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“I find it incredible that there will not be a sweeping revolution

in the methods of building during the next century. A few Non-traditional houses
energetic men might at any time set out to alter all this.”
Identifying non-traditional houses in the UK 1918–75
H G Wells, Anticipations, 1902

“There has been altogether too much buncombe associated

with the factory-built home. Publishers everywhere have Compiled and edited by
accepted too freely the idea of pre-fabrication and have
Harry Harrison, Stephen Mullin,
given it much publicity. Students of the problem should
consider critically what has been proposed...” Barry Reeves and Alan Stevens
John Burchard 2nd, in The Evolving House, Vol. III (A F Bemis), 1936

“Down in the jungle, living in a tent,

better than a prefab – no rent.”
Charlie Chester, Stand Easy, BBC Light Programme, 1946
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Foreword

BRE is the UK’s leading centre of expertise on the built The Building Research Housing Group (BRHG) – a self-help club for innovative and enterprising
environment, construction, energy use in buildings, fire prevention social housing providers run by a BRE secretariat – is very aware of the great value of this book
and control, and risk management. BRE Global is a part of the to housing maintenance teams. In fact, BRHG owes its existence to concerns over renovation
BRE Group, a world leading research, consultancy, training,
testing and certification organisation, delivering sustainability and problems with non-traditional housing (NTH) in the early 1990s, in anticipation of the ending of
innovation across the built environment and beyond. The BRE the Housing Defects Scheme of Assistance.
Group is wholly owned by the BRE Trust, a registered charity
aiming to advance knowledge, innovation and communication in The Group’s inaugural conference in April 1992 began with a discussion on precast reinforced
all matters concerning the built environment for the benefit of all. concrete NTH; this was followed by a day-and-a-half workshop on house reinstatement, which
All BRE Group profits are passed to the BRE Trust to promote its included a site visit to a BISF house under refurbishment near Swansea. This interest started a
charitable objectives. wave of enquiries on NTH, which has continued to this day.
BRE is committed to providing impartial and authoritative During our early years, we were aware of the large survey undertaken by BRE in the 1980s on
information on all aspects of the built environment for clients, the condition and performance of NTH. During this period, the Group hosted presentations from
designers, contractors, engineers, manufacturers and owners. BRE experts on the development of its Government-commissioned register of upgraded NTH,
We make every effort to ensure the accuracy and quality of
information and guidance when it is published. However, we can which would serve both as a guide to identification and provide information on whether past
take no responsibility for the subsequent use of this information, refurbishment work had changed house type identification characteristics. Our members were
nor for any errors or omissions it may contain. among those local authorities and housing associations sent questionnaires to gather data on
type of system, numbers owned and changes carried out and planned.
BRE, Garston, Watford WD25 9XX
Tel: 01923 664000 The BRHG membership, over its 12-year partnership with BRE, has always recognised the
enquiries@bre.co.uk benefits of sharing knowledge. In a spirit of pooling expertise and resources, BRHG members
www.bre.co.uk have provided access to properties for investigation by BRE researchers, for example, to
BRE publications are available from:
Reema Hollow Panel houses to measure temperature, humidity and oxygen levels before and
www.brebookshop.com after over-cladding.
or
Consequently, in its recognition of the hard work that has gone into amassing all the detail in
IHS BRE Press
Willoughby Road this splendid book, the Group has enthusiastically sponsored its production. We know that it will
Bracknell RG12 8FB help to answer such questions as whether the repair or improvement of a non-traditional house
Tel: 01344 328038 of any type is possible and can be justified.
Fax: 01344 328005
brepress@ihs.com As responsible housing practitioners, the BRHG welcomes this publication and we are keen to
share these valuable technical details on housing construction, maintenance, refurbishment,
Published by IHS BRE Press renewal and repair. Our aims as a Group are to provide value-for-money through cost-effective
technical solutions and we are pleased to promote this book to those ends.
Requests to copy any part of this publication should be made to
the publisher:
IHS BRE Press Phil Hallman
Garston, Watford WD25 9XX BRE Associate and Advisor to the BRHG Secretariat
Tel: 01923 664761
brepress@ihs.com

AP 294
© Copyright BRE 2004, 2012
First published 2004 as BR 469 Information on the BRHG can be obtained from its website www.brhg.org.uk, which
Digital edition 2012 contains a password-protected ‘members-only’ section, with a discussion forum for
ISBN 978-1-84806-275-7 sharing day-to-day experience on housing technical and management matters.
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Contents

Foreword vi
The Editors x
Preface xi

Introduction xiii

Acronyms xxvi
For Bucky, Cedric and Peter How to use this book xxvii
Designated defective houses xxx
References xxxii
Further reading xxxv
List of house types xxxvi

PART ONE: METAL FRAMED HOUSES 1

Appendix to Part One: Metal framed houses 211

PART TWO: PRECAST CONCRETE HOUSES 219

Appendix to Part Two: Precast concrete houses 501

PART THREE: IN-SITU CONCRETE HOUSES 509

Appendix to Part Three: In-situ concrete houses 635

PART FOUR: TIMBER FRAMED HOUSES 639

Appendix to Part Four: Timber framed houses 927

ADDENDUM to the digital edition 937

APPENDICES
A Systems for which information on structure is not available 947
B Systems based on small unit size loadbearing masonry 948
C Rationalised traditional houses 949

INDEX of house names and alternative names 950

ix
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The Editors
Harry Harrison is a former Superintending
Architect at the Building Research Establish-
ment, responsible for the Construction Practice
Division, including the Housing Defects Unit and
the BRE Advisory Service. He has been heavily
involved in assessing the performance and
durability of all kinds of non-traditional houses
(and, indeed, of other building types) for over
50 years, but with a special interest in metal
framed systems.
Stephen Mullin is a former Principal Architect
in the Department of the Environment, and its
successor Departments. From 1986 onwards
he was responsible for the Department’s pro-
gramme of research into non-traditional dwellings,
and for the technical implementation of the
Housing Defects legislation. He was the DOE
nominated officer for the research contract
which DOE placed with BRE for this book.
x xi
Barry Reeves is a Principal Engineer in the
BRE Centre for Concrete Construction. He has
been particularly involved over the last 20 years
with research on the performance and durability
of in-situ and precast concrete systems of
construction, and currently advises owners and
their professional advisers on the condition of
non-traditional dwellings.
Alan Stevens is a former Senior Scientific
Officer with the Building Research Establish-
ment, and has been particularly involved over
the last 25 years with research on the perfor-
mance and durability of metal framed and
timber framed systems. He was the BRE
nominated officer responsible for the research
contract which DOE placed with BRE for this
book.
In the early 1980s defects in design and con-
struction were discovered in a number of house
types designed and built before 1960. These
were subsequently designated as inherently de-
fective under the Housing Defects legislation.
Although these house types formed only a
relatively small proportion of the entire UK non-
traditional stock (some 1 1/2 million dwellings in
all), lending institutions were concerned that
similar defects might be present in other types
of construction. They recognised that their sur-
veyors and valuers had little or no experience
of the inspection and assessment of non-
traditional houses; since before the advent of
the Right to Buy virtually none of this stock had
ever been in the private sector.
Accordingly, in 1986 the Department of the
Environment commissioned a comprehensive
research programme from BRE, aimed at provi-
ding owners, valuers and building profession-
als with aids to identification of the main types;
information on their construction; advice on their
inspection and assessment; and guidance on
best practice in their maintenance, repair and
improvement.
Some of this information has already been
published, but much remained unpublished or
relatively inaccessible to potential users. This
book seeks to remedy this and make unpub-
lished information available to building pro-
fessionals. It draws together all BRE’s research
and survey experience in this field and is aimed
not only at the private sector, but at housing
associations and local authorities as well; since
much of the public sector stock which would
typically currently fall under review for improve-
ment, because of its age, is of non-traditional
construction. Ill-considered work to such houses,
without proper understanding of the principles
which need to be followed, could lead to much
wasted investment.
The book does not cover flats. Although
Preface
many of the systems described here were used
for the construction of other forms of housing,
and are so noted where this is the case, the
appraisal of multi-storey blocks usually calls for
a different level of expertise from that com-
monly possessed by building professionals
involved in the survey of individual houses.
However, a CD-ROM containing all 82 BRE
reports and leaflets on non-traditional housing of
all forms in pdf format, covering constructional
details, assessments of condition, maintenance
and repair is available separately from BRE
Bookshop (Ref. AP 149). Further information is
given elsewhere in this book.
Also excluded from the scope of the book
are ‘rationalised traditional’ systems, where the
primary structure is of loadbearing brick; or of
blockwork where the size and weight of compo-
nents is such as to allow for the traditional one-
man lift (as opposed to precast panels requiring
a two-man lift or mechanical aids). Nevertheless,
where proprietary names are known to have
been used for such construction they are listed
in the Appendices to obviate futile searches. But
be warned that manufacturers in the 1960s and
1970s often used the same name for traditional
and non-traditional systems. Check with the
Index at the back of the book and the Search
Engine on the CD ROM.
Nor are house types developed after 1975
included. This is because 1974 saw major
changes to the Building Regulations which drew
on the experience of previous years, and also
because very few new systems were developed
after that date. Those that were have been
relatively recent, and there has therefore been
insufficient time to adequately assess their per-
formance in use.
Help us
Nevertheless, the Editors are well aware that
there may still be some house types which do
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Preface
fall within the scope of this book, and may not
have been recorded. In addition, there is
scanty information on many other house types,
either in technical details, or in the form of a
proper photographic record. If readers have
information which could help us remedy these
omissions for a later edition of this book, or for
supplementary information which could be made
available on the Internet, such contributions
should be sent to www.nontradhouses.org.uk.
Acknowledgements
The generous financial support of the Office
of the Deputy Prime Minister and the Building
Research Housing Group is gratefully acknow-
ledged.
The list of people who have contributed to
this book in one way or another is endless, but
special mention must be made of the BRE staff
who either had direct involvement in the investi-
gations of various house types, or made a sig-
nificant contribution to the book:
Alan Butler, Alan Covington, Ray Cox,
Marilyn Edwards, Peter Finch, Ian Freeman,
Eddie Grant, Ken Harling, Ian McIntyre,
Ros Redman, Cy Robinson, Jim Thomson.
Many private individuals and local authori-
ties also generously contributed archive photo-
graphs and documents, technical information, and
news of previously undiscovered house types: in
particular, Michael Dyson, Ronald Green, Dr
Richard Moore, the late Frank Newby, Dr John
Parkinson, the late Sir Philip Powell, Martin Rogers,
Mike Fisher of the Halifax Building Society, offi-
cers from Birmingham, Leeds, Liverpool and Ports-
mouth City Councils, and colleagues in the
Northern Ireland, Scottish and Welsh Offices;
without whose help this book would have been
much the poorer.
xii
The photograph opposite is by Ian Smith,
and those used in entries T114 and T128 are
by Jon Broome and Terrapin Ltd, respectively.
A number of black and white archive photo-
graphs have been reproduced from widely used
promotional material bearing no copyright ack-
nowledgement, including the annual CIBSA direc-
tories, the IBSAC magazine and National Building
Agency certificates. It is understood that these
photographs were supplied to the original pub-
lishers by the system sponsors, nearly all of
whom by now have been out of business for
many years. Every effort has been made to trace
extant copyright ownerships, largely without
success, and the publishers will be glad to hear
of any inadvertent infringement and will acknow-
ledge the source.
Photographs throughout this book have been
reproduced from the files of Architectural Review
and The Architects’ Journal, by permission.
Preface to the Digital Edition
In preparing the Digital Edition, the Editors have
taken the opportunity to revise and expand
existing entries and to add a number of new
systems which have come to light since the
original publication, These are detailed in the
Addendum to the Digital Edition on page 937,
after Section 4.
They have also noted the growing number
of new non-traditional housing systems which
have emerged over the last ten years as a
result of the Government’s Modern Methods of
Construction (MMC) initiative. While these
remain outside the scope of this book, for the
reasons detailed above in the Preface,
nevertheless building professionals involved in
inspection and assessment will increasingly
need to be aware of the constructional details
of such systems, as properties return to the
market.
Why 1918? After all, practically every form of
construction used in housing has at one time or
other been seen as non-traditional, from the evo-
lution of the mediaeval timber frame to the
introduction of machine-made concrete and
terracotta blocks and tiles. But before the 20th
Century such changes had been relatively gra-
dual, allowing plenty of time for assessing the
performance in use of materials and components
brought together in a novel and unfamiliar way.
However, when the pace and volume of inno-
vation overtook the timescale needed for evalu-
ation, then housebuilders entered uncharted
territory. So there are good reasons for choos-
ing 1918 as a starting point. But the full story,
of course, begins a little while earlier.
The impact of the Industrial Revolution on
structural innovation is well documented else-
where, most succinctly, perhaps, by R B White 1,
and readers will no doubt be familiar with the 19th
Century use of cast iron to provide prefabricated
buildings, including houses, for shipment to the
colonies. Less well known, perhaps, is the experi-
mentation in concrete construction that occurred
at the same time. The earliest known pair of no-
fines concrete houses, on the Isle of Wight, has
been dated 1852; and throughout the latter half
of the 19th Century and the early years of the
No-Fines houses at East Cowes, Isle of Wight, built by
Richard Langley in 1852.
Introduction
20th Century development continued 2, so that by
1918 it was possible to compile a whole book on
the various forms of concrete construction
available for domestic use 3.
Homes for heroes
It was an opportune moment for such a pub-
lication. The Great War had just ended. House-
building had virtually ceased over the previous
four years, and Richardson and Aldcroft 4 have
estimated that nearly 900,000 new houses were
needed simply to make up the backlog; and over
twice that number to provide for new households
over the next ten years. All this, without taking
into account the need for slum clearance. Yet
Lloyd George had promised “homes fit for
heroes”. How could his new Coalition government
meet the challenge?
Traditional methods of construction seemed
unequal to the task. There was a severe shortage
of orthodox building materials, which was to
continue for the next four years 5. Skilled labour
was at nearly half the prewar level, and union
obstruction meant that progress in training newly
demobbed soldiers was slow. But wartime
growth in the armaments industry had produced
a considerable spare production capacity, along
with technological advances in construction
equipment which could allow the use of unskilled
labour. The government saw a combination of
financial incentives and technical innovation as a
way of capitalising on these resources.
The Addison Act of 1919 introduced gen-
erous subsidies for local authorities, with an addi-
tional financial carrot for houses that embodied
new forms of construction. At the same time, the
Ministry of Health launched a fortnightly maga-
zine 6 which dealt with all aspects of the housing
drive, from the financial framework of the new
legislation, through the model house plans and
housing layouts envisaged by the 1918 Tudor
xiii
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Introduction
Walters Report, to innovative methods of house-
building.
The task of identifying and approving such
systems was entrusted in 1920 to Sir Ernest
Moir as Chairman of the Committee for Standard-
isation and New Methods of Construction. The
First Interim Report of the Committee in 1924 7
catalogued a bewildering array of proposals,
88 in all, ranging from fully prefabricated house
types to ingenious variations on standard con-
crete block construction (the latter therefore being
mostly outside the scope of this book). Some of
the systems described would raise eyebrows
today, yet a surprising number of them, like the
Duplex Sheath house (M038*) were actually built,
at least in prototype form.
The first – and last – Duplex Sheath house under
construction.
The systems which emerged during this
period fall clearly into two parts: those (utilising
steel, timber and large component precast con-
crete) which capitalised on skilled workers in fac-
tory and shipyard production, like Atholl (M010),
Dorlonco (M037), Telford (M093), Weir (T137),
Scano (T110), Boot (P026), and Parkinson (P094);
and those which employed a combination of small
scale on-site precast concrete and in-situ concrete
(Duo-Slab (S022), Winget (P137), Fidler (S027)),
or climbing or permanent shuttering for in-situ
concrete (Boswell (S007), Dry Walls (S021),
Easiform (S023, S024), Forrester-Marsh (S030),
Universal (S056)) to maximise the use of un-
skilled labour.
* The numbers after the house types refer to the entries
in the main part of the book.
xiv
Dorlonco houses under construction.
Major cities which had pioneered council
housing before the war were among the first to
adopt such systems of construction, notably Man-
chester, Birmingham, Leeds, Bradford, Bristol,
Liverpool (which also developed its own sys-
tems 8), and, in particular, the London County
Council 9. But other, smaller local authorities
proved equally innovative. Acton Urban District
Council, in West London, driven by an energetic
Surveyor, and pressed with a housing shortage
caused by the construction of factories nearby,
erected 70 Dry Walls bungalows in an unusual
and highly attractive layout.
At the same time, they compulsorily pur-
chased a site in East Acton which they offered as
a demonstration site for new forms of construc-
tion. The Acton site, despite the depredations of
the double glazing salesman, and the recent loss
of a poured concrete house, remains an evo-
cative Garden City reminder of the Ministry’s sug-
gestion that “a visit…would prove interesting and
instructive to those Councils whose schemes are
being delayed through lack of bricklayers” 10.
Parkinson houses under construction.
Introduction
One of the local authorities which made a
series of such visits (though not, apparently, to
the Acton site) was a Sub-Committee of Norwich
City Council, who were instructed “to inspect and
report on housing systems that will employ an
amount of unskilled labour, with the object of
erecting quickly a larger number of houses per
annum than is being erected at the present time” 11.
After interviewing a number of entrepreneurs in
London, with whom the Sub-Committee appears
to have been somewhat unimpressed (“The sys-
tem appears to be in its experimental stage and
Duo-Slab houses under construction.
the Company in its infancy”) they visited Leeds,
Wakefield and Glasgow, before making their final
shortlist.
They identified four house types “the building
of which is on really commercial lines”: Duo-Slab,
Underdown (P123), Winget, and Weir. The first
three, all utilizing a mixture of precast and in-situ
concrete, were, they noted, “not systems of
housebuilding, but of wall building only”; however,
they “find a large proportion of work for unskilled
men”. The Weir house, by contrast – timber
framed and steel clad – “provides a very small
proportion thereof but has the virtue of extreme
expedition in erection…The whole point of Lord Boswell houses under construction.
Weir’s scheme is complete standardisation of a
high class rapidly produced product…” terms White may well be correct in commenting
As one might expect from their brief, the Sub- that “the impact on the country and the building
Committee were divided on the merits of the Weir industry of all this pother was relatively slight” 13,
house, but recommended purchase of 100 each but the wider impact on consumers, producers
of the other three types. Their conclusions seem and building professionals should not be under-
not untypical of many local authorities, and it is estimated.
difficult to disagree with the view of an American By the 1930s, the idea of cheap, off-the-peg
commentator a decade later that “most, if not all, prefabricated timber bungalows, clad in sheet
of the alternate systems were employed by the materials like asbestos cement, had proved
Ministry of Health and the Local Authorities pri- widely attractive to the general public, par-
marily as a club to wield over the bricklayers, who, ticularly as holiday or retirement homes. Writers
aware of the housing shortage and the Govern- like Clough Williams-Ellis might fulminate against
ment program, seemed from time to time to be their effect on the countryside 14, but they did
on the point of demanding exorbitant wages” 12. demonstrate that non-traditional construction
Nevertheless, by the end of the first post-war was not only acceptable to consumers, but
decade, when the subsidies payable under the could offer definite advantages in terms of cost
Addison Act and its successors were finally and speed of erection. And, at the same time, a
phased out, some 50,000 ‘non-traditional’ houses new generation of architects was to see factory
had been built, all but a tiny minority by local production, and, in particular, the standardisa-
authorities. And not all of these were low-skill tion of components, as a logical step towards
systems: steel and timber framed houses ac- achieving the social and political goals of the
counted for over 20% of the total. In numerical Modern Movement.
xv
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Introduction
Popular prefabrication, the ‘Cottabunga’, 1928.
When we build again
With the advent of the Second World War, im-
mediate attention was concentrated on the need
for emergency housing, which, it was assumed,
would be needed for the many thousands of
people made homeless by a massive bombing
offensive. In anticipation of this, the British Com-
mittee for War Relief asked Buckminster Fuller to
design a steel emergency shelter, but when the
effects of the Blitz proved far less devastating
than feared the government saw the need for
armament production as more pressing in the
use of scarce resources 15.
By 1942, with the entry of the United States
into the war, attention could now be focused on
post-war objectives. Along with health, education
and social security, housing was seen as a key
factor in reconstruction. With the experience of
the First World War in mind, the Burt Committee
was set up “to investigate the alternative methods
of house construction used in the inter-war years,
and to advise on such methods as might be
capable of application or suitable for develop-
ment in the post-war period”.
As with the Moir Committee, the Burt Com-
mittee was overwhelmed with submissions, 221
in all, and White commented 16 that it might have
xvi
been better to have examined what had gone
wrong with this catch-all approach some 20
years ago, rather than spend time evaluating
largely obsolete systems. However, the Commit-
tee had learned from Moir’s failure to do much
more than determine whether a system could
actually be built, and, working closely with the
Study Committees of the Ministry of Works and
the Building Research Station, weeded out the
most obviously complicated and expensive pro-
posals.
Nevertheless, by January 1945, Richard
Sheppard could write that “The Tate Gallery, both
inside and out, is crammed with prototypes of
prefabricated systems, and daily more appear
round these damp walls” 17. Sheppard was one of
a number of young architects, like Edric Neel, the
designer of the Coventry Corporation (Radiation)
house (M027), who had both worked on proto-
types and written extensively since 1943 on the
need for standardisation and dimensional co-
ordination, in journals like The Builder, The
Architects’ Journal, and Architectural Design and
Construction 18.
Architects had barely been involved with any
of the Moir systems, but now they appeared at the
forefront of non-traditional design. The star per-
formers on the Ministry of Works 1943 Demon-
stration Site at Northolt 19 were undoubtedly
Frederick Gibberd’s BISF houses Type A and B
(M016, M018), which in the modified A1 form
(M017) were to prove a major player in the post-
war Permanent Prefabrication Programme 20. The
BISF houses were essentially an update of the
BISF Type A1 houses under construction.
Birmingham Corporation Type ST houses under
construction.
Dorlonco house of the 1920s, much as the Ford
Popular car of 1946 represented a re-styling of a
1939 chassis and road train. The young Philip
Powell had worked on these, and was later to
develop, with the engineer Eric Chick, the much
more sophisticated Howard house (M050,
M051), which contained a truckable 2-storey
kitchen/bathroom ‘heart unit’.
In the event, it was not architects but engi-
neers who, with these notable exceptions, were
to prove the front runners when the Permanent
Prefabrication Programme finally got under way
in 1945. Although major cities like Birmingham,
Leeds, and Manchester once again produced their
own systems in some numbers (Birmingham
Corporation Type ST (M015), Livett-Cartwright
(M059), Riley (M080), and prewar heavyweights
like F R S Yorke, Owen Williams and G Grey
Wornum put forward prototypes for submission
to the Burt Committee (Braithwaite (M021), Wilvan
(P136), Keyhouse Unibuilt (M055)), a fascination
with technical ingenuity tended to result in over-
complex forms of construction.
It was the Working Party on Prefabricated
Housing, set up jointly by the Ministries of Supply,
Health and Works in 1945, incorporating repre-
sentation from the Building Research Station, and
chaired by Professor J D Bernal, which had the
unenviable task of reducing 39 potentially viable
systems of construction to a manageable short-
list of (according to the minutes of the first
meeting) “as small a number of systems as
possible” 21.
Introduction
From the start, there appear to have been
tensions within the Working Party. Colonel Post,
for the Ministry of Works, declared robustly that
“one house in 1946 was regarded as worth two
in 1947” adding that “the scale of output en-
visaged was of the order of 150,000 per annum
of all types of unconventional construction” (in
the event, it never approached more than a third
of that). His colleague, the architect Joseph
Emberton, had different priorities: “Dear
Symon” he wrote in a confidential letter to the
Ministry of Health’s representative “The proto-
type Howard House…was bristling with defects,
and in my opinion showed every indication that
its perpetrators did not know a lot about
building…”
“This is very mild” he commented, before
turning his attention to the prototype Airey
houses (P003), designed by the engineer Sir
Edwin Airey, who had pioneered the Duo-Slab
house in the 1920s. “The…Group…presents
the general appearance of a site covered with
buildings which look as much like home as air-
raid shelters…” However, after a cosmetic
face-lift by Frederick Gibberd, the house went
on, as the ‘Airey Rural’, to be one of the main
workhorses of the programme 22, along with the
Cornish Unit (P039, P040) and Unity (P127,
P128) houses, both designed by engineers,
and both, like the Airey house, involving small
scale, lightweight, precast reinforced concrete
structural elements.
Wilvan houses under construction.
xvii
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Introduction
From the Airey Rural House Handbook of Erection
Instructions, Ministry of Health, 1947.
Mosquitoes and Mulberries
The wartime need for rapid construction of
encampments for the forces had provided an
enormous impetus to the development of pre-
cision factory casting. Components which could
be ordered from depots around the country, and
moved and placed by two men with little more
help than a small winch-crane and a lorry, proved
ideal for housing, particularly in rural areas. Un-
fortunately, the very advances in technology which
enabled the creation of such components were
later to prove their Achilles’ Heel. Minimal con-
crete cover to the reinforcement meant that the
(then) little understood chemical phenomenon of
‘carbonation’ would eventually significantly reduce
their useful life, though not, it must be stressed,
to much less than the 60 years for which they
were originally designed.
In addition, the construction of the D-Day
Mulberry Harbours provided further valuable ex-
perience. Wates, who were heavily involved in the
construction of the Harbours, used their expertise
to develop the eponymous Wates house (P130) 23,
while the engineers Reed and Mallick, who had
also worked on the programme, joined forces to
produce the equally successful Reema Hollow
Panel (P101) house, the first production example
in the UK of a large panel concrete system.
xviii
Other wartime developments in technology
also had a considerable impact. The develop-
ment of resin-bonded plywood for the Mosquito
bomber and for motor torpedo boats produced,
first, the prototype Jicwood Temporary Bungalow
(T062) and then British Power Boats’ Scottwood
house (T112), of which over a thousand were
built. But the biggest influence of wartime mass-
production techniques was to be, not on the post-
war Permanent Prefabrication Programme, but on
the earlier, and even more vital Temporary Hou-
sing Programme.
By 1944 it had become evident that,
however optimistic the forecast production of
permanent non-traditional houses after the war
might be, it would simply not be in place in time
to accommodate returning ex-servicemen and
war-workers, and those rendered homeless by
bombing. There was also the little matter of a
post-war election to deal with. In spite of
opposition from his Conservative colleagues to
the idea of compulsory land acquisition, Churchill
saw that delivering a programme of instant
‘homes from the factory’ could be a vote-winner.
In a major speech in the spring of 1944, he
unveiled the Portal Temporary Bungalow (M075)
as the answer to the housing crisis. Designed by
the Ministry of Works (MOW), and built from
pressed steel and plywood with an innovative
prefabricated kitchen/bathroom unit, it immedi-
ately caught the imagination of the public. “Mr
Churchill is a great man, he is winning the war, he
lays bricks in his spare time, so this tin-can house
of his must be all right was the popular attitude” 24.
There were, however, a few problems. The
prototype, erected at the Tate Gallery, proved
Reema Hollow Panel houses under construction.
to be severely prone to condensation in use.
More seriously, the car industry, which had been
earmarked for its production, did not possess
presses of sufficient size to manufacture the
steel panels: the first Portal house had to be
laboriously hand-built, and suitable presses
needed to be ordered from the United States.
Finally, the choice of both materials and
manufacturer did not find universal favour in
the National government: Stafford Cripps, the
Minister of Aircraft Production, strongly backed
the claims of the aircraft industry to carry out
the programme 25. And since Cripps had come
close to tying with Anthony Eden as a
successor to Churchill in a 1941 opinion poll,
his was a voice to be reckoned with.
For architects like Hugh Casson, who had
observed the success of the wartime pro-
gramme of prefabricated housing for war-workers
in the United States, the Temporary Housing Pro-
gramme was a vindication of all they had fought
for. “At this moment when we are embarking
upon the largest housing programme in history, the
full significance of this American solution needs
no emphasis“ 26. Yet, ironically, it was the 850
timber-framed houses supplied under ‘lend-lease’
by the Federal National Housing Agency which were
to prove the only real failure of the programme,
and the only ones to last less than the 10 years
theoretical design life of the 11 house types
eventually chosen for the programme 27.
In the event, it was the Aircraft Industries
Research Organisation on Housing (AIROH) which
was to build nearly half the 124,455 ‘prefabs’
that were eventually delivered before the termi-
nation of the programme in 1948. The ‘Aluminium
Bungalow’ was certainly the most technologically
advanced of all these: factory-built on an assem-
bly line in four fully-finished sections, and fitted
with the MOW kitchen/bathroom unit destined
for the unfortunate Portal, whose fate had been
sealed by the advent of the 1945 Labour govern-
ment, with Cripps as Minister of Trade.
In a rational world, there would have been
but one house type chosen for the programme,
and that would have been the AIROH Temporary
Bungalow (M002). But the fatal British in -
cli nation to have ‘some of this, and some of
that’ triumphed again, as it did in the Permanent
Introduction
Prefabrication Programme 28, wasting the advan-
tages of economy of scale. As a result, the Gird-
wood Committee of the Ministry of Health,
reporting in 1948, found “no evidence as yet that
any substantial saving in cost has accrued from
the use of the prefabricated or non-traditional
systems of construction so far developed”.
In strict cash terms this was correct. How-
ever, were the same study to be done today, it
would undoubtedly also quantify the social and
health benefits, and reductions in loan charges,
that accrued from the 450,000 dwellings erected
under the temporary and permanent prefabrica-
tion programmes in the decade following 1945,
due to speedy access to a decent home 29. An
analysis carried out within the National Building
Agency in 1965 showed that the peak produc-
tion years for non-traditional dwellings – 1947
and 1953 – correlated exactly with the high
points in housing productivity during this period,
measured in man-hours per dwelling per annum.
Seen in this light, the balance sheet might have
looked rather different.
The prototype AIROH Temporary Bungalow is erected in
Oxford Street.
The final solution?
1954 was a high water mark for housing pro-
duction in the UK, with just under 350,000
dwellings completed. From then on, output drop-
ped steadily, before stabilising at a plateau of
around 300,000 in 1960. Yet the need for new
housing was as pressing as ever. An article in
The Times of 2 February of that year revealed
that 90% of the original ‘prefabs’ were still in use,
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Introduction
and a spokesman for Birmingham City Council
spelled out why. There were 60,000–70,000
people on the council’s waiting list for houses
“and in that situation you don’t pull down tempo-
rary houses that are still habitable and certainly a
great deal better than slum property” 30.
Once again, the government looked to alter-
native methods of construction to put them
ahead in the bidding match with the Labour Party
on housing targets. In December 1963, in a some-
what ill-judged turn of phrase, the Housing
Minister, Sir Keith Joseph, announced the “final
solution” to the housing problem. ‘Industrialised
building’ would fill the gap between the magic
figure of 500,000 homes a year, and current
output. A new National Building Agency (NBA)
would issue appraisal certificates for systems
to be used by local authorities, and provide
guidance on their appropriateness for particular
requirements.
In a paper 31 given in March of the following
year, shortly before his departure to the NBA,
Cleeve Barr, Chief Architect to the Ministry of
Housing and Local Government, spelled out the
rationale behind the programme. He was careful
not to promise dramatic savings in expenditure.
“In terms of costs alone it is extremely difficult to
compete with traditional building”. Where these
new methods of construction would score would
be in speed and productivity, helping to offset
any drain of labour from housebuilding to other
sectors of the construction industry.
They would also offer significant improve-
ments in space standards, better heating and
thermal insulation, and greater flexibility in living
areas, since “the majority of systems are linked
with plan types based on the Parker Morris
standards” 32. Understandably, he omitted to
mention that it was his own Ministry which, with
Harold Macmillan’s ‘People’s House’ of the 1950s,
had significantly reduced the (roughly equivalent)
space standards set out in the 1947 Ministry of
Health Housing Manual.
The fall of the Conservative administration
later that year had little effect on the programme:
if anything, it accelerated its implementation.
Harold Wilson had promised the “white heat of
technology”, and the Industrialised Building
Drive, as it was now called, fitted neatly into this
xx
scenario, with a new Ministry of Technology
taking the Building Research Station under its
wing. Circular 76/65 in the following year set a
target of 500,000 houses a year by 1970, with
local authorities building 40% of their output
by industrialised methods which would be “ex-
pected” to use plans incorporating Parker Morris
standards.
In reality, ‘houses’ was something of a mis-
nomer. When the NBA started work, practi-
cally the only industrialised systems available
Roften steel framed houses under construction.
were large panel precast concrete systems
bought in from Continental Europe, such as
Larsen-Neilsen, Camus and Jespersen. The
pattern of post-war reconstruction there had
followed quite a different path from that in the
UK, with high rise construction the norm, and
little interest in ‘cottage’ housing on the UK
model 33, at least in terms of non-traditional
construction.
So from the start the bias was towards high
and medium rise flats, a pattern which was to
continue right through to 1975, even after the
subsidy reforms of 1967 which effectively rang
the death-knell for the tower block, sealed by the
partial collapse of Ronan Point the following year.
The need for large, phased contracts to achieve
economies of scale meant that urban local auth-
orities were locked into programmes of many
years’ duration. The juggernaut, once started,
had acquired a momentum all of its own 34.
However, by 1964 the Ministry had adapted
the Jespersen system for two storey houses in
Oldham, where it was known as Jespersen 12M
(P067), and produced its own steel framed sys-
tem in a team under the leadership of Pat Tindale
(MOHLG 5M (M064)). The appearance of ‘M’ (for
‘Module’) signals a return to the preoccupations
of architects in the 1940s with dimensionally co-
ordinated components. Although a changeover
to the metric system of measurement was to be
many years away, pressure groups like the
Modular Society saw as the next best thing the
adoption of the four inch module, which roughly
approximated to 100 mm.
‘5M’ therefore stood for a 1'8" dimensional
grid, while ‘12M’ (4'0") also related to the stan-
dard Imperial sheet material size of 8'0" x 4'0".
The idea was that components should be readily
interchangeable. Instead of ‘closed’ systems,
where only the system manufacturer’s compo-
nents would fit, ‘open’ systems would allow the
use of a multiplicity of products. The 5M system
was described by the Ministry as a “non-
proprietary system…designed primarily for use
by the smaller builder”, and was derived from
the successful light steel CLASP system of
school construction, initiated by Donald Gibson in
the 1950s.
Introduction
Modules and Metric Shells
Although nearly 3500 5M houses were built
between 1964 and 1970, the system cannot be
accounted a great success. The need to accom-
modate as many alternative cladding systems as
possible meant that, structurally, it was over
designed, and an unnecessarily large number of
joints had to be accommodated, with the
associated risk of water penetration 35. Unkind
commentators have suggested that, like the
later versions of its progenitor, CLASP, the 5M
house could easily have stood up without the
assistance of its steel frame.
Meanwhile, the NBA pressed ahead with the
appraisal of other proposals for two and three
storey houses, paying particular regard to modu-
lar co-ordination and the use of preferred plans.
By 1968 it had issued certificates for 42 sys-
tems, and another 34 were undergoing app-
raisal. Of these, 24 utilised precast concrete, 4
in-situ concrete, 23 were timber framed, 10 were
steel framed, and the remaining 15 were of
‘rationalised traditional’ construction.
This last category was a comparatively
recent arrival. As the name suggests, systems of
this type used traditional masonry crosswalls to
support timber floors and roofs: the factory-made
timber framed infill panels at front and rear were
non-loadbearing. Such house types are therefore
outside the scope of this book, but a list of
known rationalised traditional (or ‘Rat-Trad’) sys-
tems is included in Appendix C. Confusingly, some
precast concrete, in-situ concrete or timber frame
crosswall systems offered traditional masonry as
an alternative, so the name alone will not
necessarily provide identification of the structural
system employed.
The common factor in most approved
systems was the wide range of claddings avail-
able. Walls might be of brick, tile-hung or boarded:
roofs could be gabled, monopitch or flat. This
diversity was deliberately encouraged by the
NBA: they saw a range of choice in terms of
appearance as the best way of extending the use
of non-traditional construction into the private
sector. However, with the exception of most of
the heavy concrete systems, this can make
visual identification very difficult: the same house
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Introduction
type can appear in a New Town with a flat roof
and simple lightweight cladding, and on a private
estate with a pitched roof and a proliferation of
brick and tile finishes.
One area in which the NBA did not encour-
age diversity, at least in the public sector, was
that of internal planning. In 1968, in preparation
for the changeover to metric dimensioning by
1972, they published a book of preferred Metric
House Shells. The Ministry of Housing’s Circular
69/69 explained why. “This provides an oppor-
tunity, which may never recur, for bringing about
a significant reduction in the great variety of two-
storey house plans used by local authorities…
Variety in house design is of course necessary
for many reasons…But none of these require-
ments calls for the enormous numbers of plans
now in use.”
Once again, cost factors had pointed up the
conflict between the house as a product, and as
a playground for designers, which Geoffrey
Hutton had identified in 1964. “There cannot be
so many satisfactory solutions for buildings serv-
ing as equipment for a task, and our failure to
identify the forms can only be due to ignorance
of the activities involved on the part of both the
client and his architect” 36.
1970 was to see the peak of non-traditional
construction, with 55,701 dwellings completed.
From then on, as the economic situation wor-
sened, production tailed off to less than half that
number in 1975, much of it, as already explained,
consisting of long running contracts. Anthony
Crosland’s blunt comment in 1975, as Secretary
of State for the Department of the Environment,
that “the party’s over” only confirmed what most
local authorities must have known already.
Indeed, the NBA’s appraisal role had been termi-
nated in 1972, and its advisory functions were
now only available on a fee-paying basis.
Nevertheless, by 1975 some 418,000 non-
traditional dwellings had been erected by local
authorities in England and Wales alone, and there
can be no doubt that the industrialised building
drive did make a significant contribution to the
physical improvement of the nation’s housing
stock. The social consequences of an early con-
centration on high and medium rise flats were, of
course, already proving much more debatable;
xxii
not least, as Muthesius and Glendinning have made
clear 37, because of the access they provided to
a rather broader social spectrum of potential
tenants than hitherto.
Partly as a result of this, from 1973 onwards
such public sector housing investment as survived
the economic downturn and the Conservative
party’s return to power in 1979 was mainly con-
centrated on the improvement of existing stock,
while in the private sector the sole relic of non-
traditional construction was to be found in the
limited use of timber frame. Even this was effect-
ively killed off by a scare television programme in
1983. The allegations subsequently proved to be
unfounded 38, but by then the damage was done,
and the idea of ‘homes from the factory’ was to
lie dormant for the next 15 years.
Medway Type I timber framed houses under
construction.
Hindsight
If we had access to a time machine, and could
roam back over the last 50 years, where would
we go? To Sir Ernest Moir, perhaps, to chide his
Committee for their insouciant approach to evalu-
ation? And then on to Sir George Burt, to congratu-
late him on avoiding his predecessor’s pitfalls,
but warn him of the dangers of ‘some of this and
some of that’? Or we might bang a few of the
squabbling wartime Ministries’ heads together,
and suggest that the clear priorities of the Tem-
porary Housing Programme demanded an equally
single-minded approach to production.
We could suggest to enthusiasts for modular
co-ordination that more joints might mean more
leaks; or whisper in Sir Edwin Airey’s ear the
single word ‘carbonation’. And we could warn
Geoffrey Hutton that his dream of a “completely
finished and equipped building as an end product
from which the first user tears the plastic
wrapping” 39 might be some 40 years away from
reality. Or we might even parade a group of dis-
gruntled tenants before a hapless Keith Joseph,
bearing placards (handily provided by a daytime
television programme) inscribed “Get us out of
this Hell”, and “They call it Alcatraz”.
But, as any devotee of science fiction will
know, dramatic interventions in the course of his-
tory rarely have the anticipated effect. The com-
plex social, political and economic factors which
shaped the evolution of non-traditional housing in
this country were not susceptible to such simplis-
tic adjustment; and, in retrospect, it is probably
just as well that this should have been the case.
For they did produce a wealth of case
studies unique to the UK, from which valuable les-
sons can be drawn. They demonstrated that,
given the will, manufacturers and government can
work together to radically alter for the better our
expectations of what that multi-function living-
machine which we call the house should provide.
And, through a ‘wasteful’ diversity of house types,
they paradoxically ensured that the relatively few
design mistakes that have been made have not
had major economic and social consequences.
In fact, BRE’s research shows that, with these
very few exceptions, non-traditional houses built
since 1918 have performed overall just as well
as their traditionally built counterparts; and that
almost all of them have lasted, or are set to last,
the full length of 60 years set as a loan period for
local authority investment back in the 1920s.
Indeed, they have demonstrated the question-
able nature of such arbitrary requirements, when
it is becoming evident that social and locational
obsolescence is becoming much more of a
problem in housing than physical durability 40.
Now, for the fourth time in 50 years, we
again have a crisis in housing supply, albeit one
that appears to be regionally concentrated. Once
again, we have an undermanned, underskilled
housebuilding industry, with an output barely half
that achieved in the 1960s. And, once more, we
have a determination by the government of the
day to introduce a step-change in housing pro-
duction, involving radical reforms in the design
Introduction
Macrae Plus volumetric timber framed houses under
construction.
and construction chain. What are the chances of
success this time?
Many of the omens are good. Gone is the
obsession with go-anywhere build-anything sys-
tems, whether ‘open’ or ‘closed’. Instead, we see
a concentration on the development of structural
systems in light steel or timber for application to
specific housing types, for which Geoffrey Hutton
called in 1964. Materials are being exploited for
their inherent advantages – steel and timber for
internal planning flexibility and speed of erection,
precast concrete for acoustic and thermal per-
formance – rather than being forced into unsuit-
able roles.
A rational approach to external skins has en-
couraged the development of multi-layered
rainscreens rather than claddings which depend
on the success or failure of a single joint. ‘All in
one’ roofs which allow speedy on-site weather
protection have made an appearance, as have
prefabricated bathroom modules. And, at a
larger scale, volumetric construction, first pro-
posed by Wells Coates in 1946, and developed
by firms like Calders, Hallam and Macrae in the
1960s, has finally come of age, allowing high
performance factory-finished dwellings to be
erected with a minimum of on-site labour.
On the minus side, there still remains a
lurking belief that the endemic and longstanding
structural problems of the UK housebuilding
industry can be conveniently disregarded; that
‘homes from the factory’ will somehow compen-
sate for the lack of skilled labour. But, as Sir John
Egan has made clear 41, partnering in design,
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Introduction
manufacturing and construction cannot succeed
unless the on-site workforce is equally integrated
into the process at comparable levels of skill.
The experience elsewhere in Europe is that
successful innovation requires a much higher
level of education and training than that associ-
ated with traditional construction. Site operatives
need to be able to reach beyond traditional
‘trades’ to embrace a multiplicity of skills, and to
be equipped to take informed decisions at their
own level. And, for government and industry to
make the necessary investment, a continuing
Notes
1 In Prefabrication: a history of its development
in Great Britain, HMSO, 1965: still the classic work
on the subject. [The book is reproduced on the
accompanying CD ROM.]
2 Most notably in the Lascelles post and panel
system, used by Norman Shaw in 1878; and in J A
Brodie’s Liverpool System of 1904. See ‘An early
system of large-panel building’, Richard Moore,
RIBA Journal, September 1969.
3 Concrete Cottages Bungalows and Garages,
Albert Lakeman, Concrete Publications Ltd, 1918.
The first edition leans heavily on American examples,
but by the second edition of 1924 the author was
able to document a wide range of British systems.
4 Building in the British economy between the
Wars, Harry W Richardson and Derek H Aldcroft,
Allen and Unwin, 1968.
5 The Moir Committee identified 486 derelict
brickyards at the end of the War, of which only
208 were capable of re-opening.
6 Housing, Ministry of Health Housing Depart-
ment, July 1919 to June 1921.
7 Usually referred to as the Moir Report. In fact,
the committee produced three later, and much
shorter, interim reports, but never appears to have
produced a final report. [The report is reproduced
on the accompanying CD ROM.]
8 See, in particular, Housing, op. cit. Vol II, No. 35,
pp119–24.
9 Who experimented on a large scale with timber
framed, steel framed, precast concrete and in-situ
concrete systems on their ‘out-County’ Becontree,
Castelnau, Downham and Watling estates. For an
oral history of these estates, illustrated with many
archive photographs, see Just like the Country, Ed.
xxiv
pattern of economic stability is required. Without
all this, the current administration’s ambitious
plans are in danger of going the same way as
those of its predecessors.
These concerns may prove baseless. But
history is a stern judge, and will not lightly forgive
a failure to learn from experience, not once, not
twice, but three times in succession.
Stephen Mullin
London 2004
Antonia Rubinstein, Andy Andrews, Pam Schweitzer,
Age Exchange, 1991.
10 Housing, op. cit. Vol II, No. 27, pp142–5
11 Report of the Sub-Committee to the Housing
Committee of Norwich City Council, 21 October
1924. Quoted in Concrete Houses in Norwich,
S Potter, unpublished thesis, 1978.
12 By John Burchard 2nd in the supplement to
The evolving house Vol III: Rational design, A F
Bemis, MIT Press and Batsford, 1936. The supple-
ment contains an extensive list of prefabricated
systems in use in the USA and Britain at the time,
with detailed technical descriptions and drawings.
13 Prefabrication, op. cit. p88.
14 In England and the Octopus, Clough Williams-
Ellis, Geoffrey Bles, 1928
15 The Dymaxion Deployment Unit, developed
from grain silo construction and a forerunner of the
Wichita House, did in fact later go into limited pro-
duction and deployment for the US Army. See My
Private Sky, Ed. Joachim Krause and Claude Lich-
tenstein, Lars Muller, pp212–7.
16 Prefabrication, op. cit. p154.
17 Developments in post-war housing in 1944,
Richard Sheppard, The Architects’ Journal, 18
January 1945.
18 Architectural Design and Construction launched a
monthly Housing Forum in January 1943, starting with
a summary of the Tudor Walters report and the 1919
Housing Acts entitled 20 years of housing progress.
19 See Demonstration Houses, HMSO, 1944, for
a detailed account of the house types involved.
20 The BISF houses Types A and B still exist on
the Northolt site, as does the more radical Type C
(M019) which utilised pressed steel construction.
The Type C , much mutilated now like the Types A
and B , is not recorded in Demonstration Houses,
and was a later addition to the site, as were the
prototype Orlit houses (P091, P092) next door.
21 Altogether, by 1 October 1945, a staggering
1342 proposals had been received by the Ministry
of Works and the Building Research Station for
evaluation. Of these, 84 had received experimental
building licences, and 28 prototype houses had
been completed.
22 And was later built in the Netherlands, albeit
with a different type of cladding. See Tuindorp
Kethel Schiedam, Hans van der Heijden and Barbara
Klomp, THOTH, 2004. Wates houses were also
built in Morocco for the French colonial govern-
ment: see 29 below for the publication reference.
This cross-Channel exchange of technology was
anticipated in the early 1920s with the adoption by
the Municipality of Amsterdam of the Winget and
Dorlonco systems in their experiments with pre-
fabricated construction, later reciprocated in the
use of the Dutch Occident system (ADP001) for
the construction of the first large panel system (LPS)
houses in the UK at Cambridge. The Dutch appear
to have had much the same problems with the
building trades unions as their British counterparts.
See Concrete and Constructional Engineering Vol
XX no.3, 1925, and Vol XXII 1927.
23 The prototypes were indeed referred to in the
press as ‘Mulberry Houses’.
24 Developments in post-war housing in 1944,
op. cit.
25 I am indebted to Ged Robinson for access to
her research on the Portal house.
26 Homes by the Million, Hugh Casson, Penguin,
1946.
27 Except for the AIROH bungalow, which later
suffered from electrolytic corrosion due to impuri-
ties in the aircraft grade scrap aluminium used,
examples of all the other ‘temporary’ bungalows
still survive to this day.
28 The Third Report of the Burt Committee, pub-
lished in 1948 as Post-War Building Studies No. 25,
lists 101 systems considered suitable for develop-
ment and use by local authorities. [The three reports
of the Committee are reproduced on the accom-
panying CD ROM.]
29 “As an example of the speed with which Wates
houses can be built, five houses were recently
commissioned by a local authority in London were
Introduction
handed over exactly nine weeks after building
began, whilst in an another London area a pair of
houses was started and finished in twenty-two
working days”. Concrete Quarterly, January 1949.
30 The London County Council still had more than
8000 ‘prefabs’ within its administrative boundaries
and actually revived the temporary housing concept
with the LCC Mobile (T071), a sectional timber
framed bungalow, designed to be transported, as
the name suggests, to other vacant sites as the one
it occupied became required for permanent housing.
In reality, the cost of site preparation, services and
removal meant that this option was rarely exercised.
31 Housing from the Factory: Progress Report
1964, at the Royal Institute of British Architects,
10 March 1964.
32 In fact, it was not until 1967 that Parker Morris
standards became mandatory for all public sector
housing, as part of the change in subsidy arrange-
ments.
33 The post-war UK programme did include a
sizeable number of flats, but these were in the
main low rise walk-ups, usually in poured concrete
(Easiform, Wimpey No-Fines (S063)), although a
13-storey block was proposed in a Unity brochure,
and the Reema Hollow Panel system was used for
high-rise blocks in Leeds in the 1950s.
34 A comprehensive account is given in Tower
Block: Modern Public Housing in England, Scotland,
Wales and Northern Ireland, Stefan Muthesius and
Miles Glendinning, Yale U P, 1994.
35 “Although in terms of machine production it is
not exactly true to say that every hole in a Meccano
set costs money, nevertheless such redundancy of
structural facility and material is uneconomic”.
Geoffrey Hutton in ‘Pre-IBSAC Symposium’, The
Architects’ Journal, 24 June 1964.
36 The Architects’ Journal, 24 June 1964, op. cit.
37 In Tower Block, op. cit.
38 See Moisture conditions in the walls of timber-
framed housing, BRE Report 228, 1992.
39 The Architects’ Journal, 24 June 1964, op. cit.
40 “But perhaps the real challenge lies in persua-
ding owners that their ownership responsibilities
involve replacement – either of the entire asset, or
of key components – rather than continual repair
and maintenance”. ‘How long should housing last?’,
James L Meikle and John D Connaughton, Con-
struction Management and Economics, 1994 (12).
41 In Rethinking Construction, DETR, London, 1998.
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Acronyms How to use this book

