HUMAN COMMUNITIES AND THE ENVIRONMENT

A Project Report Submitted

In partial fulfillment of the requirements for Environmental
Studies Project
BACHELOR OF COMPUTER APPLICATIONS
Submitted by
MAGESH G( 212001229 )
PREETHI S( 212001264 )
SARAN RAJ R( 212001239 )
SUVITHA S( 212001267 )
BOOMIKA R( 212001249 )
MOHANRAJ J( 212001232 )
JAYA KUMAR G( 212001219 )
KAILASH K( 212001220 )
KISHORE P( 212001225 )

UNDER THE GUIDANCE BY

Mr. K. SAMUEL, M.C.A.,

DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE

K.C.S. KASI NADAR COLLEGE OF ARTS & SCIENCE
(Belongs to S.V.H.N.A. Dharma Fund)
(Co-Education)
Affiliated to University of Madras
ISO 9001 : 2015 CERTIFIED
Accredited with B+ Grade by NAAC
96, Ellaya Street, R.K.Nagar, Chennai-21.
 BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the Environmental Studies project work entitled "HUMAN

COMMUNITIES AND THE ENVIRONMENT" is a bonafide project work done by

MAGESH G( 212001229 ).PREETHI S[ 212001264 ).SARAN RAJ R( 212001239

,SUVITHA S( 212001267 ).BOOMIKA R( 212001249 J.MOHANRAJ J

212001232 ),JAYA KUMAR G( 212001219 ,KAILASH K 212001220

JKISHORE P( 212001225) in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the

Environmental Studies Project of BACHELOR OF COMPUTER APPLICATIONS

during the academic year 2021 -2022.

H.O.D
 HUMAN COMMUNITIES
Human Community is a human social group that share some common Personal Interest.
Context: It can (typically) possess a Human Culture (with societal norms). It can range from
being a Supportive Community to being a Individualist Community. It can range from being
a Safe Community to being an Unsafe Community.

Human communities, in particular those that have a strong connection to the soil (e.g.,
indigenous and agricultural communities, as well as other groups that depend on the direct
use of natural resources for their livelihood), tend to have a stronger connection with nature,
which leads to a greater desire to protect the environment from excessive damage.
HUMAN POPULATION:
Concepts of animal population dynamics can be applied to human population growth.
Humans are not unique in their ability to alter their environment. For example, beaver dams
alter the stream environment where they are built. Humans, however, have the ability to alter
their environment to increase its carrying capacity, sometimes to the detriment of other
species. Earth’s human population and their use of resources are growing rapidly, to the
extent that some worry about the ability of Earth’s environment to sustain its human
population. Longterm exponential growth carries with it the potential risks of famine, disease,
and large-scale death, as well as social consequences of crowding such as increased crime.
Human technology and particularly our harnessing of the energy contained in fossil fuels
have caused unprecedented changes to Earth’s environment, altering ecosystems to the point
where some may be in danger of collapse. Changes on a global scale including depletion of
the ozone layer, desertification and topsoil loss, and global climate change are caused by
human activities.

Population, in human biology, the whole number of inhabitants occupying an area (such
as a country or the world) and continually being modified by increases (births and
immigrations) and losses (deaths and emigrations).
 How Many People Have Ever Lived on Earth

YEAR POPULATION POPULATION

190,000 B.C.E 2
50,000 B.C.E. 2,030,625
8000 B.C.E. 5,000,000
1 C.E. 300,000,000
1200 450,000,000
1650 500,000,000
1750 795,000,000
1850 1,265,000,000
1900 1,656,000,000 , 1

1950 2,516,000,000
1995 5,760,000,000
2011 6,987,000,000
2020 7,772,850,162
2035 8,936,903,068
2050 9,875,704,167

Total number of people who have ever lived depends essentially on three factors: the length
of time that humans are thought to have been on Earth, the average size of the population at
different periods, and The number of births per 1,000 population during each of those
periods. The estimate, however, does not depend on the number of deaths during any period
of time.

Determining when humankind actually came into existence isn’t straightforward. The oldest
hominins are thought to have appeared as early as 7 million B.C.E. The earliest species of
the Homo genus appeared around 2 million to 1.5 million B.C.E. Current evidence supports
modern Homo sapiens appearing around 190,000 B.C.E. Modern Homo sapiens originated in
Africa, though the exact location has long been debated. Diverse groups are thought to have
lived in different locations across Africa for the first two-thirds of human history.

