CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1. Background to the Study

Adam (2015) submitted that Secretarial Practice in those days was

about possessing the skills of manual and electronic typing, shorthand with

good conduct and character. In the past, managers dictate memos and

letters, and secretaries typed them in various offices. Most recently,

institutions have developed word processing centers and relied on personal

computers and even electronic mail to lessen the need for secretarial

support and make the secretary very productive (Ezoem, 2023; Osuala,

2014; Seidu and Oteng 2016).

The traditional secretary was trained to keep secret information

classified as confidential, receive visitors, and organize meetings in an

organization. They must also possess good communication and human

relationship skills, ensuring efficient and effective office by being current

in record and organization abilities. But today, Information and

Communication Technology (ICT) has changed dynamics regarding the

roles and functions of the secretary due to emerging technological

advancement and innovations in all phases of human life, notably in the

office environment.

1
 The need to equip students of secretarial studies with cutting edge

skills and make them employable in the labour market gave birth to Office

Technology and Management from erstwhile secretarial studies. The

rebranding was done to make the secretarial profession more lucrative and

attractive to prospective undergraduates by increasing the number of

students’ enrolment in the nation’s tertiary institutions (Olawole and

Abuya, 2011).

Information and Communication Technology (ICT) can be seen as

the bedrock for national survival and development of a country in a rapidly

changing global environment. It challenges education planners and

curriculum designers to address a host of vital socioeconomic issues such

as reliable infrastructure, skilled human resources, open government and

other essential issues of capacity building. It is for this reason that every

progressive country has to draw a national policy on ICT and the

implementation of strategies to respond to the emerging global reality. A

developing nation like Nigeria, which has aspired to participate effectively

and become a key player in the emerging information age needs to have in

place, a highly efficient information technology system driven by vibrant

national Information Technology policy. This paper thus, deals with the

challenges and strategies for effective utilization of ICT among Office

2
Technology and Management (OTM) educators in Nigerian Polytechnics.

Office Technology and Management is a nomenclature that has replaced

Secretarial Studies Programme in Nigerian Polytechnics as introduced by

the National Board for Technical Education (NBTE) in 2004. This was as a

result of an extensive review of Secretarial Studies Curriculum in order to

make its recipients to be ICT-compliant and fit appropriately in the world

of work, most especially, in modern offices that are characterized by

various types of state of the art communication and technology.

Polytechnic education in Nigeria is recognized as part of tertiary education

whose aim is to provide middle-level manpower to man the various sectors

of Nigerian economy (Ikelegbe and Odede, 2012).

According to the National Policy on Education (FRN, 2004),

Polytechnics in Nigeria shall maintain a two-tier programme of studies;

namely, the National Diploma (ND) and the Higher National Diploma

(HND) with one-year period of industrial experience serving as one of the

pre-requisites for entry into the HND programme. The world is changing

rapidly as a result of new development in Information and Communication

Technology (ICT) that is why there is a remarkable change or departure

from traditional office machines like manual typewriter, gramophones and

other stenotype office machines to electronic information communication

3
system like computers, telephones, GSM handset, scanners, modern,

operating system software etc.

Due to this new development our Nigerian institutions has to change

the course name secretarial Administration to a rebranded name called

Office Technology and Management, the former curriculum of the

secretarial administration was also changed to a curriculum that has to deal

with the new Information technology. This was done to enable the

students have knowledge of these new technologies in this information

technology era, since the world is changing to a global village.

Laudon, (2022) explained that information technology is one of

many tools mangers use to cope with changes, adding that computer which

is at the core is the physical equipment used for inputting data and

processing output. Similarly (Haag, 2020) asserted that information

technology is any computer based tool that facilitates the search, retrieval

and dissemination of information to information seekers and as well as

support the information and information processing needs of individuals,

groups and organization. He further explained that information technology

includes keyboards, mouse, screens, printers, telephone, cellophane,

4
television, radio, scanners, modems, word processor, and operating system

software.

Ehikhamenor (2013) defines information technology as the

acquisition, processing, storage and dissemination of information by means

of computer, office machine and telecommunications. Computers provide

the processing, storage and retrieval facilities while telecommunications

provides the facilities for the transfer or communication of data and

information to users.