BRE Building Research Establishment ODPM Office of the Deputy Prime Minister Systems described in the Handbook are The Search Engine classifies all the systems
BRS Building Research Station PC Precast concrete grouped into four sections classified by form of covered by the Handbook by Construction
CIBSA The Comprehensive Industrialised PRC Precast reinforced concrete construction: Metal Framed Houses (prefixed Class, by the Local Authorities and Regions in
Building Systems Annual ‘M’ in the numbered reference to each system), whose area the system has been reported, by
PS Pressed steel
DOE Department of the Environment Precast Concrete Houses (prefixed ‘P’), In-Situ Name or Alternative Name(s), and by Identifi-
PSA Pressed steel angle Concrete Houses (prefixed ‘S’) and Timber cation Characteristics. Any or all of these classi-
DPC Damp proof course PSRC Prestressed reinforced concrete Framed Houses (prefixed ‘T’). In each case, the fications can be used in combination to narrow
DPM Damp proof membrane PVC Polyvinyl chloride class of construction refers to the loadbearing down the search, depending on the amount of
GRP Glassfibre reinforced plastics PWBS Post-War Building Studies structure of the dwelling, which will not necess- information available.
HAC High alumina cement RC Reinforced concrete arily be of the same material(s) as the external The lists of house types by Local Authority
HT High tensile visible cladding. are drawn from a number of surveys carried out
RS Rolled steel
IBSAC The Industrialised Building Systems The guide overleaf explains in detail the since 1980 for the (then) Department of the
RSA Rolled steel angle function of the text, photograph and isometric Environment, and the Northern Ireland, Scottish
and Components Magazine
RSC Rolled steel channel drawing in each double page spread. Where and Welsh Offices, supplemented by BRE’s own
MOHLG Ministry of Housing and Local
RSJ Rolled steel joist sufficient information on a particular house type research and information provided by others.
Government
RST Rolled steel T-section is not available to provide either a photograph Although every effort has been made to ensure
MOW Ministry of Works
SS Stainless steel or a drawing, the system is included in an that this information is correct, it should not
MS Mild steel Appendix at the end of the construction class necessarily be assumed that it is fully compre-
T&G Tongued and grooved (boarding)
NBA National Building Agency section, and further prefixed ‘A’ (e.g. numbered hensive. Where the information received does
TRADA Timber Research and Development references to the Appendix to Metal Framed not fully specify a named system (e.g. Unity), all
NBS National Building Studies
Association
NHBC National House-Building Council Houses are prefixed ‘AM’). possible systems are listed (e.g. Unity Type I,
NTHSc A Guide to Non-traditional and Colour photographs have been taken within Unity Type II).
Temporary Housing in Scotland the last 20 years. Those in black and white are The CD inside the back cover of the book
(1923-1955). HMSO, 1987, 2001. from archive material. contains copies of key reports on non-traditional
While in some cases it will be possible to housing published by BRE and its predecessors,
identify a particular system through the name and by central government. These are referen-
only, because of the multiplicity of alternative ced in the text and listed in the References
names used for many systems, or because this section on pages xxxii–xxxiv.
information is not available, in the majority of Another CD (Ref: AP 149) is available from
cases it will be necessary to use the Search BRE Bookshop, which contains over 80 BRE
Engine on the CD that accompanies this book to reports on particular house types. Details are
arrive at a definitive identification. given on page xlii.