Around 8000 B.C.E., the world population was approximately 5 million. (Table 1 displays
very rough figures representing averages of an estimate of ranges given by the United
Nations and other sources.) Slow population growth over the 8,000-year period—from an
estimated 5 million in 8000 B.C.E. to 300 million in 1 C.E.—results in a very low growth rate
of only 0.05% per year. It’s difficult to come up with an average world population size for
this period. In all likelihood, human populations in different regions grew or declined in
response to food availability, the variability of animal herds, periods of peace or hostility, and
changing weather and climatic conditions.

A current global population of about 7.8 billion, the revised estimate means that those alive in
2020 represent nearly 7% of the total number of people who have ever lived (see Table 2).
Because we have existed on Earth for approximately 200,000 years, that’s actually a fairly
large percentage.

World population projected to reach 9.8 billion in 2050, and 11.2 billion in 2100. The current
world population of 7.6 billion is expected to reach 8.6 billion in 2030, 9.8 billion in 2050
and 11.2 billion in 2100, according to a new United Nations report being launched today.
Human population growth:

Population growth is the increase in the number of individuals in a population. Global human
population growth amounts to around 83 million annually, or 1.1% per year. The fundamental
cause of the acceleration of growth rate for humans in the past 200 years has been the
reduced death rate due to changes in public health and sanitation. Clean drinking water and
proper disposal sewage has drastically improved health in developed nations. Also, medical
innovations such as the use of antibiotics and vaccines have decreased the ability of
infectious disease to limit human population growth. In the past, diseases such as the bubonic
plaque of the fourteenth century killed between 30 and 60 percent of Europe’s population and
reduced the overall world population by as many as one hundred million people. Naturally,
infectious disease continues to have an impact on human population growth, especially in
poorer nations.

Population growth is the increase in the number of people in a Population or

dispersed group. Global human population growth amounts to around 83 million annually, or
1.1% per year.The Global population has grown from 1 billion in 1800 to 7.9 billion in
2020. The UN projected population to keep growing, and estimates have put the total
population at 8.6 billion by mid-2030, 9.8 billion by mid-2050 and 11.2 billion by
2100.However, some academics outside the UN have increasingly Developed human
population models that account for additional downward pressures on population growth; in
such a scenario population would peak before 2100
Environmental movements:
Humans impact the physical environment in many ways: overpopulation, pollution, burning
fossil fuels, and deforestation. Changes like these have triggered climate change, soil erosion,
poor air quality, and undrinkable water. These negative impacts can affect human behavior
and can prompt mass migrations or battles over clean water.

Environmental movement is a type of “social movement that involves an array of individuals,

groups and coalitions that perceive a common interest in environmental protection and act to
bring about changes in environmental policies and practices. (Tong, Yanki 2005). The main
environmental movements are Chipko Andolan, Save the Bhagirati and Stop Tehri project
committee in Uttar Pradesh, Save the Narmada Movement (Narmada Bachao Andolan) in
Madhya Pradesh and Gujarat, youth organizations and tribal people in the Gandhamardan
Hills whose survival is directly threatened.
We cannot have a sustainable planet without stabilizing population. As human populations
grow, human demands for resources like water, land, trees, and energy also grow.
Unfortunately, the price of all this “growth” is paid for by other endangered plants and
animals and an increasingly volatile and dangerous climate. Any truly meaningful
conservation and sustainability efforts must take the expanding human population footprint
into consideration.

Globally, over 228,000 people are added every day — each needs sufficient land, water,
shelter, food, and energy for a decent life. But, luckily, population growth is not an
intractable problem. Population growth has relatively easy and inexpensive solutions and
because population impacts every environmental challenge — it is an essential element
to achieve sustainability.

HUMAN DISASTER

MAN-MADE DISASTER
Man-made disasters have an element of human intent, negligence, or error involving a failure
of a man-made system, as opposed to natural disasters resulting from natural hazards. Such
man-made disasters are crime, arson, civil disorder, terrorism, war, biological/chemical
threat, cyber-attacks, etc.

Terrorism
Terrorism is the use of force or violence against persons or property in violation of the
criminal laws of the United States for purposes of intimidation, coercion, or ransom.
Terrorists often use threats to create fear among the public to try to convince citizens that
their government is powerless to prevent terrorism and to get immediate publicity for their
causes.

