor of thy melancholy,
and let us behold thy merry heart unmasked. I could stake my little
jennet here to Elspeth’s favourite “baudrons,” that if Montrose
should meet thee in this moody temperament, he will rather promote
thee to a halter as a spy from the Committee of Estates, than to
honourable command befitting one who has bled beneath the eye,
and been knighted by the honour-giving hand of his royal master! Do
laugh with me a little.”
“Why, my dearest Lilias, you seem in higher spirits to-day than is
usual with you. Cannot the surety of our parting to-morrow, and the
uncertainty of our ever meeting again, throw even a passing cloud
over your gaiety?”
“Modestly put, my valiant cousin. I am well reminded of my
unbecoming conduct. It must, of course, be night with me when you,
bright sun of my happiness, shall have withdrawn your beams from
me.”
“Nay, banter me not, sweet Lily. Have you never known an hour
when the sweetest sights were irksome to the eye, and the softest
strains of music fell harshly on the ear?”
“Pshaw! if you will neither smile nor talk, of what use are you by a
lady’s side? What say you to a race? Yonder stands the kirk of Saint
Catherine. Will you try your roan that length? An you ride not so fast
now as you did from Cromwell at Longmarston Moor, I shall beat
you. Via!”
And so saying, the light-hearted girl gave rein to her snowy palfrey,
and flew up the glen toward the edifice she had mentioned, at a
speed which Maurice Ogilvy had some difficulty in equalling, and
which prevented him from overtaking her until she had reached the
gate.
All who have visited—and who has not?—Roslin’s “proud
chapelle,” are familiar with the legend of Sir William St Clair, and his
venturous boast to the Bruce, that he would find, on peril of his head,
a dog that would bring down the deer ere it could cross Glencorse
burn;—how the trusty hound did redeem his own credit and his
master’s life, by seizing the quarry in the very middle of the stream;—
and how, in gratitude to the gentle saint by whose intercession this
mighty feat was accomplished, he built a church on the bank of the
stream, and dedicated it to Saint Catherine of the Howe. This virgin
martyr was unfortunately no more successful than her sister saints in
protecting her mansions from the desolating zeal of the earlier
reformers. The church was destroyed by a fanatical mob, and nothing
now remains to record the kindness of Catherine, and the gratitude
of the “high Saint Clair,” but a few uneven grassy heaps of deeper
green than the surrounding verdure, and the name of the
neighbouring farm town, which is yet called Kirkton. At the time we
are at present writing of, however, the roofless walls of the building,
though gray with the ruin of a hundred years, were still almost
entire, and the cemetery then and long after continued to be used by
the neighbouring peasantry.
When Maurice reached the church, he found that the Lady Lilias
had dismounted. He too alighted, and sought her in the interior. She
was seated on a fallen stone, and the deep melancholy which now
shadowed her fair countenance was more in unison with the sombre
aspect of the place and of the hour, than he had expected to find it.
She arose at his approach, and addressed him.
“You have something to tell me, Maurice, and you wished to do it
alone. We have now an opportunity. What has befallen us?”
“Nay, fair Lily, why should you think so? Is not the thought that to-
morrow we must part of itself sufficient to dull my spirit and sadden
my countenance?”
“Pshaw! trifle not with me now. Your face has no secrets for one
who has conned its ill-favoured features so frequently as I have done.
Out with your secret! Elspeth will be with us forthwith.”
Maurice seemed for some moments undecided how he should act,
but at length, with a look of no little embarrassment, replied,—
“Sweet Lilias, you shall be obeyed. You can only laugh at me; and
thanks to your merry heart, that is a daily pastime of yours.”
“Nay, nay—say on; I will be as grave as Argyle.”
“Know then, that while I waited for you and Elspeth at the bottom
of the glen, a remarkable thing befell me. I had alighted, and while
Rupert was trying to pick a scanty meal among the bent, I flung
myself on the ground, and endeavoured to beguile the time by
thinking sometimes of you, and sometimes of King Charles.”
“How! sir cousin, I am not always the companion of your reveries,
it seems, then? Heigho! to think what a change a single day’s
matrimony has accomplished!”
“Ungenerous Lilias,” said Maurice, taking her hand, “listen to me.
Lifting my head accidentally, I was surprised to perceive a man and
woman walking away at some distance from me. The more
attentively I looked at these individuals, the more uneasy I became,
until my terror was completed by the figures slowly turning round
and presenting to me the identical features of you, dear Lilias, and
myself.”
“Maurice, Maurice! you amaze me!”
“Though fully aware of the unearthly nature of these appearances,
I could not resist the desire I felt of following them. I did so, tracing
their silent steps up the glen, until I saw them enter the churchyard
without. I hastened after, but when I too entered the cemetery, the
figures had disappeared!”
The lady’s cheek grew pale as she listened to this narration, for in
those days the belief in such prognostications was universal; and the
time of day when Maurice had seen the wraiths, their retiring
motion, and the fatal spot to which he had traced them, were all
indicative of fast approaching doom. She clung around her husband’s
neck for a few moments in silence, until the deep-seated conviction
of safety while with him, which forms so striking a characteristic of
feminine affection, revived her spirits; and though the tear still hung
on her silken eyelash as she looked up in his face, there was a languid
smile on her cheek as she said,—
“Beshrew you, Maurice, for frightening me so deeply on my
wedding-day! Could you find no other time than this to see bogles?”
“Well said, love,” answered Maurice, who felt no little alarm at
seeing the effect which his story had produced on his wife: “’twas
doubtless a mere delusion.”
“Even should it prove true,” replied Lilias, “we shall at least die
together; and there is a tranquillising influence in that thought,
Maurice, which would go far to make even death agreeable.”
“Let us leave this place,” said Maurice, after the emotion which so
bewitching a confusion excited had in some measure subsided; “I
fear Elspeth will miss us.”
“What then?”
“You know that I have ever distrusted that woman. She and I are
as different from each other as day from darkness. She is a staunch
Covenanter—I a graceless Cavalier. She rails at love-locks, love-
songs, and love-passages—I adore them all. She prays for
MacCallummore, and would fain see his bonnet nod above the crown
of King Charles, and the caps of his merry men;—I would rather see
his head frowning on the Netherbow Port. While she opposed my
suit to you, I only hated her; now that she connives at it—shall I