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How to use this book
Each house type is listed alphabetically by Name, and numerically by the Reference in the top
right hand corner. The name is that most commonly used by the manufacturer. The suffixes
‘Mk’ and ‘No’ are those used by the manufacturer. The suffix ‘Type’ is used to differentiate
between different forms of construction covered by the same manufacturer’s name.
Orlit Type II
Manufacturer: Orlit Ltd
Designer:
Period built: 1940s–1950s
Number built: 17,000 (Types I and II)
Numbers built are drawn from various sources;
although every effort has been made to verify the
figures, their accuracy cannot be guaranteed.
IDENTIFICATION CHARACTERISTICS
Bungalows and 2-storey semi-detached and terraced
houses.
Medium pitch gable roof covered with tiles or flat roof
covered with asphalt or bituminous felt.
External walls of PRC slabs throughout.
Gable apex tile hanging.
REFERENCES
BRE Report BR 36
PWBS No. 25
References list reports and journal articles for
each house type. For details see pages xxxii–xxxiv.
Identification Characteristics lists features in standard
format to help visual identification. ‘Chalet bungalows’ refer to
2-storey houses with the upper floor rooms wholly contained
within a gabled or hipped roof pitch.
Roof pitches are: ‘STEEP’, 45° or greater; ‘MEDIUM’, between
23° and 44°; or ‘SHALLOW’, less than 23°. Claddings listed are
those known to have been used in the original construction:
they do not include those used in subsequent alterations.
xxviii
How to use this book
Each house type is identified numerically by the Reference number in the
top right hand corner. M indicates metal framed houses, P precast concrete
houses, S in-situ concrete houses and T timber framed houses. Reference
numbers for houses listed in the Appendix to each part are prefixed by ‘A’.
Alternative names known to P092
have been used are listed.
Alternative name: Orlit
Names of the Manufacturer(s) and Designer(s),
where known, are given.
Where dates for Period built are available, these are
listed; otherwise dating is by decade (e.g. ‘1960s’). The cutaway Isometric
Construction Drawing is
keyed by number to the
Construction notes. The
form of construction shown
in the drawing and described
in the notes is that most
commonly found.
If the house type has been
investigated by BRE the
notes are based on the BRE
The Photograph shows a representative investigation. Otherwise,
view of the house type. However, many they are drawn from
house types used a variety of claddings various published and
(see Identification Characteristics and unpublished sources, and
Variants). In addition the house may have their accuracy cannot be
been re-clad (see Designated defective guaranteed.
houses, overleaf).
NOTES FOR SURVEYORS CONSTRUCTION VARIANTS
The Designated defective
Substructure: Pad foundations [1]. PC stub columns Flat roof of profiled PRC eaves units, screed and asphalt
stamp is explained overleaf. cast into foundations [2]. or bituminous felt.
DESIGNATED DEFECTIVE
Frame: 5 1/2" x 5 1/2" PRC columns with integral beam
Main PRC columns and beams have only up to 30 mm stubs [3] and bolted steel flange connectors [4]. 7 1/2"
cover, carbonation depths 10–20 mm and sometimes PRC primary [5] and secondary [6] beams with
significant chloride content. concrete cover [7].
External walls: 2" PC base bonding units [8], 2" PC
Variations from this form of construction
Cracking of OPC and HAC stitches.
Low quality HAC concrete in stitches. slabs [9], 2 1/2" lightweight PC slabs [10], timber framing known to exist are listed in Variants.
Cracking of secondary beams and carbonation depths lined with plasterboard [11]. Galvanised ties [12].
up to 20 mm. Separating wall: PRC frame infilled with foamed slag
aggregate concrete blocks.
Significant levels of chloride in beams.
Partitions: Lightweight concrete slabs. Most of house types were designed using
Deterioration of other PRC components.
Ground floor: Concrete. Imperial measurements, so most dimensions
First floor: Timber boarding on timber beams [13] on
The system was also used for flats.
PRC secondary beams.
are given in feet and inches. For the very few
Ceilings: Plasterboard. systems built to Metric measurements, Metric
Roof: PRC beams, timber wall plates, timber trusses
and purlins and tiles.
dimensions are used.
If the house type has been investigated by BRE
Notes for Surveyors lists defects found. Such Construction information is presented in a A key to the Acronyms used for components
defects will not necessarily have been encoun- consistent format for each house type, and materials is on page xxvi.
tered in every house surveyed, and they are generally moving upward from the foundations
listed to alert surveyors to areas requiring par- to the roof, and from the outside inward.
ticular examination. If the house type has not Dimensions of components are shown in the
been investigated by BRE, this is noted, with order height x width x depth.
references to appropriate BRE publications on
survey and assessment.
If the system is known to have been used
for flats, this is noted. The construction for
flats may not be identical to that for houses.
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Designated defective houses
In the early 1980s, investigation of fire damage
to an Airey house revealed cracking to the
structural PRC columns caused by inadequate
cover to the embedded steel reinforcement
and chemical changes to the surrounding con-
crete. Subsequent investigations by BRE
showed that a number of other house types
built in the immediate postwar period exhibited
similar defects, and that these would eventually
lead to structural failure.
Accordingly, in 1984 the Government
brought forward legislation to compensate
owners who had bought, in good faith, houses
from the public sector with serious structural
defects which could not have been known
about, or discovered on survey, at time of pur-
chase. The Housing Defects Legislation (now
Part XVI of the Housing Act 1985) allowed the
Secretary of State to designate particular
dwelling types as inherently defective, and em-
powered local authorities to operate a Scheme
of Assistance for eligible owners, either by way
of repurchase or by way of reinstatement
(‘repair’). Over 28,000 households were aided
under the Scheme of Assistance which is now
substantially complete, with only a tiny handful
of eligible properties remaining to be or repur-
chased or reinstated."
Most ‘repairs’ were carried out using sys-
tems of reinstatement licensed, inspected and
certificated by PRC Homes Ltd, a wholly owned
subsidiary of NHBC, but not all owners used
this route, and in addition some local auth-
orities carried out ‘partial repairs’ to their own
stock which did not remove all the defective
PRC structural elements from the dwelling.
Surveyors encountering a house type which
has been Designated Defective are therefore
advised to check whether any ‘repairs’ carried
out were in accordance with a PRC Homes Ltd
licensed system, and certificated as such. PRC
Homes Ltd was wound up in 1996. After that,
xxx
Designated defective houses
Thirty house types were eventually desig- stantially in accordance with the construction
nated as inherently defective, in separate shown in the designation documents for
legislation in England, Wales, Scotland and Dorran (P046) and Woolaway (P138) houses,
Northern Ireland. The subsequent BRE research respectively.
programme into all non-traditional housing re- Under the ‘Notes for surveyors’ on the
vealed no further house types which met the relevant pages, a warning symbol appears:
houses repaired under licensed systems were Government’s criteria for designation. However, DESIGNATED DEFECTIVE
generally accepted for mortgage purposes it should be noted that designation was by
with an ordinary NHBC warranty." reference to a construction drawing forming The house types listed below are designa-
The legislation did not allow for any ‘better- part of the Order, rather than a named house ted as inherently defective under the Housing
ment’ during reinstatement, and therefore while, type, and some local authorities have deter- Defects legislation (they are shown under the
superficially, the appearance of a reinstated mined that the construction of Lilleshall (P075) names and reference numbers listed in the
house may have changed dramatically, key and Cheecol Keeland (P035) houses is sub- Handbook):
identification characteristics such as window
and door openings, and roof pitch, will remain
Airey (P003) Schindler (S049)
constant, as demonstrated in the Before and
Ayrshire County Council (P010) Smith (P107)
After photographs of the houses below. Once
Blackburn Orlit (P024) Stent (P110)
again, it needs to be stressed that the pre-
Boot Beaucrete (P025) Stonecrete (P113)
sence of a new brick skin on such a house
Boot Pier and Panel (P026) Tarran Temporary Bungalow (P115)
does not of itself signify that the house has
Boswell (S007) Tee Beam (P117)
been reinstated in such a way that it is
Cornish Unit Type I (P039) Ulster Cottage (P122)
generally acceptable for mortgage purposes.
Cornish Unit Type II (P040) Underdown (P123)
Dorran (P046) Unitroy (P126)
Dyke (P047) Unity Type I (P127)
Gregory (P055) Unity Type II (P128)
Mac-Girling (P078) Waller (P129)
Myton (P087) Wates (P130)
Newland (P090) Wessex (P132)
Orlit (P091, P092) Whitson-Fairhurst (P134)
Parkinson (P094) Winget (P137)
Reema Hollow Panel (P101) WooIaway (P138)
Cornish Unit Type II (upper) and Airey (lower) houses
before and after repair.
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References
BRE REPORTS
These Reports are available in pdf format on a CD
ROM (Ref: AP 149) from BRE Bookshop.
BR 29 Airey houses: technical information
and guidance (1982)
BR 34 The structural condition of Boot pier
and panel cavity houses (1983)
BR 35 The structural condition of Cornish Unit
houses (1983)
BR 36 The structural condition of Orlit houses
(1983)
BR 37 The structural condition of Smith system
houses (1983)
BR 38 The structural condition of Unity houses
(1983)
BR 39 The structural condition of Wates prefabrica-
ted reinforced concrete houses (1983)
BR 40 The structural condition of Woolaway
houses (1983)
BR 50 The structural condition of Ayrshire County
Council (Lindsay) and Whitson-Fairhurst
houses (1984)
BR 51 The structural condition of Dorran, Myton,
Newland and Tarran houses (1984)
BR 52 The structural condition of Parkinson
Framed houses (1984)
BR 53 The structural condition of Reema hollow
panel system houses (1984)
BR 54 The structural condition of Stent houses
(1984)
BR 55 The structural condition of Underdown
and Winget houses (1984)
BR 63 Large panel systems: the structure of
Ronan Point and other Taylor Woodrow–
Anglian buildings (1985)
BR 71 Smith system houses in Sandwell, West
Midlands (1985)
BR 74 Large panel system dwellings: preliminary
information on ownership and condition
(1986)
BR 75 Carbonation depths in structural-quality
concrete (1986)
BR 77 The British Iron & Steel Federation steel
framed house (1986)
xxxii
BR 78 Howard steel framed houses (1986)
BR 93 Overcladding: external walls of large
panel system dwellings (1986)
BR 105 Boswell houses: investigation of
structural condition (1987)
BR 107 The structural adequacy and durability
of large panel system dwellings (1987)
Part 1: Investigations of construction
Part 2: Guidance on appraisal
[Summary in IP 8/87]
BR 110 Dorlonco steel framed houses (1987)
[See also BR 149]
BR 111 Thorncliffe cast-iron panel houses (1987)
BR 113 Steel framed and steel clad houses:
inspection and assessment (1987)
[Summary in IP 14/87]
BR 116 Reema large panel system dwellings:
constructional details (1987)
BR 118 Bison large panel system dwellings:
constructional details (1988)
BR 119 Roften steel framed houses (1988)
BR 120 Dennis-Wild steel framed houses (1988)
BR 130 The structural condition of Easiform
cavity-walled dwellings (1988)
BR 132 Cussins steel framed houses (1988)
BR 133 Livett-Cartwright steel framed houses
(1988)
BR 139 Cruden Rural steel-framed houses (1989)
BR 144 Falkiner–Nuttall steel-framed houses (1989)
BR 145 Crane steel-framed bungalows (1989)
BR 146 Trusteel Mk II steel-framed houses (1989)
BR 147 Trusteel 3M steel-framed houses (1989)
BR 148 Atholl steel-framed, steel-clad houses (1989)
BR 149 Dorlonco steel framed houses.
Supplement to BR 110 (1989)
BR 152 Hawthorn Leslie steel-framed houses (1989)
BR 153 The structural condition of Wimpey No-
Fines low-rise dwellings (1989)
BR 154 Improving the habitability of large panel
system dwellings (1989)
BR 155 Forrester–Marsh houses (1989)
BR 156 Cast Rendered No-Fines houses (1989)
BR 157 Incast houses (1989)
BR 158 Universal houses (1989)
BR 159 Fidler houses (1989)
BR 160 No-Fines houses (1989)
BR 161 BRS Type 4 houses (1989)
BR 163 Nissen–Petren steel-framed houses (1990)
BR 185 Over-roofing: especially for large panel
system dwellings (1991)
BR 188 Lowton–Cubitt steel-framed houses (1991)
BR 189 Telford steel-clad houses (1991)
BR 190 Mowlem in-situ concrete low-rise
dwellings (1991)
BR 191 The renovation of no-fines housing: a
guide to the performance and rehabilita-
tion of loadbearing no-fines concrete
dwellings built using the Wimpey and
SSHA systems (1991)
BR 193 Cranwell steel-framed houses (1991)
BR 196 Birmingham Corporation steel-framed
houses (1991)
BR 197 Hills Presweld steel-framed houses (1991)
BR 198 Arcal steel-framed houses (1991)
BR 199 Homeville Industrialised steel-framed
houses (1991)
BR 200 5M steel-framed houses (1991)
BR 201 Arrowhead steel-framed houses (1991)
BR 202 British Housing steel-framed houses (1991)
BR 203 Keyhouse Unibuilt steel-framed houses
(1991)
BR 204 Open System Building steel-framed
houses (1991)
BR 205 Steane steel-framed houses (1991)
BR 214 Understanding and improving the
weathertightness of large panel system
dwellings (1992)
BR 217 Cowieson steel-clad houses (1992)
BR 218 Weir steel-clad (1920s) houses (1992)
BR 219 Stuart steel-framed houses (1992)
BR 221 Riley steel-framed houses (1992)
BR 222 Coventry Corporation steel-framed
houses (1992)
BR 228 Moisture conditions in the walls of timber-
framed housing (1992)
BR 233 Briefing guide for timber-framed housing
(1993)
BR 254 Repair and maintenance of reinforced
concrete (1994)
BR 275 The structural condition of early cast-in-
situ concrete low-rise dwellings (1996)
BR 282 Timber frame housing 1920–1975:
inspection and assessment (1995)
BR 283 Timber frame housing systems built in
the UK 1920–1965 (1995)
BR 284 Timber frame housing systems built in
the UK 1966–1975 (1995)
BR 318 The structural condition of cast-in-situ
concrete high-rise dwellings (1996)
References
BRE DIGESTS
Digest 405 Carbonation of concrete and its
effects on durability (1995)
Digest 444 Corrosion of steel in concrete (2000)
Part 1 Durability of reinforced concrete
structures, Part 2 Investigation and
assessment, Part 3 Protection and
remediation
BRE GOOD BUILDING GUIDES
GBG 11 Supplementary guidance for assess-
ment of timber frame housing: Part I
Inspection (1995)
GBG 12 Supplementary guidance for assess-
ment of timber frame housing: Part II
Interpretation (1995)
BRE INFORMATION AND OCCASIONAL PAPERS
IP 6/81 Carbonation of concrete made with dense
natural aggregates [in BR 107]
IP 10/84 The structural condition of prefabricated
concrete houses designed before 1960
IP 21/86 Determination of chloride and cement
contents of hardened concrete [in BR 107]
IP 8/87 The structural adequacy and durability of
large panel system dwellings: summary
of the report
IP 14/87 Inspecting steel houses
IP 15/87 Maintaining and improving steel houses
OP 5 Aid to identification: Dyke CCC houses (1986)
OP 6 Aid to identification: Mac-Girling houses
(1983)
OP 10 Aid to identification: Stonecrete houses
(1983)
OP 25 Blackburn-Orlit houses: technical infor-
mation (1984)
OP 34 Gregory houses: technical information
(1986)
OP 35 Hawksley SGS houses, technical
information (1986)
BRE ARCHIVE
Unpublished written information and drawings exist
at BRE. These may be consulted by special arrange-
ment with the BRE Librarian. The EP numbers
noted for some houses refer to the Burt Commit-
tee Experimental Panel reports and files.
In addition, short films of three housing sys-
tems under construction (Spooner, Wimpey No-
Fines, Woolaway) in the late 1940s are held in the
Archive.
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References
OTHER PUBLICATIONS [in chronological order]
PDF files of publications marked CD are included
on the CD ROM in the back of this book.
Moir Report CD
Ministry of Health. Particulars of systems of
house construction approved up to April 1920.
Report of the Committee on new methods of
house construction. London, HMSO. 44pp.
[The only report of value that survives from the
1920s. Contains drawings and photographs of
76 housing systems and 12 items of ancillary
equipment approved by the Ministry.]
PWBS No. 1 CD
Interdepartmental Committee on House Construction.
House Construction. Ministry of Works, Post-War
Building Studies No. 1. London, HMSO, 1944.
156pp. (Burt Committee 1st Report).
[Detailed information on 19 house types built
between 1919 and 1939.]
PWBS No. 23 CD
Interdepartmental Committee on House Construction.
House Construction, Second Report. Ministry of
Works, Post-War Building Studies No. 23. London,
HMSO, 1946. 84pp. (Burt Committee 2nd Report).
[Reports on the first tranche of proposals for
construction after the war, built in prototype
form and assessed. Includes photographs of
houses under construction.]
PWBS No. 25 CD
Interdepartmental Committee on House Construction.
House Construction, Third Report. Ministry of Works,
Post-War Building Studies No. 25. London, HMSO,
1948. (Burt Committee 3rd Report). 86pp.
[Reports on 10 house types, all approved for
use by local authorities. Includes photographs
of houses under construction.]
White R B, Prefabrication CD
Prefabrication. A history of its development in
Great Britain. National Building Studies, Special
Report No. 36. HMSO, London, 1965. 368pp +
52pp illus.
[Valuable narrative account of the technical and
political development of prefabrication up to
1962. Numerous photographs and references.]
xxxiv
NTHSc
Scottish Office Building Directorate. A Guide to
Non-traditional and Temporary Housing in Scotland
(1923-1955). Edinburgh, HMSO, 1987, reprinted
2001. 260pp.
[Covers more than 90 Scottish systems built
up to 1955. Company information and plans
are useful for identification purposes.]
Interbuild. System Building.
Published in 1963 and 1964 by Interbuild.
[Describes and illustrates 21 (1963) and 31
(1964) systems. Also covers European and
non-housing applications.]
IBSAC
The Industrialised Building Systems and Compo-
nents Magazine. Published between 1964 and
1970.
[Useful ‘snapshots’ of systems available at the
time of publication.]
CIBSA
Deeson A F L (ed). The Comprehensive Industrial-
ised Building Systems Annual. Product Journals,
West Wickham. Published annually between 1965
and 1970.
[Useful ‘snapshots’ of systems available at the
time of publication. Many of the entries include
a photograph or drawing.]
NBA and Scottish NBA
National Building Agency. Certificates were issued
between the mid-1960s and 1972. Dates of NBA
appraisal certificates are given where known. The
BRE collection of these certificates is not complete,
but a full set is thought to be housed in ODPM
Archives.
[Very detailed information and construction
drawings of proposed systems, which may
have been modified for production.]
NFBTE
British Systems Yearbook 1977–78. National
Federation of Building Trades Employers, London,
1977. 64pp.
[Brief information and photographs of 46
housing systems.]
Anthony, Hugh. Houses: Permanence and
Prefabrication, Pleiades Books, 1945. 64pp.
Bemis, A F. The evolving house. Vol. 3. Rational
design. MIT Press, Cambridge, Mass. and Batsford,
London, 1936.
[Includes descriptions of systems designed
and built in the UK in the 1920s.]
Building Research Station. Structural require-
ments for houses. National Building Studies
Special Report No. 1. London, HMSO, 1947.
Cox, B H. Prefabricated houses. London, 1945.
Demonstration Houses, HMSO, 1944.
[Detailed description of houses on the Ministry
of Works demonstration site at Northolt, London,
with many construction photographs.]
Hans van der Heijden and Barbara Klomp, Tuindorp
Kethel Schiedam, Thoth, Bussum, Netherlands, 2004.
[Contains a detailed account of the use of the
Airey system in the Netherlands.]
Lakeman, Albert. Concrete Cottages Bungalows and
Garages, Concrete Publications Ltd, 2nd edn 1924.
Madge, Charles (Ed.) Clarence Crescent, Pilot
Papers, Vol. I, No. 4, Pilot Press, 1946.
[Photo-journalist account of life on an estate of
Seco temporary bungalows.]
Madge, John (Ed.) Tomorrow’s Houses: new
building methods, structures and materials.
London, Pilot Press, 1946. 336pp.
Ministry of Health. Housing, Vols I and II: July
1919–June 1921.
Ministry of Works. New methods of house con-
struction (1945–47). National Building Studies
Special Report No. 4. London, HMSO, 1947.
[Analyses labour content and costs.]
Ministry of Works. New methods of house con-
struction, Second Report (1947–48). National
Building Studies Special Report No. 10. London,
HMSO, 1948.
Richardson, Harry W and Aldcroft, Derek H.
Building in the British Economy between the Wars,
Allen and Unwin, 1968.
Further reading
Rubinstein, Antonia, Andrews, Andy and Schweitzer,
Pam (Eds). Just like the Country, Age Exchange, 1991.
[Oral history of the LCC interwar cottage
estates, with many archive photographs of
non-traditional houses on the Becontree,
Downham and Watling Estates.]
Some new methods of construction: a brief
survey. The Structural Engineer, Vol. 03, 1925.
pp174–184.
[Various types of industrialised building briefly
described and illustrated.]
Saunders, C E. Some effects of prefabrication on
post war building. The Structural Engineer, Vol. 35,
No. 8 August 1957. pp277–296.
Sheppard, Richard. Prefabrication in Building,
Architectural Press, 1946. 148pp.
The corrosion of steel in steel houses. National
Building Studies Special Report No. 16. London,
HMSO, 1951. 44pp. CD
[Examines corrosion in steel clad and steel
framed houses built between 1920 and 1927.]
The durability of reinforced concrete in buildings.
National Building Studies Special Report No. 25.
London, HMSO, 1956.
Timber Development Association. Prefabricated
timber houses. A statement of the principles and
practice of prefabrication. London, [1944?], 26pp.
Timber Development Association. Prefabricated
timber houses. A review of constructional
methods, including in situ and prefabricated
constructions. London, 1947, 39pp.
Vale, Brenda. Prefabs: a history of the UK
temporary housing programme. London, Spon,
1995. 192pp.
Watson, Alexander. Demonstration Houses:
Sighthill, Edinburgh (1945–65), Scottish Special
Housing Association, Edinburgh, 1987. 92pp.
[A review of the housing stock built for experi-
mental and demonstration purposes at Sighthill,
Edinburgh, from 1945 to 1965, with plans and
construction details.]
xxxv
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List of house types List of house types

Appendix to Part One: P021 Bison Wall Frame
P022 Blackborrow
Metal framed houses
P023 Blackburn
Note: Some systems built with different materials have the same name. Use of the Index of AM001 Adams P024 Blackburn Orlit
AM002 Anchorloc P025 Boot Beaucrete
names and alternative names at the end of the book or the Search Engine on the accom- AM003 Anderson Permanent House P026 Boot Pier and Panel
panying CD ROM is therefore strongly recommended in searching for a particular house type. AM004 Arlon P027 Broadmead
AM005 Bailey Stratton P028 BRS L-shaped panels
AM006 Boyd P029 Bryant Low Rise
PART ONE: M052 IBIS AM007 Braby P030 Bryant Low Rise System 4
M053 Integer P031 Building Systems Ltd
METAL FRAMED HOUSES AM008 Braddock
M054 Kelvin AM009 Broadway P032 Camus
M001 AGB Modular 6 M055 Keyhouse Unibuilt AM010 Brodie P033 Carlton
M002 AIROH Temporary Bungalow M056 Kingstone AM011 Buckwyn P034 Channello
M003 Aluminium Bungalow BL8 M057 Langlands AM012 Canister P035 Cheecol Keeland
M004 Aluminium House M058 Liverpool Corporation AM013 Clements P036 Concept 4
M005 Arcal M059 Livett-Cartwright AM014 Copeland P037 Concrete Houses Ltd
M006 Arcon M060 Lowton-Cubitt AM015 Coseley P038 Cornish Flush Panel
M007 Arcon Temporary Bungalow M061 Macfarlane AM016 Fewac P039 Cornish Unit Type I
M008 Arrowhead M062 Mark AM017 Fillod P040 Cornish Unit Type II
M009 Atherton M063 Minox AM018 Fincast P041 Cosmos
M010 Atholl 1926 M064 MOHLG 5M AM019 Fromson P042 Costain
M011 Atholl 1945 M065 Mucklow Plan AM020 Intercon P043 Crosby
M012 Atholl 1951 M066 Multispan AM021 Mackay H & Sons P044 Dalcot
M013 Beanland No 1 M067 New Georgian AM022 MC2 P045 Domkonstruado
M014 Birmingham Corporation M068 Nissen-Petren AM023 Modform P046 Dorran
M015 Birmingham Corporation Type ST M069 Northern Ideal Homesteads AM024 Opperman P047 Dyke CCC
M016 BISF Type A M070 Nuttall Building System AM025 Parcrete P048 East Knowle Special
M017 BISF Type A1 M071 Nuttall Mk II AM026 Sanders-Foster P049 Fairweather
M018 BISF Type B M072 Open System Building AM027 Scott & Middleton P050 Falcon
M019 BISF Type C M073 Paragon AM028 Structural and Mechanical Engineering P051 Farlington Special
M020 B-J M074 Phoenix Temporary Bungalow AM029 Stuart Scheme II P052 Fram
M021 Braithwaite M075 Portal Temporary Bungalow AM030 Swiftplan Multiflex H P053 Glasgow Foamed Slag
M022 British Housing M076 Procol AM031 Thermostatic Steel House P054 GLE
M023 Buchan M077 Quality AM032 Town & Vale P055 Gregory
M024 Conatus M078 Reith AM033 Trellit P056 Gregory Industrialised
M025 Connell M079 Resiform AM034 TSB P057 Hamish Cross Type I
M026 Cornes M080 Riley AM035 Tubrick P058 Hamish Cross Type II
M027 Coventry Corporation M081 Roften AM036 Veneercraft P059 Hardy
M028 Craig Atholl M082 Rothschild AM037 Waldic P060 HDC
M029 Crane M083 Rotinoff P061 Hertsmere Special
M030 Cranwell M084 RTB Temporary Bungalow PART TWO: P062 Hexham Special
M031 Cruden M085 Rubery Owen P063 Howells
M086 Seco
PRECAST CONCRETE HOUSES P064 HSSB
M032 Cussins
M033 Denis Poulton M087 Shipston Aluminium P001 Adams H1 P065 Industricon
M034 Dennis M088 Spaceway P002 Adams HVA3 P066 Jansel
M035 Dennis-Wild M089 Steane P003 Airey P067 Jespersen 12M
M036 Discus M090 Stewart & Lloyd P004 Alcrete P068 Kenkast
M037 Dorlonco M091 Stuart P005 AMcK P069 Ketton
M038 Duplex Sheath M092 Symplex P006 Anglia Type A P070 Kincorth Mk III
M039 Falkiner Nuttall M093 Telford P007 Argyll P071 Kingsthorne Special
M040 Formula M094 Thames P008 Arrow P072 Lecaplan Type A
M041 Gateshead Corporation M095 Thorncliffe P009 Atlas Stone P073 Lecaplan Type B
M042 Gee Walker & Slater M096 Trusteel 3M P010 Ayrshire County Council P074 Lightning Construction
M043 Grenfell Baines M097 Trusteel Mk II P011 Balency P075 Lilleshall
M044 Grid M098 Turner & Newall P012 Balfour Beatty P076 Livett-Cartwright
M045 Hawthorn Leslie M099 Unitroy P013 Bates 4L P077 Loudon Mk II
M046 Hillcon M100 Universal Temporary Bungalow P014 Battery Cast P078 Mac-Girling
M047 Hills Presweld M101 Universal Type I P015 BCCF P079 Malthouse
M048 Hitchins M102 Universal Type II P016 BDG P080 Marley
M049 Homeville Industrialised M103 WH P017 Beanland No 2 P081 MeTraCon
M050 Howard Type A M104 Wilson P018 Belfry P082 MFC
M051 Howard Type B P019 Bellrock P083 Minniel
P020 Bison Crosswall P084 MOD Special

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List of house types List of house types

P085 Modus AP005 Barvis S013 Conslab AS010 Intercon

P086 Morrell AP006 Beale & Son S014 Cook AS011 Intrad
P087 Myton AP007 Bison Trimline S015 Corolite AS012 King & Howse
P088 Natcon AP008 Bonding Block System S016 Corvus AS013 Laidlow Thornton
P089 NCB AP009 British Craft Homes S017 Craftcast AS014 Lo Rona
P090 Newland AP010 Cebus S018 Dagenham Special AS015 MacKeown
P091 Orlit Type I AP011 Cemacrete S019 Diatomite AS016 Multilite
P092 Orlit Type II AP012 Clugston Cawood S020 Doric AS017 MWM
P093 Orlit-Bellrock AP013 Coignet S021 Dry-Walls AS018 Rapirect
P094 Parkinson AP014 Concrete Utilities S022 Duo-Slab AS019 RCC
P095 Pemcrete AP015 Davis S023 Easiform Type I AS020 Sidney Stone
P096 Permabuilt AP016 Dudley Coles S024 Easiform Type II AS021 SSHA Commissioners Resumption
P097 Perma-Erecta AP017 Halls Mk III S025 Edinburgh Foamed Slag AS022 Tayton
P098 Potters Bar Special AP018 Hardie S026 Farrans No-Fines AS023 Whitcon
P099 Reema Conclad AP019 Hayes Interlock S027 Fidler
P100 Reema Contrad AP020 Incon S028 Firmcrete PART FOUR:
P101 Reema Hollow Panel AP021 Kent S029 Foamed Slag
P102 Russell Leighton S030 Forrester-Marsh TIMBER FRAMED HOUSES
AP022 Keylock
P103 SB2 AP023 Kingston S031 Gadie T001 Aberdeen Corporation
P104 Simplified Brickwork AP024 Locarn S032 Herald T002 Anchor 12M
P105 Siporex 6M AP025 Luton S033 Incast T003 Andover
P106 Skarne AP026 Maycrete S034 Kirton T004 Anvil
P107 Smith AP027 Neale S035 Lamella T005 Appleyard
P108 SNW AP028 Oakridge S036 Lowestoft Borough T006 Arbor
P109 Spacemaker AP029 PAC S037 Maxim T007 Arcal
P110 Stent AP030 Palmer S038 Miller No-Fines T008 Arrowtrim
P111 Stewart & Partners Type I AP031 Panelwall S039 Miller Temporary Bungalow T009 Bennett
P112 Stewart & Partners Type II AP032 Pearce S040 MOW Demonstration Expanded Clay T010 Boro
P113 Stonecrete AP033 Pentagon S041 MOW Demonstration Foamed Slag T011 Boulton & Paul
P114 Stubbings Industrialised AP034 Plysyl Bungalow S042 MOW Demonstration No-Fines T012 Bricket Wood Special
P115 Tarran Temporary Bungalow AP035 Poolman S043 Mowlem T013 Bullock
P116 Taylor Woodrow-Anglian AP036 Prefacto S044 O’Sullivan T014 Bur-Pal
P117 Tee Beam AP037 Rationalised Housing S045 Parkwall T015 Burt Boulton
P118 Thornwall AP038 RB2 S046 Permacrete T016 Calder
P119 Token AP039 Ridgeway S047 Quikform T017 Caldervale
P120 Tracoba Low Rise AP040 Ross S048 Rumble T018 Calverley Type I
P121 Truscon RD 27 AP041 Shingleton Conslab S049 Schindler T019 Calverley Type II
P122 Ulster Cottage AP042 Simmcast S050 Solvyt T020 Cameron
P123 Underdown AP043 Speyroc S051 SSHA No-Fines T021 Canadian Demonstration Homes
P124 Uniment S052 SSHA Wartime Cellular Concrete T022 Canadian Timber Type I
AP044 Strongman
P125 Unit-Built S053 Sunskeeme T023 Caspon
AP045 Trentrox
P126 Unitroy S054 Tenaplas T024 Cedar Homes
AP046 Unit System
P127 Unity Type I S055 Unit No-Fines T025 Cedarworth Homes
AP047 Weedon
P128 Unity Type II S056 Universal T026 Celtic Homes
AP048 Western System
P129 Waller S057 Vine & Vine T027 Challow
AP049 WL Ring
P130 Wates S058 Wakefield Special T028 Colt
AP050 Young RW
P131 Webb S059 War Office No-Fines T029 Cowieson
AP051 Ytong
P132 Wessex S060 Weir No-Fines T030 Czechoslovakian Timber
P133 West’s 5M S061 Whatling T031 Devon Lady
P134 Whitson-Fairhurst PART THREE:
S062 Wimpey No-Fines T032 Edgell
P135 Wil-Mac IN-SITU CONCRETE HOUSES T033 Eklectron
P136 Wilvan Appendix to Part Three: T034 Elementhus
S001 Aberdeen Corporation
P137 Winget T035 Elsworthy
S002 Alderton In-situ concrete houses
P138 Woolaway T036 Engineered Homes
S003 Arup AS001 Calway
P139 Woolaways Bungalow T037 Eurodean
S004 Banton No-Fines AS002 Combined Concrete Construction
P140 XW T038 Facta
S005 Beco Wallform AS003 Ctesiphon
S006 Blackburn No-Fines T039 Faculty
Appendix to Part Two: AS004 Davies
S007 Boswell T040 Federated System 2
Precast concrete houses AS005 Davis J T041 Flexi
S008 Boyd Gibbons No-Fines
AS006 F3C and F4C Concrete Houses T042 Fontaberry
AP001 Addison S009 BRS Type 4
AS007 Firth T043 Forfar Borough
AP002 Allbetong S010 Brydon No-Fines
AS008 Giles T044 Frameform
AP003 Andrews S011 Cast Rendered
AS009 Hughes T045 Fredericks Cedarwood
AP004 Artmet S012 Concrete Frames

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List of house types List of house types

T046 Fredericks Frame System T109 Scano Type II AT025 Essihus AT076 Rothwell-Perrin
T047 G Block Watne T110 Scano Type III AT026 Factrad AT077 RTE
T048 Goldcrest T111 Scotlog AT027 Farquahar AT078 Ryedale
T049 Grenfell Baines T112 Scottwood AT028 Finnish Timber AT079 Salveson
T050 Grove Homes T113 Seco Temporary Bungalow AT029 Fleming AT080 Scan
T051 Guildway T114 Segal AT030 Formula AT081 Scanda Plan
T052 Hall T115 Shepherd AT031 Forth AT082 Scandev
T053 Hallam Mk I & Mk II T116 Sherwood AT032 Framecourt AT083 Scandia
T054 Hallam Mk III T117 Silksworth AT033 Fraser & McDonald AT084 Scansiv
T055 Hallam Volumetric T118 Simms C-DA AT034 Fribohus AT085 Scansystem
T056 Harvey Frame T119 Simms Sons & Cooke SWPA AT035 Gart AT086 Scotfast
T057 Hertfordshire County Council T120 Simms Sons & Cooke AT036 Glasgow Corporation AT087 Shaddow Wall
T058 Hultsfreds T121 Solid Cedar AT037 Goldenhomes AT088 Slingsby
T059 Humphreys T122 Spooner AT038 Grange AT089 Spacemaker Bungalow
T060 Jackson T123 Spooner Temporary Bungalow AT039 Gray AT090 Steinkjer
T061 Jansel T124 SSHA AT040 Grayholme AT091 Stex
T062 Jicwood Temporary Bungalow T125 Swedish Timber AT041 GT AT092 Supalite
T063 Ketton T126 Swift AT042 Heath AT093 Superhome
T064 Kier BDC T127 Swiftplan Multiflex H12 AT043 Highland Tain AT094 Surrey Grove
T065 Lanark County Council T128 Terrapin AT044 Howard Mersham AT095 Sutherland
T066 Langlands Bungalow T129 TRADA Type I AT045 Interbild AT096 Swedale
T067 Langlands Mansard T130 TRADA Type II AT046 Janes AT097 Systemac
T068 Langlands Terrazzo T131 Trybo AT047 Kingston AT098 Taygon
T069 Langlands Type N2 T132 Unicorn AT048 Lawrence Building Co. AT099 Thain Capital
T070 Lawrence T133 Unit System 67 AT049 Leyland Industrial AT100 THUS
T071 LCC Mobile T134 USA Temporary Bungalow AT050 Lisset AT101 Timber Frame (UK) Ltd
T072 Linton T135 Wates AT051 Lothian AT102 Timcon
T073 Liverpool Special T136 Weir Postwar AT052 Louden AT103 Toogood
T074 Lovell T137 Weir Prewar AT053 Ludford AT104 Trussit
T075 Macrae T138 Wellbuilt AT054 M&J AT105 Unicom
T076 Macrae Plus T139 YDG AT055 Mactaggart & Mickel AT106 Unistem
T077 Mactrad T140 Yorkshire Timber Frame AT056 Marley AT107 Unit
T078 Maple Leaf T141 Young Elizabethan AT057 Maxim AT108 Variform
T079 McAlpine T142 Youngman AT058 McLean AT109 Varney
T080 McDonald T143 Yuill AT059 Mears Cowlin AT110 Waddington
T081 Medway Type I AT060 MFC AT111 Walemesh
T082 Medway Type II Appendix to Part Four: AT061 Mitchell AT112 Walker
T083 MeTraTim AT062 Module Two AT113 Wallis
T084 Meyer Timber framed houses AT063 Modumould AT114 Walton
T085 MHC AT001 Anchor 600 AT064 Multispan AT115 Wellgrave
T086 Miller AT002 Anchor Modular AT065 Neata AT116 Western
T087 Minox AT003 ASD AT066 New Trend AT117 Whatlings Redwood
T088 Moelven Brug AT004 Aspect AT067 Nuway AT118 Wilson
T089 MOHLG AT005 Austin Hall AT068 Papworth Permanent Bungalow AT119 Woodclad
T090 Multicom AT006 Avonside AT069 Potton
T091 Multigrid AT007 B&J AT070 Pratten
T092 Newcastle Corporation AT008 Barratt AT071 Pre-Cut Norwegian Addendum to the digital edition
T093 Nokkelhus AT009 Bayley Bartlett AT072 Pyrocol ADM001 Span Type K
T094 Norwegian Log AT010 Bigland & Mowat AT073 Ramsjo ADP001 Occident
T095 Peak Homes AT011 Bradley AT074 Redifice Bungalow ADT001 Douglas Special
T096 Perren AT012 Brims AT075 Reid ADT002 Swedish Sectional Timber
T097 Prestoplan AT013 Brown of Wem
T098 Purpose Built Type I AT014 Bruce
T099 Purpose Built Type II AT015 Build Form
T100 Puutalo AT016 Canadian Timber Type II
T101 Quikbild AT017 Contrad
T102 Reeves Frame AT018 Cosmos
T103 Resiform AT019 Cuckow
T104 Rileyform AT020 Cuyper
T105 RMR AT021 Daleholme
T106 Rowcon Type I AT022 Domus
T107 Rowcon Type II AT023 ECP Modular
T108 Scano Type I AT024 Elliott

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508
Duo-Slab houses under construction.

