Count Nouns

Proper
Capitalized

Common

Uses your Senses

Concrete
Nouns
Opposite of Concrete
Abstract

Compound More than 1 word, counted as one

Collective 1 word as singular/plural

takes place of a noun

for people/things

Personal I, me, you, he, him, she, her, it, we,

us, they, them

ownership (mine, yours, hers, his, theirs,

ours)
Possessive

points out (this, that, these, those)

Demonstative

relates 1 part to another (who, whom, which,

that, whose)
Relative

reflect back (myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself,

ourselves, yourselves, themselves)
Reflexive or Intensive

asks (who, whom, which, whose,

what)
Interrogative

refers to, may be definitive

Pronouns all, any, more, most, none, and some>>may be plural or singular
Indefinite
Anyone, anybody, anything, each, either, everybody, everyone, everything, neither,
nobody, none, no one, one, somebody, something, and someone-

must agree with their antecedents

Subject
Using Singular "They" to avoid use of many his/her
Never in a prepositional phrase
should only refer to person, place or thing, avoid vague unclear antecedents
Answers
Reword if needed to have a clearer meaning
Who /What?
I, me, my, mine, we, our, and us
First Person
Complements
you, your, and yours
with linking verbs
Second Person more informal tone and more conversational tone
Predicate Adjectives
Right Person he, she, him, her, his, hers, they, them, their, and theirs
Answers what? for Academic Writing
Third Person
should be adjective For Company writing (depends on what is requested)

Predicate nominatives/noun Be consistent with using 1 kind of person throughout your writing
Shifts in Person
Rules
Answers Who? I, you, he, she, it, we, and they
should be Noun/Pronoun Used as the subject
Subjective
Direct Object Correcting Compound Subjects- Try removing one Subject if it still will make sense in
the sentence.
Object Complement
me, you, him, her, it, us, and them
decribes Direct object Complements for Transitive Verbs Verb Cases
Only use Objective pronouns when using it as a compound- same rule with Subjective
Answers to whom or for whom? Objective
Indirect Object You and It can be used interchangeably as Subjective or Objective pronouns
Recipient of Direct Object
my, your, his, her, its, our, and their
Can be a subject Possessive

decribes noun/pronoun/verbs/adverbs/adjectives always add verbs after than/as to make the meaning clearer
Than and As
Answers which one? what kind of? when? where? how? why? to what extent? or under substitute He with who , Him with Whom if it still will makes sense
what condition?
Who and Whom scramble words in the sentence then substitute with He or Him
Adjective Phrase
Expresses action/being
Adverb Phrase
takes an object
Using different participles Prepositional phrase Types Phrases
Participial Phrase Transitive whom or what?
Answers
using -ing in a phrase
Gerund Phrase

using "To" Intransitive

Infinitive Phrase
forms of "be"
noun/pronoun that identifiess another noun/pronoun
Being Verbs am, is, are, was, were, be, being, been
modifies noun next to it Apositive Phrase
appear, feel, look, remain, smell, stay, become, grow, prove, seem, sound, taste
have a Subject and a verb
Categories
can stand alone if can be substituted by forms of "be"
Independent Clauses Determine by

cannot stand alone Linking/Copulative

Describes noun/pronoun
Verb joins a subject to an adjective or to another noun

Begins with who, whose, whom, which, and that Adjective/relative Clause intransitive

can be the subject, express the tense, mood, and voice of the verb
predicate nominative, appositive, object of a verb, or object of a preposition Subordinate Clauses/Dependent Clauses
Noun Clause Common ex: be, do, have, can, may
Linking
Clauses forms of "be" verbs
Descibes verb, adjective or another adverb
2.Basic Sentence Structure English Grammar 1.Parts of Speech Present Infinitive
begins with subordinating conjunctions See table for reference
Adverb Clause used as tense
subordinating conjunction, such as after, although, as (if), because, once, until, and Past tense
while Regular (add d/ed) or irregular
Principal parts
used as a verb tense / adjective
necessary to a sentence Past Participle