The emergence and use of information technology has improved

efficiency in the performance of routine tasks in office like electronic

payments, producing documents in large quantities, information exchange,

the flow of work is speeded up and essential materials are now processed

online. However, in Nigeria the availability and utilization of information

technology is at its lowest ebb and that is why office technology and

management students are facing big challenges in this era, so the school

managements should not only be concerned in teaching the courses in the

curriculum but should concentrate also in the information of a framework

of policy for the development of the office technology and management

workshops with modern and up to date information technologies.

5
 This is why Womboh (2018) likened the state of information and

communication technology in most of our Nigerian institution’s libraries to

a mediocre, he insisted that any institution offering office technology and

management (OTM) as a course, should have a functional ICT

connectivity in its workshop while Ajayi (2015) maintained that the

traditional “brick and mortar” workshops must give way to digitalized

workshops so that the students will be versatile and able to access these

equipments.

Information and Communication Technology (ICT) is a terminology

which has overtaken information technology (IT) because of its

appropriateness and relevance. Information technology focuses on the

computer while information and communication technology (ICT)

emphasizes on the use of technology for development, thus focusing in the

use of computers and other technologies such as telephone etc to process

transport, transfer voice/video and other data singularly or mixed with least

interference. Information technology (IT) advancement therefore involves

a change in the methodology of secretarial duties from manual or semi-

mechanical means to purely mechanize and digitalized processes.

6
1.2 Statement of Research Problem

The rapid and tremendous development of information technology

has posed a lot of challenges today to our office technology and

management students in Kogi State Polytechnic Lokoja, the students are

exposed only to the use of analogue typing and shorthand skill, therefore

inability to keep up with the rapid pace of technology has created fear on

these students.

The unavailability of most of the information technologies in the

Office Technology and Management (OTM) workshops is another

challenge the students are facing in this information technology era.

Consequently students who studied this course information technology and

management might lose lucrative jobs found within the confines of

information and communication technology (ICT) due to lack of exposure

to these technologies.

However, this investigation would proffer solutions on the exposure

Office Technology and Management (OTM) students in Kogi State

Polytechnic, Lokoja need in order to overcome these challenges they are

facing in this information technology era.

7
 1.3 Objectives of the Study

The purpose of the study was to determine the emerging challenges

facing Office Technology and Management students in Kogi State

Polytechnic, Lokoja are facing in the information technology era.

Specifically, the purpose of the study is as follows:

i. To analyze the challenges posed by the advancement in information

technology on Office Technology and Management students in Kogi State

Polytechnic, Lokoja.

ii. To determine the Impact such emerging challenges would have on the

productivity of the students.

iii. To identify what special training that is needed by the students to meet

these emerging challenges.

iv. To examine the importance of information technology equipments as an

aid to producing an efficient information technology student.

8
 1.4 Research Questions

To guide the study, the following questions were posed.

i. What are the emerging challenges faced by Office Technology and

Management students in Kogi State Polytechnic, Lokoja are posed with in

this information technology era?

ii. What impact does information technology equipment have on Office

Technology and Management students of Kogi State Polytechnic, Lokoja?

iii. What is the importance of information technology equipment as an aid to

student’s productivity?

iv. What are the special trainings needed by Office technology Management

students to meet these emerging challenges?

1.5 Research Hypotheses

A research hypothesis is a specific, testable statement that predicts

the outcome of a scientific study or experiment. It’s a clear and concise

statement that guides the investigation and helps to focus the research

efforts.

Also in line with objectives and research questions are the hypotheses of

this study.

9
 Hypothesis One

Ho: The emerging challenges faced by Office Technology and

Management students in Kogi State Polytechnic, Lokoja does not

have significant impact posed with in this information technology

era
<

Hi: The emerging challenges faced by Office Technology and

Management students in Kogi State Polytechnic, Lokoja have

significant impact posed with in this information technology era

Hypothesis Two

Ho: There is no significant impact that such emerging challenges would

have on the productivity of the students?

Hi: There is significant impact that such emerging challenges would have on

the productivity of the students?

Hypothesis Three
Ho: There is no need for special training by the students to meet these

emerging challenges

Hi: There is a great need for special training by the students to meet these

emerging challenges

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1.6 Significance of the Study

It is hoped that this research will serve in propelling an Office

Technology and Management students to strive hard as to fit into this era

of Information Communication and Technology (ICT) hence identifying

the loopholes a student needs to erase. This research will also serve as

communication to the school management on the direction of teaching and

exposure needed by these students so as to measure up with modern trend

of information technology and the challenges the students are facing in the

information technological era.

