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Full Download pdf of Solution Manual for Ecology: Concepts and Applications 7th Edition all chapter
Full Download pdf of Solution Manual for Ecology: Concepts and Applications 7th Edition all chapter
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Description
Ecology: Concepts and Applications by Molles places great emphasis on helping
students grasp the main concepts of ecology while keeping the presentation more
applied than theoretical. An evolutionary perspective forms the foundation of the
entire discussion. The book begins with the natural history of the planet,
considers portions of the whole in the middle chapters, and ends with another
perspective of the entire planet in the concluding chapter. Its unique organization
of focusing only on several key concepts in each chapter sets it apart from other
ecology texts.
Users who purchase Connect Plus receive access to the full online ebook version
of the textbook.
Product details
Publisher : McGraw-Hill Education; 7th edition (January 1, 2015)
Language : English
Paperback : 592 pages
ISBN-10 : 0077837282
ISBN-13 : 978-0077837280
Item Weight : 2.61 pounds
Dimensions : 8.5 x 0.9 x 10.7 inches
Best Sellers Rank: #709,277 in Books
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In the Customs of the Augustinian priory of Barnwell, written
towards the end of the thirteenth century, the following passage
occurs: “The press in which the books are kept ought to be lined
inside with wood, that the damp of the walls may not moisten or stain
the books. This press should be divided vertically as well as
horizontally by sundry partitions, on which the books may be ranged
so as to be separated from one another: for fear they be packed so
close as to injure each other, or to delay those who want them.”
The catalogue of the House of the White Canons at Titchfield in
Hampshire, dated 1400, shows that the books were kept in a small
room, on shelves called columpnæ, and set against the walls. A
closet of this kind was evidently not a working place, but simply a
place of storage. By the beginning of the fifteenth century, the larger
monasteries had accumulated many hundred volumes, and it began
to be customary to provide for the collections separate quarters,
rooms constructed for the purpose. The presses in the cloisters were
still utilised for books in daily reference.
In Christ Church, Canterbury, where as early as the fourteenth
century, the collection comprised as many as 698 books, a library at
Durham was built about 1425 by Archbishop Chichele: the library at
Durham was built about the same time by Prior Wessyngton. That at
Citeaux, which was placed over the scriptorium, dates from 1480,
and that of St. Germain des Prés from 1513. The collection of the
latter foundation was one of the earliest in France, and as early as
the beginning of the thirteenth century, there is record of its being
consulted by strangers. At the time of the French Revolution, it
contained 7000 manuscripts and 4900 printed books.[218]
The Queen of Sicily, who in 1517 visited Clairvaux, one of the two
great Cistercian foundations in France, describes the library as
follows: “On the same side of the cloister are fourteen studies, where
the monks do their reading and writing, and over these studies, one
mounts by a broad spiral staircase to the new library. This library is
189 feet long by 17 feet wide. It contains 48 seats (bancs) and in
each banc four shelves (poulpitres) furnished with books on all
subjects, but chiefly theology; the greater number of the said books
are of vellum and are written by hand, richly storied and illuminated.”
The phrase “written by hand,” indicates that the Queen was
already acquainted with books produced from type, some of which
had in fact been produced in Italy as early as 1464.
Another description, written in 1723 by the author of the Voyage
Littéraire, speaks of “the fifteen little cells, all in a row, where the
Brethren formerly used to write books, for which reason they are still
called the writing rooms. Over these cells is the library, the building
for which is large, vaulted, well lighted, and stocked with a large
number of manuscripts, fastened by chains to desks; but there are
not many printed books.”
The provisions of the statutes affecting the library imposed upon
the colleges of Oxford and Cambridge, were evidently borrowed
directly from the customs of the monasteries. The statutes of Oriel
College, Oxford, dated 1329, present an example: “The common
books (libri communes) of the House are to be brought out and
inspected once a year, on the feast of the Commemoration of Souls
(November 2d) in the presence of the Provost or his deputy, and of
the scholars (Fellows). Each one of the scholars, in the order of
seniority, may select a single book which either treats of the science
to which he is devoting himself, or which he requires for his use. This
he may keep until the same festival in the succeeding year, when a
similar selection of books is to take place, and so on, from year to
year. If there should happen to be more books than persons, those
that remain are to be selected in the same manner.”
A statute of Archbishop Lanfranc, for the English Benedictines,
dated 1070, and based, as he tells us, on the general monastic
practice of his time, gives the following regulation: “On the Monday
after the first Sunday in Lent, before Brethren come into the Chapter
House, the librarian [here called not armarius but custos librorum]
shall have a carpet laid down and all the books got together upon it,
except those which the year previous had been assigned for reading.
These the Brethren are to bring with them, when they come into the
Chapter House, each his book in his hand. Then the librarian shall
read a statement as to the manner in which Brethren have had
books during the past year. As each Brother hears his name
pronounced, he is to give back the book which had been entrusted to
him for reading; and he whose conscience accuses him of not
having read through the book which he had received, is to fall on his
face, confess his fault, and entreat forgiveness. The librarian shall
then make a fresh distribution of books, namely a different volume to
each Brother for his reading.”
It would appear from this reference as if Lanfranc’s monks were
under obligations to read through but one book each year, which was
certainly a very moderate allowance. It is also to be noted that the
books appear not to have been distributed according to the
preferences of the readers, but to have been assigned at the will of
the librarian. There must certainly have been no little difference in
the character and extent of the duty imposed of reading through one
book (even with so long an allowance of time) according to the
particular volume which the custos saw fit to assign. The worthy
Archbishop writes, however, as if a book were a book and one as
good for edification or as fitting for penance as another.
It is evident that there were two classes of volumes, one utilised
for distribution for separate reading, and the other reserved for
reference and placed in a separate room (first called armarium and
later bibliotheca) where they were fastened with irons chains to
lecterns or reading-desks.
In the various details concerning the distribution of books, the
arrangement of the lecterns for the chained books, etc., the practice
in the early colleges was evidently modelled on that of the
monasteries. The system of chaining, as adopted in England, would
allow of the books being readily taken down from the shelves and
placed on the lectern for reading. One end of the chain was attached
to the middle of the upper edge of the right-hand board or cover; the
other to a ring which played on a bar which set in front of the shelf on
which the book stood. The fore-edge of the books, not the back, was
turned to the front. A swivel, usually in the middle of the chain,
prevented tangling. The chains varied in length according to the
distance of the shelf from the desk.[219]
In a copy of Locke’s Treatise on the Epistles, printed in 1711,
Maitland found inscribed the following “advertisement”: “Since, to the
great reproach of the nations and a much greater one of our Holy
Religion, the thievish disposition of some that enter into libraries to
learn there no good, hath made it necessary to secure the innocent
books, and even the sacred volumes themselves, with chains (which
are better deserved by those ill persons who have too much learning
to be hanged and too little to be honest), care should be taken
hereafter that as additions shall be made to this library (of which
there is a hopeful expectation), the chains should neither be longer
nor more clumsy than the use of them requires, and that the loops
whereby they are fastened to the books may be rivetted on such a
part of the cover and so smoothly as not to gall or raze the books
while these are removed from or to their respective places.”[220]
Isidore, Bishop of Seville (c. 560-636), possessed probably the
largest collection of books at that time in Europe. It was contained in
fourteen presses or armaria, each of which was ornamented with a
bust and inscribed with verses. The series of verses concludes with
the following notice addressed ad interventorem, a term which may
be interpreted a talkative intruder: