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Lifespan Development 10th Edition


John Santrock
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D. 131

APA Outcome: 1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology's content domains


Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember
Difficulty Level: Basic
Gradable: automatic
Page: 4
Learning Objective: Discuss the distinctive features of a life-span perspective on development.
Topic: Characteristics of Life-Span Perspective

5. Although the maximum life span of humans has not changed, during the twentieth century life expectancy
A. in the United States increased by 15 years.
B. in the world increased by 15 years.
C. in the United States increased by 30 years.
D. in the world increased by 30 years.

APA Outcome: 1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology's content domains


Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember
Difficulty Level: Basic
Gradable: automatic
Page: 4
Learning Objective: Discuss the distinctive features of a life-span perspective on development.
Topic: Characteristics of Life-Span Perspective

6. According to life-span development expert Paul Baltes, which age period dominates development?
A. infancy to childhood
B. adolescence to early adulthood
C. middle-aged to late adulthood
D. No single age group dominates development.

APA Outcome: 1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology's content domains


Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember
Difficulty Level: Basic
Gradable: automatic
Page: 5
Learning Objective: Discuss the distinctive features of a life-span perspective on development.
Topic: Characteristics of Life-Span Perspective

7. Diana feels that her human development course overemphasizes the changes that occur from birth to adolescence and disregards the developmental
issues of adulthood. Which developmental perspective would address her concerns?
A. ethological
B. traditional
C. ecological
D. life-span

APA Outcome: 1.3: Describe applications of psychology


Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom's Taxonomy: Apply
Difficulty Level: Moderate
Gradable: automatic
Page: 5
Learning Objective: Discuss the distinctive features of a life-span perspective on development.
Topic: Characteristics of Life-Span Perspective

8. Some professors want to teach about the life-span approach in a human development course, whereas others want to keep the traditional
developmental approach. They disagree most centrally about
A. the multidimensional nature of development.
B. whether development is multidirectional.
C. whether development is lifelong.
D. the plasticity of development.

APA Outcome: 1.3: Describe applications of psychology


Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom's Taxonomy: Apply
Difficulty Level: Moderate
Gradable: automatic
1-2
Copyright © 2020 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of
McGraw-Hill Education.
Page: 4-5
Learning Objective: Discuss the distinctive features of a life-span perspective on development.
Topic: Characteristics of Life-Span Perspective

9. Baltes describes development as multidirectional. What does this mean?


A. Development consists of biological, cognitive, and socioemotional dimensions.
B. Development is not dominated by any single age period.
C. Psychologists, sociologists, biologists, and neuroscientists working together are needed to unlock the mysteries of development.
D. Development is characterized by the expansion of some dimensions and the shrinking of others.

APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom's Taxonomy: Understand
Difficulty Level: Moderate
Gradable: automatic
Page: 5
Learning Objective: Discuss the distinctive features of a life-span perspective on development.
Topic: Characteristics of Life-Span Perspective

10. Kathy believes that life-span development cannot be studied without considering biological, social, and cognitive aspects. Kathy believes that
development is
A. multidirectional.
B. plastic.
C. multidimensional.
D. lifelong.

APA Outcome: 1.3: Describe applications of psychology


Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom's Taxonomy: Apply
Difficulty Level: Moderate
Gradable: automatic
Page: 5
Learning Objective: Discuss the distinctive features of a life-span perspective on development.
Topic: Characteristics of Life-Span Perspective

11. Researchers increasingly study the development of adulthood. This implies that development is
A. multidirectional.
B. multidisciplinary.
C. lifelong.
D. contextual.

APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom's Taxonomy: Understand
Difficulty Level: Basic
Gradable: automatic
Page: 5
Learning Objective: Discuss the distinctive features of a life-span perspective on development.
Topic: Characteristics of Life-Span Perspective

12. Which of the following is NOT among Paul Baltes' characteristics of the life-span perspective on development?
A. contextual
B. plastic
C. lifelong
D. unidirectional

APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember
Difficulty Level: Basic
Gradable: automatic
Page: 5-6
Learning Objective: Discuss the distinctive features of a life-span perspective on development.
Topic: Characteristics of Life-Span Perspective

13. The capacity for acquiring second and third languages decreases after early childhood, whereas experiential wisdom increases with age. This is an
example of how development is
A. lifelong.
B. contextual.
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Copyright © 2020 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of
McGraw-Hill Education.
C. multidisciplinary.
D. multidirectional.

APA Outcome: 1.3: Describe applications of psychology


Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom's Taxonomy: Apply
Difficulty Level: Moderate
Gradable: automatic
Page: 5
Learning Objective: Discuss the distinctive features of a life-span perspective on development.
Topic: Characteristics of Life-Span Perspective

14. Which of the following is an example of how development is contextual?


A. Intelligence may be studied by looking at genetics, anthropology, sociology, and other disciplines.
B. Reasoning ability is biologically finite and cannot be improved through retraining.
C. Older adults call on experience to guide their decision making.
D. Parents in the United States are more likely to rear children to be independent than parents in Japan.

APA Outcome: 1.3: Describe applications of psychology


Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom's Taxonomy: Understand
Difficulty Level: Moderate
Gradable: automatic
Page: 6
Learning Objective: Discuss the distinctive features of a life-span perspective on development.
Topic: Characteristics of Life-Span Perspective

15. In the United States, most individuals begin school around age 5, whereas in Australia they start at 3. This is an illustration of how development
is
A. multidirectional.
B. multidisciplinary.
C. lifelong.
D. contextual.

APA Outcome: 1.3: Describe applications of psychology


Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom's Taxonomy: Apply
Difficulty Level: Moderate
Gradable: automatic
Page: 6
Learning Objective: Discuss the distinctive features of a life-span perspective on development.
Topic: Characteristics of Life-Span Perspective

16. Normative age-graded influences, normative history-graded influences, and nonnormative life events are all ways in which development can be
classified as
A. multidirectional.
B. plastic.
C. multidimensional.
D. contextual.

APA Outcome: 1.3: Describe applications of psychology


Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember
Difficulty Level: Basic
Gradable: automatic
Page: 6
Learning Objective: Discuss the distinctive features of a life-span perspective on development.
Topic: Characteristics of Life-Span Perspective

17. Anna attributes her thriftiness to having been raised during the Great Depression. This is an example of a
A. nonnormative age-graded influence.
B. normative age-graded influence.
C. normative history-graded influence.
D. nonnormative life event.

APA Outcome: 1.3: Describe applications of psychology


Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom's Taxonomy: Apply
Difficulty Level: Moderate
1-4
Copyright © 2020 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of
McGraw-Hill Education.
Gradable: automatic
Page: 6
Learning Objective: Discuss the distinctive features of a life-span perspective on development.
Topic: Characteristics of Life-Span Perspective

18. The fact that I use email virtually every day and my mother has never sent or received an email is an example of a difference in
A. normative age-graded influences.
B. nonnormative age-graded influence.
C. normative history-graded influences.
D. nonnormative life events.

APA Outcome: 1.3: Describe applications of psychology


Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom's Taxonomy: Understand
Difficulty Level: Moderate
Gradable: automatic
Page: 6
Learning Objective: Discuss the distinctive features of a life-span perspective on development.
Topic: Characteristics of Life-Span Perspective

19. Biological processes such as puberty and menopause are


A. nonnormative life events.
B. normative contextual influences.
C. normative age-graded influences.
D. normative history-graded influences.

APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom's Taxonomy: Understand
Difficulty Level: Basic
Gradable: automatic
Page: 6
Learning Objective: Discuss the distinctive features of a life-span perspective on development.
Topic: Characteristics of Life-Span Perspective

20. Neleh was on a popular reality TV show and got widespread exposure. This is an example of a
A. normative history-graded influence.
B. normative contextual influence.
C. nonnormative life event.
D. normative age-graded influence.

APA Outcome: 1.3: Describe applications of psychology


Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom's Taxonomy: Apply
Difficulty Level: Difficult
Gradable: automatic
Page: 6
Learning Objective: Discuss the distinctive features of a life-span perspective on development.
Topic: Characteristics of Life-Span Perspective

21. Lauro is 83 years old. Much of his development will now focus on
A. maintenance and regulation of loss.
B. increasing plasticity.
C. growth and regulation of loss.
D. growth and maintenance.

APA Outcome: 1.3: Describe applications of psychology


Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom's Taxonomy: Apply
Difficulty Level: Basic
Gradable: automatic
Page: 6
Learning Objective: Discuss the distinctive features of a life-span perspective on development.
Topic: Characteristics of Life-Span Perspective

22. Contemporary concerns for researchers using the life-span perspective include
A. health and well-being issues.
B. parenting and education issues.
C. sociocultural, ethnicity, gender, and policy issues.
1-5
Copyright © 2020 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of
McGraw-Hill Education.
D. All answer choices are correct.

APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember
Difficulty Level: Basic
Gradable: automatic
Page: 7-8
Learning Objective: Discuss the distinctive features of a life-span perspective on development.
Topic: Contemporary Concerns

23. Of special consideration for social policy intervention are children who grow up
A. in poverty.
B. in very rural or very urban environments.
C. in single-parent homes.
D. as part of a minority group.

APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember
Difficulty Level: Basic
Gradable: automatic
Page: 10
Learning Objective: Discuss the distinctive features of a life-span perspective on development.
Topic: Contemporary Concerns

24. Children living in poverty are more likely to


A. be separated from a parent.
B. be exposed to violence.
C. be exposed to family turmoil.
D. experience all these situations.

APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember
Difficulty Level: Moderate
Gradable: automatic
Page: 10
Learning Objective: Discuss the distinctive features of a life-span perspective on development.
Topic: Contemporary Concerns

25. The U.S. percentage of children living in poverty is


A. the lowest among the industrial countries.
B. almost twice that of Canada.
C. only half that of some other industrialized nations.
D. not high enough to draw people’s concerns.

APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember
Difficulty Level: Basic
Gradable: automatic
Page: 10
Learning Objective: Discuss the distinctive features of a life-span perspective on development.
Topic: Contemporary Concerns

26. A primary concern in relation to social policy for older adults is


A. the increase in elder abuse.
B. access to health care and personal support.
C. negative public attitudes and prejudices.
D. the need for funding public pensions.

APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember
Difficulty Level: Basic
Gradable: automatic
Page: 10
Learning Objective: Discuss the distinctive features of a life-span perspective on development.

1-6
Copyright © 2020 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of
McGraw-Hill Education.
Topic: Contemporary Concerns

27. At age 3, Jillian is beginning to engage her imagination. This is the __________ process of Jillian's life-span development.
A. socioemotional
B. cognitive
C. biological
D. ecological

APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom's Taxonomy: Apply
Difficulty Level: Moderate
Gradable: automatic
Page: 13
Learning Objective: Identify the most important processes, periods, and issues in development.
Topic: Cognitive Processes

28. Diego feels a strong happiness that he never had before as he holds his newborn child. This signifies development in the __________ process.
A. neurological
B. biological
C. cognitive
D. socioemotional

APA Outcome: 1.3: Describe applications of psychology


Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom's Taxonomy: Apply
Difficulty Level: Moderate
Gradable: automatic
Page: 13
Learning Objective: Identify the most important processes, periods, and issues in development.
Topic: Socioemotional Processes

29. Doctors measure and chart a baby's height, weight, and head growth at each medical checkup. What processes are being tracked?
A. abstract
B. cognitive
C. socioemotional
D. biological

APA Outcome: 1.3: Describe applications of psychology


Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom's Taxonomy: Apply
Difficulty Level: Moderate
Gradable: automatic
Page: 13
Learning Objective: Identify the most important processes, periods, and issues in development.
Topic: Biological Processes

30. Which of the following statements best describes the relationship between biological, cognitive, and socioemotional development?
A. Social development is independent of biological and cognitive development.
B. Cognitive development sets the upper limits for biological and social development.
C. These processes develop independently of one another.
D. The development of these processes is intricately interwoven.

APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom's Taxonomy: Understand
Difficulty Level: Difficult
Gradable: automatic
Page: 13
Learning Objective: Identify the most important processes, periods, and issues in development.
Topic: Biological Processes

31. The developmental period during which a being grows from a single cell to an organism complete with brain and behavioral capabilities in 9
months is called
A. middle childhood.
B. infancy.
C. early childhood.
D. prenatal.
1-7
Copyright © 2020 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of
McGraw-Hill Education.
APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember
Difficulty Level: Basic
Gradable: automatic
Page: 13
Learning Objective: Identify the most important processes, periods, and issues in development.
Topic: Periods of Development

32. Children in preschool years become more self-sufficient and can care for themselves. What period of development are they in?
A. prenatal
B. infancy
C. early childhood
D. middle/late childhood

APA Outcome: 1.3: Describe applications of psychology


Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom's Taxonomy: Apply
Difficulty Level: Moderate
Gradable: automatic
Page: 13
Learning Objective: Identify the most important processes, periods, and issues in development.
Topic: Periods of Development

33. Alec is almost completely dependent on his parents and is beginning to develop his language and sensorimotor coordination. What period of
development is he most likely in?
A. prenatal
B. infancy
C. early childhood
D. middle/late childhood

APA Outcome: 1.3: Describe applications of psychology


Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom's Taxonomy: Apply
Difficulty Level: Moderate
Gradable: automatic
Page: 13
Learning Objective: Identify the most important processes, periods, and issues in development.
Topic: Periods of Development

34. The period of early childhood typically ends when the child
A. is toilet trained.
B. has mastered reading, writing, and arithmetic.
C. starts first grade.
D. learns to dress.

APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember
Difficulty Level: Basic
Gradable: automatic
Page: 13
Learning Objective: Identify the most important processes, periods, and issues in development.
Topic: Periods of Development

35. Jen has mastered the fundamental skills of how to read and write. She is mostly likely in what stage of development?
A. late childhood
B. middle childhood
C. primary years
D. adolescence

APA Outcome: 1.3: Describe applications of psychology


Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom's Taxonomy: Apply
Difficulty Level: Moderate
Gradable: automatic
Page: 14

1-8
Copyright © 2020 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of
McGraw-Hill Education.
Learning Objective: Identify the most important processes, periods, and issues in development.
Topic: Periods of Development

36. Most traditional undergraduate college students are experiencing which of the following developmental periods?
A. late childhood
B. emerging adulthood
C. middle adulthood
D. late adulthood

APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember
Difficulty Level: Moderate
Gradable: automatic
Page: 14
Learning Objective: Identify the most important processes, periods, and issues in development.
Topic: Periods of Development

37. Paulo is struggling to handle his first professional job and a new marriage while becoming more independent and responsible. What period of
development is he most likely in?
A. late childhood
B. adolescence
C. early adulthood
D. middle adulthood

APA Outcome: 1.3: Describe applications of psychology


Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom's Taxonomy: Apply
Difficulty Level: Difficult
Gradable: automatic
Page: 15
Learning Objective: Identify the most important processes, periods, and issues in development.
Topic: Periods of Development

38. Len feels greatly contented in his career. He has more time to spend with his family, contribute to community activities, and mentor young
people. What period of development is he most likely in?
A. late adulthood
B. stability and regulation
C. early adulthood
D. middle adulthood

APA Outcome: 1.3: Describe applications of psychology


Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom's Taxonomy: Apply
Difficulty Level: Moderate
Gradable: automatic
Page: 15
Learning Objective: Identify the most important processes, periods, and issues in development.
Topic: Periods of Development

39. Margaret spends a lot of time thinking about the choices she has made in her life and the events she has witnessed; however, she needs to pay
more attention to her health condition. Margaret is most likely in
A. late adolescence.
B. early adulthood.
C. middle adulthood.
D. late adulthood.

APA Outcome: 1.3: Describe applications of psychology


Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom's Taxonomy: Apply
Difficulty Level: Moderate
Gradable: automatic
Page: 15
Learning Objective: Identify the most important processes, periods, and issues in development.
Topic: Periods of Development

40. At which of the following ages did the highest percentage of people (in the United States) report that they were happy?
A. 19 years

1-9
Copyright © 2020 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of
McGraw-Hill Education.
B. 23 years
C. 42 years
D. 88 years

APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember
Difficulty Level: Basic
Gradable: automatic
Page: 15
Learning Objective: Identify the most important processes, periods, and issues in development.
Topic: Age and Happiness

41. On average, at what age do people enter the "oldest old" age group, as classified by Paul Baltes and Jacqui Smith?
A. 50 years
B. 65 years
C. 75 years
D. 85 years

APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember
Difficulty Level: Basic
Gradable: automatic
Page: 15
Learning Objective: Identify the most important processes, periods, and issues in development.
Topic: Periods of Development

42. What developmental period (as determined by Paul Baltes and Jacqui Smith) is marked by sizeable losses in cognitive potential, chronic stress,
and frailty?
A. middle adulthood
B. late adulthood
C. young old
D. oldest old

APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember
Difficulty Level: Basic
Gradable: automatic
Page: 15
Learning Objective: Identify the most important processes, periods, and issues in development.
Topic: Periods of Development

43. Each fall, the choir teacher faces the task of retraining the deepening voices of some of his male students. What period of development are these
students most likely in?
A. middle childhood
B. late childhood
C. adolescence
D. young adulthood

APA Outcome: 1.3: Describe applications of psychology


Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom's Taxonomy: Apply
Difficulty Level: Moderate
Gradable: automatic
Page: 14
Learning Objective: Identify the most important processes, periods, and issues in development.
Topic: Periods of Development

44. Leo is 65 years old. He is coping well with his change of lifestyle and is highly motivated to learn new things. Leo is young in his __________
age.
A. social
B. chronological
C. biological
D. psychological

APA Outcome: 1.3: Describe applications of psychology

1-10
Copyright © 2020 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of
McGraw-Hill Education.
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom's Taxonomy: Apply
Difficulty Level: Moderate
Gradable: automatic
Page: 17
Learning Objective: Identify the most important processes, periods, and issues in development.
Topic: Conceptions of Age

45. Which of the following is NOT one of the conceptions of age as described in the text?
A. biological age
B. psychological age
C. cardiovascular age
D. social age

APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember
Difficulty Level: Basic
Gradable: automatic
Page: 17
Learning Objective: Identify the most important processes, periods, and issues in development.
Topic: Conceptions of Age

46. Becoming a grandmother is an example of __________ age.


A. cognitive
B. psychological
C. social
D. biological

APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom's Taxonomy: Understand
Difficulty Level: Basic
Gradable: automatic
Page: 17-18
Learning Objective: Identify the most important processes, periods, and issues in development.
Topic: Conceptions of Age

47. The functional capacities of a person's vital organ system indicate __________ age.
A. psychological
B. chronological
C. social
D. biological

APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember
Difficulty Level: Basic
Gradable: automatic
Page: 17
Learning Objective: Identify the most important processes, periods, and issues in development.
Topic: Conceptions of Age

48. Jerry is 60 years old. He has strong muscles, excellent lung capacity, and very high cardiovascular health. Jerry is relatively young in his
__________ age.
A. social
B. biological
C. chronological
D. psychological

APA Outcome: 1.3: Describe applications of psychology


Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom's Taxonomy: Apply
Difficulty Level: Moderate
Gradable: automatic
Page: 17
Learning Objective: Identify the most important processes, periods, and issues in development.
Topic: Conceptions of Age

1-11
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McGraw-Hill Education.
49. A person's adaptive capacities compared with those of other individuals of the same chronological age are reflected in his or her __________ age.
A. psychological
B. coping
C. biological
D. social

APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember
Difficulty Level: Basic
Gradable: automatic
Page: 17
Learning Objective: Identify the most important processes, periods, and issues in development.
Topic: Conceptions of Age

50. Brent has a son diagnosed with ADHD and believes that this is primarily due to genetics, given that Brent's father had ADHD as well. Brent most
likely believes that ADHD is primarily influenced by
A. continuity.
B. nurture.
C. nature.
D. stability.

APA Outcome: 1.3: Describe applications of psychology


Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom's Taxonomy: Apply
Difficulty Level: Moderate
Gradable: automatic
Page: 18
Learning Objective: Identify the most important processes, periods, and issues in development.
Topic: Nature and Nurture

51. In the nature/nurture debate, one's __________ is related to "nature," while one's __________ is related to "nurture."
A. biological inheritance;environment
B. environment; biological inheritance
C. biological inheritance; behavior
D. age; environment

APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom's Taxonomy: Understand
Difficulty Level: Moderate
Gradable: automatic
Page: 18
Learning Objective: Identify the most important processes, periods, and issues in development.
Topic: Nature and Nurture

52. During her intake interview, Jody's psychiatrist asks for a familial history of mental disorders, as well as for details about her childhood friends,
neighborhood, and schools. The psychiatrist is gathering information related to the influence of __________ on development.
A. environment
B. biology and environment
C. cognitive acuity and coping skills
D. biology

APA Outcome: 1.3: Describe applications of psychology


Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom's Taxonomy: Apply
Difficulty Level: Moderate
Gradable: automatic
Page: 18
Learning Objective: Identify the most important processes, periods, and issues in development.
Topic: Nature and Nurture

53. Although Angie was somewhat irresponsible as a teen, she changed her ways when she entered college and leased her first apartment. This
example most directly relates to the developmental issue of
A. continuity and discontinuity.
B. stability and change.
C. nature and nurture.
D. stability and nature.
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Difficulty Level: Moderate
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Page: 18-19
Learning Objective: Identify the most important processes, periods, and issues in development.
Topic: Stability and Change

54. In the final analysis, most developmentalists tend to believe that


A. development is influenced by nature and nurture, and is it characterized by continuity and discontinuity and also by stability and change.
B. nature is more important than nurture.
C. for the most part, people can't change.
D. development is more continuous than discontinuous.

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Difficulty Level: Basic
Gradable: automatic
Page: 19
Learning Objective: Identify the most important processes, periods, and issues in development.
Topic: Nature and Nurture
Topic: Stability and Change

55. The life-span development concept of plasticity aligns most closely with which of the following?
A. nature
B. nurture
C. change
D. stability

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Difficulty Level: Moderate
Gradable: automatic
Page: 19
Learning Objective: Identify the most important processes, periods, and issues in development.
Topic: Characteristics of Life-Span Perspective
Topic: Stability and Change

56. A caterpillar spends time as a caterpillar, then in a distinct period in a chrysalis, and then emerges as a butterfly. In terms of development, this is
A. quantitative change.
B. gradual change.
C. discontinuity.
D. continuity.

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Difficulty Level: Moderate
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Page: 19
Learning Objective: Identify the most important processes, periods, and issues in development.
Topic: Stability and Change

57. Tammy was shy as a child but became more outgoing and confident when she attended a university far from her hometown. This relates most
directly to which developmental issue?
A. multidimensionality
B. stability and change
C. nature and nurture
D. multidirectionality

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Difficulty Level: Moderate
Gradable: automatic

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Page: 18-19
Learning Objective: Identify the most important processes, periods, and issues in development.
Topic: Stability and Change

58. The controversy of stability versus change is closely linked to which of the following concepts?
A. multidirectionality
B. plasticity
C. contextualism
D. multidimensionalism

APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology
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Difficulty Level: Basic
Gradable: automatic
Page: 19
Learning Objective: Identify the most important processes, periods, and issues in development.
Topic: Characteristics of Life-Span Perspective
Topic: Stability and Change

59. Consider the following: Conceptualize a problem to be studied, collect research information, analyze data, and draw conclusions. These steps
describe
A. a theory.
B. discontinuity in development.
C. a hypothesis.
D. the scientific method.

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Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember
Difficulty Level: Basic
Gradable: automatic
Page: 20
Learning Objective: Describe the main theories of human development.
Topic: Scientific Method

60. Nala decides to explore teenage pregnancy prevention for her master's thesis. According to the scientific method, what should be her first step in
getting started?
A. analyzing the information she has gathered
B. drawing conclusions from the collected data
C. beginning to collect information
D. conceptualizing the problem to be studied

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Difficulty Level: Moderate
Gradable: automatic
Page: 20
Learning Objective: Describe the main theories of human development.
Topic: Scientific Method

61. Which of the following is NOT true of theories and the application of theories?
A. A theory is an interrelated, coherent set of ideas that helps make predictions.
B. A theory is an interrelated, coherent set of ideas that may suggest hypotheses.
C. A theory is an interrelated, coherent set of ideas that helps explain phenomena.
D. When studying a topic, it is advisable to choose one developmental theory and disregard all others.

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Difficulty Level: Moderate
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Page: 20
Learning Objective: Describe the main theories of human development.
Topic: Scientific Method

62. Psychoanalytic theories hold that development primarily depends on


A. thinking, reasoning, language, and other cognitive processes.
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B. biology and evolution.
C. behavior's link to environment.
D. the unconscious mind.

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Difficulty Level: Basic
Gradable: automatic
Page: 20
Learning Objective: Describe the main theories of human development.
Topic: Psychoanalytic Theory

63. Psychoanalytic theories stress what in development?


A. late experiences with parents
B. early experiences with parents
C. the child’s cognitive creativity
D. genes inherited from parents

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Difficulty Level: Basic
Gradable: automatic
Page: 20
Learning Objective: Describe the main theories of human development.
Topic: Psychoanalytic Theory

64. Ben has repressed his sexual urges and has started to develop social and intellectual skills. Ben is in the psychosexual stage called the
__________ stage.
A. latency
B. anal
C. phallic
D. oral

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Difficulty Level: Basic
Gradable: automatic
Page: 20
Learning Objective: Describe the main theories of human development.
Topic: Freud's Theory

65. Erikson's theory emphasizes which of the following aspects of human development?
A. experiences in late life
B. psychosexual
C. experiences in early life
D. psychosocial

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Bloom's Taxonomy: Understand
Difficulty Level: Basic
Gradable: automatic
Page: 21
Learning Objective: Describe the main theories of human development.
Topic: Erikson's Psychosocial Theory

66. Each stage in Erikson's theory presents a crisis that must be resolved. These crises are
A. catastrophic events that toughen the individual for future crises.
B. developmental turning points with increased vulnerability.
C. developmental turning points with enhanced potentials.
D. developmental turning points with both increased vulnerability and enhanced potentials.

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Bloom's Taxonomy: Understand
Difficulty Level: Basic
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Gradable: automatic
Page: 21
Learning Objective: Describe the main theories of human development.
Topic: Erikson's Psychosocial Theory

67. According to Erikson, a preschooler is in the __________ stage.


A. trust versus mistrust
B. initiative versus guilt
C. identity versus identity confusion
D. industry versus inferiority

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Gradable: automatic
Page: 21
Learning Objective: Describe the main theories of human development.
Topic: Erikson's Psychosocial Theory

68. At the airport, 4-year-old Kelly is encouraged by her mom to help with dragging the bags off the luggage carousel. According to Erikson's stage
theory, Kelly's mom is helping Kelly develop
A. altruism.
B. trust.
C. her identity.
D. initiative.

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Difficulty Level: Moderate
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Page: 21
Learning Objective: Describe the main theories of human development.
Topic: Erikson's Psychosocial Theory

69. The successful outcome of Erikson's stage of __________ results in assertion of a sense of independence.
A. industry versus inferiority
B. autonomy versus shame and doubt
C. initiative versus guilt
D. identity versus identity confusion

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Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember
Difficulty Level: Basic
Gradable: automatic
Page: 21
Learning Objective: Describe the main theories of human development.
Topic: Erikson's Psychosocial Theory

70. Piaget theorized that children move through distinct stages of cognitive development, with each stage being qualitatively different from the one
preceding. His theory reflects which aspect of developmental philosophy?
A. stability
B. nature
C. discontinuity
D. multidirectionality

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Page: 19,22
Learning Objective: Describe the main theories of human development.
Topic: Piaget's Cognitive Development Theory

71. If you believe that development occurs in stages, and you focus on cognitive development in an attempt to explain how children actively
construct their own view of the world but with very little consideration of social interaction, then you are mostly likely to believe the development
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theory of
A. Erikson.
B. Vygotsky.
C. Piaget.
D. Freud.

