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Learning Objective: 1.2: define important statistical terms, including population, sample, and
parameter, as they relate to descriptive and inferential statistics.

4. A descriptive measure of the population is called a parameter.

Ans: True
Response: See section 1.2, Basic Statistical Concepts
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: 1.2: define important statistical terms, including population, sample, and
parameter, as they relate to descriptive and inferential statistics.

5. A census is the process of gathering data on all the entities in the population.

Ans: True
Response: See section 1.2, Basic Statistical Concepts
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: 1.2: define important statistical terms, including population, sample, and
parameter, as they relate to descriptive and inferential statistics.

6. Statistics is commonly divided into two branches called descriptive statistics and summary
statistics.

Ans: False
Response: See section 1.2, Basic Statistical Concepts
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: 1.2: define important statistical terms, including population, sample, and
parameter, as they relate to descriptive and inferential statistics.

7. A descriptive measure of the sample is called a statistic.

Ans: True
Response: See section 1.2, Basic Statistical Concepts
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: 1.2: define important statistical terms, including population, sample, and
parameter, as they relate to descriptive and inferential statistics.
8. Gathering data from a sample to reach conclusions about the population from which the
sample was drawn is called descriptive statistics.

Ans: False
Response: See section 1.2, Basic Statistical Concepts
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: 1.2: define important statistical terms, including population, sample, and
parameter, as they relate to descriptive and inferential statistics.

9. Calculation of population parameters is usually either impossible or excessively time

consuming and costly.

Ans: True
Response: See section 1.2, Basic Statistical Concepts
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: 1.2: define important statistical terms, including population, sample, and
parameter, as they relate to descriptive and inferential statistics.

10. The basis for inferential statistics is the ability to make decisions about population
parameters without having to complete a census of the population.

Ans: True
Response: See section 1.2, Basic Statistical Concepts
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: 1.2: define important statistical terms, including population, sample, and
parameter, as they relate to descriptive and inferential statistics.

11. All numerical data must be analyzed statistically in the same way because all of them are
represented by numbers.

Ans: False
Response: See section 1.4, Data Measurement
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: 1.4: Compare the four different levels of data: nominal, ordinal, interval,
and ratio.
12. The manner in which numerical data can be analyzed statistically depends on the level of
data measurement represented by numbers being analyzed.

Ans: True
Response: See section 1.4, Data Measurement
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: 1.4: Compare the four different levels of data: nominal, ordinal, interval,
and ratio.

13. The lowest level of data measurement is the ratio level.

Ans: False
Response: See section 1.4, Data Measurement
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: 1.4: Compare the four different levels of data: nominal, ordinal, interval,
and ratio.

14. The highest level of data measurement is the ratio level.

Ans: True
Response: See section 1.4, Data Measurement
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: 1.4: Compare the four different levels of data: nominal, ordinal, interval,
and ratio.

15. Numbers which are used only to classify or categorize the observations represent data
measured at the nominal level.

Ans: True
Response: See section 1.4, Data Measurement
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: 1.4: Compare the four different levels of data: nominal, ordinal, interval,
and ratio.

16. Numbers which are used to rank-order the performance of workers represent data measured
at the interval level.

Ans: False
Response: See section 1.4, Data Measurement
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: 1.4: Compare the four different levels of data: nominal, ordinal, interval,
and ratio.

17. Nominal and ordinal data are sometimes referred to as qualitative data.

Ans: True
Response: See section 1.4, Data Measurement
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: 1.4: Compare the four different levels of data: nominal, ordinal, interval,
and ratio.

18. Nominal and ordinal data are sometimes referred to as quantitative data.

Ans: False
Response: See section 1.4, Data Measurement
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: 1.4: Compare the four different levels of data: nominal, ordinal, interval,
and ratio.

19. With interval-level data, the zero point is a matter of convention and does not mean the
absence of the phenomenon under observation.