1.7 Scope of the Study

This research is conferred on Office Technology and Management

(OTM) students in Kogi State Polytechnic, Lokoja. It therefore tries to

proffer solutions to the emerging challenges facing the students in this

information communication and technology era.

1.8 Limitation of the Study

During the cause of the study, the researcher encounters the

following problems:

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 i. Lack of sufficient library materials: The polytechnic library which was

the major sources of the materials for the literature review lacked sufficient

relevant materials in the area of the study; this made the researcher to

browse from the internet and also the borrowing of relevant books from the

departmental library.

ii. Time Factor: Due to time factor, financial and manpower, due to class

room lecture and assignment, it is not very possible to go out for research.

iii. Financial Constraint: Finance is one of the problems that is been faced

by the researcher, the researcher don’t have enough finance to carry out

their research work and this has posed a limitation to the study.

1.9 Operational Definition of Term

Secretary: Secretary is someone who has a said general education and has

passed through a prescribe programme of training in the field of secretarial

training with appropriates skills.

Office: An office is a room or part of building where people work sitting at

desks.

Technology: Refers to the method or system in which devices are used

due to scientific knowledge being use for practical purpose.

12
Management: Is the control and organizing of a business or other

organization which also refers management as people who controls and

organize a business.

Speed: Is a way of measuring how quickly something is moving or being

done, or something moving fast. Working or operating at full speed,

maximum efficiency, to move work or happen at a fast rate.

Accuracy: Freedom from mistake or error, the quality or state of being

accurate, the ability to work or perform without making mistake.

Information: This can be seen as data, facts. It could also be seen as

knowledge, intelligence, news, notice, word, instruction, enlightenment,

report communiqué communication.

Challenges: These are the obstacles, difficulties, or adversities that we

encounter along our journey, and they can come in various forms. Or a

situation, task, or problem that is difficult, new, or complex and presents

the possibility of testing skills or resources and being interpreted as or

transformed into an opportunity

Emerging: This means newly created or noticed and growing in strength

or popularity: becoming widely known or established

13
 CHAPTER TWO
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

2.1 Review of Conceptual Literature

Adam (2015) submitted that Secretarial Practice in those days was about

possessing the skills of manual and electronic typing, shorthand with good

conduct and character. In the past, managers dictate memos and letters, and

secretaries typed them in various offices. Most recently, institutions have

developed word processing centers and relied on personal computers and even

electronic mail to lessen the need for secretarial support and make the secretary

very productive (Ezoem, 2015; Osuala, 2014; Seidu and Oteng 2015).

Office Technology and Management students should strive to catch up

with the current advancements in IT to remain relevant in the industry. The IT era

presents new jobs and changes existing ones, so OTM students need to develop

skills that suit IT offices and there is a need to introduce IT equipment into the

OTM curriculum to boost students’ knowledge of these machines.

There is a need for good lecturers to handle these courses and prepare

students for the industry. Information technology is an indispensable tool for

managers to cope with the changes in the business environment and IT includes

computer-based tools that facilitate the retrieval and dissemination of information

to meet the needs of individuals, groups, and organizations. Therefore, IT

14
improves the efficiency of routine tasks in the office, such as electronic

payments, document production, information exchange, and workflow. The

availability and utilization of IT in Nigeria is low, posing significant challenges

to OTM students.

There is a need for school managements to prioritize teaching courses in

the curriculum and develop a framework for policy development in OTM

workshops with modern IT.

The traditional secretary was trained to keep secret information classified

as confidential, receive visitors, and organize meetings in an organization. They

must also possess good communication and human relationship skills, ensuring

efficient and effective office by being current in record and organization abilities.

But today, Information and Communication Technology (ICT) has changed

dynamics regarding the roles and functions of the secretary due to emerging

technological advancement and innovations in all phases of human life, notably

in the office environment.

The need to equip students of secretarial studies with cutting edge skills

and make them employable in the labour market gave birth to Office Technology

and Management from erstwhile secretarial studies. The rebranding was done to

make the secretarial profession more lucrative and attractive to prospective

15
 undergraduates by increasing the number of students’ enrolment in the nation’s

tertiary institutions (Olawole and Abuya, 2011).

2.1.1 Emerging Challenges

Emerging challenges refer to the newly arising issues, problems, or

difficulties that have developed or are developing and require attention, action,

and solutions. These challenges are often unexpected, unprecedented, or

unforeseen and can have a significant impact on individuals, organizations,

societies, or the environment.