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Page: 22-23
Learning Objective: Describe the main theories of human development.
Topic: Piaget's Cognitive Development Theory

72. While maintaining that children actively construct their knowledge, Vygotsky focused on __________ in explaining child cognitive development.
A. organization and adaptation
B. social interaction
C. concrete operations
D. formal operations

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Difficulty Level: Basic
Gradable: automatic
Page: 23
Learning Objective: Describe the main theories of human development.
Topic: Vygotsky's Sociocultural Cognitive Theory

73. Carlos is just starting to learn about the world. According to Vygotsky’s sociocultural cognitive theory, which of the following would be among
the most important tools he will use to do this?
A. mobility
B. physical tools
C. sensory perceptions
D. language

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Difficulty Level: Moderate
Gradable: automatic
Page: 23
Learning Objective: Describe the main theories of human development.
Topic: Vygotsky's Sociocultural Cognitive Theory

74. Which of the following identifies a cognitive theorist or a pair of cognitive theorists?
A. Freud
B. Erikson
C. Vygotsky
D. Freud and Erikson

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Difficulty Level: Basic
Gradable: automatic
Page: 20-23
Learning Objective: Describe the main theories of human development.
Topic: Vygotsky's Sociocultural Cognitive Theory

75. Which of the following is a central focus of the information-processing approach?


A. how individuals store and retrieve information
B. the influence of biology and evolution on an individual's development
C. the influence of culture on development
D. the stage-like advances in an individual’s capability to recognize internal cognitive processes

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Bloom's Taxonomy: Understand
Difficulty Level: Basic
Gradable: automatic
Page: 23-24
Learning Objective: Describe the main theories of human development.
Topic: Information-Processing Theory

76. Which of the following theories emphasizes that people manipulate and monitor information and strategize about it?
A. information-processing theory
B. ethological theory
C. psychoanalytic theory
D. Piaget's cognitive development theory

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Difficulty Level: Basic
Gradable: automatic
Page: 23-24
Learning Objective: Describe the main theories of human development.
Topic: Information-Processing Theory

77. Which of the following theories is NOT a stage theory and claims that development is continuous rather than discontinuous?
A. Piaget's theory of cognitive development
B. Freud's theory of psychosexual development
C. information-processing theory
D. Erikson's theory of psychosocial development

APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology
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Difficulty Level: Basic
Gradable: automatic
Page: 23-24
Learning Objective: Describe the main theories of human development.
Topic: Information-Processing Theory

78. Behaviorism argues that we should only study scientifically that which can be __________ and __________.
A. observed; measured
B. rewarded; punished
C. observed; changed
D. learned; changed

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Difficulty Level: Basic
Gradable: automatic
Page: 24
Learning Objective: Describe the main theories of human development.
Topic: Skinner's Operant Conditioning

79. Nathan bites his hand frequently throughout the day. According to Skinner, the best way to solve this problem is to
A. show disapproval responses whenever Nathan bites his hand, and provide encouragement when he refrains from doing so.
B. explore experiences from Nathan's early childhood.
C. administer an IQ test to determine Nathan's cognitive potential.
D. determine how Nathan's expectations about success have led him to develop this behavior.

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Difficulty Level: Moderate
Gradable: automatic
Page: 24
Learning Objective: Describe the main theories of human development.
Topic: Skinner's Operant Conditioning

80. Which theory would provide the best support for your belief in using incentives and time-outs as ways to help children behave?

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A. Bronfenbrenner's ecological theory
B. Piaget's cognitive theory
C. Skinner's behaviorism
D. Erikson's psychosocial stages

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Difficulty Level: Moderate
Gradable: automatic
Page: 24
Learning Objective: Describe the main theories of human development.
Topic: Skinner's Operant Conditioning

81. Which of the following is a criticism of behavioral and social cognitive theories?
A. inadequate attention to how people learn
B. inadequate attention to developmental changes
C. inadequate attention to environmental determinants
D. inadequate attention to behavioral changes

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Difficulty Level: Basic
Gradable: automatic
Page: 25
Learning Objective: Describe the main theories of human development.
Topic: Bandura's Social Cognitive Theory

82. A major common characteristic shared by behavioral and social cognitive theories is
A. the role of unconsciousness in behavior.
B. environmental influences on behavior.
C. an emphasis on the role of cognition in development.
D. the limits of scientific research.

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Difficulty Level: Basic
Gradable: automatic
Page: 25
Learning Objective: Describe the main theories of human development.
Topic: Bandura's Social Cognitive Theory
Topic: Skinner's Operant Conditioning

83. Justine repeats a phrase she has heard older students use at recess. This is an example of
A. Bandura's observational learning.
B. Piaget's cognitive stages.
C. Skinner's operant conditioning.
D. Erikson's developmental crises.

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Difficulty Level: Moderate
Gradable: automatic
Page: 25
Learning Objective: Describe the main theories of human development.
Topic: Bandura's Social Cognitive Theory

84. Mrs. Jones uses spanking as the primary method of discipline in her household. The focus of Bandura’s early research, sometimes called
modeling, suggests that her children will most likely
A. learn to hit others in similar situations.
B. become well-behaved people.
C. rebel and become more disobedient.
D. learn quickly not to disobey.

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Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom's Taxonomy: Understand
Difficulty Level: Moderate
Gradable: automatic
Page: 25
Learning Objective: Describe the main theories of human development.
Topic: Bandura's Social Cognitive Theory

85. The process by which some organisms become attached to the first moving object they see is called
A. bonding.
B. the sensitive period.
C. imprinting.
D. positive reinforcement.

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Difficulty Level: Basic
Gradable: automatic
Page: 25
Learning Objective: Describe the main theories of human development.
Topic: Ethological Theory

86. Which theory most strongly emphasizes the role of biology and evolution in development?
A. cognitive
B. ethological
C. ecological
D. behavioral

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Difficulty Level: Basic
Gradable: automatic
Page: 25
Learning Objective: Describe the main theories of human development.
Topic: Ethological Theory

87. Amy will be having her first child soon. She insists that she be the first to see and hold her baby after delivery in order to foster bonding. Her
belief is consistent with which theory?
A. ethological
B. cognitive
C. ecological
D. behavioral

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Difficulty Level: Moderate
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Page: 25
Learning Objective: Describe the main theories of human development.
Topic: Ethological Theory

88. Janice found that baby geese recognize the first thing they see as their mother. Which theory would this observation support?
A. ethological
B. social learning
C. ecological
D. cognitive

APA Outcome: 1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology's content domains


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Bloom's Taxonomy: Understand
Difficulty Level: Moderate
Gradable: automatic
Page: 25
Learning Objective: Describe the main theories of human development.
Topic: Ethological Theory

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89. Infants raised in orphanages may not develop a positive and secure attachment to a caregiver in their first year of life. According to John Bowlby,
what might the consequence of this be?
A. The infant will bond to the first moving object seen after birth.
B. As long as the child is adopted by age 10, no negative effects will be experienced.
C. The outcome will depend on the child's temperament.
D. Life-span development will likely not be optimal.

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Difficulty Level: Moderate
Gradable: automatic
Page: 25
Learning Objective: Describe the main theories of human development.
Topic: Ethological Theory

90. While ethology stresses biological factors in human development, ecological theory emphasizes the role of
A. evolution.
B. cognition.
C. the environment.
D. parental genes.

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Bloom's Taxonomy: Understand
Difficulty Level: Basic
Gradable: automatic
Page: 26
Learning Objective: Describe the main theories of human development.
Topic: Ecological Theory

91. Ecological theory has been criticized for paying too little attention to
A. biological and cognitive factors.
B. social and cognitive factors.
C. environmental settings.
D. microdimensions of culture.

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Difficulty Level: Basic
Gradable: automatic
Page: 27
Learning Objective: Describe the main theories of human development.
Topic: Ecological Theory

92. Joe is the second of seven children in his very conservative family. Jackie is the only child of liberal parents. When we compare such differences
in studying ecological systems, we are focusing on differences in the
A. mesosystem.
B. exosystem.
C. microsystem.
D. macrosystem.

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Difficulty Level: Moderate
Gradable: automatic
Page: 26
Learning Objective: Describe the main theories of human development.
Topic: Ecological Theory

93. Shawn's job requires lots of travel, and the demands of his job are affecting his marriage and his child’s relations with him. This relationship
between Shawn’s job and his child’s development illustrates Bronfenbrenner's concept of a(n)
A. exosystem.
B. macrosystem.
C. chronosystem.
D. microsystem.
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Difficulty Level: Moderate
Gradable: automatic
Page: 26
Learning Objective: Describe the main theories of human development.
Topic: Ecological Theory

94. Which developmental theory most fully realizes Baltes’ assertion that development is contextual?
A. psychoanalytic
B. social cognitive
C. ecological
D. ethological

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Difficulty Level: Basic
Gradable: automatic
Page: 6, 26
Learning Objective: Describe the main theories of human development.
Topic: Ecological Theory

95. Recent changes in the Medicare system have affected the quality of health care that David's elderly mother receives. These changes do not affect
David directly, but Bronfenbrenner would say they affect David's development because they are part of David's
A. exosystem.
B. mesosystem.
C. macrosystem.
D. microsystem.

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Difficulty Level: Moderate
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Page: 26
Learning Objective: Describe the main theories of human development.
Topic: Ecological Theory

96. An eclectic theoretical orientation assumes that


A. contemporary theories are more accurate than those created before 1950.
B. the different developmental theories are all correct and complete within their own contexts.
C. no single theory can account for all of human development.
D. development is a predictable and rigid process.

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Page: 27
Learning Objective: Describe the main theories of human development.
Topic: Eclectic Theoretical Orientation

97. A social worker is helping Brody by applying Skinner's theory to reward Brody for his efforts, Erikson's theory to understand the identity and
intimacy crises that Brody is facing, and Bronfenbrenner's theory to understand how environmental contexts and interactions will affect Brody's
development. What theoretical approach is the social worker using?
A. eclectic
B. ethological
C. fragmented
D. dynamic

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Difficulty Level: Difficult
Gradable: automatic
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Page: 27
Learning Objective: Describe the main theories of human development.
Topic: Eclectic Theoretical Orientation

98. The textbook states that no single theory can account for the complexity of human development. Which theoretical approach does this statement
advocate?
A. psychoanalytic
B. life-span
C. social learning
D. eclectic

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Difficulty Level: Basic
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Page: 27
Learning Objective: Describe the main theories of human development.
Topic: Eclectic Theoretical Orientation

99. A researcher uses a video camera to record children as they play on a school playground. This researcher is conducting a
A. naturalistic observation.
B. survey.
C. standardized test.
D. case study.

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Difficulty Level: Moderate
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Page: 29
Learning Objective: Explain how research on life-span development is conducted.
Topic: Observation

100. Which of the following is NOT a reason for conducting an observation in a natural setting rather than in a laboratory?
A. A laboratory setting may unfairly represent certain populations.
B. In a laboratory setting, the subjects likely know they are being observed.
C. Participants will behave more naturally in a natural setting.
D. The observation will be more controlled if done in a natural setting.

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Page: 29
Learning Objective: Explain how research on life-span development is conducted.
Topic: Observation

101. Dr. Sam collects data on how often strangers approach one another by sitting at the park on weekend afternoons and jotting down what people
do. One strength of this observational approach is that it
A. shows how people behave when they know they are being observed.
B. occurs in a real-world setting.
C. allows for a great deal of control over the observational setting.
D. involves a structured set of interview questions.

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Page: 29
Learning Objective: Explain how research on life-span development is conducted.
Topic: Naturalistic Observation

102. Which method is being used when market researchers call consumers on the telephone to ask about certain products used in the home?
A. standardized test
B. naturalistic observation
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C. interview
D. case study

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Page: 29
Learning Objective: Explain how research on life-span development is conducted.
Topic: Survey and Interview

103. What is the main problem with survey research?


A. It is expensive to conduct.
B. It cannot be conducted in a laboratory setting.
C. It is only biased or unclear.
D. Participants may give inaccurate responses.

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Page: 30
Learning Objective: Explain how research on life-span development is conducted.
Topic: Survey and Interview

104. Which of the following is NOT a weakness associated with standardized tests?
A. They allow an individual’s performance to be compared with that of another.
B. People may behave differently in different settings.
C. Their use assumes that people’s behaviors are consistent and stable.
D. People’s performances may be influenced by their emotions in different settings.

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Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember
Difficulty Level: Basic
Gradable: automatic
Page: 30
Learning Objective: Explain how research on life-span development is conducted.
Topic: Standardized Test

105. Which of the following is NOT a drawback of using a case study to explore a developmental issue?
A. The unique aspects of one person’s life cannot be tested in other individuals.
B. Conclusions of case studies have unknown reliability.
C. Conclusions drawn from case studies are unique and cannot be generalized to other members of a population.
D. It may focus on nearly any aspect of the participant’s life that will help the researcher to understand the person’s mind and behavior.

APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology
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Bloom's Taxonomy: Understand
Difficulty Level: Basic
Gradable: automatic
Page: 30
Learning Objective: Explain how research on life-span development is conducted.
Topic: Case Study
Topic: Physiological Measures

106. A researcher chooses to study one pregnant teen in great detail by taking frequent measures of her behavior, thoughts, and feelings. Which
method does this researcher use?
A. naturalistic observation
B. case study
C. standardized test
D. questionnaire

APA Outcome: 1.3: Describe applications of psychology


Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom's Taxonomy: Apply
Difficulty Level: Moderate
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Gradable: automatic
Page: 30
Learning Objective: Explain how research on life-span development is conducted.
Topic: Case Study

107. Someone with an extremely rare psychological disorder would most likely be studied using what method?
A. survey
B. case study
C. questionnaire
D. naturalistic observation

APA Outcome: 1.3: Describe applications of psychology


Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom's Taxonomy: Understand
Difficulty Level: Basic
Gradable: automatic
Page: 30
Learning Objective: Explain how research on life-span development is conducted.
Topic: Case Study

108. Assessment of hormones in the bloodstream is a type of


A. standardized test.
B. physiological measure.
C. naturalistic observation.
D. case study.

APA Outcome: 1.3: Describe applications of psychology


Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom's Taxonomy: Apply
Difficulty Level: Moderate
Gradable: automatic
Page: 30
Learning Objective: Explain how research on life-span development is conducted.
Topic: Physiological Measures

109. Which research design aims to observe and record behavior?


A. experimental
B. descriptive
C. correlational
D. All answer choices are correct.

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Difficulty Level: Basic
Gradable: automatic
Page: 31
Learning Objective: Explain how research on life-span development is conducted.
Topic: Descriptive Research

110. If it is shown that people who eat bananas are more likely to have diabetes, it does not necessarily mean that bananas cause diabetes, because
__________ does not equal __________.
A. experimentation; correlation
B. experimentation; causation
C. causation; correlation
D. correlation; causation

APA Outcome: 1.3: Describe applications of psychology


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Bloom's Taxonomy: Understand
Difficulty Level: Moderate
Gradable: automatic
Page: 31
Learning Objective: Explain how research on life-span development is conducted.
Topic: Correlational Research

111. If a researcher finds that the number of positive statements parents say to their children is positively correlated with the children's self-esteem,
the researcher could correctly conclude that
A. more negative parental feedback causes low self-esteem in children.
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B. more positive parental feedback is related to high self-esteem in children.
C. more positive parental feedback causes high self-esteem in children.
D. more positive parental feedback is related to low self-esteem in children.

