REAL ANALYSIS

•
Number system °
Sequence °
continuous & differentiable
•
sets .
convexity •
Existence of solution : -

Balzano -
Weierstrass
•
Functions .
concavity -

Kakutani Fixed Point

① Number system

ex : 3h + Fn

ex
Fn
:

ex : C =
2,718 . . .

te = 3,14 . . .

lntergers
Numbers 6 =
1,618 . . .

dan desimal yang tidakberpola

sorta infinite sequence
Natural
Number
•
Inter goers : 1- as ,
as )

( W)
.
Whole Number :
10 . d)
Whole Number
•
Natural Number : 11 ,
as )

② sets
→
Quantifiers lkuantor )
↳ Universal IV ) : at all

↳ Eksistensial ( F ) : some / beberapa

>> Set Notation

A =
{ membership 1 properties }
ex :

BL =
( ( ✗ , y) I 3 ✗ + 7- y
= 54 ,
X E W , y C- W }
>> Intervals

[ ] closed set ; as
open .

I 1 open set ; - as

> A =
( a , b) = I ✗ 1 a < ✗ < b } > A = la ,
as ) = I ✗ 1 a < ✗ }
A =
[ a. b) = I ✗ 1 a E X f b } A = 1- as b) .
=
I ✗ I ✗ < b)
A = [ a. b) = I ✗ 1 a £ ✗ < b }
A =
( a. b) =
I ✗ 1 a < ✗ f b }

>
Bounded set → ada batasannya .

↳ bounded above → I b EIR s.tt ✗ C- S ,

X E b
4 bounded below → I b EIR s.tt ✗ E S ,
✗ z b

> compact set = closed a bounded

>
Infimum vs. Supremum > Maximum us .
Minimum

(
↳ ↳ a c-
(Max )

(
4 least upper S it C- S
greatest & a >
,
✗
,
✗ .

lower bound bound 4 a c- S & at ✗ ,

V- ✗ E S 1min ) .

the set is bounded only exists Iff closed interval

'
>
only exists IF .

ex : A = I 1 , 3) min =
0 ; Max =
0 :
sup =3 i
Inf = 1

A =
1- as , I ] min = 0 ; Max = 1 ; sup = 1 ; Inf = - as
>> ordered Pair •
called 2 tuples
4
any point in coordinate system is an ordered list :{ × , y } ND → n -

tuples
↳ note : Rt : set of non negative
-
Real Numbers R
'
:
Real numbers in euclidian 2D
↳ R
+
=
{ ✗ 30 I ✗ C- IR } Rn : " in euclidean nD

Rtt :
set of strictly real numbers

4 Rtt = { ✗ > 0 I ✗ C- IR }
>> Cartesian Product ex : ✗ =
{ 9,10 }
4 ✗ ☒ y y =
{ 1 , 2,3 }

sets of all Orderd Pairs ✗ , y =

{( 9. 1) 19,2119 3) 110,11110 , 2) 110,3) . }
→ Euclidian Distance
4 calculate the distance b/w ordered pairs
c
•

Assume : •
a = ( ✗ , , y,)
btw W
b = ( ✗, ,
yz )
•
b
Distance b/w point a and b :

• V

d / a. b) = V¥z)+%Tz a

"
For all a. b. C C- IR ,
I V t WI E IVI t IWI

dist ( a. c) E dist ( a. b) + dist ( b. c)

>> E- Neighborhood " einen

neighborhood point of Xo
'

C- Rn → NE ( Xo ) i.
ii.
Nt ( ✗ ol
- = { ✗ c- Rn I d ( Xo ,
✗) < E } ✗o

→ Function
> Relation : 1 . One -
to -
one 3 .
Many - to -
one

2. One - to -

Many 4 .
Many - to -

Many

>
Function :
Many -
to -
one

relation where each ✗ -

value

has only Y value

> One - to -

one correspondence

Relation where each ✗ -

value

has only one Y value ,

- vice versa .
> Monotonic
•
Increasing in •
Constant
fix -11 ) 7, 1- ( X ) ; FX fix -11 ) = fix ) ; V- ✗

•
Decreasing 121 •
Non - Monotonic 13 )

f 1×+1 ) I fix ) it ✗ ( oscillatory)

(1) I 2) (3)

run
> convex & Concave
•
Concave

1- (E) A flx ) d) FIX )

' '
It
'
3 + -

garis tungsi garis titik '

dan
"
↳ arti : lebih besar drpd antara ✗ X

dimana I = A ✗ ' til -

d) ✗ " & A C- [ Oil ]

Strictly concave fix '

-

A fix 't -111 d) fix )

"

4/-1×-1 >
-

fix "
) - - - - - -
- - -
-

,
f (E) - - - - -

;
l

l t
f - - - - - -

i 1

I
'
fix )
T I
- -

, ,

,
✗
'