The concept of emerging challenges is relevant in various contexts,

including:

i. Technology: New technologies can bring emerging challenges, such as

cybersecurity threats, data privacy concerns, or job displacement.

ii. Business: Companies may face emerging challenges like market shifts,

changing consumer behaviors, or unexpected competition.

iii. Environment: Climate change, pandemics, and natural disasters are examples

of emerging challenges that require urgent attention.

iv. Society: Emerging challenges in society include inequality, social unrest, and

cultural shifts.

v. Personal: Individuals may encounter emerging challenges like mental health

concerns, career changes, or unexpected life events.

16
 Addressing emerging challenges requires:

 Awareness and recognition

 Analysis and understanding

 Adaptation and innovation

 Collaboration and partnerships

 Resilience and flexibility

By acknowledging and responding to emerging challenges, individuals and

organizations can mitigate risks, capitalize on opportunities, and shape a better

future.

2.1.2 Office Technology and Management

Office Technology and Management (OTM) has been a vital concept in

various research studies and projects, focusing on enhancing office operations

and productivity. Organizations today are investing more in digitalization and

automation to secure their business ventures in these shifting dynamics.

However, how will AI change the dynamics of future work? As the digitalization

and use of technology have evolved, AI development has increased the fear of

losing their jobs in people’s minds influencing their work satisfaction. Therefore,

this project work aims to study the impact of artificial intelligence on the work

culture and its effect on employee’s work satisfaction. Moreover, the paper also

discusses the related gap found in the skillset of employees and managers to work

17
 on AI and other related technologies during the pandemic and the probable

solutions.

Office Technology and Management (OTM) refers to the effective use of

technology and management principles to optimize office operations, increase

productivity, and improve efficiency. It encompasses various aspects, including:

i. Office Automation: Leveraging technology, such as software and hardware,

to streamline office tasks and processes.

ii. Information Management: Collecting, storing, and disseminating

information to support decision-making and office operations.

iii. Communication Systems: Utilizing technology, like phone systems and

email, to facilitate internal and external communication.

iv. Record Management: Developing and implementing systems for storing,

retrieving, and maintaining accurate and up-to-date records.

v. Office Administration: Managing day-to-day office operations, including

human resources, finance, and facilities management.

vi. Technology Integration: Incorporating new technologies, such as artificial

intelligence and cloud computing, into office operations.

vii. Process Improvement: Continuously assessing and improving office

processes to increase efficiency and productivity.

18
viii. Staff Development: Providing training and development opportunities to

enhance staff skills and knowledge in office technology and management.

ix. Strategic Planning: Aligning office technology and management with

organizational goals and objectives.

x. Innovation: Staying abreast of emerging trends and technologies to drive

innovation and improvement in office operations.

The goal of Office Technology and Management is to create a productive,

efficient, and effective office environment that supports organizational success.

2.2 Theoretical Framework

2.2.1 Information Overload Theory

The theory suggests that the human working memory is limited to

approximately seven ± two units of information (Atkinson and Shiffrin, 1968).

Accordingly, information overload occurs when the amount of information

exceeds the working memory of the person receiving it (Graf and Antoni, 2020).

Information Overload theory identifies three different categories of cognitive

load: extraneous, intrinsic, and germane cognitive load. Extraneous cognitive

load is influenced by the design of the information (Sweller, 2005). Intrinsic

cognitive load results from the content of the information, such as its complexity.

Finally, germane cognitive load is the favorable, learning-enhancing cognitive

load that results from focused engagement with the information. Ideally, this final

19
form of cognitive load leads to the construction of schemata and mental models

(Sweller, 2015).

Media richness theory also provides a theoretical framework for studying

information overload. One of the goals of using information and communication

technology (ICT) is to reduce the ambiguity of information (Daft and Lengel,

1986). Therefore, information richness, which refers to the extent to which

information can change understanding in a given time interval (Daft and Lengel,

1986), should be considered in relation to information overload. In addition to the

information itself, the various possible communication channels may also differ

in their richness. Face-to-face conversations are thought to be the richest form of

communication, while letters or e-mails are less rich (Daft and Lengel, 1986;

Kauffeld et al., 2016). Cognitive load theory provides a precise definition of

information overload, while the media richness theory better supports the

development of design interventions. Against the background of these relevant

theories, the terms used in this study can be defined.