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Bloom's Taxonomy: Apply
Difficulty Level: Moderate
Gradable: automatic
Page: 31
Learning Objective: Explain how research on life-span development is conducted.
Topic: Correlational Research

112. Which of the following correlation coefficients indicates the strongest relationship?
A. +0.13
B. −0.93
C. +0.87
D. −0.47

APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology
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Bloom's Taxonomy: Understand
Difficulty Level: Basic
Gradable: automatic
Page: 31
Learning Objective: Explain how research on life-span development is conducted.
Topic: Correlational Research

113. A correlation coefficient of 0 indicates


A. an inverse relationship between variables.
B. a higher relationship between variables than if the coefficient is −1.
C. a positive correlation between variables.
D. no relationship between variables.

APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember
Difficulty Level: Basic
Gradable: automatic
Page: 31
Learning Objective: Explain how research on life-span development is conducted.
Topic: Correlational Research

114. Which research method is used to determine causality?


A. descriptive
B. observational
C. correlational
D. experimental

APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember
Difficulty Level: Basic
Gradable: automatic
Page: 32
Learning Objective: Explain how research on life-span development is conducted.
Topic: Experimental Research

115. Dr. Lewis wants to determine the physical effects of ADHD medication dosages on children aged 8 to 15. What kind of study will he most
likely conduct?
A. descriptive
B. correlational
C. experimental
D. longitudinal

APA Outcome: 1.3: Describe applications of psychology


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Bloom's Taxonomy: Apply
Difficulty Level: Moderate
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Gradable: automatic
Page: 32
Learning Objective: Explain how research on life-span development is conducted.
Topic: Experimental Research

116. Which of the following is manipulated during an experiment?


A. dependent variable
B. observed effect
C. independent variable
D. correlation coefficient

APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology
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Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember
Difficulty Level: Basic
Gradable: automatic
Page: 32
Learning Objective: Explain how research on life-span development is conducted.
Topic: Independent and Dependent Variables

117. A psychologist designs an experiment to determine if the number of adults’ eye contacts with children would increase the number of children's
smiles. In this study, the number of
A. adults’ eye contacts with children is the dependent variable.
B. adults’ eye contacts with children is the independent variable.
C. children’s smiles is the independent variable.
D. children’s smiles is the correlative variable.

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Bloom's Taxonomy: Apply
Difficulty Level: Moderate
Gradable: automatic
Page: 32
Learning Objective: Explain how research on life-span development is conducted.
Topic: Independent and Dependent Variables

118. A researcher studies the effect of exercise on stamina. Participants are randomly assigned to be in an exercise or no-exercise group for 12 weeks.
Stamina is then measured by how long participants can walk comfortably on a treadmill. In this study, the dependent variable is
A. the heart rate during the exercise program.
B. the number of minutes participants spend comfortably on the treadmill.
C. whether the participants are in the exercise program or not.
D. whether the duration of the exercise program is 12 weeks or longer.

APA Outcome: 1.3: Describe applications of psychology


Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom's Taxonomy: Apply
Difficulty Level: Moderate
Gradable: automatic
Page: 32
Learning Objective: Explain how research on life-span development is conducted.
Topic: Independent and Dependent Variables

119. In an experiment to determine the effects of an antidepressant medication, half the subjects receive the medication and half receive a placebo,
which is a harmless sugar pill without any medication effects. The group of people who receive the placebo is the __________ group.
A. experimental
B. random
C. control
D. correlation

APA Outcome: 1.3: Describe applications of psychology


Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom's Taxonomy: Apply
Difficulty Level: Moderate
Gradable: automatic
Page: 32
Learning Objective: Explain how research on life-span development is conducted.
Topic: Experimental and Control Groups

120. Random assignment is used in experiments because researchers want to


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McGraw-Hill Education.
A. reduce the likelihood that the experiment's results will be due to any preexisting differences between the experimental and control groups.
B. guarantee that the results will be statistically significant.
C. ensure that the experimental results are not merely correlational.
D. ensure that people from different social classes will be in separate groups.

APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom's Taxonomy: Understand
Difficulty Level: Basic
Gradable: automatic
Page: 32
Learning Objective: Explain how research on life-span development is conducted.
Topic: Experimental and Control Groups

121. To chart the development of gross motor coordination over the life span, researchers tested individuals ranging in age from childhood to old age.
Which approach did they take?
A. neither cross-sectional nor longitudinal
B. cross-sectional
C. both cross-sectional and longitudinal
D. longitudinal

APA Outcome: 1.3: Describe applications of psychology


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Bloom's Taxonomy: Understand
Difficulty Level: Moderate
Gradable: automatic
Page: 33
Learning Objective: Explain how research on life-span development is conducted.
Topic: Cross-Sectional Approach

122. Professor Fischer observes a group of participants over a period of 10 years to chart changes in memory. What kind of research is this?
A. both cross-sectional and longitudinal
B. neither cross-sectional nor longitudinal
C. longitudinal
D. cross-sectional

APA Outcome: 1.3: Describe applications of psychology


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Bloom's Taxonomy: Apply
Difficulty Level: Moderate
Gradable: automatic
Page: 33
Learning Objective: Explain how research on life-span development is conducted.
Topic: Longitudinal Approach

123. Sheri answered a life satisfaction rating survey every 5 years between the ages of 20 and 65. What type of study was this?
A. cross-sectional
B. experimental
C. longitudinal
D. naturalistic observation

APA Outcome: 1.3: Describe applications of psychology


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Difficulty Level: Moderate
Gradable: automatic
Page: 33
Learning Objective: Explain how research on life-span development is conducted.
Topic: Longitudinal Approach

124. Cohort effects are due to all of the following EXCEPT


A. a person's time of birth.
B. a person's era.
C. a person's generation.
D. a person's actual age.

APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

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Difficulty Level: Basic
Gradable: automatic
Page: 33
Learning Objective: Explain how research on life-span development is conducted.
Topic: Cohort Effects

125. How do individuals of the generation Z/post-millennial generation differ from millennials?
A. They are less ethnically diverse than millennials.
B. They are less likely to have a college-educated parent.
C. They are more likely to go to college.
D. They are more likely to share the political views of their parents.

APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom's Taxonomy: Analyze
Difficulty Level: Moderate
Gradable: automatic
Page: 34
Learning Objective: Explain how research on life-span development is conducted.
Topic: Cohort Effects
Topic: Studying Life-Span Development

126. Before his study begins, Dr. Holly lets the subjects know that their participation will include a small, weekly time commitment and may arouse
negative thoughts and feelings about past academic experiences. This is an example of
A. debriefing.
B. deception.
C. confidentiality.
D. informed consent.

APA Outcome: 3.1: Apply ethical standards to evaluate psychological science and practice
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom's Taxonomy: Apply
Difficulty Level: Moderate
Gradable: automatic
Page: 35
Learning Objective: Explain how research on life-span development is conducted.
Topic: Ethical Research

127. Which of the following is NOT a form of bias that is discussed in the textbook?
A. ethnic
B. socioeconomic
C. cultural
D. gender

APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology
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Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember
Difficulty Level: Basic
Gradable: automatic
Page: 35-36
Learning Objective: Explain how research on life-span development is conducted.
Topic: Gender Bias

128. The term ethnic gloss refers to a tendency to make ethnic groups appear to
A. be more different than each other than they really are.
B. commit more crimes than they actually do.
C. be more homogeneous than they really are.
D. be more diverse than they really are.

APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember
Difficulty Level: Basic
Gradable: automatic
Page: 36
Learning Objective: Explain how research on life-span development is conducted.
Topic: Cultural and Ethnic Bias

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129. Define development and discuss the period it encompasses.

Development is the pattern of movement or change that begins at conception and continues through the human life span.

APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember
Difficulty Level: Moderate
Gradable: manual
Page: 3
Learning Objective: Discuss the distinctive features of a life-span perspective on development.
Topic: Studying Life-Span Development

130. Describe how the traditional approach to development differs from the life-span approach.

In the traditional approach, focus is placed on dramatic change occurring from birth to adolescence, with particular emphasis on infancy, little or no
change in adult development, and decline in old age. In the life-span approach, developmental change takes place throughout the human life span.

APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom's Taxonomy: Understand
Difficulty Level: Difficult
Gradable: manual
Page: 3-4
Learning Objective: Discuss the distinctive features of a life-span perspective on development.
Topic: Studying Life-Span Development

131. Describe each of Paul Baltes' life-span development characteristics.

Lifelong: No one age period dominates development. Issues are worthy of study from birth until death.
Multidimensional: Biological, cognitive, and socioemotional components comprise development.
Multidirectional: Development is characterized by expansion of some dimensions or components of dimensions and shrinking of others.
Plasticity: Development includes the capacity for change across the life span.
Multidisciplinary: Understanding development requires the study of many subjects—psychology, anthropology, neuroscience, medicine, and so on.
Contextual: Individuals are changing beings in a changing world. Environment and situation affect development.
Growth, maintenance, and regulation of loss: Three aspects of development—growth, maintenance, and regulation of loss—will compete in differing
quantities according to the developmental stage. Maintenance and regulation of loss will become more important in middle and old age.
Co-construction of biology, culture, and the individual: Our genetic inheritance, our environment, and our own self-directed learning and decisions
will work together to influence development.

APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology
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Bloom's Taxonomy: Understand
Difficulty Level: Difficult
Gradable: manual
Page: 5-6
Learning Objective: Discuss the distinctive features of a life-span perspective on development.
Topic: Characteristics of Life-Span Perspective

132. List the three types of contextual influences that affect development in Baltes’ contextual component of development, and give an example of
each.

1. Normative age-graded influences: puberty, menopause, entry into formal education, retirement
2. Normative history-graded influences: economic changes (the Great Depression), war, the changing roles of women, the computer revolution,
political upheaval and change
3. Nonnormative life events: death of a parent when a child is young, pregnancy in early adolescence, a disaster, an accident, winning the lottery

APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology
APA Outcome: 1.3: Describe applications of psychology
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom's Taxonomy: Apply
Difficulty Level: Difficult
Gradable: manual
Page: 6
Learning Objective: Discuss the distinctive features of a life-span perspective on development.
Topic: Characteristics of Life-Span Perspective

133. Briefly define biological processes, cognitive processes, and socioemotional processes.
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Biological processes involve changes in the individual's physical nature.
Cognitive processes involve changes in the individual's thought, intelligence, and language.
Socioemotional processes involve changes in the individual's relationships with other people, emotions, and personality.

APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology
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Bloom's Taxonomy: Understand
Difficulty Level: Difficult
Gradable: manual
Page: 13
Learning Objective: Identify the most important processes, periods, and issues in development.
Topic: Biological Processes
Topic: Cognitive Processes
Topic: Socioemotional Processes

134. Identify and briefly describe the four ways that age has been conceptualized.

1. Chronological age: the number of years that have elapsed since a person's birth
2. Biological age: a person's age in terms of biological health
3. Psychological age: an individual's adaptive capacities compared to those of other individuals of the same chronological age
4. Social age: social roles and social connectedness with others that a person adopts

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Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember
Difficulty Level: Difficult
Gradable: manual
Page: 17
Learning Objective: Identify the most important processes, periods, and issues in development.
Topic: Conceptions of Age

135. Briefly discuss the nature-nurture issue.

This issue involves the debate about whether development is influenced primarily by an individual’s genetic blueprint or biological inheritance
(nature) or by environmental experiences (nurture).

APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology
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Bloom's Taxonomy: Understand
Difficulty Level: Difficult
Gradable: manual
Page: 18-19
Learning Objective: Identify the most important processes, periods, and issues in development.
Topic: Nature and Nurture

136. Briefly discuss the stability-change issue.

This issue concerns whether we become older renditions of our early experiences or whether we have the capacity to develop into something
different based on experiences later in life. The relative weight of influence of early and late experiences is key to the debate between stability and
change perspectives.

APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology
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Bloom's Taxonomy: Understand
Difficulty Level: Difficult
Gradable: manual
Page: 18-19
Learning Objective: Identify the most important processes, periods, and issues in development.
Topic: Stability and Change

137. Given the choices, identify which developmental issue is addressed in each of the following questions.

1. Can enriched experiences in adolescence reduce or eclipse the negative effects of poverty and/or neglect in very early childhood?
2. Is a girl less likely to do well in math because of a masculine bias in society, or would her biological or genetic aptitude primarily determine her
skill in mathematics?
3. Does development occur primarily in distinct stages or in a more gradual and cumulative manner?

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a. stability and change
b. continuity and discontinuity
c. nature and nurture
1: a, 2: c, 3: b

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Bloom's Taxonomy: Apply
Difficulty Level: Difficult
Gradable: manual
Page: 19
Learning Objective: Identify the most important processes, periods, and issues in development.
Topic: Developmental Issues

138. Briefly discuss the difference between developmentalists who favor stability and those who favor change in reference to the stability-change
issue.

Those who favor stability argue that infant and early childhood experiences are most important in shaping human development, whereas those who
emphasize change believe that people are malleable throughout development and that later experiences are equally important in shaping
development.

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Bloom's Taxonomy: Understand
Difficulty Level: Difficult
Gradable: manual
Page: 19
Learning Objective: Identify the most important processes, periods, and issues in development.
Topic: Stability and Change

139. Briefly discuss the continuity-discontinuity issue.

The focus of this issue is on whether development involves gradual, cumulative change from conception to death (continuity), or whether
development occurs in distinct stages or phases across the life span (discontinuity).

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Bloom's Taxonomy: Understand
Difficulty Level: Difficult
Gradable: manual
Page: 20
Learning Objective: Identify the most important processes, periods, and issues in development.
Topic: Continuity and Discontinuity

140. What is the difference between a theory and a hypothesis?

A theory is an interrelated, coherent set of ideas that helps explain phenomena and make predictions. A hypothesis is a specific assertion and
prediction that can be tested. Hypotheses may be suggested by theories.

APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology
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Bloom's Taxonomy: Understand
Difficulty Level: Moderate
Gradable: manual
Page: 20
Learning Objective: Describe the main theories of human development.
Topic: Developmental Issues

141. List Freud's psychosexual stages in order.

oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital

APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology
APA Outcome: 1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology's content domains
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember
Difficulty Level: Moderate
Gradable: manual
Page: 20

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Learning Objective: Describe the main theories of human development.
Topic: Freud's Theory

142. In what way do the ethological and ecological theories of development relate to the nature-nurture issue?

The ethological theory of development stresses biological factors in development, or the influence of nature. Ecological theory emphasizes
environmental contexts in which development takes place and is thus more consistent with “nurture.”