• Convex × ✗

1- ( E ) I X fix ) d) FIX )
' '
11
'
+ -

garis tungsi garis titik '

dan
"
↳ arti : lebih Kecil drpd antara ✗ X

dimana I = A ✗ ' til -

d) ✗ " & A C- [ Oil ]

Strictly convex fix '

-

A fix 't -111 d) fix )

"

4 fix , < -

f( ✗ y
" - - - - - - - - -
.

i
,
fix ) - - - - - -

; I
1
1
! I

f- ( X ) i I 1
-
-

i
✗
③ sequence
↳
any infinite subset of the original sequences that preserve the ordering of terms

4 even if the sea . does not converge ,

the subsea . can still converge
ex :

S =
{ 0, 1 ,
0 , 1,0 ,
I . . .
} divergent .

but the subsea .

{ 0,0 , 0,0 }
convergent
{ 1,1 , I ,
I }

an (1) '"
>>
convergent sequence
an >>
Divergent sequence

µ
Lim fin ) =L Lim
n → as I n → as
f- ( n) = as or - as
n

I converge to L )
o n
( diverge to infinity )
ex : ex :

(1) In → t
,
,
tz § , , . . .

itn An An
(3) ( -
2)
"
→
-2,4 -8,16

✓
, ,
. . .

141 2h → 2 4 8,16
( In ) }
" .
, ,
.

,
0
.

(2) I → n n
-2
-
, '
, . .
o
o
.

(2) (4)

convergent criteria
theorem 1 : Have at must one limit
"

theorem 2 :
sequence in R is bounded
it { an In c- N } d

-
Sandwich / Squeezed theorem
it an and in converge to L
bn
and there 's bn sequence

if n 3 N ,
N E N

an E bn E Cn

then bn also converge to L

 3-
a. -1--0 →
I
3. 01-2
= O t =3 →

3.3-12
=
÷
1-
É 4- 4
1- =p → = t -4
-
→ =
2-
yy
=
311 ) -12
3. 4 -12 y

!
t -2 - →

¥+2 =

b. Max =
0 Sup =
t
Min =
0 Inf = 0

an

c. Monotonic =
yes , increasing ,
3
Bounded =
yes

Convergent =
yes , converging to
§ n

d. One -
to -
One correspondence
t 3Pt 1- ZP
±
=

p →
=

) ZP
tf 3P -11 1
=
31--12 -

Panta inters = -
to -
y

t =
21 / correspondence .

1- 3P
 y
a. Closed -1 Bounded =
compact
t
↳ Kareena
Kareena punya too

£ restriksi ×, y 20 ,

bisa dibikin balls

di hear setnya .

✗
50

b. A :( 25,50 )

a
'
= 150 ,
0 )

I =

£1257 -11-21501 =
37,5

a- =
( 37,5 25)
,

Ñ '

-215071-1-2101 25
= =

c. Convex but not strictly convex

flax at 11 -
A) ✗ ai ) e Rtl ✗ alt (I -
A) f- ( ✗ a' )

-21501 ) (100-21251)-1 (100-2.1501)

' '

f ( -2 125 )
I
£ ;
t

f 137,51 f '

z
150) 1-
£10)
100 -
2137,5 ) f 25

25 terbukti =/
25 £ .
strictly jg .
 -2
d. y =
f- ( x ) =

¥ ,
→ y = ✗

dy -3 dy
DI
= -2 ✗ →
so
monotonic
decreasing
g,
'
d
%¥
y
= 6×-1 → >o strictly convex .

⇐ ,

e. Unique solution
↳ Ic continuous = Kareena monotonic decreasing .

Budget set compact .

Kareena 1C continuous & B compact → Bo / zoro Weierstrass

theorem terpenhi .

UAS 17118

Fcx ) =
I
✗ -
I

a. him text -1 "m b. Tidak continuous Karina

= → fix , = 0
✗
undefined
→ -
✗ → as as -
I value

him text him fix ) c. Karen a tidal continues ,

= → = O
✗ → ✗ →
bisa
• , as
ditvrunin
- -

tidak
.

Lim 1-1×1 = -
as
-

✗ → 1

Lim 1- IN
= as
+
✗ → ,

9
VAS 18119
3
;
o

p =
[ -
z ,
z ] ; y =
y -
✗
z

✗ =
-2 → 0 b. dy
a. - = → ✗
✗ =
-
I → 3 dx

→
✗ =
0 4 day
-2<0 → concave
g.
=

✗ = I → 3
→
✗ = 2 0
 C. A = [ - I
, I ] C F

b subset dori concave tune .

parti jg concave

d. 2
PPF →
y s 4- ✗ ; ✗, y 7 O

2
E 4
g + ✗

↳ closed ,
} compact
Kareena £
↳
]
.

bounded , * arena ay 70

e. Patti ,
kunena memenuhi Bolzano -
Weierstrass

theorem

dimana PPF compact ,

dan Utilitinya continues .