2.2.2 Digital Divide Theory

The Theory of Digital Divide postulates that there is an economic and

social gap between the population of a nation and their access to technologies

pertaining to information and communication. The economic the inequality

20
 increases in the macro economy that extends to regions within a nation – between

nations, geographic areas and demographic areas.

The digital divide exists for a number of reasons. One of the chief reasons

is the widening economic gap in incomes. A rise in income leads to a rise in the

accessibility and usage of technology such as the internet. Poverty and economic

barriers cut peoples’ access to technology and information.

Determinants of Digital Divide

There are at least three main determinants in the digital divide:

i. Information accessibility

ii. Information utilization

iii. Information receptiveness

The digital divide is not merely an issue of accessibility. While the

Western world has constant access to technology, there are huge pockets in

Africa and South Asian which lack such easy accessibility.

However, this problem cannot be solved merely by transplanting more

technology. People need to know how to utilize the information that they get

from, say, the internet. An illiterate person will not be able to use a computer.

People need to be receptive to the information as well. This means that their

reactions also matter.

21
 The Digital Divide Theory refers to the gap between individuals,

communities, and countries that have access to and utilize information and

communication technologies (ICTs) such as the internet, computers, and mobile

devices, and those who do not. This divide is characterized by disparities in:

i. Access: Physical availability and affordability of ICTs.

ii. Skills: Ability to effectively use and navigate digital technologies.

iii. Usage: Frequency and purpose of ICT use, including online activities and

digital literacy.

iv. Quality: Speed, reliability, and security of internet connections and devices.

The Digital Divide Theory was first introduced in the 1990s and has since

evolved to encompass various aspects, including:

i. Global divide: Disparities between developed and developing countries.

ii. Social divide: Disparities within countries based on socioeconomic factors,

age, gender, and geographic location.

iii. Economic divide: Disparities in access to ICTs based on income and

economic status.

iv. Cultural divide: Disparities in digital literacy and usage patterns across

different cultural groups.

v. Political divide: Disparities in access to ICTs and digital information due to

government policies and censorship.

22
2.2.3 Technostress Theory

Technostress theory is a holistic model that frames technostress as a

process that hinges on individuals appraising environmental conditions as

challenge techno-stressors or hindrance techno-stressors Sami, Lalitha Krishna;

Iffat, Rabia (2010). The theory proposes that certain technology characteristics,

like usability, intrusiveness, and dynamism, are related to stressors, such as work

overload, role ambiguity, invasion of privacy, work-home conflict, and job

insecurity. Tarafdar, M., Ragu-Nathan, T.S., & Ragu-Nathan, B (2007).

Technostress can be understood from a psychological theory describing stress

management called the transactional model of stress. Scientific research on

technostress reveals that the negative psychological relationship with technology

presents itself mainly in two different ways: techno-anxiety and techno-addiction.

People experience technostress when they cannot adapt to or cope with

information technologies in a healthy manner. They may feel a compulsive need

to stay connected and share constant updates, feel forced to respond to work-

related information in real-time, or engage in habitual multi-tasking. They feel

compelled to work faster because information flows faster, and have little time

for sustained thinking and creative analysis.

23
 Craig Brod, a leader in the field of technostress research, states that

technostress is "a modern disease of adaptation caused by an inability to cope

with the new computer technologies in a healthy manner. Some of the earliest

technostress studies is in the field of Management Information Systems. The

studies show that technostress is an undesirable phenomenon spawned by the use

of computing and communication devices such as computers, tablets, and

smartphones. Newer empirical research in this field, however, indicates that

technostress has both positive and negative aspects. Research also suggests that

technostress is dependent on gender, age, and computer literacy. Women

experience lower technostress than men; older people experience less

technostress at work than younger people; and those with greater computer

literacy experience lower technostress.

2.3 Empirical Review

Ohakwe and Njoku (2019) noted that the curriculum like the constitution is

not static; it is fluid and elastic in application, administration, and change and

principally modulated by the environment and technology. Developing a

curriculum therefore, is an ongoing exercise. Curriculum reforms are however

implemented in response to popular clamour and perceived social needs. When

there is perceived dissatisfaction with an existing curriculum or when there is a

change in what is known about learning process, the need for evaluation becomes

24
expedient. This according to Ohakwe and Njokwu (2019) is what the UNESCO –

Nigeria project has done in support of revitalization of Technical and Vocational

Education (TVE) in Nigeria. A critical analysis of the various curricula for

business programme according to this view reveal that 25% theoretical works and

75% practical exercises are required to be performed in any course title. This is

very important at a period when mass unemployment and graduate un-

employability are prevalent. The polytechnics are known to produce skills and

self-employable office/workshop workers.

