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In:
Handbook of anti-Semitism. Hostility towards Jews in the
past and present. Vol. 5: Organizations, Institutions,
Movements. Edited by Wolfgang Benz. Berlin: De Gruyter /
Saur 2012.
 Stubbornness of the NSDAP
5ß9
of "Iin Westen nichts Neues" (Rowan von Rrícb Maria Reinørque) against the
"Jewish Machenecltaffen", as a result of the SA-Kiawalle the film was cancelled On the
Jewish New Year's Day (Rosh ha-Shanali) on 12 September 1931, around SEO his
1,ŒD SA men marched along the Kurfiìisiendamm in Berlin and terrorized "qñdiscli
looking" passers-by. In the subsequent Kurfïirstendaititn trial, 27 violent SP men were
sentenced to prison. Pogrernørtígen andjñdisGłien Aiisscftreítungen kain es am
Kurfürstendainin wieder 1935. The leader of the SA group Bertúi-Brandenburg, Wolf-
Heinrich Graf vow Helldorf '1896-1944d), who had played a leading role in the SA riots
in September 1931, was appointed Police President of Berlin.
A few weeks after Adolf Hiflei's appointment as Reich Chancellor on January 30,
1933 and the SP's nightly torchlight parade to Brandenburg Gate, the white HW
police was founded, which - as in Bavaria, Saxony and other states - was recruited
predominantly from the ranks of the SP. Around 2,500 SA men formed part of the hip
police in Berlin alone. At the same time, the strength of the SA in Berlin-Bmndenburg
rose to 80,000 men in August 1933, meaning that there were more SA men than police
officers in the German capital. The integration of the SA into the state executive,
which was also intended to channel the SA's power, led to an unprecedented wave of
terror in the summer of 1933. Tortures and concentration camps were set up either
independently or by order of the state, wild acts o f racketeering, abductions, abuse and
deaths characterized the activities of the SA hip police.
This contributed to the public image of the party soldiers and their reputation for being
outdated and ultimately uncontrollable. Hûizu karœn Koinpełenzgeiangel nát the
Politer. ŁX'r Inspetelir des Geheimen StaatspolizeiaiØes in PreuDen, Rudolf Diels
(19iØ-1957), felt compelled to take action against the illegal torture cellars and the
atrocities in the state concentration camps under SA administration such as
Qianienburg or Smnenbiirg. What he found there "were figures as if from a haunting
or a dark dream". Despite their apologetic tones, Díel's wartime reports left no doubt
about the violence in the SA headquarters. The high point of the SA meeting was the
"JCõpenicker Blułxv'xśie" withi Berlin from
June 21 to 26, 1933. Several hundred men from the independent 8A-Słurinbann 15
abducted and tortured over 150 people, 23 of whom died, including some of the first
Jewish victims of Nazi terror. The liquidation of the Prussian high police in August
1933 should also be seen in this context.
However, Macbt and the influx of the SA, which in 1934 was not part of the
bingliederung des
-- The fact that the Słahlhelm and other military units had grown into an army of one
million and had more members than the party could hardly be ignored. The SA
leadership's resentment at the lack of a revolutionary transformation of Germany after
the "seizure of power" and the SA's base's inadequate social and economic support
was all the greater. In addition to the constant conflict between Hitler and Rõhin over
the role of the SA, which c o u l d never be settled, Rõhin's loud claim to leadership
caused a stir, which was not changed by his appointment as Reichsiziiníster (Reich
Governor) in December 1933. Gnindsiitzlich staiid der ievoluäonäie Akäonisinus
Rõhins und der SA in waclisendein
590 The formation of the NSDAP
Wideispnicb to the legalíłäłskuis of Hitler and the NSDAP. In addition, Röhm, who vemberç<igroat 1938. Zablreicbe kochrangigc SA-Pchror wunlm enoæzifizierł uod in-
had a vested interest, was in conflict with most of the US enemy forces, including tegriœten mbéheüigt io óie deutBche NackÓzegegeællecbafL
Göring and Reicbsführer SS Heinrich Hiintnler (1900-19d5). The Reichswehr under
Werner von Bloinbeig (187B-1945) also saw Rõhni as a fierce rival who was vying for Lìtœałur
the leading role. Bniœ Cazngbcll, The ßA Gæarals and the RiBc ofNæiBui, I<xingion 19P8.