509
Part Three
IN-SITU CONCRETE HOUSES
Licensed copy from CIS: emma@ewpeng.co.uk, EGNIOL ENVIRONMENTAL LTD, 09/09/2020, Unco

Aberdeen Corporation S001

Manufacturer: Alternative name:

Designer: Aberdeen Corporation

Period built: 1939

Number built: 120

IDENTIFICATION CHARACTERISTICS NOTES FOR SURVEYORS CONSTRUCTION VARIANTS

Semi-detached and terraced bungalows and chalet
bungalows.
Steep pitch gable roof covered with concrete tiles.
External walls rendered throughout.
Some dwellings have curved bay windows to front
elevation.
REFERENCES
Cracking of chimney breasts and stacks.
Substructure: Concrete strip footings. DPC. Window sills to dormer windows at eaves level and first
External walls: Rendered [1] 7" dense RC front and rear floor joists built into concrete external walls.
walls and 8" dense RC [2] gable wall lined with woodwool
slabs [3]. Horizontal and vertical reinforcement [4]
located centrally within concrete walls.
Separating wall: 6" PC blocks. Wall tied to chimney
breast with hoop-iron ties.
Partitions: Brick and block.
Ground floor: Not known.
First floor: Timber boarding on timber joists.
Ceilings: Not known.
Roof: Timber rafters, timber dormer windows and
concrete tiles.

PWBS No. 1
NTHSc

510 511
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Alderton S002
Manufacturer: Alternative name:

Designer: J S Alderton and Co.

Period built: 1940s

Number built:

IDENTIFICATION CHARACTERISTICS NOTES FOR SURVEYORS CONSTRUCTION VARIANTS

2-storey detached houses.
Flat roof covered with bituminous felt.
External walls rendered throughout.
REFERENCE
Not investigated by BRE. Guidance on inspection and
assessment of reinforced concrete durability is given in:
Corrosion of steel in concrete (BRE Digest 444, Pts 1–3)
Repair and maintenance of reinforced concrete (BR 254)
Carbonation depths in structural-quality concrete (BR 19)
Substructure: RC piles. 6" RC slab thickened to 12" None known.
below external and spine walls. DPC.
External walls: Rendered [1] 8" dense aggregate RC
cavity walls [2] with 2" cavity filled with wheat straw rope
laid horizontally [3],3/8" horizontal reinforcement [4].
1/
4" hook reinforcement at junctions [5] with internal
walls.
Partitions: Spine wall of eaves height 4" dense
aggregate RC walls. Ground floor partitions of storey
height 4" dense aggregate RC walls. Non-loadbearing
walls of 3' x 1' x 3" PRC slabs.
Ground floor: Concrete.
First floor: T&G boarding on timber fillets [6] cast into
3" RC topping [7] reinforced with 5/8" MS bars [8] and
4" MS bars [9] on 5" hollow clay blocks [10].
1/

BRE Archive (EP 9) Ceilings: Not known.

Roof: 11" x 5 1/2" RC beam [11] bearing on spine wall,
5" hollow clay blocks [12] with RC topping [13] covered
with bituminous felt.

512 513
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Arup S003
Manufacturer: Alternative name:

Designer: Yorke Rosenberg and Mardall

Period built: 1947

Number built:

IDENTIFICATION CHARACTERISTICS NOTES FOR SURVEYORS CONSTRUCTION VARIANTS

2-storey detached houses.
Flat roof covered with bituminous felt.
Front wall of brick and rear wall of timber frame infill
panels clad with asbestos cement sheets.
Flank wall rendered [Tyrolean] throughout.
Small kerb to perimeter of roof slab.
REFERENCE
Not investigated by BRE. Guidance on inspection and
assessment of reinforced concrete durability is given in:
Corrosion of steel in concrete (BRE Digest 444, Pts 1–3)
Repair and maintenance of reinforced concrete (BR 254)
Carbonation depths in structural-quality concrete (BR 19)
Substructure: RC strip footings. RC slab. None known.
External walls: Front wall of 4 1/2" brick [1], cavity, 2"
clay blocks [2]. Metal wall ties [3]. Rear wall of 1 1/4"
timber frame infill panels clad with asbestos cement
sheets and lined with plasterboard with sawdust/paper
pulp insulation slabs between frame studs.
Flank wall of rendered [Tyrolean] [4] 8" dense aggregate
RC [5], cavity, 1" timber battens [6] lined with fibreboard
[7].
Separating wall: Not applicable.
Partitions: Loadbearing of 4" dense aggregate
concrete. Non-loadbearing of timber stud lined with
plasterboard.
Ground floor: Screed on bituminous DPM on RC slab.
First floor: 6" RC slab.
Ceilings: Not known.
Roof: 6" RC slab without falls and bituminous felt.

514 515
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Banton No-Fines S004

Manufacturer: Alternative names: Banton
No-Fines

Designer:

Period built: 1954–55

Number built: 70

No photograph available.

IDENTIFICATION CHARACTERISTICS NOTES FOR SURVEYORS CONSTRUCTION VARIANTS

2-storey semi-detached houses.
Medium pitch gable roof covered with concrete tiles.
External walls rendered throughout.
REFERENCE
Not investigated by BRE. Guidance on inspection and
assessment of reinforced concrete durability is given in:
Corrosion of steel in concrete (BRE Digest 444, Pts 1–3)
Repair and maintenance of reinforced concrete (BR 254)
Carbonation depths in structural-quality concrete (BR 19)
Substructure: Concrete slab [1]. DPC. None known.
External walls: Rendered [2] 10" no-fines concrete [3]
with continuous reinforcement at first floor [4] and eaves
level [5].
Separating wall: 10" no-fines concrete.
Partitions: Brick.
Ground floor: Concrete.
First floor: Timber boarding on timber joists on timber
wall plate [6] on galvanised RSA [7] embedded in no-fines
concrete gable and separating wall.
Ceilings: Not known.
Roof: Timber rafters, woodwool sarking, bituminous felt
and concrete tiles.

NTHSc

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Beco Wallform S005

Manufacturer: Vencel Resil Ltd Alternative name: Isorat Bausystem

Designer: Beco Products Ltd

Period built: 1975 onward

Number built:

IDENTIFICATION CHARACTERISTICS NOTES FOR SURVEYORS CONSTRUCTION VARIANTS

Bungalows, chalet bungalows and 2-storey houses.
Steep pitch hipped or gable roof covered with slates or
concrete tiles.
External walls clad with brick, stone, render or timber
boarding.
Not investigated by BRE. Guidance on inspection and
assessment of reinforced concrete durability is given in:
Corrosion of steel in concrete (BRE Digest 444, Pts 1–3)
Repair and maintenance of reinforced concrete (BR 254)
Carbonation depths in structural-quality concrete (BR 19)
Substructure: Concrete foundations. DPC.
External walls: Rendered [1] ribbed polystyrene foam
permanent shuttering blocks [2] filled with concrete [3],
plaster [4]. Timber wall plate [5] fixed with cast-in
anchors.
Separating wall: Ribbed polystyrene permanent
shuttering blocks filled with concrete.
Partitions: Ribbed metal polystyrene permanent
shuttering blocks filled with concrete.
Floors: Timber or PRC beam and concrete block.
Ceilings: Plasterboard.
Roof: Timber rafters and slates.
External walls with rounded corner blocks, squint blocks
or adjustable radius blocks.
External walls clad with cavity brickwork.
External walls clad with timber boarding on timber
battens.
Floors of lightweight steel beam with insulation infill panels
with in-situ concrete overlay.
Linings of plasterboard.
Roof cover of concrete tiles.

REFERENCE

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Blackburn No-Fines S006

Manufacturers: Blackburn (Dumbarton) Ltd Alternative names: Blackburn
SSHA No-Fines

Designer: Blackburn (Dumbarton) Ltd

Period built: 1950s

Number built: 60

IDENTIFICATION CHARACTERISTICS NOTES FOR SURVEYORS CONSTRUCTION VARIANTS

2-storey semi-detached houses.
Medium pitch gable roof covered with concrete tiles.
External walls rendered throughout.
Some houses have flat roof canopy over front door.
REFERENCE
NTHSc
Not investigated by BRE. Guidance on inspection and
assessment of reinforced concrete durability is given in:
Corrosion of steel in concrete (BRE Digest 444, Pts 1–3)
Repair and maintenance of reinforced concrete (BR 254)
Carbonation depths in structural-quality concrete (BR 19)
Substructure: Concrete strip footings. Brick under- Two RC spine beams.
building [1]. Concrete slab. DPC.
External walls: Rendered [2] 8" no-fines concrete [3],
storey height timber frame panels [4] lined with
plasterboard [5] over building paper. RC ring beam [6]
at first floor and eaves level with 2 reinforcing bars at
base.
Separating wall: 6" no-fines concrete. RC beam at eaves
level.
Partitions: Timber stud lined with plasterboard.
Ground floor: Concrete.
First floor: RC slab [7] on RC spine beam [8] and
timber frame panels.
Ceilings: Plasterboard.
Roof: Timber trussed purlins [9], timber rafters, sarking
and concrete tiles.

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Boswell S007
Manufacturer: M A Boswell and Co. Ltd Alternative name:

Designer: M A Boswell

Period built: 1920s

Number built: 4000

IDENTIFICATION CHARACTERISTICS NOTES FOR SURVEYORS CONSTRUCTION VARIANTS

2-storey semi-detached and terraced houses. DESIGNATED DEFECTIVE Substructure: Clinker aggregate concrete strip footings Tie bars running from front-to-back and from side-to-side
Medium pitch hipped roof covered with plain or concrete and underbuilding. DPC. at first floor level.
tiles. Aggregate may contain unstable fractions of unburnt External walls: Eaves height L-shaped clinker aggregate 3/
4" or 1" bars embedded in concrete at mid wall height
External walls rendered throughout. coal. PRC corner columns [1] with legs and square cage having threaded ends to accept nut and 4" or 6" square
Some houses have ground floor and first floor bay Cracking of render. reinforcement bars [2]. PC ring beams [3] at first floor end-plate to tie internal walls and separating wall to
windows. Reinforcement corrosion in PRC corner columns. level. PRC ring beams [4] at eaves level. Rendered [5] external walls.
Friable concrete below DPC level. 9" clinker aggregate concrete cavity walls [6] with 2" First floor of RC slabs.
Lack of tying between flank and internal walls. cavity. Leaves connected by concrete ribs staggered Roof of steel frame and plain tiles.
between 18" lifts. Steel ties at column heads [7].
Separating wall: 9" clinker aggregate concrete, cavity.
Partitions: 3 1/2" or 4 1/2" clinker aggregate concrete
slabs.
Ground floor: Timber boarding on timber joists on
REFERENCE timber sole plate.
First floor: Timber boarding on timber joists built into
BRE Report BR 105 inner leaf of external wall.
Ceilings: Not known.
Roof: Timber rafters and purlins and concrete tiles.

522 523
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Boyd Gibbons No-Fines S008

Manufacturer: Boyd Gibbons Alternative names: Boyd Gibbons
No-Fines

Designer:

Period built: 1940s

Number built: 75

IDENTIFICATION CHARACTERISTICS NOTES FOR SURVEYORS CONSTRUCTION VARIANTS

2-storey semi-detached and detached houses.
Medium pitch hipped roof covered with concrete tiles.
External walls rendered throughout.
Flat roofed ground floor bay and porch to front elevation.
Horizontal and vertical cracking of no-fines concrete
external walls.
Inadequate lateral restraint to no-fines concrete external
walls.
Very low cement content in external walls resulting in
Substructure: Concrete strip footings. Concrete None known.
underbuilding. Brick-faced concrete slab [1]. Vertical
DPC.
External walls: Rendered [2] 10" no-fines RC [3] with
2" square twisted MS bars over ground floor openings
1/

friable concrete. [4] projecting beyond reveals.

Separating wall: 10" no-fines concrete.
Partitions: 4" clinker PC blocks recessed into external
walls.
Ground floor: Concrete.
First floor: Timber boarding on timber joists with ends
notched over and skew nailed to timber wall plate [5] on
flat MS plates [6] cast into wall.
REFERENCE Ceilings: Not known.
Roof: Timber trusses and concrete tiles.

524 525
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BRS Type 4 S009

Manufacturer: Alternative name: BRS

Designer: Building Research Station

Period built: 1953–56

Number built: 60

IDENTIFICATION CHARACTERISTICS NOTES FOR SURVEYORS CONSTRUCTION VARIANTS

2-storey detached and semi-detached houses.
Flat roof covered with bituminous felt.
External walls rendered throughout.
REFERENCE
BRE Report BR 161
Deterioration of render.
Spalling of RC roof slab oversail.
Corrosion of reinforcement in RC roof slab.
Deterioration of bituminous felt roof cover.
Ponding of water on roof.
Internal condensation.
Water penetration through external walls and roof.
Inadequate compaction of dense concrete in RC beams.
Inadequate cover to reinforcement in dense RC beams.
High rates of carbonation in dense RC spine beams.
Surface corrosion of reinforcement in dense RC spine
beams.
Low and significant levels of cast-in chloride.
Low cement content.
Substructure: Concrete underbuilding. Concrete slab. None known.
External walls: Rendered [1] 8" no-fines concrete [2],
timber frame panels lined with waffle plaster as
permanent shuttering [3]. Lightly reinforced dense RC
ring beams [4] at first floor and eaves level.
Separating wall: 6" no-fines concrete and timber frame
panels lined with waffle plaster.
Partitions: Cellular cardboard cored partitions [5] lined
with plasterboard. Dense RC spine beams cast into head
of front to rear partitions at first floor and eaves levels
[6].
Ground floor: Concrete.
First floor: 7" RC slab [7].
Ceilings: Ribbed plaster on timber frame panels.
Roof: RC slab [8], woodwool slabs and bituminous felt.

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Brydon No-Fines S010

Manufacturer: Brydon Construction Co. Ltd Alternative names: Brydon
No-Fines

Designer:

Period built: 1940s

Number built: 6

IDENTIFICATION CHARACTERISTICS NOTES FOR SURVEYORS CONSTRUCTION VARIANTS

2-storey semi-detached houses.
Medium pitch hipped roof covered with concrete tiles.
External walls rendered throughout.
REFERENCE
Not investigated by BRE. Guidance on inspection and
assessment of reinforced concrete durability is given in:
Corrosion of steel in concrete (BRE Digest 444, Pts 1–3)
Repair and maintenance of reinforced concrete (BR 254)
Carbonation depths in structural-quality concrete (BR 19)
Substructure: Concrete strip footings. Concrete under- None known.
building. Concrete slab. DPC.
External walls: Rendered [1] 13" no-fines RC [2]. DPC
over openings [3] and beneath windows.
Separating wall: 10" no-fines concrete.
Partitions: 4" no-fines concrete.
Ground floor: Timber boarding on 2" timber battens
wired to floor and screed on DPM on concrete.
First floor: Timber boarding on 2" timber sleepers [4]
and screed [5] on 7 1/2" no-fines RC slab [6].
Ceilings: Plasterboard.
Roof: Timber rafters, purlins and concrete tiles.
Chimney: Concrete.
Stairs: Concrete.

NTHSc

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Cast Rendered S011

Manufacturer: W H Webb Alternative name: No-Fines

Designer: W H Webb

Period built: 1940s

Number built:

IDENTIFICATION CHARACTERISTICS NOTES FOR SURVEYORS CONSTRUCTION VARIANTS

2-storey detached houses.
Steep pitch gable roof covered with plain tiles.
External walls rendered throughout.
Front porch with pitched tiled roof.
Metal casement windows with externally tiled sills.
REFERENCES
BRE Report BR 156
The Builder, 4 April 1947
Not investigated by BRE. Guidance on inspection and
assessment of reinforced concrete durability is given in:
Corrosion of steel in concrete (BRE Digest 444, Pts 1–3)
Repair and maintenance of reinforced concrete (BR 254)
Carbonation depths in structural-quality concrete (BR 19)
Substructure: Concrete underbuilding. Concrete slab Substructure of RC footings and concrete underbuilding.
thickened below loadbearing walls. DPC. External walls of 10 1/2" no-fines clinker concrete.
External walls: Rendered [1] 8" clinker no-fines RC [2] First floor of timber joists located in hollow breeze blocks
with 3/8" bars [3] below window openings, 1/2" bars at cast into external walls.
first floor level [4] and eaves level [5] encased in dense
concrete over openings. Lead sheet DPM over openings
[6]. Brick course [7]. Timber wall plate [8].
Separating wall: Not applicable.
Partitions: Ground floor of 4" clinker concrete.
First floor of 2 1/2" clinker concrete.
Ground floor: Timber block flooring or quarries on
screed on concrete.
First floor: T&G boarding on timber joists housed in
pockets cored into external walls. Insulation mat laid over
joists.
Ceilings: Not known.
Roof: Timber trusses and purlins and plain tiles.

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Concrete Frames S012

Manufacturer: Concrete Frames Ltd Alternative name:

Designer: Concrete Frames Ltd

Period built: 1945

Number built: 2

No photograph available.

IDENTIFICATION CHARACTERISTICS NOTES FOR SURVEYORS CONSTRUCTION VARIANTS:

2-storey semi-detached houses.
Medium pitch hipped roof covered with profiled
asbestos cement tiles.
External walls of PRC panels.
REFERENCE
BRE Archive
Investigated by BRE at prototype stage only. Guidance
on inspection and assessment of reinforced concrete
durability is given in:
Corrosion of steel in concrete (BRE Digest 444, Pts 1–3)
Repair and maintenance of reinforced concrete (BR 254)
Carbonation depths in structural-quality concrete (BR 19)
Substructure: RC raft underbuilding thickened under None known.
external and loadbearing walls [1]. Slate DPC.
Frame: Storey height RC columns [2]. RC posts at
corners, and window and door openings [3].
External walls: 10 1/2" x 4" flanged channel section PRC
panels [4], cavity, 2" clinker aggregate PC blocks [5].
PRC lintels over openings [6].
Partitions: 3" clinker aggregate PC blocks.
Separating wall: PRC channel section panels, cavity,
clinker aggregate PC blocks lined with plasterboard.
Ground floor: Concrete [7].
First floor: PRC T-beams [8].
Ceilings: Wood-fibre boarding on timber battens [9];
galvanised hoop iron fixings to first floor ceilings.
Roof: PRC purlins, PRC ridge beam, PRC common
rafters [9] and PRC ceiling joists [10] and profiled
asbestos cement tiles.

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Conslab S013
Manufacturer: Leslie's Ltd Alternative name:

Designers: P M Powell
Charles Woodwood

Period built: 1950s

Number built: 2

IDENTIFICATION CHARACTERISTICS NOTES FOR SURVEYORS CONSTRUCTION VARIANTS

2-storey semi-detached houses.
Medium pitch hipped roof covered with concrete tiles.
External walls rendered [pebbledash] throughout.
REFERENCE
The Builder, 18 January 1946
Not investigated by BRE. Guidance on inspection and
assessment of reinforced concrete durability is given in:
Corrosion of steel in concrete (BRE Digest 444, Pts 1–3)
Repair and maintenance of reinforced concrete (BR 254)
Carbonation depths in structural-quality concrete (BR 19)
Substructure: Concrete strip footings [1]. Concrete External and separating wall cavity filled with cellular
slab. DPC. lightweight concrete.
External walls: Rendered [pebbledash] [2] 1 1/2" PRC 9" separating wall.
slabs [3] with splayed edges, 5" dense aggregate Ground floor of suspended timber.
concrete [4] reinforced over openings, 1 1/2" clinker First floor timber joists built into external walls.
aggregate PRC slabs [5]. First floor of concrete slabs.
Separating wall: 8" PC slab cavity wall with cavity filled Timber or PC surrounds to openings in external walls for
with dense concrete. metal windows.
Partitions: Loadbearing of 6" PRC slab cavity walls
filled with dense concrete, bonded to external walls with
cast-in hoop ties. Non-loadbearing of 3" Hitchins
partitions.
Ground floor: Concrete.
First floor: Timber boarding on timber joists on
galvanised joist hangers [6].
Ceilings: Plasterboard.
Roof: Timber joists, timber rafters and purlins and
concrete tiles.

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Cook S014
Manufacturer: R Cook and Sons Alternative name:

Designers: Clayton and Black

T Garratt and Son
W H Overton
Period built: 1920

Number built: 14

Insufficient information available for detailed drawing.

IDENTIFICATION CHARACTERISTICS NOTES FOR SURVEYORS CONSTRUCTION VARIANTS

2-storey semi-detached houses. Vertical cracking of render between ground and first Substructure: Not known. None known.
Medium pitch hipped roof covered with tiles. floor openings. External walls: Concrete covered with render.
External walls rendered [pebbledash] throughout. Separating wall: Not known.
PC canopy over front door. Not investigated in detail by BRE. Guidance on inspection Partitions: Not known.
and assessment of reinforced concrete durability is Ground floor: Concrete.
given in: First floor: Not known.
Ceilings: Not known.
Corrosion of steel in concrete (BRE Digest 444, Pts 1–3) Roof: Timber, tiles.
Repair and maintenance of reinforced concrete (BR 254)
Carbonation depths in structural-quality concrete (BR 19)

REFERENCE

Housing, 22 November 1920, p151

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Corolite S015
Manufacturer: Corolite Construction Co. Ltd Alternative name: No-Fines

Designer:

Period built: 1923–27

Number built: 700

IDENTIFICATION CHARACTERISTICS NOTES FOR SURVEYORS CONSTRUCTION VARIANTS

2-storey terraced houses.
Medium pitch hipped roof covered with concrete tiles or
slates, or flat roof covered with bitumen.
External walls rendered throughout.
REFERENCES
Aggregate may contain unstable fractions of unburnt
coal.
Cracking of clinker aggregate no-fines RC external walls.
Shrinkage of clinker aggregate no-fines RC.
Corrosion of reinforcement in clinker aggregate no-fines
RC external walls and first floor slabs.
Gross deflection of clinker aggregate RC first floor slabs.
The system was also used for flats.
Substructure: Clinker aggregate concrete strip First floor of 3" clinker aggregate RC slabs.
footings. Clinker aggregate concrete pads. Roof cover of slates.
External walls: Rendered [1] 8" clinker aggregate Flat roof of clinker aggregate RC slab and bitumen.
no-fines concrete [2] reinforced over windows and door
openings [3].
Separating wall: 8" clinker aggregate no-fines concrete.
Partitions: Clinker aggregate no-fines concrete
thickened at base to form strip footings.
Ground floor: Timber boarding on timber joists on
timber bearers on clinker aggregate concrete pads [4].
First floor: Timber boarding on timber battens on 6 1/2"
clinker aggregate RC slab [5].
Ceilings: Not known.
Roof: Timber rafters and concrete tiles.

BRE Report BR 275

NTHSc
PWBS No. 1

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Corvus S016
Manufacturer: William Cowlin & Son Ltd Alternative name:

Designer: N Rooke

Period built: 1946

Number built: 4

IDENTIFICATION CHARACTERISTICS NOTES FOR SURVEYORS CONSTRUCTION VARIANTS

2-storey semi-detached houses.
Medium or steep pitch gable roof covered with inter-
locking or plain concrete tiles.
External walls rendered throughout.
Monopitch canopy to front door supported on concrete
columns.
Pitched roof single storey extension to gable wall.
REFERENCE
The Architect and Building News, 24 January 1947
Not investigated by BRE. Guidance on inspection and
assessment of reinforced concrete durability is given in:
Corrosion of steel in concrete (BRE Digest 444, Pts 1–3)
Repair and maintenance of reinforced concrete (BR 254)
Carbonation depths in structural-quality concrete (BR 19)
Substructure: Concrete strip footings. Concrete under- First floor of suspended timber.
building. RC cavity wall. DPC.
External walls: Rendered [1] 10" RC cavity walls of 4"
dense concrete outer leaf [2], 2" cavity and 4" foamed
slag concrete inner leaf [3] with reinforcement at eaves
level [4]. 2 additional MS bars [5] to inner leaf below
first floor level. Weep holes [6]. Cavity tray above
openings [7]. Metal spacing tubes [8] acting as wall
ties.
Separating wall: Foamed slag RC cavity wall.
Partitions: Ground floor of 4" or 6" foamed slag
concrete. First floor of 2 1/2" foamed slag concrete.
Ground floor: Mastic asphalt on concrete.
First floor: Mastic asphalt on sand/cement screed [9]
on 12" x 5" hollow PRC beams [10] built into inner leaf
of external wall with 1/2" reinforcement [11].
Ceilings: Not known.
Roof: PRC rafters, purlins and ceiling joists and concrete
tiles.
Chimney: RC.

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Craftcast S017
Manufacturer: Jones & Harvey Alternative name: Jones & Harvey

Designer: Craftcast Ltd

Period built: 1940s

Number built: 200

IDENTIFICATION CHARACTERISTICS NOTES FOR SURVEYORS CONSTRUCTION VARIANTS

Bungalows and 2-storey detached and semi-detached
houses.
Flat roof covered with asphalt.
Box gutters cast in top of flat roof slab.
External walls rendered or coated in cement paint.
External walls thickened at quoins to form mock columns.
Impression of formwork visible on surface of external
walls.
PRC window sills.
REFERENCE
BRE Archive
Not investigated by BRE. Guidance on inspection and Substructure: Concrete slab thickened below external External walls of 6 1/2" or 7" dense or lightweight
assessment of reinforced concrete durability is given in: and separating walls. DPM. (Cheecol) RC.
External walls: 7" RC walls [1] with 1/4" vertical reinforce- External walls of 8" no-fines RC.
Corrosion of steel in concrete (BRE Digest 444, Pts 1–3) ment [2] and 3/8" horizontal reinforcement [3], 1 1/2" Internal walls of 4 1/2" RC.
Repair and maintenance of reinforced concrete (BR 254) woodwool slabs [4]. Walls thickened at first floor level Linings of fibreboard.
Carbonation depths in structural-quality concrete (BR 19) [5]. Mock corner columns [6].
Separating wall: 8" RC.
Partitions: 4" concrete.
Ground floor: T&G wooden blocks in bitumen on
concrete.
First floor: T&G wooden blocks on 6" RC slab [7]
bearing directly on external walls and partitions, woodwool
slabs [8].
Staircase: RC.
Ceilings: Not known.
Roof: 5"–6" RC cambered slab with overhanging eaves
and RC dentils beneath eaves overhang [9]. Cast-in box
gutter [10] and asphalt.