APA Outcome: 1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology's content domains


Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom's Taxonomy: Understand
Difficulty Level: Difficult
Gradable: manual
Page: 25-27
Learning Objective: Describe the main theories of human development.
Topic: Ecological Theory
Topic: Ethological Theory

143. List three of the five systems in Bronfenbrenner's ecological theory, and give a brief definition of each.

Microsystem: setting in which the individual lives


Mesosystem: relationships between microsystems or connections between contexts
Exosystem: interplay between an individual’s immediate social setting and another social setting in which the individual does not have an active role
Macrosystem: the culture in which individuals live
Chronosystem: the patterning of environmental events and transitions over the life course, as well as sociohistorical circumstances

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Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember
Difficulty Level: Difficult
Gradable: manual
Page: 26-27
Learning Objective: Describe the main theories of human development.
Topic: Ecological Theory

144. What is an eclectic approach and why is it recommended for studying life-span development?

An eclectic orientation does not follow any one theoretical approach completely but selects and uses what is considered the best in each theory. No
single theory has been able to account for all aspects of life-span development, but each theory has made important contributions to our
understanding of development. Different theories contain many ideas that are complimentary and explain different aspects and issues in development.

APA Outcome: 2.1: Use scientific reasoning to interpret psychological phenomena


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Bloom's Taxonomy: Understand
Difficulty Level: Difficult
Gradable: manual
Page: 27
Learning Objective: Describe the main theories of human development.
Topic: Eclectic Theoretical Orientation

145. Briefly describe observation, survey and interview, standardized testing, case study, and physiological measures as types of data collecting in
research.

Observation: Observation includes watching participants and being scientifically alert to the behavior to be studied. Observations must be systematic
and can occur in natural or laboratory settings.
Survey and Interview: Participants answer questions either through an person-to-person, interview, through a questionnaire, on the telephone, or over
the Internet. A disadvantage to this type of study is that participants may not answer questions accurately.
Standardized testing: Standardized testing is an evaluative measure with uniform administration procedures that yields results that often allow
participants to be compared to other participants.
Case study: A case study is an in-depth look at a single individual. Case studies are performed when it may not be ethical or practical to induce a
situation to be studied.
Physiological measures: These are aspects of development that can be assessed medically, such as hormone levels in the body or neuroimaging to
capture brain activity.

APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember

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Difficulty Level: Difficult
Gradable: manual
Page: 28-31
Learning Objective: Explain how research on life-span development is conducted.
Topic: Case Study
Topic: Observation
Topic: Physiological Measures
Topic: Standardized Test
Topic: Survey and Interview

146. Briefly describe the cross-sectional approach to research.

The cross-sectional approach is a research strategy that simultaneously compares individuals of different ages.

APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology
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Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember
Difficulty Level: Basic
Gradable: manual
Page: 33
Learning Objective: Explain how research on life-span development is conducted.
Topic: Cross-Sectional Approach

147. Briefly describe the longitudinal approach to research.

The longitudinal approach is a research strategy in which the same individuals are studied over a period of time, usually several years or more.

APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology
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Bloom's Taxonomy: Understand
Difficulty Level: Moderate
Gradable: manual
Page: 33
Learning Objective: Explain how research on life-span development is conducted.
Topic: Longitudinal Approach

148. Describe three ethical concerns regarding research.

Informed consent: Participants must know what their participation will involve and what risks might develop.
Confidentiality: The psychologist must keep all data gathered on individuals confidential and, when possible, anonymous.
Debriefing: The researcher must inform participants of the purpose and methods used in a study after the study has been completed.
Deception: In some circumstances, researchers may mislead participants as to the purpose of a study. In all cases of deception, the psychologist must
ensure that the deception will not harm the participants, and that the participants will be told the actual nature of the study as soon as possible after
the study is completed (debriefing).

APA Outcome: 3.1: Apply ethical standards to evaluate psychological science and practice
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom's Taxonomy: Understand
Difficulty Level: Difficult
Gradable: manual
Page: 35
Learning Objective: Explain how research on life-span development is conducted.
Topic: Ethical Research

149. Explain the concept of ethnic gloss.

Ethnic gloss involves using an ethnic label in a superficial way that portrays an ethnic group as being more homogeneous than it really is. This can
cause researchers to obtain samples of ethnic groups that are not representative of the group's diversity, which can lead to overgeneralization and
stereotyping.

APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember
Difficulty Level: Moderate
Gradable: manual
Page: 36
Learning Objective: Explain how research on life-span development is conducted.
Topic: Cultural and Ethnic Bias

150. List one contribution and one criticism of psychoanalytic theories.


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Contributions:
–Early experiences play an important part in development.
–Family relationships are a central aspect of development.
–Unconscious aspects of the mind need to be considered.
–Erikson's theory acknowledges development during adulthood as well as during childhood.

Criticisms:
–Many note the lack of scientific support for psychoanalytic theories.
–Sexual underpinnings of development in Freud's theory are given too much importance.
–Images of human beings are too negative.

APA Outcome: 1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology's content domains


Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom's Taxonomy: Understand
Difficulty Level: Difficult
Gradable: manual
Page: 20-22
Learning Objective: Describe the main theories of human development.
Topic: Psychoanalytic Theory

151. List one contribution and one criticism of cognitive theories of development.

Contributions:
–An individual's active construction of understanding and developmental changes in thinking is emphasized.

Criticisms:
–Inadequate attention is devoted to individual differences in development.
–There is skepticism about the pureness of Piaget’s stages.

APA Outcome: 1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology's content domains


Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom's Taxonomy: Understand
Difficulty Level: Difficult
Gradable: manual
Page: 22-24
Learning Objective: Describe the main theories of human development.
Topic: Information-Processing Theory
Topic: Piaget's Cognitive Development Theory
Topic: Vygotsky's Sociocultural Cognitive Theory

152. List one contribution and one criticism of behavioral and social cognitive theories of development.

Contributions:
–Scientific research is emphasized.
–Environmental determinants of behavior are addressed.

Criticisms:
–Too little emphasis is placed on cognition (Skinner).
–Inadequate attention is paid to developmental changes.

APA Outcome: 1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology's content domains


Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom's Taxonomy: Understand
Difficulty Level: Difficult
Gradable: manual
Page: 24-25
Learning Objective: Describe the main theories of human development.
Topic: Bandura's Social Cognitive Theory
Topic: Skinner's Operant Conditioning

153. Compare and contrast ethological and ecological theories.

Ethological theory holds that behavior is strongly influenced by biology and evolution. Ecological theory puts more emphasis on the environmental
contexts in which development occurs and less on biology.

APA Outcome: 1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology's content domains


1-35
Copyright © 2020 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of
McGraw-Hill Education.
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom's Taxonomy: Understand
Difficulty Level: Difficult
Gradable: manual
Page: 25-27
Learning Objective: Describe the main theories of human development.
Topic: Ecological Theory
Topic: Ethological Theory

Category # of Questions
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation 153
APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology 69
APA Outcome: 1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology's content domains 26
APA Outcome: 1.3: Describe applications of psychology 53
APA Outcome: 2.1: Use scientific reasoning to interpret psychological phenomena 1
APA Outcome: 2.2: Demonstrate psychology information literacy 4
APA Outcome: 3.1: Apply ethical standards to evaluate psychological science and practice 2
Bloom's Taxonomy: Analyze 1
Bloom's Taxonomy: Apply 50
Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember 51
Bloom's Taxonomy: Understand 51
Difficulty Level: Basic 64
Difficulty Level: Difficult 23
Difficulty Level: Moderate 66
Gradable: automatic 128
Gradable: manual 25
Learning Objective: Describe the main theories of human development. 49
Learning Objective: Discuss the distinctive features of a life-span perspective on development. 30
Learning Objective: Explain how research on life-span development is conducted. 35
Learning Objective: Identify the most important processes, periods, and issues in development. 39
Topic: Age and Happiness 1
Topic: Bandura's Social Cognitive Theory 5
Topic: Biological Processes 3
Topic: Case Study 4
Topic: Characteristics of Life-Span Perspective 22
Topic: Cognitive Processes 2
Topic: Cohort Effects 2
Topic: Conceptions of Age 7
Topic: Contemporary Concerns 5
Topic: Continuity and Discontinuity 1
Topic: Correlational Research 4
Topic: Cross-Sectional Approach 2
Topic: Cultural and Ethnic Bias 2
Topic: Descriptive Research 1
Topic: Developmental Issues 2
Topic: Eclectic Theoretical Orientation 4
Topic: Ecological Theory 9
Topic: Erikson's Psychosocial Theory 5
Topic: Ethical Research 2
Topic: Ethological Theory 7
Topic: Experimental and Control Groups 2
Topic: Experimental Research 2
Topic: Freud's Theory 2
Topic: Gender Bias 1
Topic: Independent and Dependent Variables 3
Topic: Information-Processing Theory 4
Topic: Longitudinal Approach 3
Topic: Naturalistic Observation 1
Topic: Nature and Nurture 5
Topic: Observation 3
Topic: Periods of Development 12
Topic: Physiological Measures 3
1-36
Copyright © 2020 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of
McGraw-Hill Education.
Topic: Piaget's Cognitive Development Theory 3
Topic: Psychoanalytic Theory 3
Topic: Scientific Method 3
Topic: Skinner's Operant Conditioning 5
Topic: Socioemotional Processes 2
Topic: Stability and Change 8
Topic: Standardized Test 2
Topic: Studying Life-Span Development 6
Topic: Survey and Interview 3
Topic: Vygotsky's Sociocultural Cognitive Theory 4