The emerging challenges now are that more than ever before, Nigerian

economy requires competent workforce with relevant psychomotor, cognitive

and affective domains. While the present curriculum may provide the agenda for

adequate preparations to harness its immense potentials, the emerging challenge

hinges on effective capacity building of Technical and Vocational Educators

taking into focus their instructional challenges. For example, the National

Diploma (ND) and higher National Diploma (HND) curriculum for Secretarial

Studies was published in 1989. After the initial five years of implementing the

curricula, it was generally agreed that there was the need to review the Secretarial

Studies curriculum (Azuka, 2000, Makari, Gami and Otoiwo, 2005).

Curriculum review according to Ojukwu, (2008), can also occur when

there is a perceived need to improve upon the existing curriculum based upon

25
development in technology and the need for improvement in the way things are

done for societal upliftment. It was based on these needs that the National Board

for Technical Education (NBTE) embarked on a comprehensive review of all

minimum guide curricula from 2001, which sought to radically transform the

polytechnics programmes to meet new technological and socio-economic trends

and demands of the world of work. The main focus was to ensure that every

programme contained ICT and entrepreneurship modules. The revised curricula

emphasized more on psychomotor domain (i.e. practical work).

2.4. Review of other Related Literature

In a recent study conducted by (Raj and Seamans, 2019), they have

recommended that for the implementation of AI, the organization will have to go

through the drastic changes of redesigning and reshaping and will require a

change in the skillset of employees to complete a particular activity or task.

Employees’ struggle to learn and work on smart technology like AI will

subsequently impact an employee’s work satisfaction and commitment, leading

to increased employee turnover intention and depression. Contradicting this, a

study conducted by (Bhargava et al., 2020) emphasized that employees need to

enhance their skills and knowledge to deal with the technology.

Humans are irreplaceable and will always remain an essential part of

organizations. Their study has also emphasized that machines and humans will

26
complement each other as much as they interact. Therefore, the key to remaining

employed is upgrading oneself and modifying oneself for the best use of

technology. In addition, AI assisting employees to work will increase their work

satisfaction (Bhargava et al., 2020). In the study of (Webster and Ivanov, 2019),

they have suggested that organizations should effectively communicate with the

employees, create awareness among the employees, and encourage them to adopt

an open mind for the smooth working of the organization.

However, few skilled employees are available to fill the posts, and this

scenario is predicted to be widened by 2031. In Canada, 63% of the managers

feel that their companies will face the maximum skill gaps in the next two years.

In addition, the lack of digital literacy is creating problems in the effort to invest

in AI and other technologies. As per a study conducted by Deloitte, only about

16% of the companies have used AI to continue their work in 2019. Upskilling

the employees and managers will create an understanding among them about the

usage of AI, the skills they lack, and the skillset they need to upgrade (Deloitte,

2020).

There can be various levels of employees are working in an organization.

The companies have to deal with vendors, workers, retailers, etc. hence, hiring

solely the already skilled staff to use AI is difficult. Therefore, they should adopt

a multi-prolonged method to reduce this skillset gap. The staff should be

27
provided with the right combination of training, learning, and on-the-job

experience to help the organization build a business-future-ready workforce.

Training the existing staff will lead to even more benefits for the organization as

the existing staff is already well aware of the work culture and current

technological infrastructure. At the same time, the organizational commitment

towards the existing staff to train and upgrade their conceptual skills will help

retain and attract the top talent.

Demand for technology advancement and the application of technology in

organizations is increasing rapidly. Therefore, the skills required to process and

work on AI will also increase simultaneously. Emotional, social, and other

cognitive skills that need complex and creative thinking also have excessive

demand. Due to the current pandemic, the demand for digital skills is also

increasing and is expected to continue in the future. The existing digital trend

may reduce the manual and physical skills, but it will remain the major group of

personnel skills by 2030, as shown in fig-8. Thus, it will increase the challenges

of current workforce skills, create a demand for a new credentialing system, and

require innovative solutions. (Manyika & Sneader, 2018).