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Dagenham Special S018

Manufacturer: Alternative name:

Designer:

Period built: 1920s

Number built: 30

IDENTIFICATION CHARACTERISTICS NOTES FOR SURVEYORS CONSTRUCTION VARIANTS

2-storey terraced houses. Vertical cracking of dense aggregate concrete external Substructure: Concrete strip footings. Brick stretcher Substructure of concrete strip footings and RC plinth.
Medium pitch hipped roof covered with concrete tiles or walls. course. 2 concrete bands [1]. Concrete slab. DPC. Roof cover of slates.
slates. Horizontal cracking of dense aggregate concrete External walls: Rendered [2] 4" dense aggregate
External walls rendered throughout. external walls, particularly above top corners of window concrete [3] to first floor level and 3 1/2" dense aggregate
PC porch to flank wall door of end-of-terrace houses. openings. concrete [4] above, 5" clinker aggregate concrete [5]
Concrete window frames. Corrosion of vertical MS tubes. to first floor level and 2 1/2" clinker aggregate concrete
[6] above. Vertical lapped bitumen sheet DPM [7] held
with MS clips [8] and 1 1/2" MS tubes [9] at 6' centres in
clinker concrete skin. Timber wall plate at first floor [10]
and eaves level [11].
Separating wall: Clinker aggregate concrete with brick
chimney breast and stack.
Partitions: Clinker aggregate concrete.
REFERENCE Ground floor: Concrete.
First floor: Timber boarding on timber joists on timber
wall plate.
Ceilings: Not known.
Roof: Timber rafters and concrete tiles.

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Diatomite S019
Manufacturer: Manchester Housing Department Alternative name:

Designer: Manchester Housing Department

Period built: 1920s

Number built: 1050

IDENTIFICATION CHARACTERISTICS NOTES FOR SURVEYORS CONSTRUCTION VARIANTS

2-storey semi-detached houses.
Medium pitch hipped or gable roof covered with slates.
External walls of render to first floor window sill level and
brick or hollow terracotta blocks above.
Brick stretcher course at ground and first floor window
sill level and at first floor level.
REFERENCE
BRE Report BR 275
Vertical cracking of concrete external walls.
Horizontal cracking of concrete external walls above
window openings.
Corrosion of reinforcement.
Fully carbonated clinker concrete.
High carbonation in dense aggregate concrete.
High sulfate content of clinker concrete.
The system was also used for flats.
Substructure: Concrete strip footings. Brick under- Ground floor of timber boarding on timber joists.
building [1]. Concrete slab. DPC. External wall string courses of bricks and terracotta
External walls: Rendered [2] 10" monolithically cast blocks.
walls of dense aggregate concrete [3], clinker aggregate Brick external walls above first floor window sill level.
concrete [4] and 1/2" diatomite slabs [5] to first floor
window sill level with brick string courses [6] at ground
floor window sill and first floor level. Brick string course
[7] at first floor window sill level. Hollow terracotta
blocks [8] tied to 2" clinker concrete [9] with wall ties
[10] with cast-in timber battens [11] and 1/2" Diatomite
slabs [12] above. RC lintels [13] over openings.
Separating wall: Not known.
Partitions: Ground floor of clinker aggregate concrete
with brick skin and diatomite slabs on timber battens.
First floor of clinker aggregate concrete and Diatomite
slabs on timber battens.
Ground floor: Concrete.
First floor: Timber boarding on timber joists on brick
stringer course.
Ceilings: Not known.
Roof: Timber rafters, purlins and slates.

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Doric S020
Manufacturer: Modern Building Co. Alternative name:

Designer:

Period built: 1920s

Number built:

IDENTIFICATION CHARACTERISTICS NOTES FOR SURVEYORS CONSTRUCTION VARIANTS

2-storey semi-detached houses.
Medium pitch hipped roof covered with tiles or slates.
External walls rendered [roughcast] throughout with first
floor walls projecting over ground floor walls.
PC block piers at corners.
Moulded cement string course at first floor level.
Exposed vertical cement cover strips.
REFERENCE
Housing, 16 February 1920
Moir Report
Not investigated by BRE. Guidance on inspection and
assessment of reinforced concrete durability is given in:
Corrosion of steel in concrete (BRE Digest 444, Pts 1–3)
Repair and maintenance of reinforced concrete (BR 254)
Carbonation depths in structural-quality concrete (BR 19)
Substructure: Concrete strip footings. Concrete under- Composition ground floor.
building. Roof cover of slates.
External walls: PC block corner and intermediate piers
[1]. 10" walls to first floor level and 8" above of roughcast
building sheets [2], concrete [3], asbestos cement
sheets [4]. Iron staples [5]. Timber wall plate [6]. Anchor
irons [7] and moulded cement string course [8] at first
floor level. Timber stretchers [9]. Vertical timber cover
strips covered with cement [10].
Separating wall: Not known.
Partitions: Not known.
Ground floor: Timber boarding on timber joists.
First floor: Timber boarding on timber joists.
Ceilings: Asbestos cement.
Roof: Timber rafters covered with tiles.

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Dry Walls S021

Manufacturer: Victoria Construction Co. Alternative name:

Designer: M Maberley-Smith

Period built: 1920s

Number built:

IDENTIFICATION CHARACTERISTICS NOTES FOR SURVEYORS CONSTRUCTION VARIANTS

Bungalows and 2-storey semi-detached houses.
Medium pitch hipped roof covered with natural or
asbestos cement slates.
External walls rendered throughout.
REFERENCE
Not investigated by BRE. Guidance on inspection and Substructure: Concrete strip footings. Concrete under- Roof covered with slates.
assessment of reinforced concrete durability is given in: building. Concrete slab.
External walls: Rendered [1] 3" dense aggregate
Corrosion of steel in concrete (BRE Digest 444, Pts 1–3) concrete [2], bituminous sheet DPM [3], 3" clinker
Repair and maintenance of reinforced concrete (BR 254) aggregate concrete [4]. Wall ties [5]. 6" concrete block
Carbonation depths in structural-quality concrete (BR 19) corner and intermediate columns [6] with integral DPM
[7]. Cast-in fixing ties [8].
Separating wall: Not known.
Partitions: Not known.
Ground floor: Concrete.
First floor: Not known.
Ceilings: Not known.
Roof: Structure not known. Asbestos cement tiles.

Moir Report

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Duo-Slab S022
Manufacturer: William Airey & Sons Ltd Alternative name: Airey

Designer: William Airey

Period built: 1920s

Number built: 4650

IDENTIFICATION CHARACTERISTICS NOTES FOR SURVEYORS CONSTRUCTION VARIANTS

2-storey semi-detached and terraced houses.
Medium pitch hipped or gable roof covered with tiles.
External walls of render throughout.
REFERENCES
PWBS No. 1
Bemis A F, The evolving house. Vol. III Rational design
Moir Report
Variation in cross sectional area of clinker concrete
columns.
Horizontal and vertical cracking of render at joints
between concrete blocks.
Nominal bearing of lintels.
High carbonation in clinker concrete columns.
High sulfate content of clinker concrete.
Bowing of flank external wall.
The system was also used for flats.
Substructure: Concrete strip footings. Concrete under- Ground floor of timber boarding on suspended timber
building [1]. DPC. joists on clinker aggregate concrete sleeper walls.
External walls: Rendered [2] clinker concrete columns
[3] infilled with 3" clinker aggregate PC blocks [4], 2"
cavity, 3" clinker aggregate blocks [5]. Timber formers
[6].
Separating wall: Clinker aggregate concrete columns
infilled with clinker aggregate PC block cavity wall.
Partitions: Ground floor of clinker aggregate concrete
columns infilled with clinker aggregate PC blocks. First
floor of timber stud lined with plasterboard.
Ground floor: Timber boarding on timber battens on
concrete. Concrete in kitchen.
First floor: Timber boarding on timber joists.
Ceilings: Not known.
Roof: Timber rafters and tiles.

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Easiform Type I S023

Manufacturer: J Laing Construction Ltd Alternative names: Easiform
Laing

Designer:

Period built: 1919–1928

Number built: 2100

IDENTIFICATION CHARACTERISTICS NOTES FOR SURVEYORS CONSTRUCTION VARIANTS

Bungalows and 2- and 3-storey semi-detached and
terraced houses.
Medium pitch hipped or gable roof covered with concrete
tiles.
External walls fair-faced concrete or rendered.
Aggregate may contain unstable fractions of unburnt
coal.
Not investigated by BRE. Guidance on inspection and
assessment of reinforced concrete durability is given in:
Corrosion of steel in concrete (BRE Digest 444, Pts 1–3)
Repair and maintenance of reinforced concrete (BR 254)
Carbonation depths in structural-quality concrete (BR 19)
The system was also used for flats.
Substructure: Concrete strip footings [1]. DPC. Weep None known.
holes [2].
External walls: Rendered [3] solid external walls of 8"
clinker aggregate concrete [4], timber wall plate [5].
Separating wall: Clinker concrete.
Partitions: Ground floor of clinker concrete. Upper floors
of breeze block.
Ground floor: Clinker concrete.
Upper floors: T&G boarding on timber joists.
Ceilings: Plasterboard.
Roof: Timber rafters, purlins and concrete tiles.

REFERENCES

BRE Report BR 130

House Construction: The Easiform System, Cement &
Concrete Association, 1945, 4pp
PWBS No. 1

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Easiform Type II S024

Manufacturer: J Laing Construction Ltd Alternative names: Easiform
Laing
Laing Crosswall
Designer: Slipform

Period built: 1920s–1970s

Number built: 100,000

IDENTIFICATION CHARACTERISTICS NOTES FOR SURVEYORS CONSTRUCTION VARIANTS

Bungalows and 2- and 3-storey semi-detached and
terraced houses.
Medium pitch hipped or gable roof covered with concrete
tiles.
External walls fair-faced concrete or rendered.
REFERENCES
Complete carbonation of concrete cover to dense RC
external walls, particularly in properties built before
1960.
Minor cracking of RC external walls.
Out-of-plane movement of some flank walls.
Non-carbonate carbon content of clinker concrete inner
leaf of external walls sometimes exceeds 10%.
The system was also used for flats.
Substructure: Concrete strip footings [1]. DPC. Weep
holes [2].
External walls: Rendered [3] 3" or 3 1/2" dense RC [4],
2" cavity, 3" to 3 1/2" clinker RC [5]. Wall ties [6]. Four
horizontal bands of MS reinforcement [7]. Expanded
metal lathing [8]. Timber wall plate [9].
Separating wall: Clinker concrete cavity wall.
Partitions: Ground floor of clinker concrete. Upper floors
of breeze block.
Ground floor: Clinker concrete.
Upper floors: T&G boarding on timber joists.
Ceilings: Plasterboard.
Roof: Timber rafters, purlins and concrete tiles.
Mid-1920s to 1945
External walls of dense RC, cavity, clinker aggregate
concrete.
Separating wall of 8" clinker concrete.
Clinker aggregate concrete partitions throughout.
Post 1945
External walls partially clad with tile hanging on timber
battens.
Brick external leaf.
Inner leaf of external walls of Lytag.
Polythene cavity flashing above ground floor openings.
Galvanised metal straps to sides of floor joists.

BRE Report BR 130

House Construction: The Easiform System, Cement &
Concrete Association, 1945, 4pp
PWBS No. 1
NBA Certificate, February 1966, June 1967
Scottish NBA Certificate

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Edinburgh Foamed Slag S025

Manufacturer: Holland and Hannen and Cubitts Alternative name:

Designer: S Bunton

Period built: 1944

Number built: 2

No photograph available.

IDENTIFICATION CHARACTERISTICS NOTES FOR SURVEYORS CONSTRUCTION VARIANTS

2-storey semi-detached houses.
Medium pitch gable roof covered with tiles.
External walls rendered throughout.
Flat canopy over front door.
REFERENCE
Not investigated by BRE. Guidance on inspection and
assessment of reinforced concrete durability is given in:
Corrosion of steel in concrete (BRE Digest 444, Pts 1–3)
Repair and maintenance of reinforced concrete (BR 254)
Carbonation depths in structural-quality concrete (BR 19)
Substructure: Concrete underbuilding. Concrete slab. Non-loadbearing partitions of 2" gypsum plaster planks.
DPC.
External walls: Rendered [1] 7" foamed slag
aggregate concrete [2], PRC lintel [3], PRC trim around
windows [4].
Separating wall: 4" foamed slag aggregate concrete
cavity wall with 2" cavity.
Partitions: Loadbearing partitions of 7" foamed slag
aggregate concrete.
Non-loadbearing partitions of 4" foamed slag aggregate
PC blocks.
Ground floor: Timber boarding on 2" foamed slag
aggregate concrete on 4" concrete on 1/2" cold asphalt
DPM on 3" ashes on 6" concrete slab.
First floor: Timber boarding on timber joists.
Ceilings: Plasterboard.
Roof: Timber rafters, timber sarking, bituminous felt
and tiles.

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Farrans No-Fines S026

Manufacturer: Alternative name: No-Fines

Designer:

Period built: 1960s

Number built: 1000

Insufficient information available for detailed drawing.

IDENTIFICATION CHARACTERISTICS NOTES FOR SURVEYORS CONSTRUCTION VARIANTS

2-storey terraced houses.
Medium pitch roof covered with tiles.
External wals rendered throughout.
Not investigated by BRE. Guidance on inspection and Substructure: Not known. None known.
assessment of reinforced concrete durability is given in: External walls: Rendered no-fines concrete throughout.
Separating wall: Not known.
Corrosion of steel in concrete (BRE Digest 444, Pts 1–3) Partitions: Not known.
Repair and maintenance of reinforced concrete (BR 254) Ground floor: Not known.
Carbonation depths in structural-quality concrete (BR 19) First floor: Not known.
Ceilings: Not known.
Roof: Timber purlins, rafters and tiles.

REFERENCE

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Fidler S027
Manufacturer: Alternative name:

Designer: D G Fidler

Period built: 1926–28

Number built: 2000

IDENTIFICATION CHARACTERISTICS NOTES FOR SURVEYORS CONSTRUCTION VARIANTS

2-storey semi-detached and terraced houses.
Medium pitch hipped roof covered with tiles.
External walls rendered throughout.
REFERENCES
Vertical cracking of external walls and clinker concrete Substructure: Concrete strip footings. Concrete slab Brick string course in external walls at first floor level.
blocks. [1]. DPC. Separating wall of 9" brick.
Localised spalling of render. External walls: Rendered [2] dry laid 2 1/2" clinker
Corrosion of wall tie ends. concrete blocks [3], 4" concrete core [4], dry laid 2 1/2"
clinker concrete blocks [5]. MS wall ties [6]. Brick quoins
The system was also used for flats. [7] at corners. RC string course [8] at first floor level.
PRC lintels. Timber wall plate [9].
Separating wall: Clinker concrete block cavity with
concrete core.
Partitions: Brick or block.
Ground floor: Concrete.
First floor: Timber boarding on timber joists.
Ceilings: Not known.
Roof: Timber rafters, purlins and tiles.

BRE Report BR 159

BRE Report BR 275
PWBS No. 1

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Firmcrete S028
Manufacturer: Firmcrete (London) Ltd Alternative name:

Designer:

Period built: 1960s

Number built:

IDENTIFICATION CHARACTERISTICS NOTES FOR SURVEYORS CONSTRUCTION VARIANTS

2-storey houses. Not investigated by BRE. Guidance on inspection and Substructure: Concrete footings. Concrete slab. Flank wall rendered throughout.
Flat roof covered with bituminous felt. assessment of reinforced concrete durability is given in: External walls: Front and rear walls of storey height
Front and rear external walls of timber frame panels timber frame panels [1] clad with plywood [2] to first
clad with plywood to first floor level and tile hanging Corrosion of steel in concrete (BRE Digest 444, Pts 1–3) floor level and tile hanging backed with building paper
above. Repair and maintenance of reinforced concrete (BR 254) above [3] and lined with plasterboard [4]. Insulation
Brick flank wall. Carbonation depths in structural-quality concrete (BR 19) between frame studs [5].
Flank wall of render [6], 9" cavity wall comprising two
The system was also used for flats. leaves of 2" chemically impregnated cement bonded
chipboard slabs (Firmcrete slabs) [7] with cavity filled
with RC [8]. Metal staples [9]. 1/4" starter bars [10]
between ground floor and first floor lifts.
Separating wall: 9" cavity wall of two leaves of 2"
Firmcrete slabs infilled with RC.
REFERENCE Partitions: 2 1/4" Firmcrete slabs.
Ground floor: Concrete.
The Architect and Building News, 19 May 1965 First floor: Timber boarding on timber joists.
Ceilings: Not known.
Roof: Timber joists, 2" Firmcrete slabs, insulation and
bituminous felt. Internal gutter [11].

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Foamed Slag S029

Manufacturer: Alternative name: No-Fines

Designer:

Period built: 1946–51

Number built: 200

IDENTIFICATION CHARACTERISTICS NOTES FOR SURVEYORS CONSTRUCTION VARIANTS

2-storey semi-detached houses.
Medium pitch hipped roof covered with concrete tiles,
built above concrete flat roof extending 8" beyond
external walls.
External walls of brick or rendered throughout.
Some houses have recessed front door.
Some houses have flat roofed PC canopy over front
door.
REFERENCE
BRE Archive
Vertical cracking of render and foamed slag no-fines
concrete external walls, particularly at window head level.
Horizontal cracking of render and foamed slag no-fines
concrete external walls at ground and first floor level.
Spalling of render at corners of external walls and at
ground floor lintel level.
Substructure: Concrete strip footings. Concrete slab. Smooth render string course at ground floor and first
Brick underbuilding [1]. DPC. floor lintel levels.
External walls: Rendered [2] 9" foamed slag no-fines No reinforcement in first floor ring beam.
concrete [3] with 4 reinforcing bars [4] adjacent to first Brick string course overhanging dense concrete plinth
floor timber joists. RC ring beams [5] at first floor and and floor slab.
eaves level with 2 reinforcing bars at base of first floor PC outstand string course at ground floor lintel level.
beam and 3 bars at base of eaves beam. DPC cavity PC window sill.
tray [6] over first floor joists.
Separating wall: Not known.
Partitions: Brick and concrete block.
Ground floor: Concrete.
First floor: Timber boarding on timber joists.
Ceilings: Not known.
Roof: Timber rafters (recent modification) and concrete
tiles over flat concrete slab.

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Forrester-Marsh S030
Manufacturer: Edwards Construction Co. Ltd Alternative name: Edwards Construction

Designer:

Period built: 1920s

Number built: 50

IDENTIFICATION CHARACTERISTICS NOTES FOR SURVEYORS CONSTRUCTION VARIANTS

2-storey terraced houses. Dense aggregate RC external walls fully carbonated. Substructure: RC slab [1] deepened below loadbearing None known.
Medium pitch hipped roof covered with tiles. Minor corrosion of reinforcement in dense aggregate RC walls to form downstand beams. DPC.
External walls rendered [pebbledash or smooth] external leaf of external walls. External walls: Rendered [2] 2 1/2" dense aggregate RC
throughout. Unsound clinker aggregate concrete in inner leaf of [3], 2 1/2" ventilated cavity, 3" clinker aggregate RC [4].
Re-entrant front door porch. external walls and partitions. Wall ties [5]. Rounded internal corners to inner leaf.
Horizontal and vertical cracking of dense aggregate RC Brick header course [6] at eaves level. Timber wall plate
external walls. [7]. Reinforcement detail, see Figure [A], shows mortar
spacing blocks [8] retained in wall cast with protruding
thin gauge metal straps [9]. 1/4" vertical reinforcement
[10] threaded through holes in each strap with adjacent
straps linked by 1/4" bar reinforcement [11].
Separating wall: Concrete.
Partitions: Clinker and dense aggregate concrete.
REFERENCES Ground floor: RC slab.
First floor: Timber boarding on timber joists.
BRE Report BR 155 Ceilings: Not known.
BRE Report BR 275 Roof: Timber rafters, purlins and tiles.
Moir Report

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Gadie S031
Manufacturer: Gadie Alternative name:

Designer: Gadie

Period built: 1920s

Number built: 82

IDENTIFICATION CHARACTERISTICS NOTES FOR SURVEYORS CONSTRUCTION VARIANTS

2-storey semi-detached houses.
Medium pitch hipped roof covered with concrete tiles or
slates.
External walls rendered throughout with smooth render
at building corners finished to mimic ashlar quoins.
Square fronted single storey flat roofed bay to front
elevation.
RC window sills.
REFERENCE
Corrosion of reinforcement to clinker RC columns. Substructure: Clinker concrete underbuilding. DPC. Air Clinker concrete columns.
Bowing of external walls. brick [1]. Roof cover of slates.
Efflorescence on inner surface of some substructure External walls: Rendered [2] 4' 0" x 12" dry laid clinker
walls. aggregate concrete blocks [3], 4" cavity, 4' 0" x 12" dry
Distress to lintels. laid clinker aggregate concrete blocks [4]. Clinker RC
columns [5] with 3/8" bar reinforcement formed by
chamfered ends of panels and timber formers [6]
retained within cavity.
Separating wall: Clinker aggregate concrete blocks.
Partitions: Not known.
Ground floor: Timber.
First floor: Timber boarding on timber joists built into
external wall.
Ceilings: Not known.
Roof: Timber rafters covered with concrete tiles.

570 571
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Herald S032
Manufacturer: Page-Johnson Construction Ltd Alternative name: Page-Johnson

Designer: Page-Johnson Design Group

Period built: 1960s

Number built:

IDENTIFICATION CHARACTERISTICS NOTES FOR SURVEYORS CONSTRUCTION VARIANTS

Bungalows and 2-storey terraced houses.
Shallow pitch hipped roof covered with interlocking
concrete tiles.
Front and rear external walls clad with vertical timber
boarding to first floor level and shiplap timber boarding
or tile hanging above.
Flank wall of textured finish concrete with ends exposed
or faced with light coloured stone bricks.
REFERENCES
CIBSA 1970
NBA Certificate January 1967
Not investigated by BRE. Guidance on inspection and
assessment of reinforced concrete durability is given in:
Corrosion of steel in concrete (BRE Digest 444, Pts 1–3)
Repair and maintenance of reinforced concrete (BR 254)
Carbonation depths in structural-quality concrete (BR 19)
The system was also used for flats.
Substructure: Concrete ring beam. Concrete slab. Upper storey of front and rear external walls clad with
DPM. tile hanging.
External walls: Front and rear walls of timber frame
panels [1] directly clad with vertical timber boarding [2]
backed with bituminous felt to first floor level and shiplap
boarding above [3] and lined with foil-backed plaster-
board [4]. Double 10" x 2" timber eaves beam [5] with
polythyene DPM [6].
Flank wall of 8" lightweight aggregate concrete [7].
Separating wall: 8" dense aggregate concrete.
Partitions: Timber stud lined with plasterboard.
Ground floor: Concrete.
First floor: Chipboard on timber joists. 2" x 1/4" MS
straps [8]. Timber wall plate [9].
Ceilings: Not known.
Roof: Timber rafters and binders covered with inter-
locking concrete tiles.

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Incast S033
Manufacturer: Metropolitan Concrete Co. Ltd Alternative name: No-Fines

Designer:

Period built: 1940s

Number built: 5

IDENTIFICATION CHARACTERISTICS NOTES FOR SURVEYORS CONSTRUCTION VARIANTS

2-storey detached and semi-detached houses.
Medium pitch hipped roof covered with interlocking
concrete tiles.
External walls rendered throughout.
2-storey flat roofed bay window to front elevation.
REFERENCES
BRE Report BR 157
BRE Archive (EP 40)
Investigated by BRE at prototype stage only. Guidance
on inspection and assessment of reinforced concrete
durability is given in:
Corrosion of steel in concrete (BRE Digest 444, Pts 1–3)
Repair and maintenance of reinforced concrete (BR 254)
Carbonation depths in structural-quality concrete (BR 19)
Substructure: Concrete strip foundations. RC under- Partitions of brick.
building [1]. Concrete slab. DPC. Suspended timber ground floor.
External walls: 4' I-section no-fines PC columns [2].
Rendered [3] 10" no-fines RC [4] reduced to 4" at front
elevation bay window [5]. Two layers of 1/4" bar rein-
forcement [6]. L-shaped no-fines RC eaves beam [7].
Timber wall plate [8].
Separating wall: 8" no-fines RC.
Partitions: PC block.
Ground floor: Concrete.
First floor: Timber boarding on timber joists. RSJ [9]
encased in concrete adjacent to bay window.
Ceilings: Not known.
Roof: Timber rafters, purlins and tiles. Flat timber roof
[10] over first floor bay window.

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Kirton S034
Manufacturer: Alternative name:

Designer:

Period built: 1920s

Number built: 8

IDENTIFICATION CHARACTERISTICS NOTES FOR SURVEYORS CONSTRUCTION VARIANTS

2-storey terraced houses.
Medium pitch hipped roof covered with concrete tiles.
External walls rendered throughout.
Rebated window reveals to accommodate window
frames.
Not investigated by BRE. Guidance on inspection and
assessment of reinforced concrete durability is given in:
Corrosion of steel in concrete (BRE Digest 444, Pts 1–3)
Repair and maintenance of reinforced concrete (BR 254)
Carbonation depths in structural-quality concrete (BR 19)
Substructure: Concrete strip footings. DPC. Bay windows.
External walls: Rendered [1] 9" concrete walls [2] with
cast-in tapered vertical and horizontal ventilation cavities
[3] with air inlet/outlet holes [4]. Integral concrete corbel
[5] to support first floor joists. Integral window sill [6].
Separating wall: Not known.
Partitions: Concrete.
Ground floor: Timber boarding on timber joists.
First floor: Timber boarding on timber joists.
Ceilings: Not known.
Roof: Timber rafters, purlins and concrete tiles.

REFERENCE

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Licensed copy from CIS: emma@ewpeng.co.uk, EGNIOL ENVIRONMENTAL LTD, 09/09/2020, Unco

Lamella S035
Manufacturer: F Hills & Sons Ltd Alternative name: Lamella Roofed Cottages

Designer:

Period built: 1946–48

Number built: 183

IDENTIFICATION CHARACTERISTICS NOTES FOR SURVEYORS CONSTRUCTION VARIANTS

2-storey detached and semi-detached houses.
External walls of rendered in-situ no-fines concrete to
ground floor continuous PC sill level, cavity brickwork
above sill level to underside of projecting eaves.
Distinctively shaped lamella gable roof covered with tiles
or metal sheeting, with projecting flat topped dormer
windows.
Gable roof apex rendered or shingled.
REFERENCE
Not investigated by BRE. Guidance on inspection and
assessment of reinforced concrete durability is given in:
Corrosion of steel in concrete (BRE Digest 444, Pts 1–3)
Repair and maintenance of reinforced concrete (BR 254)
Carbonation depths in structural-quality concrete (BR 19)
Substructure: Concrete footings [1]. None known.
External walls: Rendered no-fines concrete to underside
of ground floor sills capped with PC plinth [2]. Cavity
brickwork from sill level to eaves of lamella roof [3].
Gable wall as front wall to eaves level with timber
framing above, overlaid with breather membrane [4]
and directly clad with wooden shingles [5].
Separating wall: Not known.
Partitions: Not known.
Ground floor: Concrete.
First floor: T&G timber boarding on stub joists carried
on RSJ [6] bearing on brickwork.
Ceilings: Plasterboard.
Roof: Timber lamella grid [7], shaped sprockets [8]
sarking felt and plain tiles [9].

578 579
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Lowestoft Borough S036

Manufacturer: Lowestoft Borough Council Alternative name:

Designer: S W Mobbs

Period built: 1920s

Number built:

No photograph available.

IDENTIFICATION CHARACTERISTICS NOTES FOR SURVEYORS CONSTRUCTION VARIANTS

No information known. Not investigated by BRE. Guidance on inspection and Substructure: Concrete strip footings. Double L-section, None known.
assessment of reinforced concrete durability is given in: forming channel, PC block underbuilding filled with
concrete [1]. Concrete slab. DPC.
Corrosion of steel in concrete (BRE Digest 444, Pts 1–3) External walls: L-section dense aggregate PC blocks
Repair and maintenance of reinforced concrete (BR 254) [2] and L-section clinker aggregate PC blocks [3],
Carbonation depths in structural-quality concrete (BR 19) forming channel, filled with concrete [4].
Separating wall: Not known.
Partitions: Not known.
Ground floor: Concrete.
First floor: Not known.
Ceilings: Not known.
Roof: Not known.