Peter Loagcticb, The braiuæi BataîJlone. Gmúiicôte dcr ßA, Mîîncbgn J989.
As a consequence of this and at the urging of Góring and Híinioler, Hider decided
Siren R¢tcnerdt. raøchistiæhe Kairglbńtxłc 6¢walt una Wncinechelt im ìteïìœiscł*>i
to remove Rõhm and the top leadership of the SA. In the 'Night of the Long 3quadñBmuB und ói da dculBchœ SA, Köło u. æ 2łXO.
Masses' from June 30 to July 1, 1934, the SP was disempowered under massive
disarmament of the s8 and lost its supremacy to the SS. Under the Rd aændea6urg l926 1934 aertîo 2003.
A "Ròhm Putsclies" nod to the playful story about Rõhm's - long known - sexual
orientation had up to 200 people murdered by the Nazi Fàlming, including
inconvenient people and rivals. Rõhm was s h o t by the later inspector of the
concentration camps, Theodor Eicke (1892-1943), in Mñnchen-Sładelheim; other SA
fighters died in the Adolf Hider Leibstandarte-SS camp in Berlin-Lichterfelde, in the
WicÎiau concentration camp or in the Lichtenburg concentration camp.
In 1934, the SA's new chief of staff was Viktor Lutze (1890-19ds), who had been
involved in the Rõhm affair. After his death in 194a, he was succeeded by Max
Jútiner (1888-19aa) and, from 194a, Wdhelm Scbepma "n (189a-1970).lution after
1934, the SA quickly lost its political significance. Its membership fell from four to
under three million in 1934, to 1I million in 1938 and 900,000 in 1940. The decline
in membership remained the largest paiaindiłary NSoganisaàon, growing from 21 in
1936 to 25 in 1938, with two to seven brigades. The main task was defense and pre-
military training. "While the political organization of the NSDAP is responsible for the
practical political leadership, the SA," according to the 193fi NSDAP organization
book, is only an "educational and training instrument of the party."
The SP provided a final test of power in the pre-war period with its a n t i -
J e w i s h activities. As early as the April boycott in 1953, but also in Sorœner 1935,
in June 1938 and aocfiinals - massively fueled by Geebbels - during the
Noveroberpogrorn in 1938, the SP was significantly involved in the violent anti-
Jewish riots, which contributed exponentially to the destruction of Jewish religious
activity in Onitschland.
g
After the start of the war, the SA - like the General SS - existed as the um-
In many places, the conscription of the war-age cohorts left a hole in the paper. The
older members of the SA reserve in particular were conscripted to carry out
reconnaissance work on air raids and to carry out security duties in the country's
armed forces. This also included the itiiiidical hunt for deftol prisoners of war, such
as the
"Miihlvieitier Hasenjagd" nabe dem KZ Mauthaiisen tin Febiuary 1945. In the final
phase, the SP was used for the foimization and formation of the 'vblksstiiim.
Officially dissolved in October 1945, the SA was not declared a veibiøcherís
qiganisatíon in the Niimbeiger Proeessen. In contrast to the SS, the SA played an
undefined role in post-war politics and focused on pre-war violence such as the
"Kópenicker Blutweche" in 1933 or the No-
In:
Handbook of anti-Semitism. Hostility towards Jews in the past and present. Vol.
5: Organizations, Institutions, Movements. Edited by Wolfgang Benz.
Berlin: De Gruyter / Saur 2012.