Ans: True
Response: See section 1.4, Data Measurement
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: 1.4: Compare the four different levels of data: nominal, ordinal, interval,
and ratio.

20. Interval- and Ratio-level data are sometimes referred to as quantitative data.

Ans: True
Response: See section 1.4, Data Measurement
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: 1.4: Compare the four different levels of data: nominal, ordinal, interval,
and ratio.
21. A variable is a numerical description of each of the possible outcomes of an experiment.

Ans: True
Response: See section 1.3 Variable and data
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: 1.3: Explain the difference between variables, measurement, and data.

22. Statistics can be used to predict the business future.

Ans: True
Response: See section 1.1, Statistics in Business
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: 1.1: List quantitative and graphical examples of statistics within a business
context.

23. Statistics are used to market vitamins.

Ans: True
Response: See section 1.1, Statistics in Business
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: 1.1: List quantitative and graphical examples of statistics within a business
context.

24. A list of final grades in an introductory class in business is an example of statistics

Ans: false
Response: See section 1.1, Statistics in Business
Difficulty: False
Learning Objective: 1.1: List quantitative and graphical examples of statistics within a business
context.

Multiple Choice

25. Manuel Banales, Marketing Director of Plano Power Plants, Inc.'s Electrical Division, is
directing a study to identify and assess the relative importance of product features. Manuel
directs his staff to design a survey questionnaire for distribution to all of Plano’s 954 customers.
For this study, the set of 954 customers is ________________.
a) a parameter
b) a sample
c) the population
d) a statistic
e) the frame

Ans: c
Response: See section 1.2, Basic Statistical Concepts
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: 1.2: define important statistical terms, including population, sample, and
parameter, as they relate to descriptive and inferential statistics.

26. Manuel Banales, Marketing Director of Plano Power Plants, Inc.'s Electrical Division, is
directing a study to identify and assess the relative importance of product features. Manuel
directs his staff to design a survey questionnaire for distribution to 100 of Plano’s 954 customers.
For this study, the set of 100 customers is ________________.
a) a parameter
b) a sample
c) the population
d) a statistic
e) the frame

Ans: b
Response: See section 1.2, Basic Statistical Concepts
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: 1.2: define important statistical terms, including population, sample, and
parameter, as they relate to descriptive and inferential statistics.

27. Sue Taylor, Director of Global Industrial Sales, is concerned by a deteriorating sales trend.
Specifically, the number of industrial customers is stable at 1,500, but they are purchasing less
each year. She orders her staff to search for causes of the downward trend by surveying all 1,500
industrial customers. For this study, the set of 1,500 industrial customers is ______________.
a) a parameter
b) a sample
c) the population
d) a statistic
e) the frame

Ans: c
Response: See section 1.2, Basic Statistical Concepts
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: 1.2: define important statistical terms, including population, sample, and
parameter, as they relate to descriptive and inferential statistics.

28. Sue Taylor, Director of Global Industrial Sales, is concerned by a deteriorating sales trend.
Specifically, the number of industrial customers is stable at 1,500, but they are purchasing less
each year. She orders her staff to search for causes of the downward trend by selecting a focus
group of 40 industrial customers. For this study, the set of 40 industrial customers is ________.
a) a parameter
b) a sample
c) the population
d) a statistic
e) the frame

Ans: b
Response: See section 1.2, Basic Statistical Concepts
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: 1.2: define important statistical terms, including population, sample, and
parameter, as they relate to descriptive and inferential statistics.

29. Abel Alonzo, Director of Human Resources, is exploring the causes of employee
absenteeism at Batesville Bottling during the last operating year (January 1, 1999 through
December 31, 1999). For this study the set of all employees who worked at Batesville Bottling
during the last operating year is _________.
a) a parameter
b) a sample
c) the population
d) a statistic
e) the frame

Ans: c
Response: See section 1.2, Basic Statistical Concepts
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: 1.2: define important statistical terms, including population, sample, and
parameter, as they relate to descriptive and inferential statistics.