1-37
Copyright © 2020 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of
McGraw-Hill Education.
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vista los jonios, quizá se habrán animado a ejecutar lo que tiempo ha
deseaban; que si en la Jonia me hubiera hallado yo presente
paréceme que ninguna ciudad hubiera osado mover contra vos un
dedo de la mano. Lo que al presente puede hacerse en este caso es
permitirme que con toda diligencia me parta para Jonia, donde pueda
reponer los asuntos en el mismo pie de antes y os entregue preso en
vuestras manos a mi regente, si tales cosas maquinó. Aun os añado, y
os lo juro, señor, por los dioses tutelares de vuestro imperio, que
después de ajustadas estas turbulencias a toda vuestra satisfacción
no he de parar ni quitarme la misma túnica con que bajaré a la Jonia
antes de conquistaros a Cerdeña,[79] la mayor de las islas, haciéndola
tributaria de la corona».
CVII. Era tan falsa esta arenga como el alma y fe griega de
Histieo, y con todo se dejó persuadir de ella Darío, dándole licencia
para partirse de la corte y ordenándole al mismo tiempo que una vez
cumplido lo que acababa de ofrecerle, diese la vuelta y se le
presentase de nuevo en Susa.
CVIII. Mientras que llegaba al rey aviso de lo sucedido en Sardes
y, hecho el alarde del arco, hablaba Darío con Histieo, y este
licenciado por el rey, marchaba hacia las provincias marítimas, iba
sucediendo en este intermedio lo que voy a referir.[80] Estaba Onésilo
el de Salamina, apretando el sitio de los de Amatunte, cuando le llega
el aviso de que en breve se espera en Chipre al persa Artibio, a donde
venía conduciendo en sus naves una poderosa armada. Habida esta
noticia, pide Onésilo a la Jonia por medio de unos diputados que
vengan en su ayuda y socorro los jonios, y estos, sin gastar mucho
tiempo en resolverse, hácense a la vela con una gruesa armada. En un
tiempo mismo sucedió, pues, que los jonios aportasen a Chipre, que
los persas recién venidos de la Cilicia desembarcados en la isla
marchasen ya por tierra la vuelta de Salamina, y que los fenicios
doblasen el cabo que llaman las Llaves de Chipre.[81]
CIX. En tal estado de cosas, convocan los señores de las
ciudades de Chipre a los jefes jonios y entablan con ellos este
discurso: «Nosotros los chipriotas, amigos jonios, dejamos a vuestro
arbitrio la elección de salir al encuentro o bien a los persas o bien a los
fenicios. El tiempo insta: si escogéis venir a las manos con los persas
en campo de batalla, saltad luego a tierra y formar vuestras filas, que
en este caso embarcándonos en vuestras naves vamos a cerrar con
los fenicios. Pero si preferís combatir por mar con los fenicios
menester es poner manos a la obra. Escoged una de dos, para que as
contribuyáis por vuestra parte a la libertad de Jonia y de Chipre». «A
nosotros, replican los jonios, nos mandó venir el estado de la Jonia con
orden de defender estos mares y no de acometer por tierra a las tropas
persas cediendo nuestras naves a los de Chipre. En el puesto
señalado procuraremos, pues, desempeñar nuestro deber con todo e
esfuerzo posible: ved vosotros de obrar en el vuestro como gente de
valor, teniendo presente las indignidades que esos medos, vuestros
señores, os han hecho sufrir».
CX. Tal fue la respuesta de los jonios, después de la cual, como
hubiesen llegado ya los persas al campo de Salamina, los reyes de
Chipre ordenaron contra ellos su gente en esta disposición: Enfrente
de los soldados del enemigo, que no eran persas de nación, ordenaron
una parte de sus tropas chipriotas; delante de los persas mismos
pusieron la flor de su gente escogida entre las milicias de Salamina y
de Soli:[82] Onésilo por su voluntad escogió el puesto que correspondía
al que enfrente ocupaba Artibio, general de los persas.
CXI. El caballo en que Artibio venía montado estaba enseñado a
empinarse contra el enemigo armado. Advertido de esto Onésilo, habló
así con un escudero cario[83] que tenía, hombre muy diestro en lo que
mira a los encuentros de armas, y en todo lo demás muy sagaz y
advertido: «Oigo decir, amigo, que ese caballo de Artibio tiene la
habilidad de alzarse sobre los pies y embestir al que delante tiene con
las manos y con la boca. Piénsalo tú, y dime luego a cuál de los dos
quieres que apuntemos y derribemos antes, si al caballo, o bien a su
jinete Artibio». «Pronto estoy, señor, le responde el escudero, para
ambas cosas; pronto para cualquiera de las dos y para todo lo que me
ordenéis. Diré sin embargo lo que me parece hacer más al caso para
vuestra reputación. Lo más propio y decoroso es que un rey cierre
contra otro rey, y un general contra otro general, pues si en ta
encuentro diereis en tierra con aquel jefe, haréis una regia hazaña, y
aun cuando él, lo que no querrán los dioses, os echare al suelo, e
morir en tales manos aliviaría en la mitad el peso de la desventura. A
nosotros escuderos corresponde medirnos con otros escuderos. No os
dé trabajo, señor, el caballo empinado con aquella habilidad, que a fe
mía no vuelva jamás a empinarse».
CXII. Dijo, y en aquel punto mismo cerraron las dos armadas po
tierra y por mar. En la batalla naval vencieron los jonios a los fenicios
haciendo aquel día prodigios de valor, y los que mejor se portaron en
la función fueron los samios. En la tierra, después que estuvieron ya a
tiro los dos ejércitos, he aquí lo que pasó entre los dos generales
Embiste Artibio montado en su marcial caballo contra Onésilo; vele
este venir; dispara contra él, según lo prevenido por su escudero, y
acierta bien el tiro; iba el vecino caballo a dar con las manos contra e
adarga de Onésilo, cuando el escudero cario le da listo un golpe de
hoz, y se las siega entrambas. El caballo, manco ya y encabritado, da
consigo en el suelo, y con él Artibio, el general persa.
CXIII. Encarnizadas en tanto las otras tropas, se hallaban en e
calor del combate, cuando Estesenor, el tirano de Curio, entregó
alevosamente a los persas una gran división del ejército, que cerca de
sí tenía. Pasados al enemigo los curios, colonos, a lo que se dice, de
los argivos, siguieron inmediatamente su mal ejemplo los carros
guerreros de los salaminios,[84] y de resultas de estas deserciones
como empezasen los persas a llevar la ventaja en el combate, e
ejército de los chipriotas volvió las espaldas al enemigo. Entre otros
muchos que perecieron en la huida, quedaron rendidos en el campo
dos generales, el uno Onésilo, hijo de Queris, autor que había sido de
la sublevación de Chipre; el otro Aristócipro, rey de los solios, hijo de
Filócipro, de aquel célebre Filócipro a quien sobre todos los demás
príncipes ensalzó en sus versos el ateniense Solón, cuando estuvo
viajando en Chipre.[85]
CXIV. Los amatuntios victoriosos, para vengarse del asedio que
Onésilo les había puesto, le cortaron la cabeza y se la llevaron
colgándola después sobre las puertas de su ciudad. Sucedió, pues
que estando allí suspensa y ya del todo hueca, entró dentro un
enjambre de abejas y fabricó en ella sus panales. Vista aquella
novedad, tuvieron por conveniente los amatuntios consultar al oráculo
acerca de aquel raro fenómeno, y la respuesta fue que se diera
sepultura a la cabeza descolgada, y se hicieran a Onésilo sacrificios
anuos como a un héroe, y que con esto todo les iría mejor. Y en efecto
así lo hacían hasta mis días los de Amatunte con el héroe Onésilo.
CXV. Los marinos jonios, que gloriosamente acababan de dar en
Chipre su batalla naval, viendo ya perdida la causa de Onésilo, y
cercadas al mismo tiempo todas las ciudades de la isla, menos la de
Salamina, que los mismos salaminios habían restituido a Gorgo, su
antiguo rey, haciéndose luego a la vela, bien informados del ma
estado de Chipre, dieron la vuelta hacia Jonia. Entre todas las
ciudades de la isla, fue la de Soli la que por más tiempo resistió a
cerco, logrando rendirla los persas, pasados cinco meses de sitio, con
las minas que alrededor de los muros abrieron.
CXVI. Los chipriotas, en suma, sacudido el yugo de los persas po
el breve espacio de un año, cayeron de nuevo bajo el mismo dominio
En cuanto a aquellos jonios que habían hecho sus correrías hasta la
misma Sardes, persiguiéronles los generales persas, especialmente
Daurises, casado con una hija de Darío, y en su compañía otros dos
yernos del rey, Himayes y Ótanes, y habiéndoles derrotado en campo
de batalla, les obligaron a refugiarse a sus naves: repartidas las tropas
en seguida contra las plazas del país, iban tomándolas con las armas.
CXVII. Echándose, pues, Daurises hacia el Helesponto, rindió las
plazas de Dárdano, Abido, Percote, Lámpsaco y Peso,[86] y la toma de
ellas le salió a plaza por día. Dirigíase desde Peso hacia la ciudad de
Pario, cuando llegó aviso de que unidos los carios al partido jonio
acababan de levantarse contra el persa, novedad que le obligó a que
dejando el Helesponto, marchase con sus tropas hacia Caria.
CXVIII. Ignoro cómo tuvieron los carios aviso de que contra ellos
venía marchando Daurises, primero que este llegase con su ejército
Dioles lugar esta noticia adelantada a que se juntasen en cierto sitio
llamado las Columnas Blancas (Leucas Stelas), cerca del río Marsias
que bajando de la región Idríade va a confundirse con el Meandro. En
la junta que allí tuvieron los carios, el mejor de los varios pareceres
que hubo fue, a mi entender, el que dio Pixódaro, hijo de Mausolo y
natural de Cindia, quien estaba casado con una princesa hija de
Siénesis, rey de los cilicios. Era de parecer este varón que pasando e
Meandro y dejando este río a las espaldas, entrasen los carios en
batalla con el persa, pues así dispuesto y viendo cerrado el paso a la
fuga, la misma necesidad de no poder desamparar su puesto les haría
sin duda, mucho más valientes y animosos de lo que eran
naturalmente. Pero rechazado este voto, se siguió el contrario, de que
no los carios, sino los persas, tuvieran a sus espaldas el Meandro
claro está que con la mira de que los persas, si quisieran huir, perdida
la batalla, no pudieran volver atrás dando luego con el río.
CXIX. No tardaron en aparecer los persas, y pasando el Meandro
vinieron a las manos con el enemigo cerca del río Marsias. En la
batalla, si bien los carios por largo tiempo resistieron al persa haciendo
los mayores esfuerzos de valor, su menor número, con todo, cedió a
fin al mayor de los enemigos. Los muertos en el choque de parte de
los persas fueron como 2000 y hasta 10.000 de la de los carios. Los
que de estos quedaron salvos con la fuga, se vieron en la necesidad
de refugiarse a Labraunda,[87] en el templo de Zeus el Estratio o
guerrero, cerca del cual había un gran bosque de plátanos consagrado
a aquella divinidad; y de paso no quiero dejar de observar que de
cuantas naciones tengo noticia, la de los carios es la única que
sacrifica a Zeus bajo aquel título. Refugiados allí los carios, empiezan
a deliberar de qué manera podrían quedar salvos, si acaso sería bien
entregarse al persa a discreción o mejor abandonar de todo punto e
Asia menor.
CXX. Estando, pues, los carios en lo mejor de su consulta, ven
llegar hacia ellos a los milesios, juntos con sus demás confederados
con el objeto de darles asistencia y socorro: y al momento, dejándose
de arbitrios para salvarse, se disponen de nuevo a continuar la guerra
comenzada. Así que, acometidos segunda vez por los persas
hiciéronles los carios una resistencia más viva y larga aún que la
pasada, aunque habiendo al cabo sido rotos y vencidos, murieron en la
acción muchos de ellos, y padecieron en ella más que nadie los
auxiliares milesios.
CXXI. Recobráronse los carios de su pérdida después de este
destrozo, volviendo de nuevo a pelear. Saben que los persas se
disponen a llevar las armas contra sus plazas, y les arman una
emboscada en el camino que va a Pédaso. Salioles bien el artificio
porque habiendo dado de noche los persas en la celada, fueron
pasados a filo de espada, y con sus tropas perecieron
desgraciadamente los generales Daurises, Amorgas y Sisímacas, y
con ellos asimismo Mirso, hijo de Giges. El adalid y autor principal de
la emboscada fue un ciudadano de Milasa, llamado Heraclides, hijo de
Ibanolis.
CXXII. Así murieron aquellos persas. Himayes, otro de los
generales empleado en llevar las armas contra los jonios que
invadieron a Sardes, se apoderó de Cío,[88] ciudad de Misia
echándose con su gente hacia la Propóntide. Mas dueño ya de la
mencionada plaza, apenas supo que Daurises, dejando el Helesponto
partía con sus tropas para Caria, condujo su gente al mismo
Helesponto, donde además de todos los eolios situados en la región
de la Ilíada, logró rendir a los gergites,[89] que son las reliquias de los
antiguos teucros. Pero no sobrevivió Himayes a las conquistas de
estas naciones, muerto de una enfermedad que en su curso le
arrebató.
CXXIII. El virrey mismo de Sardes, Artafrenes, y en su compañía
Ótanes, que era el tercero entre los generales ocupados en hacer la
guerra en la Jonia y en la Eólida comarcana con ella, tomaron dos
ciudades, la de Clazómenas en la Jonia, y la de Cime,[90] plaza de los
eolios.
CXXIV. Al tiempo que caían dichas ciudades en poder de
enemigo, el milesio Aristágoras, que sublevando la Jonia había llevado
las cosas al último punto de perturbación, mostrose hombre de
corazón poco constante en las adversidades, pues al ver lo que
pasaba, pareciéndole ser enteramente imposible que pudiese se
vencido el rey Darío, solo pensó cómo podría escapando poner en
salvo su persona. Llamando, pues, a consulta sus partidarios, les dice
que juzgaba por lo más acertado procurar ante todo tener prevenida y
pronta una buena retirada a donde se refugiaran, si acaso la necesidad
les obligase a desamparar a Mileto; que decidieran si sería mejo
conducir una colonia de milesios a Cerdeña, o bien a Mircino, plaza
situada en los edonos, que había fortificado Histieo después de
recibirla de mano y gracia de Darío. Tal era la propuesta sobre que
consultaba Aristágoras.
CXXV. Hallábase en la consulta el docto historiador Hecateo, hijo
de Hegesandro, cuyo parecer era de no enviar la colonia a ninguna de
las dos partes propuestas, sino de que Aristágoras levantase antes
una fortaleza en la isla de Leros, y en caso de ser echado de Mileto
estuviese quieto entretanto en aquella guarida, desde cuya fortaleza
pudiese salir después para recobrar su patria: este fue el parecer de
Hecateo.
CXXVI. Mas el partido a que más se inclinaba Aristágoras era a
de llevar una colonia a Mircino. Encargando con esto el gobierno de
Mileto a uno de los sujetos más acreditados de la ciudad, por nombre
Pitágoras, él mismo en persona toma consigo a los ciudadanos todos
que se ofrecen a seguirle, y se hace con ellos a la vela para la Tracia
donde se apoderó del país deseado. Después de esta conquista, como
salido de su plaza con su gente de armas, estuviese sitiando a otra
ciudad de los tracios,[91] pereció allí Aristágoras con toda su tropa a
manos de los bárbaros, por más que pretendiera salvarse por medio
de una capitulación.
LIBRO SEXTO.

É R ATO .

Histieo continúa induciendo a los jonios a batirse contra los persas, pero estos procuran
dispersar su armada por medio de las instigaciones de sus antiguos señores: derrota de la
armada jonia: toma de Mileto. Histieo, hecho pirata, cae en poder de los medos, los cuales
se apoderan de las ciudades jónicas y del Quersoneso, abandonado por Milcíades, que se
había alzado con su dominio. La armada persa se dirige contra Atenas y naufraga al pie de
Atos. Los de Egina se entregan a los persas, por cuyo motivo trata el rey de Esparta de
castigarlos. — Origen de los reyes de Esparta, y deposición del rey Demarato: artificios de
Cleómenes contra este, descubiertos los cuales huye de Esparta. — Los eginetas hacen
nuevos insultos a los atenienses, los cuales consiguen derrotarlos en una batalla naval. —
Atacan los persas a Eretria, y se apoderan de ella por traición. Continúan los persas contra
Atenas y avanzan hasta Maratón. Los atenienses les salen al encuentro, al mando de diez
generales. Batalla de Maratón. Dudas acerca de la lealtad de los Alcmeónidas y aventuras
de esta familia. Milcíades, célebre desde la batalla de Maratón, es acusado por no habe
tomado a Paros, y absuelto de la pena capital por la conquista de Lemnos, que hiciera en
otro tiempo.