REFERENCES

Moir Report
Bemis A F, The evolving house. Vol. III Rational design

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Maxim S037
Manufacturer: A A Stuart & Sons (Glasgow) Ltd Alternative name:

<None>
Designer:

Period built: 1949–1954

Number built: 700

IDENTIFICATION CHARACTERISTICS NOTES FOR SURVEYORS CONSTRUCTION VARIANTS

2-storey semi-detached and terraced houses. Spalling of concrete at external wall corners. Substructure: Concrete strip footings. RC cavity under- First floor of composite Anderson timber joists.
Medium pitch gable roof covered with concrete tiles. building. Concrete slab. DPC.
External walls rendered [Pyroc] throughout. Not investigated in detail by BRE. Guidance on inspection External walls: Rendered [Pyroc] [1] 10 1/2" dense RC
PC window sills. and assessment of reinforced concrete durability is cavity walls [2] with 3 1/2" cavity, MS mesh reinforcement
Steel casement windows. given in: with 18" returns at building corners [3], 1/4" bars at
corners of all openings [4], 1/4" or 1/2" MS bars over
Corrosion of steel in concrete (BRE Digest 444, Pts 1–3) openings [5] and 3/8" bars [6]. PRC cavity closers [7].
Repair and maintenance of reinforced concrete (BR 254) Wood asbestos fire stop to cavity.
Carbonation depths in structural-quality concrete (BR 19) Separating wall: Dense RC cavity.
Partitions: Ground floor of 3 1/2" dense concrete and
timber stud lined with plasterboard.
First floor of timber stud lined with plasterboard treated
with Pyrok.
REFERENCE Ground floor: Sand/cement screed on concrete.
First floor: Timber boarding on timber joists supported
NTHSc at mid-span on PRC beam.
Ceilings: Rendered plasterboard.
Roof: Timber rafters, purlins and concrete tiles.
Chimney: Concrete reinforced at each corner above
first floor level with 1/2" MS bars.

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Miller No-Fines S038

Manufacturer: Alternative names: Miller
No-Fines

Designer: J Miller & Partners Ltd

Period built: 1950

Number built:

IDENTIFICATION CHARACTERISTICS NOTES FOR SURVEYORS CONSTRUCTION VARIANTS

2-storey semi-detached and terraced houses.
Medium pitch hipped or gable roof covered with inter-
locking concrete tiles.
External walls rendered throughout.
Flat canopy over front door.
Not investigated by BRE. Guidance on inspection and
assessment of reinforced concrete durability is given in:
Corrosion of steel in concrete (BRE Digest 444, Pts 1–3)
Repair and maintenance of reinforced concrete (BR 254)
Carbonation depths in structural-quality concrete (BR 19)
Substructure: Concrete strip footings. Concrete under- None known.
building. Concrete slab. DPC.
External walls: Rendered [1] 10" no-fines concrete [2]
lined with plasterboard on timber battens [3]. Flashing
over window and door openings.
Separating wall: No-fines concrete.
Partitions: Timber stud lined with plasterboard.
Ground floor: Concrete.
First floor: T&G boarding on composite timber and metal
lattice beams [4].
Ceilings: Plasterboard.
Roof: Timber trusses and interlocking concrete tiles.

REFERENCE

NTHSc

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Miller Temporary Bungalow S039

Manufacturer: J Miller & Partners Ltd Alternative names: Miller
Miller No-Fines
No-Fines
Designer:

Period built: 1945–46

Number built: 100

IDENTIFICATION CHARACTERISTICS NOTES FOR SURVEYORS CONSTRUCTION VARIANTS

Detached bungalows. Not investigated by BRE. Guidance on inspection and Substructure: Concrete raft foundation. No-fines Steep pitch gable roof of timber trusses and concrete
Shallow pitch gable roof covered with asbestos cement assessment of reinforced concrete durability is given in: concrete perimeter and internal dwarf walls [1]. DPC. tiles.
sheets. External walls: Rendered [2] 8" no-fines concrete [3] External walls overclad with dry dash render, expanded
External walls rendered throughout. Corrosion of steel in concrete (BRE Digest 444, Pts 1–3) lined with hardboard on timber battens [4]. metal lathing and polystyrene insulation.
Flat canopy over front door. Repair and maintenance of reinforced concrete (BR 254) Separating wall: Not applicable.
Carbonation depths in structural-quality concrete (BR 19) Partitions: Timber stud lined with hardboard.
Ground floor: T&G boarding on timber battens on
Photo shows change to roof pitch after later alteration. timber joists on timber wall plate.
First floor: Not applicable.
Ceilings: Plasterboard.
Roof: Timber battens cast into no-fines concrete
external walls, timber rafters, purlins and asbestos
cement sheets.
REFERENCE

NTHSc

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MOW Demonstration Expanded Clay S040

Manufacturer: Alternative names: Expanded Clay
MOW Demonstration

Designer: Ministry of Works

Period built: 1940s

Number built: 2

IDENTIFICATION CHARACTERISTICS NOTES FOR SURVEYORS CONSTRUCTION VARIANTS

2-storey semi-detached houses.
Steep pitch gable roof covered with tiles.
External walls rendered throughout.
REFERENCE
Not investigated by BRE. Guidance on inspection and
assessment of reinforced concrete durability is given in:
Corrosion of steel in concrete (BRE Digest 444, Pts 1–3)
Repair and maintenance of reinforced concrete (BR 254)
Carbonation depths in structural-quality concrete (BR 19)
Substructure: Concrete strip footings. Dense concrete None known.
underbuilding. Concrete slab. DPC.
External walls: Rendered [1] 8" expanded clay
aggregate concrete [2]. 3/8" continuous bar reinforce-
ment [3] surrounded by cement mortar 2" above door
head height, and above head of gable wall windows on
first floor.
Separating wall: 8" expanded clay aggregate
concrete.
Partitions: 4" expanded clay aggregate concrete.
Ground floor: Concrete.
First floor: Timber boarding on timber joists.
Ceilings: Not known.
Roof: Timber rafters and tiles.

588 589
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MOW Demonstration Foamed Slag S041

Manufacturer: Alternative names: Foamed Slag
MOW Demonstration

Designer: Ministry of Works

Period built: 1940s

Number built: 2

IDENTIFICATION CHARACTERISTICS NOTES FOR SURVEYORS CONSTRUCTION VARIANTS

2-storey semi-detached houses.
Steep pitch gable roof covered with tiles.
External walls rendered throughout.
REFERENCE
Not investigated by BRE. Guidance on inspection and
assessment of reinforced concrete durability is given in:
Corrosion of steel in concrete (BRE Digest 444, Pts 1–3)
Repair and maintenance of reinforced concrete (BR 254)
Carbonation depths in structural-quality concrete (BR 19)
Substructure: Concrete strip footings. Dense concrete None known.
underbuilding. Concrete slab. DPC.
External walls: Rendered [1] 8" foamed slag aggregate
concrete [2]. 3/8" continuous bar reinforcement [3]
surrounded by cement mortar 2" above door head height
on ground floor, and above head of gable wall windows
on first floor.
Separating wall: Foamed slag aggregate concrete.
Partitions: 4" foamed slag aggregate concrete.
Ground floor: Wood blocks on concrete.
First floor: Timber boarding on timber joists.
Ceilings: Not known.
Roof: Timber rafters, purlins and tiles.

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MOW Demonstration No-Fines S042

Manufacturer: Alternative names: MOW Demonstration
No-Fines

Designer: Ministry of Works

Period built: 1940s

Number built: 2

IDENTIFICATION CHARACTERISTICS NOTES FOR SURVEYORS CONSTRUCTION VARIANTS

2-storey semi-detached houses.
Steep pitch gable roof covered with tiles.
External walls rendered throughout.
Flat canopy over front door.
REFERENCE
Not investigated by BRE. Guidance on inspection and
assessment of reinforced concrete durability is given in:
Corrosion of steel in concrete (BRE Digest 444, Pts 1–3)
Repair and maintenance of reinforced concrete (BR 254)
Carbonation depths in structural-quality concrete (BR 19)
Substructure: Concrete strip footings. Dense concrete None known.
underbuilding. Concrete slab. DPC.
External walls: Rendered [1] 12" clinker aggregate no-
fines concrete [2]. 3/8" continuous bar reinforcement [3]
surrounded by cement mortar 2" above door head height
on ground floor, and above head of gable wall windows
on first floor.
Separating wall: 8" ballast aggregate no-fines
concrete.
Partitions: 4" ballast aggregate no-fines concrete.
Ground floor: Concrete.
First floor: Timber boarding on timber joists.
Ceilings: Not known.
Roof: Timber rafters, purlins and tiles.

BRE Archive

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Mowlem S043
Manufacturer: Mowlem (Buildings) Ltd Alternative names: No-Fines

Designer: Constructional Services Ltd

Period built: 1965–81

Number built: 14,500

IDENTIFICATION CHARACTERISTICS NOTES FOR SURVEYORS CONSTRUCTION VARIANTS

Bungalows and 2- and 3-storey semi-detached and
terraced houses.
Shallow pitch gable or monopitch roof covered with
concrete tiles, or flat roof covered with asphalt.
External walls of brick or render throughout, or to first
floor level and tile hanging or horizontal timber boarding
above.
Some dwellings have balconies, porches and bay
windows.
REFERENCES
BRE Report BR 190
CIBSA 1970
NBA Certificates February 1966, November 1967
Cracking of brickwork at separating wall junctions.
The system was also used for flats.
Substructure: Concrete strip footings. Concrete under-
building [1]. Concrete slab. DPC.
External walls: Brick [2], 2" cavity, 4"–5" aerated
lightweight concrete [3]. Wall ties [4]. Continuous tie
bar reinforcement [5] at first floor and eaves level, RSA
[6] above openings. Timber wall plate [7].
Separating wall: 2" aerated lightweight concrete walls
cast back-to-back, keyed and bonded with wire ties.
Partitions: Lightweight aerated concrete.
Ground floor: Concrete.
Upper floors: Timber boarding on timber joists on
rebated timber wall plate [8].
Ceilings: Not known.
Roof: Trussed rafters and concrete tiles. Flush fascia
boards.
Flat roof of timber joists, woodwool slabs and asphalt.
Roof of timber rafters, purlins and concrete tiles.
External walls of 9" no-fines concrete with dense RC ring
beams at first floor and eaves level.
Additional reinforcement over openings and 2 bands of
continuous reinforcement below window openings.
Rendered external walls.
Upper storey external walls clad with tile hanging or
horizontal timber boarding on timber battens.
Partitions of honeycomb plasterboard.
Concrete window sills.
Asbestos cement soffit board.
Upper floors of timber boarding on timber joists built
into inner leaf.

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O’Sullivan S044
Manufacturer: E O’Sullivan Alternative names: Miller O’Sullivan
O’Sullivans

Designer: E O’Sullivan

Period built: 1940s–1950

Number built: 100

IDENTIFICATION CHARACTERISTICS NOTES FOR SURVEYORS CONSTRUCTION VARIANTS

2-storey semi-detached houses. Vertical cracking in external walls between ground and Substructure: Concrete strip footings. Concrete under- External wall with 11" PRC lintel.
Medium pitch hipped or gable roof covered with concrete first floor openings. building. Concrete slab. Honeycomb sleeper walls. DPC. Continuous RC course at eaves level.
tiles. External walls: Rendered [1] 11" concrete cavity walls Staggered air vents in both leafs.
External walls rendered throughout. [2] with 2" cavity, MS wall ties [3]. PC slip blocks seal Slate or asbestos cement liner to door and window
Tiled window sills. cavity at window and door openings. RC lintel over reveals.
Square fronted single storey flat roofed bay on front openings [4]. Lead DPM [5]. Timber wall plate [6]. Floor of 3" x 1 1/2" pressed steel joists and concrete.
elevation. Separating wall: 11" concrete cavity wall to eaves
Some houses have flat roof of bay continued as canopy level and 9" brick in roof space. 9" concrete behind
to front door. fireplace.
Partitions: 4 1/2" concrete block bonded [7] to external
walls and tied with MS hoops.
Ground floor: Timber boarding on timber joists on
timber wall plates on concrete sleeper walls.
REFERENCE First floor: Timber boarding on timber joists.
Ceilings: Plasterboard.
NTHSc Roof: Timber rafters, purlins and concrete tiles.
Chimney: 4 1/2" concrete block to ground floor and 4 1/2"
brick above.

596 597
Licensed copy from CIS: emma@ewpeng.co.uk, EGNIOL ENVIRONMENTAL LTD, 09/09/2020, Unco

Parkwall S045
Manufacturer: Sir Lindsay Parkinson & Co. Alternative names: Lindsay Parkinson
Outinard Parkinson
Parkinson
Designer:

Period built: 1960s

Number built: 3100

IDENTIFICATION CHARACTERISTICS NOTES FOR SURVEYORS CONSTRUCTION VARIANTS

Bungalows and 2-storey terraced houses.
Medium pitch gable roof covered with concrete tiles, or
flat roof covered with asphalt or bituminous felt.
Front and rear external walls clad with plywood with
Arpax finish or other claddings.
Flank wall of brick.
REFERENCES
CIBSA 1967
NBA Certificates February 1966, June 1967
Not investigated by BRE. Guidance on inspection and
assessment of reinforced concrete durability is given in:
Corrosion of steel in concrete (BRE Digest 444, Pts 1–3)
Repair and maintenance of reinforced concrete (BR 254)
Carbonation depths in structural-quality concrete (BR 19)
The system was also used for flats.
Substructure: Concrete strip footings. Brick under- Flat roof covered with asphalt or bituminous felt.
building [1]. Concrete slab. DPC.
External walls: Front and rear walls of storey height
timber frame panels [2] directly clad with plywood [3]
with Arpax finish and lined with foil-backed plasterboard
[4]. Polystyrene insulation between frame studs [5].
Wedge-shaped timber packing [6] and polythene
membrane [7].
Gable wall clad in brick [8], cavity, 7" concrete inner leaf
[9], butterfly and galvanised MS strip ties [10]. 2 coats
bituminous paint, mortar joint as fire stop [11]. Timber
bearer at first floor level [12]. RSA [13] at eaves level.
Separating wall: 8" concrete.
Partitions: Timber stud lined with plasterboard.
Ground floor: Concrete, mineral wool insulation and
sand/cement screed.
First floor: Chipboard on timber joists.
Ceilings: Plasterboard.
Roof: Timber trusses and purlins and concrete tiles.

598 599
Licensed copy from CIS: emma@ewpeng.co.uk, EGNIOL ENVIRONMENTAL LTD, 09/09/2020, Unco

Permacrete S046
Manufacturers: Cemacrete Ltd Alternative names: Cemacrete
Cemalite

Designer: H E Cavell

Period built: 1940s

Number built:

IDENTIFICATION CHARACTERISTICS NOTES FOR SURVEYORS CONSTRUCTION VARIANTS

2-storey semi-detached houses.
Medium pitch hipped roof covered with clay or concrete
tiles.
External walls rendered throughout.
String course at first floor level.
REFERENCE
BRE Archive (EP 154)
Investigated by BRE at prototype stage only. Guidance
on inspection and assessment of reinforced concrete
durability is given in:
Corrosion of steel in concrete (BRE Digest 444, Pts 1–3)
Repair and maintenance of reinforced concrete (BR 254)
Carbonation depths in structural-quality concrete (BR 19)
Substructure: Concrete strip footings. RC under- Cement/sand screed to first floor.
building. Concrete slab. DPC. Timber ceiling joists at eaves level.
External walls: Rendered 9" RC comprising 3' x 2' x 1" Roof cover of clay tiles.
PC slabs [1], 6 1/2" RC infill [2], 1 1/2" PC slabs [3].
3/16
" MS ties [4]. 1/2" MS bars [5] at first floor and eaves
level. Stringer course at first floor level [6]. PRC window
and door surrounds [7]. Timber wall plate bolted to first
floor ceiling slab [8].
Separating wall: 9 1/2" RC comprising 1 1/2" PC slabs,
RC infill, 1 1/2" PC slabs. 9" brick in roof space.
Partitions: 6" RC comprising 1 1/2" PC slabs, 3" RC infill,
1 1/2" PC slabs to first floor level and 2 1/2" clinker concrete
blocks above.
Ground floor: T&G timber blocks on sand/cement
screed on concrete.
First floor: Timber boarding on timber battens cast in
6" RC slab on 1 1/2" PC slab permanent shuttering [9].
Ceilings: 5" RC slab.
Roof: Timber rafters, purlins and concrete tiles.

600 601
Licensed copy from CIS: emma@ewpeng.co.uk, EGNIOL ENVIRONMENTAL LTD, 09/09/2020, Unco

Quikform S047
Manufacturer: C Bryant & Son Alternative names: Bryant
Bryant Kwikform
Bryant Quikform
Designer: Bryant System A
Kwikform

Period built: 1945 onward

Number built:

IDENTIFICATION CHARACTERISTICS NOTES FOR SURVEYORS CONSTRUCTION VARIANTS

2-storey semi-detached and terraced houses.
Shallow pitch hipped roof covered with concrete tiles, or
flat roof covered with asphalt or bituminous felt.
External walls rendered throughout.
REFERENCE
Not investigated by BRE. Guidance on inspection and
assessment of reinforced concrete durability is given in:
Corrosion of steel in concrete (BRE Digest 444, Pts 1–3)
Repair and maintenance of reinforced concrete (BR 254)
Carbonation depths in structural-quality concrete (BR 19)
Substructure: Concrete strip footings [1]. Concrete Roof of RSA trusses.
slab. DPC. Flat roof of suspended concrete slab and bituminous felt
External walls: Rendered [2] 4" concrete [3], 2 1/4" or asphalt.
clinker concrete blocks [4], 1 1/2" cavity, 2 1/4" clinker Loadbearing partitions of clinker concrete or terracotta
concrete blocks [5]. Horizontal reinforcement above wall blocks.
and below openings and at first floor level [6]. RSA [7] Ground floor of suspended concrete.
above openings supporting blockwork. DPM [8]. Metal
tube weep and vent holes [9]. Timber wall plate [10].
Block beam filling [11].
Separating wall: 8" hollow clinker concrete blocks
filled with lightly reinforced concrete.
Partitions: Loadbearing of brick. Non-loadbearing of 2"
clinker concrete.
Ground floor: Concrete.
First floor: 2" concrete slab with integral downstand
beams.
Ceilings: Not known.
Roof: Timber rafters, purlins and concrete tiles.

602 603
Licensed copy from CIS: emma@ewpeng.co.uk, EGNIOL ENVIRONMENTAL LTD, 09/09/2020, Unco

Rumble S048
Manufacturer: Tersons Ltd Alternative name:

Designer: Hugh Casson

Period built: 1952–53

Number built: 8

IDENTIFICATION CHARACTERISTICS NOTES FOR SURVEYORS CONSTRUCTION VARIANTS

2-storey semi-detached and terraced houses.
Shallow pitch gable roof covered with asphalt.
External walls rendered throughout.
RC integral roof and gutter panels.
REFERENCE
Spalling and cracking of PRC roof panels due to
corrosion of reinforcement.
Cracking of roof slabs.
Horizontal cracking of gable wall at eaves level.
Absence of movement joints.
Vertical cracking of chimney stack.
Substructure: Not known. DPC. Roof trusses removed.
External walls: Rendered [1] 10" dense RC cavity wall
[2] of 4" leaves with 2" discontinuous cavity; leaves
joined by integral webs [3]. Galvanised MS ties in webs.
Mesh reinforcement [4]. 3" radius corners to floor to
wall and wall to wall junctions [5]. External wall cavity
open at eaves level. Additional reinforcement over
openings [6].
Separating wall: Not known.
Partitions: Dense RC.
Ground floor: Concrete.
First floor: 4" RC slab [7].
Ceilings: Ground floor not known. First floor of RC slabs
[8].
Roof: RSA roof trusses [9] with bottom and top cord of
truss cast into first floor RC ceiling slab and junction
between adjacent roof slabs. 6" dished RC panels [10]
with integral gutter and asphalt.

604 605
Licensed copy from CIS: emma@ewpeng.co.uk, EGNIOL ENVIRONMENTAL LTD, 09/09/2020, Unco

Schindler S049
Manufacturer: Hawksley Construction Alternative names: AW Hawksley
AW Hawksley SGS
Costain
Designer: G Schindler Hawksley
Hawksley SGS
Schindler-Gohner System
Period built: 1949–54 SGS

Number built: 1400

IDENTIFICATION CHARACTERISTICS
2-storey semi-detached and terraced houses.
Medium pitch gable roof covered with concrete tiles.
External walls of brick throughout.
REFERENCE
Hawksley SGS houses, technical information (BRE OP 35,
1986)
NOTES FOR SURVEYORS CONSTRUCTION Roof: Timber trusses constructed in two halves and
joined. Concrete tiles.
DESIGNATED DEFECTIVE Substructure: Concrete strip footings. Brick under-
building. Concrete slab extended to form plinth. DPC.
Concrete cover to steel reinforcement minimal or absent Frame: 5" x 4 5/8" RC corner columns [1] and concrete
in places. intermediate columns [2] with starter bars at ground VARIANTS
Corrosion of wire wall ties tying brickwork to RC floor level and continuity bars at column heads. RC ring
columns. beams [3] at first floor and eaves level. 13 1/4" RC Inner leaf of external walls of 1 3/4" foamed plaster
spine beam. Formwork of plasterboard or fibre bonded to 3/4" layer of fibre reinforced plaster cast into
reinforced plaster sheets retained for columns and aluminium edge strips.
beams. Timber wall plate [4]. Separating wall in roof space of asbestos cement
External walls: 4 1/2" brick [5] tied to frame with sheets infilled with 4" mica concrete.
galvanised steel wires, 5" cavity, storey height timber Roof of RSA trusses.
framing [6] fixed to column and beam formwork and lined
with bituminous paper and 2 layers of plasterboard [7].
Separating wall: RC corner columns and ring beams
and concrete intermediate column. Timber frame cavity
wall lined with bituminous paper and 2 layers of
plasterboard with 2" cavity. 4" PC blocks in roof space.
Partitions: Plaster panels.
Ground floor: Concrete.
First floor: Timber boarding on timber joists.
Ceilings: Not known.

606 607
Licensed copy from CIS: emma@ewpeng.co.uk, EGNIOL ENVIRONMENTAL LTD, 09/09/2020, Unco

Solvyt S050
Manufacturer: Alternative name:

Designer: R G Roberts (Architect Newcastle

DC)

Period built: 1927

Number built: 44

IDENTIFICATION CHARACTERISTICS NOTES FOR SURVEYORS Construction VARIANTS

2-storey semi-detached and terraced houses.
Medium pitch hipped roof covered with slates or concrete
tiles.
External walls of brick or asbestos-cement-faced clinker
concrete blocks.
Eaves height square fronted gable roofed bays to front
elevation.
REFERENCE
Not investigated by BRE. Guidance on inspection and
assessment of reinforced concrete durability is given in:
Corrosion of steel in concrete (BRE Digest 444, Pts 1–3)
Repair and maintenance of reinforced concrete (BR 254)
Carbonation depths in structural-quality concrete (BR 19)
The system was also used for flats.
Substructure: Concrete strip footings. Engineering External wall outer leaf of brick.
brick underbuilding. DPC. Roof covered with slates.
External walls: Asbestos-cement-faced clinker concrete
blocks [1] with facing extending 1" beyond ends and
base of blocks, cavity filled with clinker concrete [2],
4" clinker concrete blocks [3] to first floor level and 3"
clinker concrete blocks above. Galvanised MS wall ties
[4]. Concrete lintel [5] supporting inner leaf. RC ring
beam reinforced with 3" x 2" RSA [6].
Separating wall: Not known.
Partitions: Brick and block.
Ground floor: Timber joists on sleeper walls.
First floor: Timber boarding on timber joists.
Ceilings: Not known.
Roof: Timber rafters, purlins and concrete tiles.

608 609
Licensed copy from CIS: emma@ewpeng.co.uk, EGNIOL ENVIRONMENTAL LTD, 09/09/2020, Unco

SSHA No-Fines S051

Manufacturer: SSHA Alternative names: No-Fines
SSHA
SSHA Cellular Concrete
Designer: SSHA

Period built: 1940–41

Number built: 550

IDENTIFICATION CHARACTERISTICS NOTES FOR SURVEYORS CONSTRUCTION VARIANTS

2-storey semi-detached and terraced houses.
Medium pitch hipped or gable roof covered with concrete
tiles or slates.
External walls rendered throughout.
Not investigated by BRE. Guidance on inspection and
assessment of reinforced concrete durability is given in:
Corrosion of steel in concrete (BRE Digest 444, Pts 1–3)
Repair and maintenance of reinforced concrete (BR 254)
Carbonation depths in structural-quality concrete (BR 19)
The system was also used for flats.
The naming of SSHA Wartime non-traditional houses is
imprecise. No-fines is occasionally referred to as cellular
concrete and vice versa.
Substructure: Concrete strip footings. Brick under- Roof cover of slates or plain tiles.
building [1]. DPC.
External walls: Rendered [2] 8" no-fines concrete [3].
Separating wall: 8" no-fines concrete.
Partitions: No-fines concrete or prefabricated plaster
panels.
Ground floor: Timber boarding on timber joists [4].
First floor: Timber boarding on timber joists [5] or
concrete.
Ceilings: Plasterboard.
Roof: Timber rafters and concrete tiles.

REFERENCES

BRE Report BR 191

NTHSc

610 611
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SSHA Wartime Cellular Concrete S052

Manufacturer: SSHA Alternative names: No-Fines
SSHA
SSHA No-Fines
Designer: SSHA

Period built: 1940

Number built: 100

IDENTIFICATION CHARACTERISTICS NOTES FOR SURVEYORS CONSTRUCTION VARIANTS

2-storey semi-detached and terraced houses.
Flat roof covered with bituminous felt.
External walls rendered throughout.
Not investigated by BRE. Guidance on inspection and
assessment of reinforced concrete durability is given in:
Corrosion of steel in concrete (BRE Digest 444, Pts 1–3)
Repair and maintenance of reinforced concrete (BR 254)
Carbonation depths in structural-quality concrete (BR 19)
The naming of SSHA Wartime non-traditional houses is
imprecise. No-fines is occasionally referred to as cellular
concrete and vice versa.
Substructure: Concrete strip footings. Brick under- None known.
building [1]. Concrete slab. DPC.
External walls: Rendered [2] 8" no-fines concrete [3].
Separating wall: 8" no-fines concrete.
Partitions: No-fines concrete.
Ground floor: Concrete.
First floor: RC slab [4].
Ceilings: Plaster.
Roof: RC slab and bituminous felt.

REFERENCES

BRE Report BR 191

NTHSc

612 613
Licensed copy from CIS: emma@ewpeng.co.uk, EGNIOL ENVIRONMENTAL LTD, 09/09/2020, Unco

Sunskeeme S053
Manufacturer: Sunley System Houses Ltd Alternative name:

Designer: Sunley System Houses Ltd

Period built: 1966–70

Number built:

Insufficient information available for detailed drawing.

IDENTIFICATION CHARACTERISTICS NOTES FOR SURVEYORS CONSTRUCTION VARIANTS

2-storey terraced houses.
Shallow pitch gable roof covered with tiles.
External front and rear walls of asbestos cement panels
to ground floor window sill level and horizontal timber
boarding, aluminium sheets or tile hanging above.
Gable wall of brick throughout or to first floor level and
tile hanging above.
Flat canopy over front door with slatted timber side
panels.
REFERENCE
CIBSA 1970
Not investigated by BRE. Guidance on inspection and
assessment of reinforced concrete durability is given in:
Corrosion of steel in concrete (BRE Digest 444, Pts 1–3)
Repair and maintenance of reinforced concrete (BR 254)
Carbonation depths in structural-quality concrete (BR 19)
Substructure: Concrete strip footings. Concrete slab. Upper storey external walls clad with tile hanging.
DPC. Front and rear upper storey external walls clad with
External walls: Front and rear walls of storey height aluminium sheets.
timber frame panels directly clad with asbestos cement
panels to ground floor window sill level and horizontal
timber boarding above.
Gable wall of brick, cavity, RC.
Separating wall: RC.
Partitions: Ground floor not known. First floor of
concrete.
Ground floor: Concrete.
First floor: RC slab cast monolithically with gable and
cross walls to form H-frames.
Ceilings: Concrete slab.
Roof: Prefabricated sectional roof and tiles.

614 615
Licensed copy from CIS: emma@ewpeng.co.uk, EGNIOL ENVIRONMENTAL LTD, 09/09/2020, Unco

Tenaplas S054
Manufacturer: Tenaplas Ltd Alternative name:
Edron Trust

Designer: Tenaplas Ltd

Period built: 1940s

Number built: 2

IDENTIFICATION CHARACTERISTICS NOTES FOR SURVEYORS CONSTRUCTION VARIANTS

2-storey semi-detached houses.
Medium pitch hipped roof covered with clay tiles.
External walls rendered [roughcast] throughout.
REFERENCE
BRE Archive (EP 81)
Investigated by BRE at prototype stage only. Guidance
on inspection and assessment of reinforced concrete
durability is given in:
Corrosion of steel in concrete (BRE Digest 444, Pts 1–3)
Repair and maintenance of reinforced concrete (BR 254)
Carbonation depths in structural-quality concrete (BR 19)
Substructure: Concrete underbuilding. Concrete slab. External wall render reinforced with wire mesh.
DPC.
External walls: Rendered [1] 3' x 1' 6" x 8" hollow
woodwool slabs [2], 6" RC sill course [3] poured over
rag bolts [4] cast-in to concrete substructure. 8" x 8"
RC corner columns [5] reinforced with 1/2" bars. 6" x 4"
concrete posts [6] reinforced with 1/2" bar at window
jambs and door posts. 8" x 6" RC string course [7] at
first floor level, 6" x 6" RC string course [8] at eaves
level. Galvanised wire wall ties [9]. Steel flats [10].
Separating wall: Concrete posts and hollow woodwool
slabs.
Partitions: 4" clinker aggregate concrete blocks with 2"
woodwool slabs to first floor level.
Ground floor: 9" x 3" urea-resin bonded blocks on
bitumen DPM on concrete.
First floor: Timber boarding on timber joists.
Ceilings: Not known.
Roof: Timber rafters, purlins and clay tiles.