Acts of terrorism range from threats of terrorism, assassinations, kidnappings, hijackings,

bomb scares and bombings, and cyber attacks (computer-based), to the use of chemical,
biological, and nuclear weapons.

High-risk targets include military and civilian government facilities, international airports,
large cities, and high-profile landmarks. Terrorists might also target large public gatherings,
water and food supplies, utilities, and corporate centers. Further, they are capable of
spreading fear by sending explosives or chemical and biological agents through the mail.

In the immediate area of a terrorist event, you would need to rely on police, fire, and other
officials for instructions. However, you can prepare in much the same way you would prepare
for other crisis events.
Industrial Accident:
An accident (industrial) is a sudden and unexpected occurrence in the industry which

interrupts the orderly progress of the work. According to the Factories Act, 1948: “It is an

occurrence in an industrial establishment causing bodily injury to a person who makes him

unfit to resume his duties in the next 48 hours”.

In other words, accident is an unexpected event in the course of employment which is neither

anticipated nor designed to occur. Thus, an accident is an unplanned and uncontrolled event

in which an action or reaction of an object, a substance, a person, or a radiation results in

personal injury. It is important to note that self-inflicted injuries cannot be regarded as

accidents.

An industrial injury is defined as “a personal injury to an employee which has been caused by
an accident or an occupational disease and which arises out of or in the course of
 employment and which could entitle such employee to compensation under Workers’

Compensation Act, 1923”.

An industrial accident is a serious event that involves hazardous materials and that can have
consequences for the surrounding population and environment. Depending on the nature of
the products involved, the accident can take the form of a fire, an explosion or the emission
of toxic or radioactive material.

Accidents may be of different types depending upon the severity, durability and degree of the

injury. An accident causing death or permanent or prolonged disability to the injured

employee is called ‘major accident. A cut that does not render the employee disabled is

termed as ‘minor’ accident. When an employee gets injury with external signs of it, it is

external injury.

Injury without showing external signs such as a fractured bone is called an internal one.

When an injury renders an injured employee disabled for a short period, say, a day or a week,

it is a temporary accident. On the contrary, making injured employee disabled for ever is

called permanent accident. Disability caused by accident may be partial or total, fatal or non-

fatal.
CHEMICAL ACCIDENTS:

A chemical incident is the uncontrolled release of a toxic substance, potentially resulting in

harm to public health and the environment. Chemical incidents can occur as a result of
natural events, or as a result of accidental or intentional events. These incidents can be
sudden and acute or have a slow onset when there is a ‘silent’ release of a chemical. They can
also range from small releases to full-scale major emergencies.

The term “chemical incident” might refer to anthropogenic or technological events,

including:

 an explosion at a factory that stores or uses chemicals

 contamination of the food or water supply with a chemical
 an oil spill
 a leak from a storage unit during transportation
 deliberate release of chemicals in conflict or terrorism
 an outbreak of disease that is associated with a chemical exposure.

Chemical incidents arising from natural sources include volcanos, earthquakes and forest
fires. An estimated 65 000 people died due to technological events between 2009-2018.
 CYBER-ATTACK:
A cyber attack is an assault launched by cybercriminals using one or more computers against
a single or multiple computers or networks. A cyber attack can maliciously disable
computers, steal data, or use a breached computer as a launch point for other attacks.
Cybercriminals use a variety of methods to launch a cyber attack, including malware,
phishing, ransomware, denial of service, among other methods.

The major cyber attacks

Ransomware attacks
 2017 - WannaCry ransomware attack.
 2018 Atlanta cyberattack.
 2019 Baltimore ransomware attack.
 2019 - Luas cyberattack (Ireland)
 2021 - Harris Federation attack (UK)
 2021 - Health Service Executive cyberattack (Ireland)
 2021 - Colonial Pipeline cyberattack (United States)
 2021 - JBS S.A. cyberattack.
Attacks can be classified into four broad categories: snooping, modification, masquerading,
and denial of service. In practice, an attack may employ several of these approaches.
Human migration:
The movement of people from one place to another with intentions of settling, permanently
or temporarily, at a new location (geographic region). The movement often occurs over long
distances and from one country to another, but internal migration (within a single country) is
also possible; indeed, this is the dominant form of human migration globally. Migration is
often associated with better human capital at both individual and household level, and with
better access to migration networks, facilitating a possible second move. Age is also
important for both work and non-work migration .People may migrate as individuals,
in family units or in large groups. There are four major forms of
migration: invasion, conquest, colonization and emigration/immigration.
Persons moving from their home due to forced displacement (such as a natural disaster or
civil disturbance) may be described as displaced persons or, if remaining in the home
country, internally-displaced persons. A person who seeks refuge in another country can, if
the reason for leaving the home country is political, religious, or another form of persecution,
make a formal application to that country where refuge is sought and is then usually
described as an asylum seeker. If this application is successful, this person's legal status
becomes refugee.
In contemporary times migration governance has become closely associated with state
sovereignty. States retain the power of deciding on the entry and stay of non-nationals
because migration directly affects some of the defining elements of a State

