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questionable as it was in every respect, was sure to meet with general
approbation.
Before Captain Green and the others had been many days in
custody, strange hints were heard amongst them of a piratical attack
they had committed in the preceding year upon a vessel off the coast
of Malabar. The African Company had three years ago sent out a
vessel, called the Speedy Return, to India, with one Drummond as its
master, and it had never since been heard of. It was concluded that
the people of the Worcester had captured the Speedy Return, and
murdered its crew, and that Providence had arranged for their
punishment, by sending them for shelter from a storm to the
neighbourhood of Edinburgh. Vainly might it have been pointed out
that there was no right evidence for even the fact of the piracy, still
less for the Speedy Return being the subject of the offence. Truth and
justice were wholly lost sight of in the universal thirst for vengeance
against England and its selfish mercantile companies.
Green, the captain of the Worcester, Mather, the chief-mate,
Reynolds, the second-mate, and fifteen others, were tried at this date
before the Court of Admiralty, for the alleged crime of attacking a
ship, having English or Scotch aboard, off 1705.
the coast of Malabar, and subsequently
murdering the crew—no specific vessel or person being mentioned as
the subjects of the crime, and no nearer date being cited than the
months of February, March, April, or May 1703. The jury had no
difficulty in bringing them in guilty, and they were all condemned to
be hanged on the sands of Leith, the usual place for the execution of
pirates.
The English government was thrown into great anxiety by this
violent proceeding, but they could make no effectual resistance to the
current of public feeling in Scotland. There the general belief in the
guilt of Green and his associates was corroborated after the trial by
three several confessions, admitting the piratical seizing of
Drummond’s vessel, and the subsequent murder of himself and his
crew—confessions which can now only be accounted for, like those of
witches, on the theory of a desire to conciliate favour, and perhaps
win pardon, by conceding so far to the popular prejudices. The queen
sent down affidavits shewing that Drummond’s ship had in reality
been taken by pirates at Madagascar, while himself was on shore—a
view of the fact which there is now ample reason to believe to have
been true. She also sent to the Privy Council the expression of her
desire that the men should be respited for a time. But, beyond
postponement for a week, all was in vain. The royal will was treated
respectfully, but set aside on some technical irregularity. When the
day approached for the execution of the first batch of the
condemned, it became evident that there was no power in Scotland
which could have saved these innocent men. The Council, we may
well believe, would have gladly conceded to the royal will, but, placed
as it was amidst an infuriated people, it had no freedom to act. On
the fatal morning (11th April), its movements were jealously watched
by a vast multitude, composed of something more than the ordinary
citizens of Edinburgh, for on the previous day all the more ardent
and determined persons living within many miles round had poured
into the city to see that justice was done. No doubt can now be
entertained that, if the authorities had attempted to save the
condemned from punishment, the mob would have torn them from
the Tolbooth, and hung every one of them up in the street. What
actually took place is described in a letter from Mr Alexander
Wodrow to his father, the minister of Eastwood: ‘I wrote last night,’
he says, ‘of the uncertainty anent the condemned persons, and this
morning things were yet at a greater uncertainty, for the current
report was that ane express was come for a reprieve. How this was, I
have not yet learned; but the councillors 1705.
went down to the Abbey [Palace of
Holyrood] about eight, and came up to the Council-house about
nine, against which time there was a strange gathering in the streets.
The town continued in great confusion for two hours, while the
Council was sitting, and a great rabble at the Netherbow port. All the
guards in the Canongate were in readiness if any mob had arisen.
About eleven, word came out of the Council [sitting in the Parliament
Square] that three were to be hanged—namely, Captain Green,
Mather, and Simson. This appeased the mob, and made many post
away to Leith, where many thousands had been [assembled], and
were on the point of coming up in a great rage. When the chancellor
came out, he got many huzzas at first; but at the Tron Kirk, some
surmised to the mob that all this was but a sham; upon which they
assaulted his coach, and broke the glasses, and forced him to come
out and go into Mylne’s Square, and stay for a considerable time.