616 617
Licensed copy from CIS: emma@ewpeng.co.uk, EGNIOL ENVIRONMENTAL LTD, 09/09/2020, Unco

Unit No-Fines S055

Manufacturer: Unit Construction Co. Ltd Alternative names: Lovatt
Wilson Lovatt and Sons Ltd No-Fines
UCO
Designer: Unit Construction Co. Ltd Unit
Wilson Lovatt
Wilson Lovatt 83
Period built: 1927–1950s

Number built: 4350

IDENTIFICATION CHARACTERISTICS NOTES FOR SURVEYORS CONSTRUCTION VARIANTS

2-storey semi-detached and terraced houses. Pre-war houses
Medium pitch hipped or gable roof covered with clay or Cracking of clinker concrete above communal walkways
concrete tiles. and above and below door and window openings.
External walls rendered throughout.
Post-war houses
Cracking in foamed slag concrete external walls.
Horizontal cracking of external walls coincident with
reinforcement.
Foamed slag concrete friable and weak but usually
sufficient for use in 2-storey houses.
General
Aggregate may contain unstable fractions of unburnt
REFERENCES coal.
BRE Report BR 275
PWBS No. 1
Substructure: Concrete strip footings. Dense concrete Pre-war houses
underbuilding [1]. Concrete slab. DPC. First floor of lightweight steel joists.
External walls: Rendered [2] 8" clinker no-fines RC [3] Roof of lightweight steel trusses.
with 1/2" bar reinforcement at ground floor window head
[4] and below openings extending up to 18" beyond Post-war houses
reveals. External walls of foamed slag concrete.
Separating wall: 8" foamed slag concrete. Separating wall of foamed slag no-fines concrete.
Partitions: Clinker concrete blocks tied to external and Partitions of clinker block.
separating walls with iron hoops grouted into cored Roof covered with clay tiles.
recesses. Dense concrete blocks below DPC level. Chimney breast of brick.
Ground floor: Concrete.
First floor: Timber boarding on timber joists.
Ceilings: Not known.
Roof: Timber trusses and concrete tiles.
Chimney breast: Foamed slag concrete.

618 619
Licensed copy from CIS: emma@ewpeng.co.uk, EGNIOL ENVIRONMENTAL LTD, 09/09/2020, Unco

Universal S056
Manufacturer: Universal Construction Co. Ltd Alternative name:

Designer:

Period built: 1920s onward

Number built: 1060

IDENTIFICATION CHARACTERISTICS NOTES FOR SURVEYORS CONSTRUCTION VARIANTS

2-storey semi-detached houses.
Medium pitch hipped roof covered with clay or concrete
tiles.
External walls of horizontal asbestos cement sheets or
rendered throughout or rendered to first floor level.
Some houses have external walls of brick throughout.
Some houses have brick chimneys.
REFERENCES
BRE Report BR 158
BRE Report BR 275
Severe corrosion of RSC stanchions.
Severe corrosion of reinforcement in clinker and dense
aggregate concrete.
Cracking of concrete external wall and asbestos cement
channel section boarding.
High carbonation of clinker and dense aggregate
concrete.
Rain penetration of asbestos cement boarding.
Medium chloride level in concrete external walls.
Cracking of chimney stacks above roof level.
Substructure: Concrete strip footings. Concrete under- External walls rendered throughout or to first floor level.
building [1]. Concrete slab. DPC presumed. External walls overclad with 4 1/2" brick.
External walls: Horizontal asbestos cement channel External walls of 4 1/2" brick bonded directly to RC.
section boards [2], 6 3/4" clinker and dense aggregate Partitions of timber stud lined with asbestos cement
RC [3] with horizontal reinforcement. 3 1/2" x 2" RSC sheets.
stanchions [4] and timber battens [5] lined with asbestos Roof covered with clay tiles.
cement sheets [6]. Timber cover fillets [7]. MS wall
plates [8].
Separating wall: 7 1/2" clinker RC with RSC stanchions
and timber battens lined with asbestos cement sheets.
Partitions: Clinker aggregate concrete.
Ground floor: Concrete.
First floor: Timber boarding on timber joists.
Ceilings: Not known.
Roof: Timber rafters and concrete tiles.

620 621
Licensed copy from CIS: emma@ewpeng.co.uk, EGNIOL ENVIRONMENTAL LTD, 09/09/2020, Unco

Vine & Vine S057

Manufacturer: Mattock & Parsons Alternative name:

Designer: Vine & Vine

Period built: 1948

Number built:

IDENTIFICATION CHARACTERISTICS NOTES FOR SURVEYORS CONSTRUCTION VARIANTS

2-storey semi-detached houses.
Medium pitch gable roof covered with clay tiles.
External walls of concave asbestos cement sheets
sprung between small section eaves height timber
posts.
Some houses have single storey garage extension.
REFERENCE
Not investigated by BRE. Guidance on inspection and
assessment of reinforced concrete durability is given in:
Corrosion of steel in concrete (BRE Digest 444, Pts 1–3)
Repair and maintenance of reinforced concrete (BR 254)
Carbonation depths in structural-quality concrete (BR 19)
Substructure: RC slab thickened below external and External wall and partitions lined with insulation and
separating walls to form trench footings. Slab projects plasterboard.
3' beyond external walls to form path around house. DPC. Insulation to external walls.
External walls: External and internal 2" x 2" eaves height Window sills of dense PC units.
moulded and grooved timber posts [1] connected by 1/2"
MS tubes [2]. Concave asbestos cement panels [3],
clinker no-fines RC [4] reinforced with 3/8" MS horizontal
bars above DPC level [5], 5/8" MS bars at first floor level
[6] and 3/8" MS bars at eaves level [7], hardboard [8].
Separating wall: Clinker no-fines concrete.
Partitions: 2 1/2" clinker concrete blocks lined with hard-
board on timber battens and with vertical joints covered
with timber battens. Sliding wooden partition (in curved
sliding track) between dining/kitchen/living areas.
Ground floor: Concrete.
First floor: Timber boarding on timber joists bolted to
RSA [9]. Intermediate support to joists provided by
6" x 3" RSJ spanning between cross walls and 5" x 3"
steel stanchion.
Ceilings: Not known.
Roof: Timber rafters, purlins and clay tiles.

622 623
Licensed copy from CIS: emma@ewpeng.co.uk, EGNIOL ENVIRONMENTAL LTD, 09/09/2020, Unco

Wakefield Special S058

Manufacturer: Alternative name:

Designer:

Period built: 1920s

Number built:

Insufficient information available for detailed drawing.

IDENTIFICATION CHARACTERISTICS NOTES FOR SURVEYORS CONSTRUCTION VARIANTS

2-storey semi-detached houses. Not investigated by BRE. Guidance on inspection and Substructure: Not known. None known.
Medium pitch hipped roof covered with plain tiles. assessment of reinforced concrete durability is given in: External walls: No-fines concrete, rendered throughout.
External walls rendered throughout. Separating wall: Not known.
Brick soldier course over ground floor windows and Corrosion of steel in concrete (BRE Digest 444, Pts 1–3) Partitions: Not known.
door. Repair and maintenance of reinforced concrete (BR 254) Ground floor: Not known.
Carbonation depths in structural-quality concrete (BR 19) First floor: Not known.
Ceilings: Not known.
Roof: Plain tiles.

REFERENCE

624 625
Licensed copy from CIS: emma@ewpeng.co.uk, EGNIOL ENVIRONMENTAL LTD, 09/09/2020, Unco

War Office No-Fines S059

Manufacturer: Alternative name: No-Fines

Designers: Building Research Station and

War Office

Period built: 1953

Number built: 20

IDENTIFICATION CHARACTERISTICS NOTES FOR SURVEYORS CONSTRUCTION VARIANTS

2-storey semi-detached houses.
Medium pitch gable roof covered with concrete tiles.
External walls rendered throughout.
REFERENCE
Dampness in kitchens.
Cracked and loose internal plaster panels.
Substructure: Not known. None known.
External walls: Rendered [1] 11" no-fines concrete wall
[2], coffered plaster panels [3] with bitumen coating [4].
Plaster panels tied to temporary external shuttering by
wire ties [5]. RC ring beams [6] at first floor and eaves
level.
Separating wall: No-fines concrete lined with coffered
plaster panels.
Partitions: Not known.
Ground floor: Concrete.
First floor: RC slab on T-section PC joists.
Ceilings: Ground floor plaster ceiling panels.
First floor not known.
Roof: Timber rafters and concrete tiles.

626 627
Licensed copy from CIS: emma@ewpeng.co.uk, EGNIOL ENVIRONMENTAL LTD, 09/09/2020, Unco

Weir No-Fines S060

Manufacturer: Weir Housing Corporation Ltd Alternative names: No-Fines
Weir

Designer: Weir Housing Corporation Ltd

Period built: 1949–1950s

Number built: 100

IDENTIFICATION CHARACTERISTICS NOTES FOR SURVEYORS CONSTRUCTION VARIANTS

2-storey semi-detached and terraced houses.
Medium pitch gable roof covered with tiles.
External walls rendered throughout.
Flat PC canopy over front door.
REFERENCE
Not investigated by BRE. Guidance on inspection and
assessment of reinforced concrete durability is given in:
Corrosion of steel in concrete (BRE Digest 444, Pts 1–3)
Repair and maintenance of reinforced concrete (BR 254)
Carbonation depths in structural-quality concrete (BR 19)
Substructure: Concrete strip footings. Concrete under- None known.
building. Concrete slab. DPC.
External walls: Rendered [1] 10" no-fines concrete [2].
RC beams at first floor [3] and at eaves level [4].
Timber wall plate [5].
Partitions: Timber stud lined with plasterboard.
Ground floor: Sand/cement screed on DPM on
concrete.
First floor: Timber boarding on timber joists on PS
beams.
Ceilings: Plasterboard.
Roof: Timber trusses, insulation board sarking,
bituminous felt and tiles.

NTHSc

628 629
Licensed copy from CIS: emma@ewpeng.co.uk, EGNIOL ENVIRONMENTAL LTD, 09/09/2020, Unco

Whatling S061
Manufacturer: J L Whatling Ltd Alternative name:

Designer:

Period built: 1919–1930s

Number built: 500

IDENTIFICATION CHARACTERISTICS NOTES FOR SURVEYORS CONSTRUCTION VARIANTS

2-storey semi-detached houses.
Medium pitch hipped or mansard roof covered with clay
or concrete tiles.
External walls rendered [pebbledash] throughout.
Some houses have bay windows at ground floor front
elevation.
Flat canopy to front door.
REFERENCE
House Construction: The Whatling System, Cement &
Concrete Association, 1946, 4pp
Vertical cracking in dense aggregate RC external walls.
Horizontal cracking in dense aggregate RC external
walls over ground floor windows.
Absence of vertical movement joints in external walls.
Damp problems in dense aggregate RC external walls.
Substructure: Concrete strip foundations, Concrete Mansard roof.
underbuilding. DPC [1]. Drainage holes [2]. Roof covered with clay tiles.
External walls: Rendered [pebbledash] [3] dense
aggregate RC cavity walls [4] with leaves tied with
galvanised wall ties [5], 3" cavity. Horizontal 1/2" bar
reinforcement [6] lapped at corners. DPC [7] at first
floor level and at eaves level. Air bricks [8]. PRC window
and door surrounds [9]. Brick external window sill [10].
Tiled internal sill [11]. Timber wall plate [12].
Separating wall: Dense aggregate concrete.
Partitions: Dense aggregate concrete.
Ground floor: Timber boarding on timber joists.
First floor: Timber boarding on timber joists.
Ceilings: Not known.
Roof: Timber rafters and concrete tiles.

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Wimpey No-Fines S062

Manufacturer: George Wimpey & Co. Ltd Alternative names: Butterfly
Butterfly No-Fines
Formwall
Designer: Gateshead Butterfly
Gateshead No-Fines
No-Fines
Period built: 1940s–1970s Wimpey
Wimpey W6M

Number built: 300,000

IDENTIFICATION CHARACTERISTICS NOTES FOR SURVEYORS CONSTRUCTION VARIANTS

Bungalows and 2-storey semi-detached and terraced
houses
Medium pitch hipped or gable roof covered with tiles, or
flat or shallow valley roof covered with bituminous felt or
asphalt.
External walls of render throughout, or to front and rear
walls and flank wall of brick.
Precast concrete corbel to gable end eaves.
Some dwellings have front bay windows.
REFERENCES
BRE Report BR 153
BRE Report BR 191
BRE Film Archive
NBA Certificate February 1966, May 1967
Scottish NBA Certificate March 1966
Vertical cracking of no-fines concrete external walls.
Horizontal cracking of render above window drips.
Scarcity and corrosion of wall ties to brick cladding.
Low to high rates of carbonation of dense aggregate
concrete ring beams.
The system was also used for flats.
Substructure: Concrete strip footings. Brick under-
building [1]. Concrete slab. DPC.
External walls: Rendered [2] 10" no-fines RC [3] with
horizontal tie reinforcement [4]. Dense RC eaves beams
[5]. PRC lintel [6] with projecting reinforcement above
openings. Timber wall plate [7].
Separating wall: 10" no-fines RC with tie reinforcement.
Partitions: Timber stud lined with plasterboard.
Ground floor: concrete.
First floor: Timber boarding on timber joists on metal
corbels [8].
Ceilings: Plasterboard.
Roof: Timber rafters, purlins and tiles.
1945–1952
External walls of 12" no-fines concrete.
RC eaves beams. PRC lintels above openings; 2" deep
at external face and 3" deep at internal face.
1957 onward
Gable or flank external wall with two 5/8" reinforcing bars
or 16" band of mesh reinforcement at ground floor level.
1964 onward
External walls of 8" no-fines concrete with 21" band of
mesh reinforcement at first floor level.
PRC rectangular or boot lintel above openings.
Bitumastic DPM above lintel.
9" no-fines concrete separating wall, possibly rendered.
Ground floor of suspended concrete or timber boarding
on timber joists.
First floor of timber joists in pockets cast into external
walls.
Flat or bowstring roofs of timber covered with bituminous
felt or asphalt.

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Appendix to Part Three

IN SITU CONCRETE HOUSES

Calway AS001

Combined Concrete Construction AS002

Manufacturer: Combined Concrete Construction Ltd CONSTRUCTION
Period built: 1920 External walls: 4" hollow tiles, cavity, 4" hollow tiles.
Cavity filled with concrete. T-section concrete beams.
Ground floor: Concrete.
First floor: Concrete on concrete beams.

Ctesiphon AS003
Manufacturer: Barchild Constructions Ltd CONSTRUCTION
Designer: Barchild Constructions Ltd Roof: Parabolic roof with corrugations at 4' 0" centres,
Period built: 1940s double skin construction and rendered.
IDENTIFICATION CHARACTERISTICS
2-storey detached houses.
Parabolic shaped corrugated concrete shell roof with
large overhang front and rear.
REFERENCE
BRE Archive

Davies AS004
Manufacturer: Davies Estates Ltd CONSTRUCTION
Designer: Davies Estates Ltd Substructure: Concrete slab deepened under external
Period built: 1940s walls to form concrete underbuilding.
Number built: 2 External walls: Ground floor front and rear walls of
aerated RC, first floor of storey height steel stanchions
IDENTIFICATION CHARACTERISTICS fixed on ground floor elements infilled with grooved
2-storey semi-detached houses. concrete slabs clad with tile hanging.
Pitched roof covered with large concrete tiles. Flank wall of 6" x 15" storey height PRC panels. Lined
External walls of concrete to first floor level and tile with plasterboard.
hanging above. Separating wall: 5" x 15" storey height PRC panel
cavity wall.
Ground floor: Concrete.
First floor: Hollow PRC floor slabs.
Roof: Steel trusses, purlins and large concrete tiles.

Davis J AS005
Designer: A E Sherman CONSTRUCTION
Period built: 1940s Steel shutters for no-fines concrete.
REFERENCE
BRE Archive

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F3C and F4C Concrete Houses AS006 Laidlow Thornton AS013

Designer: Lanark County Council CONSTRUCTION
Period built:
Number built:
1960s
120
External walls: Rendered RC.
Partitions: RC.
Lo Rona AS014
Ground floor: RC slab. Designer: W S Owen CONSTRUCTION
IDENTIFICATION CHARACTERISTICS First floor: RC slab. Period built: 1920 Substructure: Concrete underbuilding.
2-storey semi-detached houses.
Roof: Screeded PC slabs and bituminous felt. External walls: Concrete columns with short steel rods
Pitched roof or flat roof covered with bituminous felt.
External walls rendered throughout. at base. Grooved PC slab cavity walls with cavity filled
VARIANTS with concrete. Iron cramps in vertical grooves. Cement
NOTES FOR SURVEYORS Roof of timber trusses over flat PC slabs. in horizontal grooves. Concrete lintels, possibly
Internal condensation. reinforced with iron bars.
Corrosion of metal windows. Ground floor: Concrete.
Deterioration of bituminous felt roof cover. First floor: Concrete on concrete beams.
The system was also used for flats.

Firth AS007 MacKeown AS015

Manufacturer: J MacKeown CONSTRUCTION
Giles AS008 Period built: 1920 Substructure: DPC.
External walls: Grooved eaves height PC columns.
Designer: C Giles CONSTRUCTION REFERENCE Concrete cavity walls.
Period built: 1920–25 External walls: Dense concrete poured in-situ in two BRE Archive (EP 157)
leaves between wooden formwork, leaving a thin central
REFERENCE cavity which was later filled with poured bitumen to
Bemis form a continuous vertical DPC. Multilite AS016
Alternative names: Selleck Nicholls
Hughes AS009 Selleck Nicholls & Williams

Intercon AS010 MWM AS017

Designer: Denis Clarke Hall CONSTRUCTION Alternative name: Stanley Miller
Period built: 1940s External walls: 9" in-situ concrete directly clad with
brick at ground floor level. Storey height timber frame
IDENTIFICATION CHARACTERISTICS timber panels clad with timber above first floor level.
2-storey semi-detached houses. Separating wall: 9" in-situ concrete.
Rapirect AS018
Shallow pitch roof clad with asbestos cement sheets. Ground floor: Concrete. Designer: Henry Jennings and Homer CONSTRUCTION
Brick cladding to ground floor returned round corners, Roof: Shallow pitch steel trusses covered with Period built: 1940s Substructure: RC raft thickened under perimeter and
with timber clad timber panels above. asbestos cement sheets. 1" glass fibre insulation. internal walls.
IDENTIFICATION CHARACTERISTICS External walls: RC posts cast between twin leaf 2 1/2"
REFERENCE 2-storey semi-detached houses.
BRE Archive (EP 37) concrete block leaves. Exposed block outer face of hard
Flat roof. Durastone aggregate. Plastered internally.
NOTES FOR SURVEYORS Projecting semi-wing (much larger than a simple bay) on Separating wall: 9" in-situ concrete.
Investigated by BRE at prototype stage only. front elevation. Ground floor: 6" concrete raft thickened at perimeter
Staircase of separate treads and risers supported off and under loadbearing internal walls.
serrated brick walls. First floor: Inverted PRC T-beams covered with clinker
Intrad AS011 concrete.
REFERENCE
Manufacturer: Fram Gerrard Ltd CONSTRUCTION Roof: Inverted PRC T-beams covered with clinker concrete.
BRE Archive
Designer: Fram Gerrard Ltd Substructure: Concrete.
Period built: 1964–70 External walls: Front and rear walls of brick.
Alternative name: Intrad/H Flank wall of brick-faced RC. RCC AS019
Separating wall: RC.
IDENTIFICATION CHARACTERISTICS Ground floor: RC. Manufacturer: Rogers Construction Co. Ltd CONSTRUCTION
Low rise terraced houses. Intermediate floors: RC cast monolithically with cross Period built: 1920s Substructure: Concrete strip footings, rebated 1" depth
Shallow pitch gable or flat roof. walls on table forms. Alternative names: Rogers Concrete Construction to receive external walls. DPC.
External walls of brick throughout or front and rear walls Ceilings: RC. Rogers Construction External walls: 4" no-fines RC external leaf, 4" clinker
of PC panels to first floor level and tile hanging above. RC internal leaf. Both leaves reinforced with MS sheets
VARIANTS IDENTIFICATION CHARACTERISTICS with triangular perforations bent inwards and outwards,
NOTES FOR SURVEYORS Front and rear external walls of PC panels. 2-storey semi-detached houses. joined together with MS clips.
The system was also used for flats. Upper storey front and rear walls clad with tile hanging. Medium pitch hipped roof with clay tiles. Separating wall: 8" clinker RC.
Ceilings of plasterboard. External walls fairfced or rendered throughout. Partitions: 4" clinker RC.
Roofs: Timber joists and purlins, and plain tiles.
King & Howse AS012
Period built: 1940s CONSTRUCTION
Concrete blocks with in-situ concrete infilling.
REFERENCE
BRE Archive (EP 157)

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Walemesh AT111
ADDENDUM
Walker AT112
Number built: 60
to the digital edition
Wallis AT113
Manufacturer: John Wallis and Co. CONSTRUCTION
Period built: 1920s Substructure: Not known.
External walls: Timber frame panels infilled with flint-
IDENTIFICATION CHARACTERISTICS faced concrete and lined with lath and plaster.
External walls of exposed timber frame panels infilled
with flint-faced concrete.

Walton T114
Manufacturer: F Walton CONSTRUCTION
Period built: 1920s Substructure: Slate footings. Concrete underbuilding.
External walls: Balloon frame construction. Eaves height
IDENTIFICATION CHARACTERISTICS timber frame panels tied together with vertical iron rods
2-storey houses. and covered with lath and render and lath and plaster.
Medium pitch hipped roof. Ground floor: Timber boarding on timber joists.
External walls of lath and render and lath and plaster. First floor: Timber boarding on timber joists.
REFERENCE
Moir Report

Welgrave AT115

Western AT116
Manufacturer: Western Timber Co.

Whatlings Redwood AT117

Wilson AT118

Woodclad AT119

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Span Type K ADM001

Manufacturer: Span Developments Ltd Alternative name: Span

Designer: Eric Lyons

Period built: 1967–69

Number built: 341

Insufficient information available for detailed drawing.

IDENTIFICATION CHARACTERISTICS NOTES FOR SURVEYORS CONSTRUCTION VARIANTS

Terraced bungalows and 2- and 3-storey terraced
houses.
Shallow pitch monopitch roof, or double monopitch roof
of sawtooth section, covered with asbestos
cement slates. External walls of brick, painted asbestos
cement sheet, asbestos cement slate hanging or
painted vertical timber boarding to first floor level, and
stained vertical timber boarding or asbestos cement
slate hanging to upper floors. Single storey entrance
porch to most dwellings, clad in stained vertical timber
boarding, with flat roof.
Some dwellings have single storey rear extensions with
flat or monopitch roofs.
Painted asbestos cement sheet panels at separating wall.
Gable wall of brick throughout.
REFERENCE
Not investigated by BRE. Guidance on inspection and
assessment of steel framed houses is given in:
Steel framed and steel clad houses: inspection and
assessment (BR 113)
Inpecting steel houses (IP 14/87)
Maintaining and improving steel houses (IP 15/87)
The system was also used for flats.
Substructure: Not known. None known.
Frame: Coupled RS A-frames placed centrally on plan.
Protective coating: Not known.
External walls: Front and rear walls of timber frame
panels with asbestos cement, brick, vertical timber
boarding cladding or asbestos cement slate hanging to
first floor level, and vertical timber boarding or asbestos
cement slate hanging above. Gable wall of brick, cavity
and blockwork.
Separating wall: Brick, faced externally with 9" width
painted asbestos cement panels.
Partitions: Timber stud lined with plasterboard.
Ground floor: Concrete.
First floor: Timber panels.
Ceilings: Plasterboard.
Roof: Pitched roof of timber panels on timber purlins,
and asbestos-cement slates. Flat roof of timber panels
and bituminous felt.

Architectural Design and Construction, February 1944

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Occident ADP001
Manufacturer: British Occident Concrete Alternative name: Wheatley
Construction Co. Ltd

Designer: John Bland

Period built: 1926–27

Number built: 30

Insufficient information available for detailed drawing.

IDENTIFICATION CHARACTERISTICS NOTES FOR SURVEYORS CONSTRUCTION VARIANTS

2-storey semi-detached houses.
Medium pitch hipped roof covered with clay tiles.
External walls of storey height PC panels throughout,
painted to first floor level and covered with tile hanging
above.
Bay window to front elevation with spandrel panels of
rendered blockwork.
Cast concrete architrave to door.
REFERENCE
Concrete and Constructional Engineering 1925,1927
Not investigated by BRE. Guidance on inspection and
assessment of reinforced concrete durability is given in:
Corrosion of steel in concrete (BRE Digest 444, Pts 1–3)
Repair and maintenance of reinforced concrete (BR 254)
Carbonation depths in structural quality concrete (BR 19)
Substructure: Concrete strip footings. None known.
External walls: Full width storey height 71/2" PC
panels incorporating door and window frames to
ground floor on mortar bed, with 2" exposed dense
aggregate outer leaf, 31/2" cavity with loose clinker
fill, and 2" clinker concrete inner leaf, finished skim
coat plaster. First floor similar, but with 2" clinker
concrete outer leaf covered with tile hanging. Steel
interlocking lugs linking edge steel reinforcement.
Mortar joint.
Separating wall: Full width storey height 71/2" clinker
concrete PC panels incorporating flues, finished skim
coat plaster.
Partitions: Storey height room sized clinker concrete
PC panels, 41/2" to ground floor, and 2" above, finished
skim coat plaster.
Ground floor: Suspended timber joists.
First floor: Timber joists.
Ceilings: Not known.
Roof: Timber joists and purlins, and plain tiles.

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Douglas Special ADT001

Manufacturer: Alternative name:

Designer: A H Mottram

Period built: 1944

Number built: 64

Insufficient information available for detailed drawing.

IDENTIFICATION CHARACTERISTICS NOTES FOR SURVEYORS CONSTRUCTION VARIANTS

Semi-detached bungalows and chalet bungalows.
Medium pitch hipped roof (bungalows) or medium pitch
gable roof (chalet bungalows), covered in concrete tiles.
External walls of vertical timber boarding (bungalows) or
horizontal timber boarding (chalet bungalows)
throughout.
Timber porch.
REFERENCE
Not investigated by BRE. Guidance on inspection and
assessment of timber framed houses is given in:
Timber frame housing 1920–1975: inspection and
assessment (BR 282)
Supplementary guidance for assessment of timber-
framed houses: Part 1 Examination (GBG 11), Part 2
Interpretation (GBG 12)
Substructure: Brick on concrete strip footing. None known.
External walls: 2" solid timber planking lined
internally with fibreboard and externally sheathed with
building paper, diagonal timber boarding and vertical
timber boarding (bungalows) or horizontal timber
boarding (chalet bungalows).
Separating wall: Not known.
Partitions: Timber stud.
Ground floor: Not known.
First floor: Timber joists.
Ceilings: Not known.
Roof: Timber rafters and purlins, and concrete tiles.

Architectural Design and Construction, February 1944

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Swedish Sectional Timber ADT002

Manufacturer: Alternative names: SST
Swedish Timber

Designer: C L Sjostrom Mardall

Period built: 1937–47

Number built: 300

Insufficient information available for detailed drawing.

IDENTIFICATION CHARACTERISTICS NOTES FOR SURVEYORS CONSTRUCTION VARIANTS

Semi-detached bungalows and 2-storey semi-detached or
terraced houses.
Shallow pitch monopitch roof,or shallow pitch gable roof
covered with profiled asbestos cement sheets.
External walls of stained or painted horizontal or vertical
timber boarding, or render.
Timber porch.
REFERENCE
Architectural Design and Construction, February 1944
Not investigated by BRE. Guidance on inspection and
assessment of timber framed houses is given in:
Timber frame housing 1920–1975: inspection and
assessment (BR 282)
Supplementary guidance for assessment of timber-
framed houses: Part 1 Examination (GBG 11), Part 2
Interpretation (GBG 12)
Substructure: Concrete strip footings carried up above External walls clad externally with 3/4" vertical timber
ground level. boarding and cement render on bitumen impregnated
External walls: 1- and 2-storey height timber frame fibreboard lathing.
panels lined internally with fibreboard on 11/2" T&G
timber boarding, and clad externally with felt and 1"
vertical or horizontal timber boarding.
Separating wall: Timber frame panels lined each side
with 11/2" T&G timber boarding and asbestos cement
sheeting.
Partitions: Timber stud.
Ground floor: T&G timber boarding on timber joists.
Paper insulation to joists.
First and second floors: T&G timber boarding on
timber joists.
Ceilings: Fibreboard.
Roof: Asbestos cement profiled sheeting on timber
rafters and purlins. Sawdust and lime insulation to
ceiling joists.