30. Abel Alonzo, Director of Human Resources, is exploring the causes of employee
absenteeism at Batesville Bottling during the last operating year. Personnel records for 50 of the
plant's 250 employees are selected for analysis. For this study, the group of 50 employees is a
__________.
a) parameter
b) sample
c) population
d) statistic
e) frame

Ans: b
Response: See section 1.2, Basic Statistical Concepts
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: 1.2: define important statistical terms, including population, sample, and
parameter, as they relate to descriptive and inferential statistics.

31. When a person collects information from the entire population, this is called a _______.
a) parameter
b) sample
c) population
d) census
e) statistic

Ans: d
Response: See section 1.2, Basic Statistical Concepts
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: 1.2: define important statistical terms, including population, sample, and
parameter, as they relate to descriptive and inferential statistics.

32. Manuel Banales, Marketing Director of Plano Power Plants, Inc.'s Electrical Division, is
leading a study to identify and assess the relative importance of product features. Manuel directs
his staff to design a survey questionnaire and distribution it to all of Plano’s 954 customers.
Manuel is ordering a ____________.
a) statistic from the customers
b) census of the customers
c) sample of the customers
d) sorting of the customers
e) parameter of the customers

Ans: b
Response: See section 1.2, Basic Statistical Concepts
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: 1.2: define important statistical terms, including population, sample, and
parameter, as they relate to descriptive and inferential statistics.
33. Manuel Banales, Marketing Director of Plano Power Plants, Inc.'s Electrical Division, is
leading a study to identify and assess the relative importance of product features. Manuel directs
his staff to design a survey questionnaire and distribute it to 100 of Plano’s 954 customers.
Manuel is ordering a ____________.
a) statistic from the customers
b) census of the customers
c) sample of the customers
d) sorting of the customers
e) parameter of the customers

Ans: c
Response: See section 1.2, Basic Statistical Concepts
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: 1.2: define important statistical terms, including population, sample, and
parameter, as they relate to descriptive and inferential statistics.

34. Sue Taylor, Director of Global Industrial Sales, is concerned by a deteriorating sales trend.
Specifically, the number of customers is stable at 1,500, but they are purchasing less each year.
She orders her staff to search for causes of the downward trend by surveying all 1,500 industrial
customers. Sue is ordering a __________.
a) statistic from the industrial customers
b) census of the industrial customers
c) sample of the industrial customers
d) sorting of the industrial customers
e) parameter of the industrial customers

Ans: b
Response: See section 1.2, Basic Statistical Concepts
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: 1.2: define important statistical terms, including population, sample, and
parameter, as they relate to descriptive and inferential statistics.

35. Sue Taylor, Director of Global Industrial Sales, is concerned by a deteriorating sales trend.
Specifically, the number of customers is stable at 1,500, but they are purchasing less each year.
She orders her staff to search for causes of the downward trend by selecting a focus group of 40
industrial customers. Sue is ordering a __________.
a) statistic from the industrial customers
b) census of the industrial customers
c) sample of the industrial customers
d) sorting of the industrial customers
e) parameter of the industrial customers
Ans: c
Response: See section 1.2, Basic Statistical Concepts
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: 1.2: define important statistical terms, including population, sample, and
parameter, as they relate to descriptive and inferential statistics.

36. Pinky Bauer, Chief Financial Officer of Harrison Haulers, Inc., suspects irregularities in the
payroll system, and orders an inspection of "each and every payroll voucher issued since January
1, 1999." Pinky is ordering a __________________.
a) statistic from the payroll vouchers
b) census of the payroll vouchers
c) sample of the payroll vouchers
d) sorting of the payroll vouchers
e) parameter of the payroll vouchers

Ans: b
Response: See section 1.2, Basic Statistical Concepts
Difficulty: Easy

Learning Objective: 1.2: define important statistical terms, including population, sample, and
parameter, as they relate to descriptive and inferential statistics.