28
 2.4.1 Challenges posed by Advancement in Information Technology

The advancement in Information Technology (IT) poses challenges that

affect individuals, organizations, and society as a whole. Here's a critical

explanation of these challenges:

i. Obsolescence of skills: Rapid technological changes render existing skills

obsolete, necessitating continuous learning and adaptation.

ii. Information overload: The vast amount of data generated by IT

advancements can lead to cognitive overload, decreased attention span, and

difficulty in discerning accurate information.

iii. Cybersecurity threats: Increased reliance on IT heightens vulnerability to

cyberattacks, data breaches, and identity theft, compromising individual and

national security.

iv. Dependence on technology: Over-reliance on IT can lead to decreased

human interaction, critical thinking, and problem-solving skills, potentially

diminishing intellectual capabilities.

v. Ethical concerns: IT advancements raise ethical dilemmas, such as privacy

invasion, surveillance, biased algorithms, and job displacement, which require

careful consideration and regulation.

vi. Digital divide: Unequal access to IT exacerbates existing social and economic

inequalities, potentially further marginalizing already disadvantaged groups.

29
vii. Constant learning: The need for continuous training and education to keep

up with technological advancements can be stressful and time-consuming.

viii. Technostress: The psychological impact of constant technological changes

and information overload can lead to anxiety, burnout, and decreased well-

being.

ix. Job displacement: Automation and AI may replace certain jobs, potentially

displacing workers and necessitating significant career adjustments.

x. Environmental impact: The production, consumption, and disposal of IT

devices contribute to environmental degradation, pollution, and e-waste,

highlighting the need for sustainable IT practices.

These challenges underscore the importance of responsible IT

development, implementation, and management to mitigate potential negative

consequences and ensure that the benefits of IT advancements are equitably

distributed.

2.4.2 Impact of Emerging Challenges on Students Productivity

The emerging challenges posed by advancements in Information

Technology (IT) can significantly impact students' productivity in various ways:

i. Distractions: Social media, email, and other digital notifications can divert

attention, decreasing focus and productivity.

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 ii. Information overload: Excessive information can lead to cognitive overload,

making it difficult to prioritize tasks and manage time effectively.

iii. Technostress: The pressure to constantly adapt to new technologies can cause

anxiety, decreasing motivation and productivity.

iv. Dependence on technology: Over-reliance on IT can lead to decreased critical

thinking and problem-solving skills, making students less efficient in

completing tasks.

v. Cyberbullying and online harassment: Can cause emotional distress,

decreasing productivity and overall well-being.

vi. Digital addiction: Excessive screen time can lead to addiction, decreasing

productivity and negatively impacting mental and physical health.

vii. Lack of digital literacy: Inadequate IT skills can hinder students' ability to

effectively utilize technology, decreasing productivity and efficiency.

viii. Privacy and security concerns: Fear of data breaches and cyber attacks can

cause stress, decreasing productivity and motivation.

ix. Constant updates and changes: Rapidly changing technology can be

overwhelming, making it difficult for students to keep up and maintain

productivity.

x. Blurred boundaries: Constant connectivity can blur the lines between work

and personal life, leading to burnout and decreased productivity.

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 To mitigate these impacts, students must develop effective strategies for

managing technology, maintaining a healthy balance between technology use and

other aspects of life, and cultivating skills to navigate the ever-changing digital

landscape.

2.4.3 Special training needed by students to meet these emerging challenges

To meet the emerging challenges in the information technology era, office

technology and management students require special training in:

i. Digital literacy: Proficiency in using digital tools, software, and technologies.

ii. Data Analysis and Interpretation: Ability to collect, analyze, and interpret

data effectively.

iii. Cybersecurity: Knowledge of security measures to protect data and systems

from cyber threats.

iv. Cloud Computing: Understanding of cloud-based services and applications.

v. Artificial Intelligence and Automation: Familiarity with AI and automation

technologies and their applications.

vi. Digital Communication and Collaboration: Effective use of digital tools for

communication and collaboration.

vii. Information Management: Ability to manage and organize digital

information efficiently.

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viii. Technical Writing and Presentation: Skills to create clear and concise

technical documents and presentations.

ix. Problem-solving and critical thinking: Development of critical thinking and

problem-solving skills to adapt to new technologies.

x. Continuous learning: Ability to stay up-to-date with the latest technological

advancements and trends.

xi. Digital citizenship: Understanding of ethical and responsible behavior in the

digital world.

xii. Project Management: Knowledge of project management principles and

tools to manage projects effectively.

xiii. Customer Service: Skills to provide excellent customer service in a digital

environment.

xiv. Time Management and Productivity: Ability to manage time and prioritize

tasks effectively in a digital work environment.

xv. Adaptability and Flexibility: Ability to adapt quickly to new technologies

and changing work environments.