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Appendix A
Systems for which information
on structure is not available

Alastair MacDonald Hybrid

Arnold Hypsecon
Ayr Ideal Industrialised
Bittner Jones & Harvey
Bunton LVS
Celconite MacGregor
Chase McInerney
CHS Monoform
Clerk Mulso
Colridge U Frame 234 Multex
Consell Muniment
Crosspan Penilee
Crouch Point
CW Roy Industrialised
Donald Brown Skagervic
DSIR Stone Clad
E H Smith Tarmac
Edran Tarslag
EFMB Taylor Interlock
Elisol Templar
Experimental Thornton
Gough Cooper Torvale
Hadley Hollcoh

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Appendix B Appendix C
Systems based on small unit size Rationalised traditional houses
loadbearing masonry

These systems are outside the scope of this book. These systems are outside the scope of this book but are listed so that readers can eliminate
them from investigations. It should be noted that some manufacturers used the same name
Systems considered by the Moir Systems considered by the Burt for rationalised traditional and non-traditional houses.
Committee in the 1920s Committee Experimental Panel in the
For an explanation of the operation of this 1940s 4 H/7 New Decade
Committee, see Introduction, page xiv. For an explanation of the operation of this Bates Peak Homes
Committee, see Introduction, page xvi. Crouch Transitional Plus 3 Contracts
Aero Block (Thornley, Mott and Vines) Crux RATRA or Ratra
Autobond (McKaig) The EP numbers refer to the Experimental Drury System 3 Ratrad (Terrapin)
British Lean Panel reports held by BRE, which may be Faculty Rat-Trad (John McLean)
Cable-Rolock (WM Smith) consulted by arrangement with the BRE Federated System 1 Richard Thomas & Baldwin
Carler (Mountsorrel) Library. Forum Homes Rowcon
Haigh’s Improved Hales RTE
Interlock (Walter Jones) Airwork (EP 117) Hallam Mk I SASB
Jackson Aulei (EP 22) Halliwell Rat Trad Scan
Jefferies (Arthur E Jefferies) Beardmore (EP 134) Harvey & Lawrence Shaneley
Lissaman Carmyle (Stuart) (EP 204) Hemelite Homes (Rationalised Building Shanplan
Loc-Block (Aldridge) Clarincrete (EP 181) Systems) Shepherd Spacemaker
May System (Besarwick and Bruner) Dibden Purlieu Special (EP 161) Hillcon Sherwood
RE-Con-Block (Mitchell) Dri-crete (EP 217) HSD Simms CDA
Slater’s Three-ply Harvey Habala (EP 179) Jansel Southend 3M
Sutcliffe Laing’s Lightweight Concrete (EP 200) Kier Span Type K
Swingler LBC (EP 84) Kier BDC Housing Spooner Urban
Tebe (Sundstrom) Lockspeed Drylay (EP 62) Laing Stubbings
Triangular Block Mons-block (EP 16) Lawrence Weaver Surebuilt (Pearce and Barker)
Morgan Chemical Co (EP 11) Lesser Homes System 22 (Eton)
Mouldbloc (EP 146) Loudon Tersons 169
Masonry systems described by Bemis Muller (EP 20) M+J Thomson
in The evolving house Vol. III Rational Quetta (EP 20) Mactrad (John McLean) TR
design, 1936 Speed Block (EP 137) Medway Industrialised Transitional
Stabalite (EP 180) MeTra Trim
Carter WB (EP 52) MHC (Midlands Housing Consortium) Trybuilt
Jefferies Willment Type A (EP 196) Middleton Trygon
Loc Bloc Minox Ty-Built (Tiley and Sons)
Swingler MJ Three Unit M Plan
Triangular Block Mod L Unit System 66
Modform Weaver
Morris & Jacobs WG
Murphy YDG
Nema

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Index Index
Index of house names and alternative names Beanland No 2 P017 BRS Type 4 S009
Beco Wallform S005 Bruce AT014
Belcon P018 Bryant P021 P029 P030 S047
Belfry P018 Bryant Kwikform S047
Bell-Livett M059 P076 Bryant Large Panel P029
Bellrock P019 P093 Bryant Low Rise P029 P030
Bennett T009 Bryant Low Rise System 4 P030
Bigland & Mowat AT010 Bryant Quikform S047
Birmingham Corporation M015 Bryant System 2 P029
Many house types may be known by alternative names, Example Birmingham Corporation M014 Bryant System A S047
and these could have been used for more than one house The reported name of the house type is Adams and the Birmingham Corporation Postwar Experimental M015 Bryant Wall Frame P021
type. The names shown in bold are the definitive names structure is known to be of concrete. Adams is the Birmingham Corporation Type ST M015 Brydon S010
used in this book, and the entries to which these refer are definitive name of entry AM001. However, this is a BISF M016 M017 M018 M019 Brydon No-Fines S010
also shown in bold. metal-framed type. The most likely entry for this house BISF Type A M016 BSC P107
A definitive name may also have been used as an type is therefore either P001 (Adams H1) or P002 BISF Type A1 M017 BSL P031
alternative name for other house types, and where this is (Adams HVA3), both of which are precast concrete BISF Type B M018 Buchan M023
the case the references for these are also listed. house types. BISF Type C M019 Buckwyn AM011
Bison P020 P021 Build Form AT015
12M Jespersen P067 Arcon Mk V M007 Bison Crosswall P020 Building Systems Ltd P031
4L P013 Arcon Permanent House M006 Bison Trimline AP007 Bullock T013
5M M064 Arcon Temporary Bungalow M007 Bison Wall Frame P021 Bur-Pal T014
Argyll P007 B-J M020 Burt Boulton T015
A Arlon AM004 Blackborrow P022 Butterfly S062
Aberdeen Corporation S001 T001 Arrow P008 Blackburn M002 M003 P023 P024 S006 Butterfly No-Fines S062
Adams AM001 P001 P002 Arrowhead M008 Blackburn No-Fines S006 Butterley P127 P128
Adams H1 P001 Arrowtrim T008 Blackburn Orlit P024
Adams Housing Syndicate AM001 Artmet AP004 Blackpool P094 C
Adams HVA3 P002 Arup S003 Block Watne T047 Calder T016 T084
Addison AP001 ASD AT003 Boiler Plate M010 Calder Homes T016
AGB Modular 6 M001 Aspect AT004 Bonding Block System AP008 Caldervale T017
Airey P003 S022 Atherton M009 Boot P025 P026 Calverley Modular T018 T019 T143
Airey new improved duo-slab house P003 Atholl M010 M011 M012 Boot Beaucrete P025 Calverley Modular Type I T018
AIROH Temporary Bungalow M002 Atholl 1926 M010 Boot Pier and Panel P026 Calverley Modular Type II T019
Alcrete P004 Atholl 1945 M011 Boro T010 Calverley Type I T018
Alcrete Mk I P004 Atholl 1951 M012 Borohus T010 Calverley Type II T019
Alcrete Mk II P004 Atholl Postwar M011 M012 Boswell S007 Calway AS001
Alderton S002 Atholl Prewar M010 Boulton & Paul T011 Cameron T020
Allbetong AP002 Atlas Stone P009 Bourne P101 Camus P032
Aluminium Bungalow M002 M003 Austin Hall AT005 Boyd AM006 Canadian Demonstration T021
Aluminium Bungalow B1 M002 Avonside AT006 Boyd Gibbons S008 Canadian Demonstration Homes T021
Aluminium Bungalow B2 M002 AW Hawksley S049 Boyd Gibbons No-Fines S008 Canadian Timber T021 T022 AT016
Aluminium Bungalow BL8 M003 AW Hawksley SGS S049 Braby AM007 Canadian Timber Type I T022
Aluminium Bungalow BL8D M003 Ayrshire County Council P010 P134 Bracpress M069 Canadian Timber Type II AT016
Aluminium House M004 Braddock AM008 Canister AM012
AMcK P005 B Bradley P086 AT011 Carey Homes AT022
Amey Chivers P085 B&J AT007 Braithwaite M021 M093 Carlton P033
Anchor 12M T002 B&P T011 Braithwaite Unit Frame M093 Carnavon T028
Anchor 600 AT001 Bailey Stratton AM005 Bricket Wood Special T012 Caspon T023
Anchor Modular AT002 Balency P011 Brims AT012 Cast Iron M095
Anchorloc AM002 Balfour Beatty P012 Bristol Aeroplane M004 P004 Cast Rendered S011
Anderson Permanent House AM003 Banton S004 British Cast Concrete Federation P015 Cathcart T137
Andover T003 Banton No-Fines S004 British Craft Homes AP009 Cavi Costain P042
Andrews AP003 Barratt T088 AT008 British Housing M022 Cavicrete P042
Anglia P006 Barvis AP005 British Power Boat T112 CAWL T133
Anglia Type A P006 Bates 4L P013 British Ropes P031 C-DA AP042 T118
Anglian P116 Battery Cast P014 British Steel Construction P107 CDC T020
Anglian P006 Bayley Bartlett AT009 Broadmead P027 Cebus AP010
Anglo Swedish AT003 BCCF P015 Broadway AM009 Cedar Homes T024 T051
Anvil T004 BCCF Temporary Bungalow P015 Brodie AM010 Cedarwood T045
Anvil 6B T004 BDG P016 Brown of Wem AT013 Cedarworth Homes T025
Appleyard T005 T006 BDG Wessex P016 BRS S009 Celtic Homes T026 T052
Arbor T006 Beale & Son AP006 BRS Battery Cast P014 P052 Cemacrete AP011 S046
Arcal M005 T007 Beanland M013 P017 BRS Brecast P014 Cemalite S046
Arcon M006 M007 Beanland No 1 M013 BRS L-shaped panels P028 Challow T027

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Index Index
HLB M045 Knightsbridge T059 Mac-Girling P078 Multiflex T127
Homeville M049 Kwikform S047 Mackay H & Sons AM021 Multigrid T091
Homeville Industrialised M049 MacKeown AS015 Multilite AS016
Housing Development & Construction P060 L Macrae T075 Multispan M066 AT064
Howard M050 M051 Laidlow Thornton AS013 Macrae Plus T076 MWM AS017
Howard Mersham AT044 Laing P067 S023 S024 T104 AT093 Mactaggart & Mickel AT055 Myton P087
Howard Type A M050 Laing Crosswall P067 S024 Mactrad T077 Myton-Clyde P087
Howard Type B M051 Laing Timber AT093 Malthouse P079 Myton-Solway P087
Howells P063 Lamella S035 Maple Leaf T078
HSSB P064 Lamella Roofed Cottages S035 Mark M062 N
Hughes AS009 Lammermuir T052 Marley P080 AT056 Nadder P101
Hultsfredhus T058 Lanark County Council T065 Marnel M062 Natcon P088
Hultsfreds T058 Langlands M057 T066 T067 T068 T069 Martin Construction AM022 NBA Silksworth T117
Humphreys T059 Langlands Bungalow T066 Maxim S037 AT057 NCB P089
Humphreys Knightsbridge T059 Langlands Mansard T067 Maycrete AP026 Neale AP027
Langlands Terrazzo T068 MC2 AM022 Neata AT065
I Langlands Type N2 T069 McAlpine T079 New England T006
IBIS M052 Larsen & Neilsen P006 McDonald T080 New Georgian M067
IDC P060 Lauderdale T052 McLean T077 AT058 New Trend AT066
Ideal M069 Lawrence T070 Mears Cowlin AT059 Newcastle Corporation T092
Ideal Industrialised M069 Lawrence Building Co. AT048 Medway T081 T082 Newland P090
Incast S033 LC M060 Medway Industrialised T081 T082 Newton Chambers M095
Incon AP020 LC System M060 Medway Type I T081 Nissen-Petren M068
Index M059 P076 LCC Mobile T071 Medway Type II T082 No-Fines S004 S006 S008 S010 S011 S015
Industricon P065 LCC Timber T108 T109 T110 MeTraCon P081 S026 S029 S033 S038 S039 S042 S051
Integer M053 Lecaplan P072 P073 MeTraTim T083 S052 S055 S059 S060 S062 AS021
Interbild AT045 Lecaplan Type A P072 Metratrim T083 Nokkelhus T093
Intercon AM020 AS010 Lecaplan Type B P073 Meyer T084 Norlog T094
Intrad AS011 Leeds Corporation M059 P076 MFC P082 AT060 Northern Ideal Homesteads M069
ISEC T087 Lexington T006 MFC Housing P082 Norwegian Log T094
Lexington Super T006 MHC T085 Norwegian Timber T088 T092
J Leyland Industrial AT049 Midland Housing Consortium T085 Nuttall M039 M070 M071
Jackson T060 Lightning Construction P074 Millard T098 T099 Nuttall Building System M070
James Wild M035 Lilleshall P075 Miller S038 S039 T086 Nuttall Mk II M071
Janes AT046 Lindsay P010 P134 Miller No-Fines S038 S039 Nuway AT067
Jansel P066 T061 Lindsay Parkinson P064 S045 Miller O'Sullivan S044
Jespersen P067 Linton T072 Miller Temporary Bungalow S039 O
Jespersen 12M P067 Linton TD T070 Minniel P083 Oakridge AP028
Jicwood T062 Lisset AT050 Minox M063 M097 T087 Occident ADP001
Jicwood Temporary Bungalow T062 Liverpool Corporation M058 Monox Econstruction T087 Ontario T042
Jones & Harvey S017 Liverpool Special T073 Minster T023 Open System Building M072
Livett-Cartwright M059 P076 Mitchell AT061 Opperman AM024
K Llewellyn T101 Mitchell Unit P032 Orlit P024 P091 P092 P093 P122 P132
Keeland P035 Llewellyn Shells T101 MOD Special P084 Orlit Type I P091
Kelvin M054 Lloyd M090 Modern Building (Wales) T038 Orlit Type II P092
Kencast P068 Lo Rona AS014 Modform AM023 Orlit-Bellrock P093
Kenkast P068 Locarn AP024 Modular 6 M001 OSB M072
Kent AP021 Lothian AT051 Modular Housing M001 O'Sullivan S044
Ketton P069 T063 Louden AT052 Module Two AT062 O'Sullivans S044
Keyhouse Unibuilt M055 Loudon P077 Modulow M060 Outinard Parkinson S045
Keylock AP022 Loudon Mk II P077 Modumould AT063 Owen Williams P136
Kier T064 T081 Lovatt S055 Modus P028 P085
Kier BDC T064 Love P083 Moelven Brug T088 P
Kilpeck T004 Lovell T074 MOHLG T089 PAC AP029
Kinch T055 Lovell Housing System T074 MOHLG 5M M064 Page-Johnson S032
Kincorth P070 Lowestoft Borough S036 Morrell P086 Palmer AP030
Kincorth Mk III P070 Lowton-Cubitt M060 MOW Demonstration S040 S041 S042 Panelwall AP031
King & Howse AS012 Ludford AT053 MOW Demonstration Expanded Clay S040 Papworth Permanent Bungalow AT068
Kings Thorn Special P071 Luton AP025 MOW Demonstration Foamed Slag S041 Paragon M073
Kingsthorne Special P071 Lynn M022 MOW Demonstration No-Fines S042 Parcrete AM025
Kingston AT047 MOW Emergency M075 Parkinson P064 P094 S045
Kingston AP023 M Mowlem S043 Parkwall S045
Kingstone M056 M&J AT054 Mucklow M065 Parkway T036
Kirton S034 Macfarlane M061 Mucklow Plan M065 Peak Homes T095
Multicom T090 Pearce AP032

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Index Index
Challowette T027
Channello P034
D F Gilbert Ash
Gilbert Ash Tracoba
P120 AT035
P120
Dagenham Special S018 F J Moore P113
Cheecol Keeland P035 Giles AS008
Dalcot P044 F3C and F4C Concrete Houses AS006
Chicago T025 Glasgow Corporation AT036
Daleholme P046 AT021 Facta T038
CLASP M064 Glasgow Foamed Slag P053
Dare M072 Factrad AT026
CLASP 5M M064 GLC Anglia P006
Davies AS004 Faculty T039
Clements AM013 GLC Anglian House P116
Davis P104 AP015 Fairweather P049
Clip Slab M009 GLCC Mobile T071
Davis J AS005 Falcon P050
Clore Grange P046 GLE P054
Dean T037 Falkiner Nuttall M039
Clothed Concrete Construction P047 Goldcrest T048
Denis Poulton M033 Farlington Special P051
Clugston Cawood AP012 Goldenhomes AT037
Dennis M034 M035 Farquahar AT027
CM T018 T019 T143 Grampian T052
Dennis Steel Frame House M035 Farrans S026
CM Yuill T018 T019 T143 Grandidge T084
Dennis-Wild M035 Farrans No-Fines S026
CMX T018 T019 Grange AT038
Dennis-Wild Patent Steel Frame Composite System M035 Federated System 2 T040
Coignet AP013 Gray AT039
Devon Lady T031 Fewac AM016
Colt T028 Grayholme AT040
Diatomite S019 Fidler S027
Combined Concrete Construction AS002 Great Yarmouth Borough T060
Discus M036 Fillod AM017
Compton T031 Gregory P055 P056
Domkonstruado P045 Fincast AM018
Conatus M024 Gregory Crosswall P056
Domus AT022 Finnish Timber T100 AT028
Concept P036 Gregory Industrialised P056
Donald Cameron T020 Firmcrete S028
Concept 4 P036 Grenfell Baines M043 T049
Doncaster P031 Firth AS007
Concrete Construction (Wales) P132 Grid M044
Doric S020 Fleming AT029
Concrete Frames S012 Grove Homes T050
Dorlonco M037 Flexi T041
Concrete Houses Ltd P037 GT AT041
Dorman Long M037 Florida T025
Concrete Utilities AP014 Guildway T051
Dorran P046 Foamed Slag S029 S041
Connell M025
Douglas T137 Fontaberry T042
Conslab S013
Douglas Special ADT001 Forfar Borough T043
H
Conspan P109 Hall T052
Doxford M022 Formula M040 AT030
Contrad AT017 Hallam T053 T054 T055
Drury P049 P056 Formwall S062
Cook S014 Hallam 3M T054
Drury System 3 P056 Forrester-Marsh S030
Copeland AM014 Hallam Mk I & Mk II T053
Dry Walls S021 Forth AT031
Cornes M026 M032 M092 Hallam Mk III T054
DSIR Edmonton BRS P014 Fram P014 P032 P052 AP013 AP020
Cornes Cussins M026 M032 M092 Hallam VM T055
Dudley Coles AP016 T039 Fram BRS P014 P052
Cornish P038 P039 P040 Hallam Volumetric T055
Dudley Coles M001 Fram Construction P014 P032 P052 AP013 AP020
Cornish Flush Panel P038 Hallamshire Mk I T053
Duo-Slab S022 Fram Industrialised P052
Cornish Unit P038 P039 P040 Hallamshire Mk II T053
Duplex M038 Fram Russell P014 P032 P052 AP013 AP020
Cornish Unit Type I P039 Halliwell T138
Duplex Sheath M038 Framecourt AT032
Cornish Unit Type II P040 Halliwell Timber T138
Dyke P047 Frameform T044
Corolite S015 Halls Mk III AP017
Dyke CCC P047 Fraser & McDonald AT033
Coronation T028 Halls Programme H T052
Corvus S016 Fredericks T045 T046
Hamish Cross Type I P057
Coseley AM015 E Fredericks Cedarwood
Fredericks Frame System
T045
T046
Hamish Cross Type II P058
Cosmos P041 AT019 Easiform S023 S024 Hardie AP018
Costain P105 S049 Fredericks Industrialised Timber T046
Easiform Type I S023 Hardy P059
Costain P042 Fribahus AT034
Easiform Type II S024 Harley Haddow P070
Costain-Wilson P042 Fribo Hus AT034
East Knowle Special P048 Harry Neal Battery Cast P014
Coventry Corporation M027 Fribohus AT034
Eastwood T137 Harvey Frame T056
Cowieson T029 Fromson AM019
ECP Modular AT023 Hawksley M002 M003 M004 S049
Craftcast S017 Fyfield T003
Edgell T032 Hawksley Aluminium M002 M003 M004
Craig Atholl M028 Edinburgh Foamed Slag S025 Hawksley SGS S049
Crane M029 EDLO BRS P014 G Hawthorn Leslie M045
Cranwell M030 Edwards Construction S030 G 80 AP031 Hayes Interlock AP019
Croft Granite P015 Eklectron T033 G 80 Panelwall AP031 HDC P060
Crosby P043 Elementhus T034 G B Watne T047 Heath AT042
Cruden M031 P106 T132 Elliott AT024 G Block Watne T047 Herald S032
Cruden Brick-clad M031 Elsworthy T035 Gadie S031 Hertfordshire County Council T057
Cruden Rural M031 Enfield BRS P014 Gart AT035 Hertsmere Special P061
Cruden Unicorn T132 Engineered Homes P099 P100 P101 T036 Gateshead Butterfly S062 Hexham Special P062
Ctesiphon AS003 English Electric T049 Gateshead Corporation M041 Highland Tain AT044
Cubitt M060 Enso Gutzeit T010 Gateshead Experimental M041 High Speed System Building P064
Cuckow AT019 Errol T072 Gateshead No-Fines S062 Hilcon M046
Cussins M026 M032 M092 Eskdale T052 Gee Walker & Slater M005 M042 Hillcon M046
Cussins Cornes M026 M032 M092 Essihus AT025 Gemini T055 Hills M014 M046 M047
Cuyper AT020 Eurodean T037 Geneva T025 Hills Presweld M047
Czechoslovakian Timber T030 Expanded Clay S040 Gerrard Incon AP020 Hitchins M048

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Index Index
Pemcrete P095 Ridgeway AP039 Sherwood T116 Sunskeeme S053
Pennine T120 Rigid Frame M008 Shingleton Conslab AP041 Supalite AT092
Pentagon AP033 Rigid Frame Construction M008 Shipston M087 Superhome AT093
Pentland T052 Riley M080 Shipston Aluminium M087 Surrey Grove AT094
Permabuild P096 Rileyform T104 Sidney Stone AS020 Sutherland AT095
Permabuilt P096 Ringsakerhus T088 Silksworth T117 Swedale AT096
Permacrete S046 RM Housing M044 Simmcast AP042 Swedish Homes T125
Perma-Erecta P097 RMR T105 Simms AP042 T118 T119 T120 Swedish Sectional Timber ADT002
Permanent Aluminium M003 Roberts T017 Simms C-DA AP042 T118 Swedish Timber T058 T125 AT003 AT116
Perren T096 Roften M081 Simms Sons & Cooke C-DA T118 ADT002
PH6 P130 Rogers Concrete Construction AS019 Simms Sons & Cooke AP042 T118 T119 T120 Swift T126
Phoenix M025 M074 M077 M082 Rogers Construction AS019 Simms Sons & Cooke SWPA T120 Swiftplan AM030 T127
Phoenix Temporary Bungalow M074 Ross AP040 Simplified Brickwork P104 Swiftplan H12 T127
Plasteel M045 Rothschild M082 Sindall P103 Swiftplan Multiflex H AM030
Plysyl Bungalow AP034 Rothwell-Perrin AT076 Siporex P105 Swiftplan Multiflex H12 T127
Poolman AP035 Rotinoff M083 Siporex 6M P105 SWPA T120
Portal M075 Rowcon T106 T107 Skarne P106 Symplex M092
Portal Temporary Bungalow M075 Rowcon Type I T106 Slingsby P046 AT088 System DL T031
Potters Bar Special P098 Rowcon Type II T107 Slipform S024 Systemac AT097
Potton AT069 RTB M052 M084 Smith P107
Poulson M072 RTB Temporary Bungalow M084 SNW P108 T083 T
Poulton M033 RTE AT077 SNW XW P140 T&N M098
Pratten AT070 Rubery Owen M085 Solid Cedar T121 Tarran P115
Pre-Cut Norwegian AT071 Rumble S048 Solvyt S050 Tarran Mk IV P115
Prefab M002 M007 M074 M075 M086 M100 Russell Leighton P102 Solway P087 Tarran Temporary Bungalow P115
P015 P115 T062 T113 T123 T134 Ryedale AT078 Spacemaker P109 Tarran-Dorran P046
Prefacto AP036 Spacemaker Bungalow AT089 Tarran-Newland P090
Prestoplan T097 S Spaceway M088 Taygon AT098
Presweld M047 Salveson AT079 Speyroc AP043 Taylor Woodrow-Anglian P116
Procol M076 Sanders-Foster AM026 Span ADM001 Taylor-Woodrow Anglian P006
Prowting M008 T008 Sawston SB2 P103 Span Type K ADM001 Tayton AS022
Purpose Built T098 T099 SB2 P103 Spooner T023 T122 T123 Tee Beam P117
Purpose Built Type I T098 Scan AT080 Spooner Mk III T123 Telford M093
Purpose Built Type II T099 Scanda Plan AT081 Spooner Temporary Bungalow T123 Tenaplas S054
Puutalo T100 Scandev AT082 Spooner-Caspon T023 Terrapin T128
Pyrocol AT072 Scandia AT083 SSHA S051 S052 AS021 T124 Teviotdale T052
Scano T108 T109 T110 SSHA Canadian Commissioner's House T124 Thain Capital AT099
Q Scano Type I T108 SSHA Canadian Timber T124 Thames M094
Quality M077 Scano Type II T109 SSHA Cellular Concrete S051 S052 AS021 Thames House M094
Quikbild T101 Scano Type III T110 SSHA Commissioners Resumption AS021 Thermostatic Steel House AM031
Quikform S047 Scansiv AT084 SSHA No-Fines S051 S052 AS021 Thorncliffe M095
Scansystem AT085 SSHA Wartime Cellular Concrete S052 Thornwall P118
R Schindler S049 SST ADT002 Thornwall 3M P118
R M Rowlands T105 Schindler-Gohner System S049 Stanley Miller AS017 Thornwood P118
Radiation House M027 Scotfast P075 AT086 Steane M089 THUS AT100
Ramsjo AT073 Scotfast Taybank P075 Steinkjer AT090 Timber Flex T035
Rapirect AS018 Scotlog T111 Stent P110 Timber Frame (UK) AT101
Rationalised Housing AP037 Scott & Middleton AM027 Stewart P111 P112 Timcon AT102
RB2 AP038 Scottwood T112 Stewart & Lloyd M006 M007 M090 Token P119
RCC AS019 Seco M086 T113 Stewart & Partners P111 P112 Toogood AT103
RD 27 P121 Seco Frame M086 Stewart & Partners Type I P111 Town & Vale AM032
Redesdale T052 Seco Mk III M086 T113 Stewart & Partners Type II P112 Tracoba P120
Redifice Bungalow AT074 Seco Permanent House M086 Stex AT091 Tracoba Low Rise P120
Reema P099 P100 P101 Seco Temporary Bungalow T113 Stonecrete P113 TRADA T129 T130 AT100
Reema Coffered Panel P099 Segal T114 Stour P101 TRADA Directly Clad T129
Reema Conclad P099 Selleck Nicholls P038 P039 P040 P081 P108 Stratton Bungalow AM005 TRADA Separately Clad T130
Reema Contrad P100 P140 AS016 T083 Strongman AP044 TRADA Type I T129
Reema Hollow Panel P101 Selleck Nicholls & Williams P038 P039 P040 Structural and Mechanical Engineering AM028 TRADA Type II T130
Reema Waffle Panel P099 P081 P108 P140 AS016 T083 Stuart M091 Trellit AM033
Reeves Frame T102 SGS S049 Stuart Scheme II AM029 Trentrox AP045
Reid AT075 Shaddow Wall AT087 Stubbings P114 Truscon P121
Reith M078 Shama Houses M082 Stubbings Industrialised P114 Truscon RD 27 P121
Resiform M079 T103 Sharen T126 Stubbings Industrialised Low Rise P114 Trussit AT104
RFC M008 Shepherd P109 T115 Sunley AP002 Trusteel M096 M097
Richard Thomas & Baldwin M084 Shepherd Spacemaker P109 Sunley Allbetong AP002 Trusteel 3M M096
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Index
Trusteel Mk II M097 Weir Cathcart T137
Trybo T131 Weir Douglas T137
TSB AM034 Weir Eastwood T137
Tubrick AM035 Weir Multicom T090
Turner & Newall M098 Weir Multigrid T091
TWA P006 P116 Weir No-Fines S060
Tweedale T052 Weir Paragon M073
Weir Postwar T136
U Weir Prewar T137
UCO S055 Weir Quality M077
Ulster Cottage P122 Welgrave AT115
Underdown P123 Wellbuilt T138
Unicom AT105 Wellington T082
Unicorn T132 Wessex P016 P132
Uniment P124 West Pennine T120
Uni-Seco M086 T113 Western P138 T058 AT116
Unistem AT106 Western System AP048
Unit P032 P125 AP046 S055 T133 AT107 Westholm P139
Unit Camus P032 Westminster T079
Unit Construction P032 P125 AP046 T133 Westmorland T028
Unit Frame M021 West's 5M P133
Unit No-Fines S055 Weybridge T062
Unit System AP046 T133 WGH Pre-Fab System P096
Unit System 67 T133 WH M103
Unit-Built P125 Whatling S061
Unitroy M099 P126 Whatlings Redwood AT117
Unity P127 P128 Wheatley ADP001
Unity Brickclad P127 P128 Whitcon AS023
Unity Type I P127 Whitson-Fairhurst P010 P134
Unity Type II P128 Wild M035
Universal M100 M101 M102 S056 Wild Steel Frame System M035
Universal Mk III M100 Wilkinsons (Runfold) P096
Universal Permanent Prefabricated House M101 Willett Industricon P065
Universal Temporary Bungalow M100 Wil-Mac P135
Universal Type I M101 Wilson M104 AT118
Universal Type II M102 Wilson House M104
Urba T023 Wilson Lovatt S055
USA T134 Wilson Lovatt 83 S055
USA Temporary Bungalow T134 Wilvan P136
Wimpey S062
V Wimpey No-Fines S062
Variform AT108 Wimpey W6M S062
Varney AT109 Winget P137
Veneercraft AM036 WL Ring AP049
Vine & Vine S057 Woodclad AT119
Volumetric Timber T055 Woodley BRS P014
Woolaway P138
W Woolaways P138 P139
Waddington AT110 Woolaways Bungalow P139
Wakefield Special S058 Wylye P101
Waldic AM037
Walemesh AT111 X
Wales Sindall P103 XW P140
Walker AT112
Waller P129
Wallis AT113
Y
YDG T139
Walton AT114
Yorkshire Development Group T139
War Office No-Fines S059
Yorkshire Timber Frame T140
Wates P130 T135
Young Elizabethan T141
Wates Low Rise T135
Young RW AP050
Watne T047
Youngman T142
Webb P131
Ytong AP051
Weedon AP047
Yuill T018 T019 T143
Weir M073 M077 S060 T090 T091 T136

958