Escola: ____________ Schwa English School_____________

Nome: ____________________________________________
Professor(a): ___ Cristiano Vladmaker__________________
Data: _____/_____/____ Matéria: _______(Phoneme)_____

To produce consonant sounds obstruction is formed. The sounds produced depend on the place
of articulation where the sound is produced) and the manner (how the sound is made).

Expanations:
According to place:

 BILABIAL: with both lips ex: / p, b, m, w /

 LABIODENTAL: between lower lip and upper teeth ex: / f, v /
 DENTAL/INTERDENTAL: between the teeth ex: / , /
 ALVEOLAR: the ridge behind the upper teeth ex: / t, d, s, z, n, l /
 PALATAL: the hard palate ex: / s, z, c, j, r, y /
 VELAR: the soft palate or velum ex: / k, , /
 GLOTTAL: space between the vocal cords/folds ex: / h /

According to manner:

Obstruent (sounds made with a high degree of air obstruction):

 STOPS: During production of these sounds, the airflow from the lungs is
completely blocked at some point.
 FRICATIVES: The flow of air is constricted, but not totally stopped or
blocked. The restricted airflow through the narrowed opening creates
friction (this is where the term “fricative” comes from).
 AFFRICATES: These can be thought of as a combination of a stop and a
fricative. These sounds begin like stops, with a complete blockage of
 air/closure of the vocal tract, and end with a restricted flow of air like
fricatives.

Sonorant (sounds made with relatively little obstruction of air):

 NASALS: With these sounds, the flow of air is cut off through the mouth
and redirected through the nasal passage instead. In a sense, there’s
complete obstruction because no air escapes through the mouth, which is
why nasals sometimes called nasal stops. But because the air flows
unobstructed through the nose, these sounds are classified as sonorant.
 LIQUIDS: These sounds are created with little obstruction of air. Instead,
we position our tongue in the vocal tract and let the air pass around it.
Because it’s hard to pinpoint the obstruction, these sounds are less
“solid” than some other consonants, which is why they’re called liquids.
 GLIDES: These sounds, like liquids, are produced with very little
obstruction of air. To produce glides, we bring articulators close together
and then pull them apart, letting the sound glide off them. Glides are
sometimes referred to as “semi-vowels” because they are mid-way
between consonants and vowels, but they are classified as consonants.
/y/ and /w/ are acoustically similar to /i/ and /u/.