By acquiring these skills, office technology and management students

will be better equipped to meet the emerging challenges in the information

technology era and succeed in their careers.

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 2.4.4 The importance of Information Technology Equipments

Information Technology (IT) equipment is crucial in today's digital age, and their

importance cannot be overstated. Here are some reasons why:

i. Efficient Communication: IT equipment like computers, smartphones, and

tablets enable rapid communication through email, messaging apps, and video

conferencing.

ii. Data Storage and Management: IT equipment provide secure and efficient

data storage and management solutions, ensuring data integrity and

accessibility.

iii. Automation and Productivity: IT equipment automate tasks, streamline

processes, and enhance productivity, leading to increased efficiency and

reduced costs.

iv. Access to Information: IT equipment provide instant access to vast amounts

of information, facilitating learning, research, and informed decision-making.

v. Global Connectivity: IT equipment connect people worldwide, fostering

global collaboration, commerce, and cultural exchange.

vi. Innovation and Competitiveness: IT equipment drive innovation, enabling

businesses to stay competitive, develop new products, and improve services.

vii. Economic Growth: IT equipment contribute significantly to economic

growth, creating new industries, jobs, and opportunities.

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viii. Improved Healthcare: IT equipment aid medical research, diagnosis, and

treatment, leading to improved healthcare outcomes and quality of life.

ix. Enhanced Education: IT equipment transform the learning experience,

making it more engaging, accessible, and effective.

x. Improved Governance: IT equipment facilitate transparency, accountability,

and efficient public services, leading to better governance and citizen

engagement.

Information Technology equipment play a vital role in modern society,

driving innovation, productivity, and progress across various aspects of life.

2.5 Gap in Literature

The literature on office technology and management in the information

technology era has several gaps that a project on emerging challenges facing

students in this field could address:

Few studies have empirically investigated the challenges faced by office

technology and management students in the IT era and most studies focus on the

perspectives of educators or employers, neglecting the experiences and

challenges faced by students. Much of the existing research is outdated, failing to

account for recent advancements in IT and their impact on office technology and

management students.

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 The existing studies often focus on specific aspects, such as technical skills

or software applications, neglecting the broader challenges faced by students in

this field and research is needed that explores the challenges faced by students in

specific contexts, such as developing countries or rural areas.

While technical skills are emphasized, soft skills like communication,

teamwork, and problem-solving are often overlooked . therefore, research is

needed on the impact of emerging technologies like AI, blockchain, and IoT on

office technology and management students.

The ethical and social implications of IT on office technology and

management students, such as privacy and cybersecurity concerns, require further

investigation. Addressing these gaps in literature can provide valuable insights

into the emerging challenges facing office technology and management students

in the IT era.

2.6 Relevance of Theoretical Framework to the Study

A theoretical framework is essential to provide a structured approach to

understanding the emerging challenges facing office technology and management

students in the information technology era. Here are some relevant theoretical

frameworks to consider:

i. Technological Acceptance Model (TAM): Explains how students accept and

use technology, helping to identify challenges in adopting new technologies.

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 ii. Diffusion of Innovations Theory: Analyzes how innovations spread, providing

insights into the adoption and implementation of new technologies.

iii. Social Cognitive Theory: Examines the relationship between behavior,

environment, and personal factors, helping to understand how students

develop skills and competencies.

iv. Information Literacy Framework: Focuses on the skills and knowledge

required to effectively use information technologies.

v. Adult Learning Theory: Provides insights into how adult students learn and

adapt to new technologies.

vi. Digital Literacy Framework: Emphasizes the skills required to navigate and

utilize digital technologies effectively.

vii. Change Management Theory: Offers guidance on managing the transition to

new technologies and the challenges that come with it.

viii. Self-Efficacy Theory: Examines the confidence and belief in one's ability to

learn and master new technologies.

By applying these theoretical frameworks, the study can:

 Identify the key challenges facing office technology and management students

 Understand the factors influencing their ability to adapt to new technologies

 Develop strategies to enhance their skills and competencies

 Inform the development of effective training programs

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 Contribute to the existing body of knowledge in the field

The theoretical framework provides a solid foundation for the study,

ensuring a comprehensive and systematic approach to addressing the research

questions and objectives.

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