confess it to you?—I fear her.”
“Nay, now you are unjust. While in the lawful exercise of woman’s
just prerogative,—coquetry,—I seemed to balance the contending
claims of Sir Mungo Campbell and yourself for this poor hand,
Elspeth doubtlessly favoured the cause of her kinsman (all
Campbell’s being of course cousins); but our sovereign will once
unequivocally declared, she became all submission, and has not even
attempted to impugn the decision which we, somewhat foolishly
perhaps, have pronounced in your favour. Besides, Maurice,”
continued Lilias, leaving off the mock-heroic tone in which she had
hitherto spoken for one more akin to natural feeling, “Elspeth
Campbell was my nurse, has a mother’s affection for me, and
therefore would not, I am confident, engage in any scheme inimical
to my happiness.”
“Still she is a Covenanter, and a Campbell,” replied Maurice, “and
as such, her dearest wish, even for your own sake, must be to see you
the wife of him who is both the one and the other.”
“Well,” rejoined Lilias, colouring highly as she spoke, “that at least
you have put out of her power: and yet I regret that I trusted her not
in that matter. It was a secret for a woman, and a nursing mother.”
“Fear not, she shall know in time. I know, I feel it is unmanly, the
dread I entertain; but I cannot quell it. I wish we had not agreed to
make this Logan House the trysting-place of my gallant friends: my
father’s dwelling had been the safer place.”
“Yes; and so have set my worthy guardian, Gillespie Grumach, and
his obsequious friend Sir Mungo, on our track. Come, come, your
alarm is unbecoming. At dawn we leave Logan House. The madcap
disguise which you have prevailed on me to adopt will prevent any
recognition till you have consigned me to my noble kinswoman of
Huntly; and you—but I wrong you—fear not for yourself.”
“Kindly spoken, my love,—would to Heaven you indeed were in
Strathbogie, and I among the gallant Grahams! But here comes
Elspeth, looking as demure as if she were afraid that the idolatrous
sacrifice of the mass, like the leprosy of old, might still stick to those
time-worn walls, and infect her godly heart. Let us go.”
Lilias looked earnestly on the countenance of her nurse as they
met; for though she had not acknowledged so much to Maurice, her
heart had misgiven her as she listened to his discourse. Whether it
might proceed from the melancholy truth, that suspicion once
excited against an individual cannot be entirely quieted by any
innocence whatever, or whether the countenance of Elspeth really
afforded ground for the doubt of her mistress, we are unable to
determine, but certainly the latter imagined at least that she could
detect alarm, solicitude, and fear, lurking amid the apparent
placidity of her nurse’s features.
Nothing was said, however; and the party, remounting their
horses, shortly afterwards arrived at their destination for the night,
namely, the Peel or Tower of Logan House. This edifice, which
crowns the summit of a small knoll or brae on the northern side of
Glencorse water, was one of the many places built for the safety of
the population against any sudden but short-lived attack, and, from
the walls, which are still left, must have been of considerable
strength. It was, at the time we speak of, entire, and consisted of two
storeys; the lower being devoted to the accommodation of the
servants of the house, and that of the family bestial, while the upper
was divided into the few apartments then thought sufficient for the
accommodation of the gentles.
As they rode into the courtyard, Maurice was struck by the want of
attendance which the place betrayed. At that day the laudable
customs of the “queen’s old courtier” had not entirely gone into
desuetude, and every holding, however small, was filled with a
number of retainers, that in the present day would be deemed
excessive. At Logan House, however, things were very different. A
stripling—half-man, half-boy—seemed the only representative of
male vassalage, and the woman-servants, though more numerous,
did not amount to anything near the average number which in those
days divided amongst themselves, with commendable chariness, the
duties of a household.
The faggots, however, blazed cheerfully in the upper apartment,
and food and wine having been prepared in abundance, Maurice for
a moment forgot his suspicions, and Lilias regained her
sprightliness. They conversed gaily together of days gone by, and of
courts and masques and pageants which they had seen, to the
evident discomfort of Elspeth, who not only thought her presence
becoming in her character of nurse, but somewhat necessary in the
existing condition, as she imagined, of the youthful pair. Maurice
soon saw her uneasiness, and wickedly resolved to make it a means
of pastime to himself and Lilias.
“Do you recollect, sweet Lily, when the good King Charles kissed
your cheek in Holyroodhouse, and vowed, on a king’s word, to find a
husband for you?”
“I do; and how a malapert page sounded in my ear that he would
save his Majesty the trouble.”
“And have I not kept my word—ha, lady mine? The great Argyle
and all his men will hardly, I think, undo the links that bind us to
each other;” and inspired, as it seemed, by the pleasant thought, the
youth took the lady’s hand in his, and pressed it warmly and
frequently to his lips.
Elspeth looked on in amazement at the familiarity of intercourse in
which the lady indulged her cousin, and which was equally
repugnant to her natural and acquired feelings on the subject.
“Pshaw! you foolish man, desist!” cried Lilias, blushing and
laughing at the same time, when Maurice attempted to substitute her
rosy lips for the hand he had been so fervently kissing. “What will
Elspeth think?”
“Think, Lady Lilias!” said Elspeth bitterly; “think! I cannot think;
but I can feel for the impropriety—the sinful levity—into which, for
the first time, I see my mistress fallen.”
The fair neck of Lilias crimsoned as she listened to the taunt. For a
moment a frown gathered on her brow, before which the nurse’s
countenance fell; but it died away in a moment, and, with a
beseeching smile, which lay nestled among rosy blushes, she
stretched out her hand and said,—
“Forgive me, Elspeth, we are married!”
This brief annunciation had a striking effect on the individual to
whom it was addressed. She clasped together her withered hands,
and continued for a few moments gazing wildly in the faces of the
startled pair, seemingly anxious to discover there some contradiction
of what she had just heard; and then uttering a loud long shriek,
dashed her face against the wooden board, and groaned audibly.
The terrified Lilias tried to raise the old woman’s head from the
table, but she for some time resisted the kindly effort. At length,
raising her pale and now haggard features to those of the lady, she
exclaimed,—
“Unsay, child of my affection, the dreadful tidings you have told;—
tell me not that I have murdered the daughter of my mistress. Often
when the taish was on me have I seen the dirk in your bosom. Little