starts with "that" Restrictive/Essential/Defining Clause add -ing, used as verb tense / adjective
Present Participle
can be eliminated
Non-restrictive/non-essential/non-defining Clause Tenses
makes statement Describes noun/pronoun
Declarative
>Which one?
asks question > What kind of?
Interrogative
> How many?
gives command Sentence Functions Answers
Imperative Adjectives
expresses storng emotion names not specific (an and a)
Exclamatory Indefinite
Articles
Remove any prepositions to avoid confusions names specific (the)
making verb agree with the subject Definite
Categories
use plural verb for both, few, many, others, several determines specific units
Determiners
use singular verb for another, anybody, anyone, anything, each, either, everybody,
everyone, everything, much, neither, no one, nobody, nothing, one, other, somebody, modifies verb,adjective/other adverb
someone, something, every, many Indefinite Pronoun is the subject • How?
statement to a noun
when the subject is all, any, most, none, and some (can be singular or plural verb) • When? Positive
look for the prepositional phrases to confirm (object of preposition) • Where?
• Why? 1. one syllable adjective/adverbs=add er/est
if acts or thinks as a group use singular
• Under what circumstances?
2. >2 syllables adjective & adverbs ending in ly =use more/less/least
if acts or thinks as individual use plural collective nouns may be singular or plural •
•
How much?
How often?
Comparisons Degrees sometimes use -er/est
singular verb "more than one" part of the subject compares 2 nouns
• T o what extent? Comparative Look for dictionary if there is an existing -er/-est word, if none use more/less/least/
Answers RULES most
use plural verb "a number" part of the subject compares more than 2 nouns Trick
Adverb Superlative
use singular verb "the number" part of the subject join independent clauses into one sentence
Use 2 forms at the same time (ex. most & -est)
use plural verb "one of those" accordingly, also, besides, consequently, finally, furthermore, hence,
Guidelines Subject & Verb Agreement NEVER Use Superlative for comparing 2 nouns and Vice versa
use singular verb "the only one of those" phrase however, incidentally, indeed, instead, likewise, meanwhile, moreover,
nevertheless, next, otherwise, still, therefore, thus
use singular verb Units of measurement Conjunctive Adverbs
1. You have a complete thought on either side of the conjunctive adverb.
use singular verb Name of one person, place or things is the subject
2. You put a semicolon before it and a comma after it.
Use plural verb pants, trousers, shears,
spectacles, glasses, tongs, and scissors How to use 3. You’re joining two closely related thoughts.
When preceded with "pair" use singular verb Categories
4. You’ve used the right conjunctive adverb.
"and" use plural verb but if thought as one unit use singular verb
increases intensity
use singular verb subject is singular

use plural verb subject is plural
look for the subject closer to the verb to determine what to use subject is singular and plural
check the subject to determine what to use if either is or are
look for the subject not the predicate nominative to determine the verb
"or or nor" Qualifiers/Intensifiers awfully, extremely, kind of, more, most,
Compound Subjects joined by: pretty , quite, rather, really , somewhat, sort of, too and very
Remeber the "Position" of the Noun
Here and there
about, above, across, after, against, along, among
Subject and predicate nominative around, at, before, behind, below, beneath, beside, between,
make requests or give commands Preposition beyond, but, by, concerning, despite, down, during, except, for,
Imperative from, in, inside, into, like, of, off, on, onto, out, outside, over, past,
actuality since, through, throughout, to, toward, under, underneath, until,
Indicative up, upon, with, within, without
Moods
Statements that are contrary to fact, doubtful
BOY SFAN (but, or, yet, so, for and nor)
express a wish, a request or recommendation, an urgent Coordinating
appeal, or a demand Subjunctive Do not stand alone
only formed by be/were
Correlative pairs include both/and, either/or, neither/nor, not
only/also, and not only/but also.
Conjunctions Beginning of the Dependent Clauses
Cannot stand alone
after, although, as if, as in, as long as, as much as, as
soon as, assuming that, because, before, even though,
Subordinating how, if, in order that, in that, inasmuch as, now that,
once, providing that, since, so long as, so that, than, that,
though, unless, until, when, whenever, where, wherever,
whether, while
Expressing strong emotions, used as filler
Interjections ex. Like or well
don't act as a verb but as part of other speech

acts as adjective: answers which one? what kind of?

or how many

present participle: verb + ing

Participle past: add d or ed

dangling/hanging participle: when not used correctly

Verbals
acts as a noun (verb + ing)
Gerunds use possesive pronouns before gerunds like my, your, his, her, its, our, and their

acts as a noun, adjective and pronoun

started by "to"
Infinitives
If it does work, then by
to split or not to split: adding word in between the "to" and "verb all means use it; if not, leave the infinitive alone