37. Pinky Bauer, Chief Financial Officer of Harrison Haulers, Inc., suspects irregularities in the
payroll system, and orders an inspection of "every tenth payroll voucher issued since January 1,
1999." Pinky is ordering a __________________.
a) statistic from the payroll vouchers
b) census of the payroll vouchers
c) sample of the payroll vouchers
d) sorting of the payroll vouchers
e) parameter of the payroll vouchers

Ans: c
Response: See section 1.2, Basic Statistical Concepts
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: 1.2: define important statistical terms, including population, sample, and
parameter, as they relate to descriptive and inferential statistics.

38. On discovering an improperly adjusted drill press, Jack Joyner, Director of Quality
Control, ordered a 100% inspection of all castings drilled during the evening shift. Jack is
ordering a ___________________.
a) statistic from the castings
b) census of the castings
c) sample of the castings
d) sorting of the castings
e) parameter of the castings

Ans: b
Response: See section 1.2, Basic Statistical Concepts
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: 1.2: define important statistical terms, including population, sample, and
parameter, as they relate to descriptive and inferential statistics.

39. On discovering an improperly adjusted drill press, Jack Joyner, Director of Quality
Control, ordered an inspection of every fifth casting drilled during the evening shift. Jack is
ordering a ___________________.
a) statistic from the castings
b) census of the castings
c) sample of the castings
d) sorting of the castings
e) parameter of the castings

Ans: c
Response: See section 1.2, Basic Statistical Concepts
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: 1.2: define important statistical terms, including population, sample, and
parameter, as they relate to descriptive and inferential statistics.

40. The lowest level of data measurement is _______.

a) interval level
b) ordinal level
c) nominal level
d) ratio level
e) minimal level

Ans: c
Response: See section 1.4, Data Measurement
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: 1.4: Compare the four different levels of data: nominal, ordinal, interval,
and ratio.
41. Which of the following operations is meaningful for processing nominal data?
a) Addition
b) Multiplication
c) Ranking
d) Counting
e) Division

Ans: d
Response: See section 1.4, Data Measurement
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: 1.4: Compare the four different levels of data: nominal, ordinal, interval,
and ratio.

42. Which scale of measurement has these two properties: linear distance is meaningful and the
location of origin (or zero point) is arbitrary?
a) Interval level
b) Ordinal level
c) Nominal level
d) Ratio level
e) Minimal level

Ans: a
Response: See section 1.4, Data Measurement
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: 1.4: Compare the four different levels of data: nominal, ordinal, interval,
and ratio.

43. Which scale of measurement has these two properties: linear distance is meaningful and the
location of origin (or zero point) is absolute (or natural)?
a) Interval level
b) Ordinal level
c) Nominal level
d) Ratio level
e) Relative level

Ans: d
Response: See section 1.4, Data Measurement
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: 1.4: Compare the four different levels of data: nominal, ordinal, interval,
and ratio.

44. Sue Taylor, Director of Global Industrial Sales, is concerned by a deteriorating sales trend.
Specifically, the number of customers is stable at 1,500, but they are purchasing less each year.
She orders her staff to search for causes of the downward trend by surveying all 1,500 industrial
customers. One question on the survey asked the customers: “Which of the following best
describes your primary business: a. manufacturing, b. wholesaler, c. retail, d. service.” The
measurement level for this question is _________________.
a) interval level
b) ordinal level
c) nominal level
d) ratio level
e) relative level

Ans: c
Response: See section 1.4, Data Measurement
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: 1.4: Compare the four different levels of data: nominal, ordinal, interval,
and ratio.