‘The three prisoners were brought with the Town-guards,
accompanied with a vast mob. They went through all the Canongate,
and out at the Water-port to Leith. There was a battalion of foot-
guards, and also some of the horse-guards, drawn up at some
distance from the place of execution. There was the greatest
confluence of people there that ever I saw in my life, for they cared
not how far they were off, so be it they saw. Green was first execute,
then Simson, and last of all Mather. They every one of them, when
the rope was about their necks, denied they were guilty of that for
which they were to die. This indeed put all people to a strange
demur. There’s only this to alleviate it, that they confessed no other
particular sins more than that, even though they were posed anent
their swearing and drunkenness, which was weel known.’[375]
Total, £411,117 : 10 : 00
‘This sum, no doubt, made up by far the greatest part of the silver
coined money current in Scotland at that time; but it was not to be
expected that the whole money of that kind could be brought into the
bank; for the folly of a few misers, or the fear that people might have
of losing their money, or various other dangers and accidents,
prevented very many of the old Scots coins from being brought in. A
great part of these the goldsmiths, in aftertimes, consumed by
melting them down; some of them have been exported to foreign
countries; a few are yet [1738] in private hands.’[390]
Ruddiman, finding that, during the time 1707.
between December 1602 and April 1613,
there was rather more estimated value of gold than of silver coined in
the Scottish mint, arrived at the conclusion (though not without
great hesitation), that there was more value of gold coin in Scotland
in 1707 than of silver, and that the sum-total of gold and silver
money together, at the time of the Union, was consequently ‘not less
than nine hundred thousand pounds sterling.’ We are told, however,
in the History of the Bank of Scotland, under 1699, that ‘nothing
answers among the common people but silver-money, even gold
being little known amongst them;’ and Defoe more explicitly says,
‘there was at this time no Scots gold coin current, or to be seen,
except a few preserved for antiquity.’[391] It therefore seems quite
inadmissible that the Scottish gold coin in 1707 amounted to nearly
so much as Ruddiman conjectures. More probably, it was not
£30,000.
It would appear that the Scottish copper-money was not called in
at the Union, and Ruddiman speaks of it in 1738 as nearly worn out
of existence, ‘so that the scarcity of copper-money does now occasion
frequent complaints.’
If the outstanding silver-money be reckoned at £60,000, the gold
at £30,000, and the copper at £60,000, the entire metallic money in
use in Scotland in 1707 would be under six hundred thousand
pounds sterling in value. It is not unworthy of observation, as an
illustration of the advance of wealth in the country since that time,
that a private gentlewoman died in 1841, with a nearly equal sum at
her account in the banks, besides other property to at least an equal
amount.
In March 1708, while the renovation of the coinage was going on,
the French fleet, with the Chevalier de St George on board, appeared
at the mouth of the Firth of Forth, designing to invade the country.
The Bank got a great alarm, for it ‘had a very large sum lying in the
mint in ingots,’ and a considerable sum of the old coin in its own
coffers, ‘besides a large sum in current species; all of which could not
have easily been carried off and concealed.’[392] The danger, however,
soon blew over. ‘Those in power at the time, fearing lest, all our
silver-money having been brought into our treasury, or into the
Bank, a little before, there should be a want of money for the
expenses of the war, ordered the forty- 1707.
shilling pieces to be again issued out of the
banks; of which sort of coin there was great plenty at that time in
Scotland, and commanded these to be distributed for pay to the
soldiers and other exigencies of the public; but when that
disturbance was settled, they ordered that kind of money also to be
brought into the bank; and on a computation being made, it was
found that the quantity of that kind, brought in the second time,
exceeded that which was brought in the first time [by] at least four
thousand pounds sterling.’[393]
We are told by the historian of the Bank, that ‘the whole nation
was most sensible of the great benefit that did redound from the
Bank’s undertaking and effectuating the recoinage, and in the
meantime keeping up an uninterrupted circulation of money.’ Its
good service was represented to the queen, considered by the Lords
of the Treasury and Barons of Exchequer, and reported on
favourably. ‘But her majesty’s death intervening, and a variety of
public affairs on that occasion and since occurring, the directors have
not found a convenient opportunity for prosecuting their just claim
on the government’s favour and reward for that seasonable and very
useful service.’