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Solution Manual for Critical Thinking

The Art of Argument, 2nd Edition

Solution Manual for Art of Thinking, The: A Guide to

Test Bank for The Art of Reasoning An Introduction to

Solution Manual for Understanding the Essentials of

Test Bank for Critical Thinking 12th Edition

Test Bank for Critical Thinking A Users Manual, 1st

Solution Manual for Introductory Chemistry: Concepts

Medical-Surgical Nursing: Critical Thinking for

Solution Manual for Understanding the Essentials of

(1) It is a steep hill.

(1) You don’t care about my heart.

(1) You have a heart condition.

4. See Answers to Selected Exercises.

8. See Answers to Selected Exercises.

15. Two arguments:

(1) The distribution of colors will look different with my movement.

(1) There are economic benefits to gun sales.

4. See Answers to Selected Exercises..

8. See Answers to Selected Exercises.

10. Two arguments

11. Not an argument.

12. See Answers to Selected Exercises.

14. There are two arguments in this passage.

1. Unstated premise. Suicides are undesirable.

3. Unstated conclusion. A single-payer health care system would be bad.

4. See Answers to Selected Exercises.

5. Unstated conclusion. She did not take Bio 101.

7. All premises and conclusions are stated.

8. See Answers to Selected Exercises.

10. Two unstated premises and an unstated conclusion.

11. One unstated premise and unstated conclusion.

12. See Answers to Selected Exercises.

13. Two unstated premises.

14. All premises and conclusions are stated.

1. See Answers to Selected Exercises.

2. Not an argument. Description.

4. See Answers to Selected Exercises.

5. Not an argument. Question.

6. Not an argument. Assertion.

8. See Answers to Selected Exercises.

10. Not an argument. Description.

12. See Answers to Selected Exercises.

3. Argument against an explanation.

4. See Answers to Selected Exercises.

5. Neither an argument nor an explanation.

6. Neither an argument nor an explanation.

8. See Answers to Selected Exercises.

12. See Answers to Selected Exercises.

(1) We have to learn not to interrupt.

15. No argument and no explanation. Just an announcement.

EXERCISE 1.6 A AND 1.6 B

4. See Answers to Selected Exercises.

8. See Answers to Selected Exercises.

10. Not an argument. There is a set of descriptions.

12. See Answers to Selected Exercises.

15. Mr. Logan’s argument:

The Court’s argument