45. A question in a survey of microcomputer users asked: “Which operating system do you use
most often: a. Apple OS 7, b. MS DOS, c. MS Windows 95, d. UNIX.” The measurement level
for this question is _________________.
a) nominal level
b) ordinal level
c) interval level
d) ratio level
e) relative level

Ans: a
Response: See section 1.4, Data Measurement
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: 1.4: Compare the four different levels of data: nominal, ordinal, interval,
and ratio.

46. Which of the following operations is meaningful for processing ordinal data, but is
meaningless for processing nominal data?
a) Addition
b) Multiplication
c) Ranking
d) Counting
e) Division

Ans: c
Response: See section 1.4, Data Measurement
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: 1.4: Compare the four different levels of data: nominal, ordinal, interval,
and ratio.

47. Sue Taylor, Director of Global Industrial Sales, is concerned by a deteriorating sales trend.
Specifically, the number of customers is stable at 1,500, but they are purchasing less each year.
She orders her staff to search for causes of the downward trend by surveying all 1,500 industrial
customers. One question on the survey asked the customers: “How many people does your
company employ? The measurement level for this question is __________.
a) interval level
b) ordinal level
c) nominal level
d) relative level
e) ratio level

Ans: e
Response: See section 1.4, Data Measurement
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: 1.4: Compare the four different levels of data: nominal, ordinal, interval,
and ratio.

48. A consumer has been asked to rank five cars based upon their desirability. This level of
measurement is _______.
a) interval level
b) ordinal level
c) nominal level
d) ratio level
e) relative level

Ans: b
Response: See section 1.4, Data Measurement
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: 1.4: Compare the four different levels of data: nominal, ordinal, interval,
and ratio.
49. Morningstar Mutual Funds analyzes the risk and performance of mutual funds. Each mutual
fund is assigned an overall rating of one to five stars. One star is the lowest rating, and five stars
is the highest rating. This level of measurement is __________.
a) ordinal level
b) interval level
c) nominal level
d) ratio level
e) relative level

Ans: a
Response: See section 1.4, Data Measurement
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: 1.4: Compare the four different levels of data: nominal, ordinal, interval,
and ratio.

50. A level of data measurement that has an absolute zero is called _______.
a) interval level
b) ordinal level
c) nominal level
d) ratio level
e) relative level

Ans: d
Response: See section 1.4, Data Measurement
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: 1.4: Compare the four different levels of data: nominal, ordinal, interval,
and ratio.

51. A person has decided to code a particular set of sales data. A value of 0 is assigned if the
sales occurred on a weekday, and a value of 1 means it happened on a weekend. This is an
example of _______.
a) interval level data
b) ordinal level data
c) nominal level data
d) ratio level data
e) relative level data
Ans: c
Response: See section 1.4, Data Measurement
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: 1.4: Compare the four different levels of data: nominal, ordinal, interval,
and ratio.

52. Members of the accounting department's clerical staff were asked to rate their supervisor's
leadership style as either (1) authoritarian or (2) participatory. This is an example of _______ .
a) interval level data
b) ordinal level data
c) nominal level data
d) ratio level data
e) relative level data

Ans: c
Response: See section 1.4, Data Measurement
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: 1.4: Compare the four different levels of data: nominal, ordinal, interval,
and ratio.

53. A market research analyst has asked consumers to rate the appearance of a new package on a
scale of 1 to 5. A 1 means that the appearance is awful while a 5 means that it is excellent. The
measurement level of this data is _______.
a) interval level data
b) ordinal level data
c) nominal level data
d) ratio level data
e) relative level data

Ans: b
Response: See section 1.4, Data Measurement
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: 1.4: Compare the four different levels of data: nominal, ordinal, interval,
and ratio.

54. The social security number of employees would be an example of what level of data
measurement?
a) Interval level data
b) Ordinal level data
c) Nominal level data
d) Ratio level data
e) Relative level data

Ans: c
Response: See section 1.4, Data Measurement
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: 1.4: Compare the four different levels of data: nominal, ordinal, interval,
and ratio.

