CHAPTER 15.

7 GROWTH IN
HUMANS & ANIMALS
26 NOVEMBER 2020 (THURSDAY)
2.00 – 3.15 P.M.
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DIBERI.
PENGAJARAN DAN PEMBELAJARAN DI RUMAH
BERSAMA CIKGU WONG AI WAN

BIOLOGY FORM 5
• Today lesson:
1)15.7 The Growth
2)Structure question: Placenta(1)
3)Quizizz (launch in live)testing…
Next week:
i. Trial exam bio spm 2020 negeri
Kelantan: paper 1 and
ii. Negeri Terengganu paper 2
 MEASURING GROWTH IN HUMANS & ANIMALS

1. Definition of growth in organisms:

Growth of an organism refers to an increase in the size and mass of the
organisms.
2. The parameters used in the measuring of growth:
Parameter Explanation Advantage Disadvantage
Size or volume The increase in size or volume Easy to handle. Measuring only
of an organism is determined water, not fixed
by measuring the height. aspect of growth.
Wet mass Measures the rate of growth of Easily Not fixed because
humans and animals. determined at the water content in
any time. the body not fixed.
Dry mass Mass after all the water is The most Organisms should
remove. Suitable for accurate when be dead and dried
determining the dry mass of measuring the before weighed
the plant. growth.
 DEFINITION:

1. Cell Division - The number of cells increases by mitosis, for

growth.
2. Cell Elongation - This results in an increase in the volume of
the cells. Cells elongate and expand is a result of taking of water
by osmosis and nutrient by diffusion.
3. Differentiation - Cells change gradually to form permanent
cells with specific functions.
 GROWTH OF INSECTS

Complete
metamorphosis
INCOMPLETE METAMORPHOSIS
GROWTH PHASES IN SIGMOID GROWTH CURVES OF HUMANS & ANIMALS

1. Growth curve: parameters against time.

2. Show a sigmoid curve (S-shaped)
3. Growth occurs gradually and continuously.
4. There are six phases in sigmoid growth curve.
SIGMOID GROWTH CURVE
 SIGMOID GROWTH CURVE

Phase Process Growth rate

Lag phase Cell division & cell elongation Low
Exponential phase Cell division & cell elongation Rapidly, highest
increase actively
Stationary phase Cell differentiation Slower at constant rate
Maturation phase Cell division only to replace Zero
damaged or dead cell Rate of cell division = Rate of
cell death
Senescence phase Cells start to degenerate, ageing Negative
 EXOSKELETON
• A rigid outer covering usually made up of protein, chitins &
calcium.
• Insects – the cuticle covered with wax to prevent water loss from
the body, cover the body’s surface.
• Exoskeleton restrict the growth of insects → the exoskeleton
must be shed from time to time in order for the insects to
grow, called ecdysis.

• Also found in the shells of mollusca & the bony plates of tortoises.
• Examples : insects, crabs, lobsters, tortoise
 INTERMITTENT GROWTH CURVE OF ANIMALS WITH
EXOSKELETONS

1. Insect exoskeleton made up of chitin.

2. The exoskeleton does not grow proportionally
with the growth of the insect.
3. To allow growth and development, insects with
exoskeleton must shed their exoskeleton.
4. The moulting process, ecdysis which controlled
by hormone that allows growth and
development of insects
GROWTH CURVE OF INSECTS
• The stages between
ecdysis are called
instar and at this
stage, the insect is
known as a nymph.
• During instar, the insect
is actively building
tissue and increasing
body volume.
• 5 times of ecdysis
shedding its
exoskeleton
• Consists of 5 instar
phases and 1 adult
phase
INTERMITTENT GROWTH CURVE OF INSECTS
GROWTH CURVE OF INSECTS
ECDYSIS
TUTORIAL
• P1: The growth curve shows a series of steps
• P2: The grasshopper has a (hard) exoskeleton which limits its
growth
• P3: The grasshopper undergoes 5 times of ecdysis before
reaching adult
• P4: During ecdysis, the grasshopper takes in a lot of air to force
the old exoskeleton to split open
• P5: New exoskeleton is formed
• P6: The grasshopper increases its length as the new exoskeleton
is still soft
• P7: During the nymph stage, the insect stops growing