I. Tal fue el fin que tuvo Aristágoras, el que había sublevado la


Jonia. Durante estos sucesos había ya vuelto a Sardes, conseguida
licencia de Darío, Histieo, señor de Mileto, a quien apenas acabado de
llegar de Susa preguntó Artafrenes, virrey de Sardes, qué le parecía
aquella rebelión y cuál habría sido el motivo de ella. Fingiendo Histieo
que nada sabía, y maravillándose del estado presente de las cosas
respondiole que todo le cogía de nuevo. Pero bien enterado Artafrenes
del principio y trama del levantamiento, y viendo la malicia y disimulo
con que respondía aquel: «Histieo, le replicó, esos zapatos que se
calzó Aristágoras, se los cortó y cosió Histieo», aludiendo en esto y
zahiriendo al primer móvil de aquella revolución.
II. Histieo, pues, no asegurándose de Artafrenes como de quien
estaba ya sabedor de la verdad, venida apenas la noche se fue
huyendo hacia el mar y dejó burlado al rey Darío; porque bien lejos de
conquistar a la corona la isla de Cerdeña, la mayor de cuantas hay en
el mar, según lo tenía prometido, marchó a ponerse al frente de los
jonios, como generalísimo en la guerra contra el persa. Con todo, los
de Quíos, a donde pasó luego, teniéndole por espía doble de Darío
enviado con la oculta mira de intentar contra ellos alguna novedad, le
pusieron preso; aunque poco después, informados mejor de la verdad
y sabiendo cuán grande enemigo era del rey, le dejaron otra vez libre y
suelto.
III. Reconvenido entonces Histieo por los jonios por qué con tantas
veras había mandado decir a Aristágoras que se levantase contra e
rey, sublevación que tanto estrago y desventura había acarreado a la
Jonia, se guardó muy bien de descubrirles el motivo verdadero que en
aquello había tenido, sino que con un engaño procuró alarmarles de
nuevo, diciéndoles que lo había hecho por haber sabido que el rey
Darío estaba resuelto a que los fenicios pasasen a ocupar la Jonia, y
los jonios fuesen trasplantados a la Fenicia,[92] y que esta había sido la
causa de habérselo así mandado. Al rey no le había pasado tal cosa
por la cabeza; mas con aquel terror imaginario turbaba Histieo a la
Jonia.
IV. Poco después de esto envió Histieo a Sardes un mensajero de
nación atarnaita, llamado Hermipo, con cartas dirigidas a ciertos
persas con quienes tenía de antemano tramada una sublevación.[93
Hermipo, en vez de entregar las cartas a aquellos a quienes iban
destinadas, se presentó en derechura a Artafrenes y se las puso en las
manos. Cerciorado este de la oculta conjuración, manda a Hermipo
que, tomando otra vez sus cartas, las entregue a quien van de parte de
Histieo, pero que recogidas las respuestas de los persas a este, las
vuelva a poner en sus manos antes de partir con ellas. Descubierta de
este modo la secreta conspiración, ajustició el virrey Artafrenes a
muchos persas.
V. Luego que sucedió en Sardes esta novedad, viendo Histieo
desvanecidas sus esperanzas, logró de los de Quíos, con sus ruegos e
instancias, que le llevasen a Mileto. Los milesios, que con particula
gusto y satisfacción poco antes se habían visto libres de Aristágoras
estaban muy ajenos a la sazón de recibir en casa y de voluntad propia
a ningún otro señor, mayormente después de haber gustado lo dulce y
sabroso de la libertad. Habiendo, pues, Histieo intentado entrar de
noche y a viva fuerza en Mileto, salió herido en un muslo de mano de
un milesio, sin lograr el objeto de su tentativa. Echado de su ciudad
este antiguo señor, da la vuelta a Quíos, de donde no pudiendo induci
a aquellos naturales a que le confiasen sus fuerzas de mar, pasó a
Mitilene, y allí pudo lograr de los lesbios que le dieran su armada
Llevando, pues, estos a bordo a Histieo, fuéronse hacia Bizancio con
ocho galeras bien tripuladas y armadas. Apostados con sus naves en
aquel estrecho, íbanse apoderando de cuantas embarcaciones venían
del Ponto, si no se declaraban de su voluntad prontas a seguir e
partido de Histieo.
VI. En tanto que guiados por Histieo se ocupaban en esto los de
Mitilene, hallábanse los milesios amenazados de un poderoso ejército
por mar y tierra que de día en día allí se esperaba, sabiéndose que los
jefes principales de los persas, unidas ya sus tropas en un solo cuerpo
sin curarse de las demás pequeñas ciudades enemigas, se dirigían
hacia Mileto. La mayor fuerza de la armada naval del persa consistía
en los fenicios, con quienes concurrían armados los de Chipre, poco
antes subyugados, como también los de Cilicia y los de Egipto, cuyas
fuerzas de mar venían todas contra Mileto y lo restante de la Jonia.
VII. Informados los jonios de la expedición prevenida, enviaron a
Panionio sus respectivos diputados para tener en él su congreso
Después de bien deliberado el asunto, acordaron allí reunidos, que no
sería del caso juntar tropas de tierra para resistir al persa; que lo mejo
era que defendiendo los milesios por sí mismos aquella plaza
armasen los jonios sus escuadras todas, sin dejar una sola nave
ociosa, y que así armados lo más pronto que posible fuera se juntasen
para cubrir y proteger a Mileto en la pequeña isla de Lade,[94] que viene
a estar frontera a la misma ciudad.
VIII. De resultas de dicha resolución, los jonios, a quienes se
habían unido los eolios de Lesbos, se juntaron allí con sus naves bien
armadas. El orden con que se formaron fue el siguiente: por la punta
de levante dejábanse ver los milesios con 80 naves propias
seguíanles los de Priene con 12 naves, y los de Miunte con 3
solamente; a estos se hallaban contiguos con sus 17 naves los de
Teos, y a estos los de Quíos con 100 embarcaciones. Venían después
por su orden los eritreos y los foceos, estos con solas 3 galeras
aquellos con 8; a los de Focea estaban los lesbios inmediatos con 70
naves, y los samios con 60 cerraban la extremidad de poniente.[95] De
suerte que la suma de naves recogidas en la armada jonia subió A 353
galeras.
IX. El número de las naves bárbaras era de 600, y luego que
aparecieron en las costas de Mileto, al oír los generales persas que
tenían allí cerca reunido el ejército de tierra, el gran número de galeras
en la armada jonia, se llenaron de pavor y espanto, desconfiando de
poder salir victoriosos contra ellas, y sumamente temerosos de que no
siendo superiores en el mar no podían llegar a rendir a Mileto, y de que
no rindiendo la plaza se verían en peligro de ser por ello castigados
por orden de Darío. Llevados, pues, de estos temores, determinaron
juntar los señores de la Jonia que echados de sus respectivos
dominios por el milesio Aristágoras, y refugiados antes a los medos
venían entonces en la armada contra Mileto, y juntos todos los que en
ella se hallaron, les hablaron así los generales persas: «Este el tiempo
señores jonios, en que acredite cada uno de vosotros su fidelidad a
soberano, y su amor a la real casa: es menester que cada cual por su
parte procure apartar a sus vasallos del cuerpo y liga de los conjurados
en esta guerra. Para esto debéis ante todo ganarles con buenas
razones, prometiéndoles que por su rebelión no tienen que teme
castigo ni disgusto alguno, y asegurándoles que ni entregaremos a
fuego sus templos, ni al saco sus cosas profanas y particulares, ni los
gravaremos con nuevos pechos diferentes de los que ahora tienen
Pero si viereis que no quieren separarse de los rebeldes, empeñados
de todo punto en entrar a la parte en la batalla, en tal caso les
amenazaréis en nuestro nombre, pintándoles lo que se les espera de
nuestra ira y venganza; que cogidos prisioneros de guerra, serán
vendidos por esclavos, que sus hijos serán hechos eunucos, sus
doncellas trasportadas a Bactria, y su país entregado a otros
habitantes».
X. Prevenidos por los persas los tiranos de la Jonia, luego que
vino la noche envió cada uno de ellos a sus antiguos vasallos quien de
su parte con el referido aviso les solicitase a separarse. Pero los
jonios, a cuyos oídos llegó aquella prevención, persuadidos de que a
ellos solos y no a los demás pueblos de la liga la dirigían los persas
mirando la cosa con desprecio no se movían a consentir en la traición
propuesta. Esto fue lo primero que intentaron los persas llegados a
Mileto.
XI. Juntos ya en Lade los jonios, empezaron desde luego sus
asambleas, en las cuales uno de los muchos oradores que hablaban
en público, fue el general de los foceos llamado Dionisio, que así les
arengó: «La balanza está ya al caer, jonios míos; anda en ella
suspensa nuestra suerte, y de su caída dependerá el que nosotros
quedemos independientes y libres, o que nos veamos tratados como
esclavos, y como esclavos fugitivos. Si queréis, pues, al presente
poneros en movimiento por un poco de tiempo, será necesaria de
contado alguna mayor molestia, pero el fruto de vuestro breve trabajo
será sin duda la victoria del enemigo, y el premio de la victoria vuestra
libertad. Pero si en esta ocasión queréis economizaros demasiado
viviendo sin orden y a vuestras anchuras, en verdad os digo que no
espero hallar medio alguno, ni aun alcanzo cuál pudiera darse para
librarnos después de las garras del rey y de la pena debida a unos
rebeldes. Esto no, amigos, nunca; creedme mejor a mí, teniendo po
bien dejaros en mis manos; que yo con el favor del cielo os aseguro en
tal caso una de dos, o que el enemigo no osará entrar en batalla con
vosotros, o que si entra saldrá muy descalabrado y roto».
XII. Dóciles a estas razones los jonios, se pusieron a las órdenes
de Dionisio, quien con la mira de ejercitar a los remeros, formando la
escuadra en dos alas, la sacaba de continuo en alta mar, y a fin de
tener en armas a la tropa naval, hacía asimismo que arremetiesen
unas galeras con otras. Lo restante del día después de dichas
escaramuzas obligaba a las tropas a pasarlo a bordo, ancladas las
naves, de suerte que los días enteros tenía a los jonios en continuo
ejercicio y fatiga. Como por espacio de siete días hubiesen ellos hecho
a las órdenes de Dionisio lo que les mandaba, viéndose ya molidos a
octavo con tanto trabajo, y acosados de los rayos del sol, como gente
no hecha a la fatiga, empezaron unos a otros a decirse: «¿Qué
fatalidad es esta, o qué crimen tan enorme hemos cometido para
darnos a tan desastrada vida? ¿Y no somos unos insensatos que
perdido el juicio nos entregamos a merced de un foceo fanfarrón, que
por tres naves que conduce se nos levanta con el mando
entregándonos a intolerables afanes? Visto está que no ha de dejarnos
aliento, pues ya muchos de la armada han enfermado de puro
cansancio, y muchos más, según toma el sesgo, vamos en breve a
hacer lo mismo. Por vida de Hades, antes que pasar por esto vale más
sufrirlo todo. Menor mal será aguantar la servidumbre del persa, venga
lo que viniere, que estarnos aquí luchando con esta miseria y muerte
cotidiana. Vaya enhoramala el foceo, y ruin sea quien a ese ruin de
hoy más le obedeciere». Esto iban diciendo, y en efecto desde aque
punto ni uno solo se halló que quisiese darle oídos, sino que todos
plantadas sus tiendas en dicha isla al modo de un ejército acampado
sin querer subir a bordo ni volver al ejercicio, descansaban a la
sombra.
XIII. Entretanto, los generales samios, viendo lo que los jonios
hacían, se decidieron a aceptar el partido que Éaces, hijo de Silosonte
de orden de los persas les había hecho proponer, pidiéndoles po
medio de un enviado que se apartasen de la alianza de los jonios
Viendo, pues, los samios el gran desorden que reinaba en la armada
jonia, y pareciéndoles al mismo tiempo imposible que las armas del rey
no saliesen al cabo victoriosas, por cuanto Darío, aun en caso de que
su armada presente fuese derrotada, tendría en breve a punto otra
cinco veces mayor, resolviéronse a admitir la mencionada propuesta
Estando en este ánimo, apenas vieron que no querían los jonios hace
su deber en aquella fatiga, cuando valiéndose de la ocasión echaron
mano de aquel pretexto a fin de poder conservar, separándose de la
liga, sus templos y bienes propios. Era este Éaces, cuya proposición
aceptaron los de Samos, un príncipe hijo de Silosonte[96] y nieto de
Éaces, señor de Samos, que había sido privado de sus estados po
manejo del milesio Aristágoras, del mismo modo que los otros señores
de la Jonia.
XIV. Cuando los fenicios presentaron la batalla, saliéronles a
recibir los jonios formados en dos alas. Llegadas a tiro las armadas y
empezada la acción, no puedo de fijo decir cuáles fueron los jonios
que se portaron bien, y cuáles los que obraron mal en la refriega, pues
los unos culpan a los otros, y todos se disculpaban a sí mismos. Es
fama que entonces los samios, según con Éaces lo tenían concertado
saliéndose de la línea a velas tendidas, se fueron navegando hacia
Samos, no quedando más que once naves de su escuadra. Los
capitanes de estas últimas, no habiendo querido obedecer a sus
generales y manteniéndose en su puesto, entraron en batalla; y e
común de los samios, en atención a este hecho, les honró después
haciendo que se grabasen en una columna los nombres de los mismos
capitanes y los de sus padres, queriendo dar en aquel monumento un
público testimonio de que fueron hombres de bien y de mucho valor
Viendo los lesbios que los que tenían inmediatos huían de la batalla
hicieron lo mismo que los samios, imitándoles la mayor parte de los
jonios.
XV. Los que más padecieron de cuantos quedaron peleando
fueron los de Quíos, haciendo proezas de valor, sin perdona
esfuerzos contra el enemigo, ni desmayar un punto en el combate
siendo 100 sus galeras, y llevando cada una 40 ciudadanos de tropa
escogida para la pelea. Bien veían que muchos de los aliados les
vendían pérfidamente; pero no queriendo parecérseles en la cobardía
y ruindad, por más que se viesen desamparados, con todo, con los
pocos aliados que les quedaban continuaron en avanzar, embistiendo
contra las naves enemigas, prendiendo muchas de ellas, pero
perdiendo el mayor número de las suyas, hasta que se hicieron a la
vela con las que les quedaban, huyendo hacia su patria.
XVI. Perseguidas por el enemigo algunas naves de su escuadra
que por destrozadas no se hallaban en estado de huir, tomaron la
derrota hacia Mícala;[97] allí, varando en la playa y dejando en ella las
galeras, salva ya la tripulación, íbase a pie por tierra firme. Caminaban
los marineros de Quíos por la señoría de Éfeso, y llegados ya de
noche cerca de la dicha ciudad, quiso su desgracia que las mujeres de
país estuviesen allí ocupadas en celebrar a Deméter legisladora un
sacrificio llamado Tesmoforia. Los efesios, que nada habían oído
todavía de lo sucedido a los de Quíos, y que viendo aquella tropa
entrada por su tierra, la tenían por una cuadrilla de salteadores que
venían a robarles las mujeres, saliendo luego todos levantados en
masa a socorrerlas, acabaron con los pobres marineros de Quíos
¡tanta fue su desventura!
XVII. Pero volviendo al bravo Dionisio el foceo, después que vio
los asuntos de los jonios de todo punto perdidos en la batalla
habiéndose en ella apoderado de tres naves enemigas, se partió de
allí con ánimo de no volver a Focea, su patria, pues bien visto tenía
que ella con toda la Jonia sería al cabo hecha esclava de los persas
Resolvió, pues, tomar desde allí el rumbo hacia la Fenicia, donde