Depending on the goal and reason for relocation, people who migrate can be divided into
three categories: migrants, refugees, and asylum seekers. Each category is defined broadly as
the mixed circumstances that motivate a person to change their location.
As such, migrants are traditionally described as persons who change the country of their
residence for general reasons and purposes. These purposes may include the search for better
job opportunities or healthcare needs. This term is the most generally defined one as anyone
changing their geographic location permanently can be considered a migrant.
Contrastly, refugees is not defined and described as persons who do not willingly relocate.
The reasons for the refugees' migration usually involve war actions within the country or
other forms of oppression, coming either from the government or non-governmental sources.
Refugees are usually associated with people who must unwillingly relocate as fast as
possible; hence, such migrants will likely relocate undocumented.
Asylum seekers are associated with persons who also leave their country unwillingly, yet,
who also do not do so under oppressing circumstances such as war or death threats. The
motivation to leave the country for asylum seekers might involve an unstable economic or
political situation or high rates of crime. Thus, asylum seekers relocate predominantly to
escape the degradation of the quality of their lives.
Nomadic movements usually are not regarded as migrations, as the movement is
generally seasonal, there is no intention to settle in the new place, and only a few people have
retained this form of lifestyle in modern times. Temporary movement for travel, tourism,
pilgrimages, or the commute is also not regarded as migration, in the absence of an intention
to live and settle in the visite
Types of human migration are given below:
 Internal migration: moving within a state, country, or continent
 External migration: moving to a different state, country, or continent
 Emigration: leaving one place to move to another
 Immigration: moving into a new place
 Return migration: moving back to where you came from
 Seasonal migration: moving with each season or in response to labour or climate
conditions

IMPACTS OF UKRAINE & RUSSIA

The war in Ukraine, in all its dimensions, is producing alarming cascading effects to a
world economy already battered by COVID-19 and climate change, with particularly
dramatic impacts on developing countries. Recent projections by UNCTAD estimate
that the world economy will be a full percentage point of GDP growth lower than
expected 1 due to the war, which is severely disrupting already tight food, energy, and
financial markets. Ukraine and the Russian Federation are among the world’s
breadbaskets. They provide around 30 per cent of the world’s wheat and barley,
onefifth of its maize, and over half of its sunflower oil2 . At the same time, the
Russian Federation is the world’s top natural gas exporter, and second-largest oil
exporter. Together, neighbouring Belarus and the Russian Federation also export
around a fifth of the world’s fertilizers. As a result, commodity prices are reaching
record highs across the board. On the 8th of April 2022, the United Nations Food and
Agriculture Organization (FAO) published its third consecutive record food price
index. Food prices are 34% higher than this time last year and have never been this
high since FAO started recording them

Similarly, crude oil prices have increased by around 60%, and gas and fertilizer prices
have more than doubled

In an environment of already high levels of socioeconomic stress due to the impacts

of COVID-19, the rise in food prices threatens knock-on effects of social unrest. An
UNCTAD analysis of historical data reveals that, in general, civil unrest and increases
in agri-food commodity prices are highly correlated

Ongoing disruptions in global supply chains and financial markets further complicate
current outlooks. Freight costs even before the war started where at multiples of their
historical averages, complicating rerouting efforts and increasing consumer prices and
import costs across the board6 . Furthermore, global inflation rose to a decade high of
5.2% last year7 , forcing many central banks to signal sooner-than-expected increases
in interest rates, leading to higher debt servicing costs for the developing world.
According to the Financing for Sustainable Development Report 2022, “60 per cent of
least developed and other low-income countries are already at high risk of, or in, debt
distress