como se hubiese apoderado de muchas naves de carga, rico ya con
tantos despojos, las echó a fondo y se hizo a la vela para Sicilia. Allí se
dio a la piratería, saliendo a menudo de aquellos puertos, sin toca
empero a ningún barco griego, y apresando a todos los cartagineses y
toscanos que podía coger.
XVIII. Vencedores los persas de los jonios en la batalla naval, bien
presto sitiaron por mar y tierra a Mileto, plaza que al sexto año de la
sublevación de Aristágoras tomaron a viva fuerza, combatiéndola con
todo género de máquinas y arruinando las murallas con sus minas
Una vez rendida la ciudad, hicieron esclavos a sus vecinos, viniendo
con esto a descargar sobre Mileto la calamidad que el oráculo les
había pronosticado.
XIX. Es de saber que consultando en cierta ocasión los argivos en
Delfos acerca de la conservación de su propia ciudad, se les había
dado un oráculo, no peculiar a ellos únicamente, sino perteneciente
también a los de Mileto, pues dirigido en parte a los de Argos, a lo
último llevaba una adición para los Milesios. Referiré la parte de
oráculo que tocaba a los argivos, cuando en su propio lugar diere
razón de sus asuntos: la parte que miraba a los milesios, que no se
hallaban allí presentes, estaba concebida en estos términos
«Entonces, oh Mileto, máquina llena de maldad, serás cena y
espléndida presa para no pocos, cuando tus damas laven los pies de
cabelluda raza; ni faltarán otros que adornen en Dídima mi templo»
Todos estos males vinieron entonces, en efecto, sobre los milesios
cuando los más de los hombres de la ciudad murieron a manos de los
persas, que solían criar su pelo largo; cuando las mujeres e hijos de
aquellos fueron reducidos a la condición de esclavos; cuando
finalmente, el templo de Apolo en Dídima, de cuya riqueza llevo ya
hecha mención en diferentes puntos de mi historia, fue con su capilla y
con su oráculo dado al saco y a las llamas.[98]
XX. Hechos, pues, prisioneros los milesios, fueron desde su patria
llevados a Susa. El rey Darío, sin ejecutar en ellos otro castigo
diferente, los colocó cerca del mar Eritreo en Ampe, ciudad por la cua
pasa el río Tigris, que desagua en el mar. Las heredades suburbanas
de Mileto las tomaron para sí los persas, dando las tierras altas de
país a los carios de Pédasa.
XXI. No hallaron los milesios en su desventura recibida de manos
de los persas la debida compasión y correspondencia en los sibaritas
que habitan al presente las ciudades de Lao y de Escidro,[99] después
que fueron privados de su antigua patria, la ciudad misma de Síbaris
pues habiendo sido esta tomada por los de Crotona tiempos atrás
mostraron tanta pena los milesios de aquella desventura, que los
adultos todos se cortaron el pelo, siendo dichas ciudades las más
amigas y las más unidas en buenos oficios de cuantas tenga yo noticia
hasta aquí. Muy diferentemente obraron en este punto los de Atenas
quienes, además de otras muchas pruebas de dolor que les causaba
la pérdida de Mileto, dieron una muy particular en la representación de
un drama compuesto por Frínico, cuyo asunto y título era la toma de
Mileto; pues no solo prorrumpió en un llanto general todo el teatro, sino
que el público multó al poeta en mil dracmas por haberle renovado la
memoria de sus males propios, prohibiendo al mismo tiempo que nadie
en adelante reprodujera semejante drama.
XXII. Así Mileto quedose, en una palabra, sin milesios. Por lo que
mira a los samios que tenían en casa algo que perder, estuvo tan lejos
de parecerles bien la resolución de sus generales a favor de los
medos, que luego después del combate naval tomaron entre ellos e
acuerdo de salirse de su patria para ir a fundar una nueva colonia
antes que volviera Éaces a entrar en la isla, sin duda por no verse
precisados en caso de quedarse en sus casas a servir a los medos y
obedecer a un tirano. La ocasión era la más oportuna, pues entonces
los zancleos,[100] pueblo de Sicilia, por medio de unos mensajeros
enviados a la Jonia, instaban a los jonios a que vinieran a apoderarse
de Calacte, muy deseosos de que se fundase en esta ciudad jonia. Es
la que llamaban Calacte una hermosa playa poseída entonces por los
sicelios (o sicilianos, originarios del país), la cual mira hacia Tirrenia
Mientras los zancleos convidaban a los jonios a formar dicha colonia
los samios fueron entre estos los únicos que, en compañía de los
milesios que habían podido escaparse de la ruina universal, partieron
para Sicilia, donde su empresa tuvo el éxito siguiente.
XXIII. Quiso la suerte que al llegar los samios en su viaje a los
locros, por sobrenombre epicefirios,[101] se hallasen actualmente los
zancleos, conducidos por su rey llamado Escita, sitiando cierta ciudad
de los sicilianos con ánimo de apoderarse de ella a viva fuerza
Anaxilao, señor de Regio y grande enemigo de los zancleos, informado
del designio de los samios, procuró insinuarse con ellos, y supo
persuadirles que a la sazón les convenía más bien olvidarse de
Calacte y de las hermosas playas hacia donde llevaban el rumbo, y
apoderarse en vez de ellas de la misma ciudad de Zancle, que se
hallaba sin soldados que pudiesen defenderla. Caen los samios en la
tentación, y hácense dueños de Zancle. Apenas los zancleos ausentes
de su patria oyeron que había sido sorprendida, cuando fueron
corriendo a socorrerla, llamando al mismo tiempo en su ayuda a
Hipócrates, señor de Gela[102] y aliado suyo. Viniendo este para
auxiliarles con su gente de armas, obró tan al contrario, que privando a
Escita, monarca de los zancleos, de su ciudad, le mandó poner preso
y en su compañía a Pitógenes su hermano, enviándolos así atados a
la ciudad de Ínix.[103] Entró después a capitular con los samios de la
plaza, e interpuesta la fe mutua del juramento, vendió alevosamente a
los zancleos; pues de la paga de su traición en que convino con los
samios fue que de los esclavos y muebles que se hallaban dentro de la
ciudad tomaría la mitad para sí, y que cargaría con cuanto mueble y
esclavo se hallase en la campiña. Para más iniquidad, valiéndose de la
ocasión, mandó atar la mayor parte de los zancleos y se quedó con
ellos como si fueran esclavos; y no contento con esto, entregó a los
samios los 300 zancleos principales para que les cortasen la cabeza
maldad que no quisieron ejecutar.
XXIV. Escita, el señor de los zancleos, huido de Ínix, pasó a
Hímera,[104] de donde navegó al Asia y llegó a la corte de Darío, quien
vino a tenerle por el griego mejor y más justificado de cuantos de la
Grecia habían subido a su corte; pues habida licencia del soberano
para ir a Sicilia, volvió otra vez a su presencia, y entre los persas
acabó su vida felizmente en edad muy avanzada.
XXV. De este modo los samios que se habían escapado de
dominio de los medos, lograron sin ningún trabajo hacerse dueños de
Zancle, una de las más bellas ciudades.[105] Después de la batalla
naval que se dio por causa de Mileto, los fenicios, por orden de los
persas, restituyeron a Samos a Éaces, el hijo de Silosonte, en atención
a lo bien que con ellos se había portado. Los samios, en efecto, po
haber retirado sus naves del combate naval de los jonios, lograron se
los únicos entre los que se habían sublevado contra Darío que librasen
del incendio sus templos y ciudades. Tomada ya Mileto, nada tardaron
los persas en recobrar la Caria, cuyas ciudades, parte entregadas a
discreción, parte rendidas por fuerza, iban de nuevo agregando a
imperio.
XXVI. Tiempo es ya de volver a Histieo, que se hallaba en las
cercanías de Bizancio apresando las naves mercantiles de los jonios
que procedían del Ponto, cuando le llegó la nueva de lo que acababa
de suceder en Mileto. Apenas la recibió, hízose a la vela con sus
lesbios hacia Quíos, dejando el cuidado de la piratería en e
Helesponto a Bisaltes, natural de Abido e hijo de Apolófanes; y llegado
ya a aquella isla, tuvo una refriega con la guarnición de un fuerte
llamado Cela que no quería admitirle en aquel lugar, y mató en ella no
pocos de aquellos defensores. Con esto logró hacerse dueño de una
pequeña ciudad de la isla, de cuyo puerto salía con los lesbios de su
comitiva y se iba apoderando de las galeras maltratadas de los de
Quíos que, escapadas de la batalla naval, se volvían a su patria.
XXVII. A estos vecinos de la isla de Quíos habían antes
acontecido ya notables prodigios, según suelen los dioses por ley
ordinaria dar de antemano ciertos pronósticos de las grandes
desventuras que amenazan a alguna ciudad o nación. Uno había sido
que de cien mancebos enviados en un coro o danza desde Quíos a
Delfos, solo dos habían vuelto a la patria, habiendo perecido los otros
98 de una peste que les sobrevino: otro fue que cayéndose en Quíos
el techo de una casa sobre los niños de la escuela poco antes que se
diese la batalla naval, de 120 que ellos eran, solo uno se salvó. Estas
fueron las señales previas que el cielo les enviaba: después vino la
batalla naval que destruyó aquella república, y después de la rota fata
de las naves, el pirata Histieo con sus lesbios se dejó caer sobre los
Quíos destrozados, y acabó de dar en tierra con todo el poder de aque
estado.
XXVIII. Teniendo ya Histieo en su escuadra no pocos
combatientes, jonios y eolios, desde Quíos se fue contra Tasos. Estaba
ya sitiando esta plaza, cuando por el aviso que le vino de que los
fenicios, dejando a Mileto, salían contra las otras ciudades de la Jonia
diose mucha prisa en partir con toda su gente hacia Lesbos, sin lleva
a cabo la expugnación de Tasos. Entretanto, la falta de víveres que
padecía su ejército, le obligó a pasar al continente con ánimo de sega
las mieses, así del territorio de Atarneo como del campo del Caico que
pertenece a los misios. Pero quiso entonces la fortuna que se hallase
en aquellas cercanías con un numeroso ejército Harpago, general de
los persas, el cual, en una batalla que allí se dio, muerta la mayor parte
de las tropas enemigas, logró apoderarse de la persona de Histieo
que fue hecho prisionero del modo siguiente:
XXIX. En Malene, lugar de la comarca atarnea, trabose el choque
entre persas y griegos, en que por largo tiempo quedó dudosa la
victoria, hasta que al fin, arremetiendo la caballería persa, hizo suya la
acción con tal viveza, que puso en fuga a los griegos. Al huir con los
suyos Histieo, persuadido como estaba de que por aquella su culpa no
le condenaría el rey a perder la vida, se le avivó tanto el deseo de
conservarla, que alcanzado ya por un soldado persa y viendo que iba
con un golpe a pasarle de parte a parte, le habló en lengua persa y se
le descubrió diciendo ser el milesio Histieo.
XXX. Si Histieo, puesto que fue cogido vivo, hubiera sido
presentado asimismo a Darío, este, a mi modo de entender, le hubiera
perdonado la ofensa pasada, y aquel nada hubiera tenido que sufrir de
parte del ofendido.[106] El daño estuvo en que el virrey de Sardes
Artafrenes y Harpago, el general de las tropas, a fin de impedir que
perdonado Histieo volviera de nuevo a la gracia y privanza de
soberano, luego que llegó a Sardes prisionero, pusieron su cuerpo en
un palo y enviaron a Susa su cabeza embalsamada para que la viera
Darío. Sabedor, en efecto, el monarca de aquel hecho, desaprobando
la resolución, reprendió a los ministros autores de ella, porque no le
habían presentado vivo el prisionero de guerra. Respecto a la cabeza
de Histieo, ordenó que lavada y decorosamente amortajada se la diese
honrosa sepultura, siendo de un varón singularmente benemérito, as
de su real persona como del imperio de los persas. Así vino a termina
Histieo.
XXXI. La armada de los persas que había invernado en las
cercanías de Mileto, saliendo al mar al año siguiente, iba de paso
apoderándose de las islas adyacentes al continente del Asia menor, a
saber: la de Quíos, la de Lesbos y la de Ténedos. Para mayo
desgracia, posesionados los bárbaros de alguna isla, lo primero que
hacían era barrer y acabar con todos los moradores que en ella había
en la forma que sigue: iban formando un cordón de persas cogidos uno
de la mano del otro, y empezando así de la playa del norte seguían
con aquella red barredera cazando a los hombres por toda la isla. En
el continente, asimismo fueron apoderándose de las ciudades jonias
reduciéndolas a la esclavitud, dejando solo de tender allí su red por no
permitirlo la situación del país.
XXXII. Así que los generales persas no quisieron que se dijese de
ellos que no cumplían las amenazas que antes habían hecho a los
jonios, cuando todavía estaban armados, pues como lo amenazaron
así lo iban ejecutando. Porque no bien se veían dueños de alguna de
las plazas, cuando escogidos los niños más gallardos, hacían de ellos
otros tantos eunucos para su servicio, entresacando del mismo modo a
las doncellas mejor parecidas para enviarlas a la corte; y no contentos
con esto, entregaban a las llamas todos los edificios de las ciudades
así profanos como consagrados a los dioses. Esta fue la tercera vez
que los jonios se vieron hechos esclavos, pues una les subyugaron los
lidios y dos consecutivamente los persas.
XXXIII. Aquella misma armada, habiendo dejado la Jonia, fue
sujetando todas las plazas que caen a la izquierda del que va
navegando por el Helesponto, pues las que están a mano derecha en
el continente habían ya sido rendidas por los persas. En dicha costa
del Helesponto, que pertenece a la Europa, se halla el Quersoneso, en
que se cuentan bastantes ciudades; se halla la ciudad de Perinto; se
hallan los fuertes de la Tracia, como también las ciudades de Selimbria
y de Bizancio. Los bizantinos, pues, y del mismo modo los
calcedonios, situados en la ribera opuesta, dejando sus pueblos antes
de que llegase la armada fenicia y retirados a lo interior del Ponto
Euxino, fundaron la ciudad de Mesembria. Llegados después los
fenicios, incendiadas las dos citadas plazas, se dejaron caer sobre
Proconeso y Artace, y desde ellas, después que las hubieron
abrasado, hiciéronse a la vela otra vez hacia el Quersoneso con ánimo
de arruinar las ciudades que antes habían respetado, cuando po
primera vez se echaron sobre aquella península. A Cícico no se
acercaron absolutamente los fenicios, a causa de que los naturales, ya
antes de su llegada, capitulando con el virrey de Dascilio, Ébares, hijo
de Megabazo, se habían entregado al rey; pero en el Quersoneso
rindieron las demás ciudades, excepto la de Cardia.
XXXIV. Hasta este tiempo, Milcíades, hijo de Cimón y nieto de
Esteságoras, conservaba el dominio en dichas ciudades, sobre las
cuales lo había adquirido antes aquel otro Milcíades que fue hijo de
Cípselo, de la manera que referiré. Los doloncos, pueblos de origen
tracio, eran los que antiguamente habitaban en el Quersoneso
quienes viéndose agobiados en la guerra por los apsintios,[107] enviaron
a Delfos sus reyes para que consultasen acerca de ella. Dioles po
respuesta la Pitia que se llevaran a su país por fundador de una
colonia al primero que salido del templo les acogiera en su casa como
huéspedes y amigos. Los doloncos, pues, tomaron su camino por la
vía sacra,[108] pasaron por la señoría de los focidios y por la de los

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