55. Sales of a restaurant (in dollars) are an example of what level of data measurement?
a) Interval level data
b) Ordinal level data
c) Nominal level data
d) Ratio level data
e) Relative level data

Ans: d
Response: See section 1.4, Data Measurement
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: 1.4: Compare the four different levels of data: nominal, ordinal, interval,
and ratio.

56. Grades on a test range from 0 to 100. This level of data is _______.
a) interval level data
b) ordinal level data
c) nominal level data
d) ratio level data
e) relative level data

Ans: d
Response: See section 1.4, Data Measurement
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: 1.4: Compare the four different levels of data: nominal, ordinal, interval,
and ratio.

57. If it were not for the existence of an "absolute zero," ratio data would be considered the same
as _______.
a) interval level data
b) ordinal level data
c) nominal level data
d) ratio level data
e) relative level data

Ans: a
Response: See section 1.4, Data Measurement
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: 1.4: Compare the four different levels of data: nominal, ordinal, interval,
and ratio.

58. Scholastic Aptitude Test scores are an example of what type of measurement scale?
a) Interval level data
b) Ordinal level data
c) Nominal level data
d) Ratio level data
e) Relative level data

Ans: a
Response: See section 1.4, Data Measurement
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: 1.4: Compare the four different levels of data: nominal, ordinal, interval,
and ratio.

59. Which types of data are normally used in parametric statistics?

a) Interval or ratio level data
b) Ordinal or nominal level data
c) Nominal or ratio level data
d) Ratio or ordinal level data
e) Relative or ratio level data

Ans: a
Response: See section 1.4, Data Measurement
Difficulty: Hard
Learning Objective: 1.4: Compare the four different levels of data: nominal, ordinal, interval,
and ratio.

60. Which types of data are normally used with nonparametric statistics?
a) Interval or ratio level data
b) Ordinal or nominal level data
c) Nominal or ratio level data
d) Ratio or ordinal level data
e) Relative or ratio level data

Ans: b
Response: See section 1.4, Data Measurement
Difficulty: Hard
Learning Objective: 1.4: Compare the four different levels of data: nominal, ordinal, interval,
and ratio.

61. Using data from a group to generalize to a larger group involves the use of _______.
a) descriptive statistics
b) inferential statistics
c) population derivation
d) sample persuasion
e) relative level data

Ans: b
Response: See section 1.2, Basic Statistical Concepts
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: 1.2: define important statistical terms, including population, sample, and
parameter, as they relate to descriptive and inferential statistics.

62. A student makes an 82 on the first test in a statistics course. From this, she estimates that her
average at the end of the semester (after other tests) will be about 82. This is an example of ___.
a) descriptive statistics
b) inferential statistics
c) population derivation
d) sample persuasion
e) relative level data

Ans: b
Response: See section 1.2, Basic Statistical Concepts
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: 1.2: define important statistical terms, including population, sample, and
parameter, as they relate to descriptive and inferential statistics.

63. Jessica Salas, president of Salas Products, is reviewing the warranty policy for her company's
new model of automobile batteries. Life tests performed on a sample of 100 batteries indicated
an average life of seven years under normal usage. Jessica recommended a six-year warranty
period for the new model. This is an example of _____________.
a) descriptive statistics
b) executive forecasting
c) population derivation
d) sample persuasion
e) inferential statistics

Ans: e
Response: See section 1.2, Basic Statistical Concepts
Difficulty: Hard
Learning Objective: 1.2: define important statistical terms, including population, sample, and
parameter, as they relate to descriptive and inferential statistics.

64. On discovering an improperly adjusted drill press, Jack Joyner, Director of Quality
Control, ordered an inspection of every fifth casting drilled during the evening shift. Less than
1% of the castings were defective; so, Jack released the evening shift's production to assembly.
This is an example of _______________.
a) nonparametric statistics
b) nominal data
c) descriptive statistics
d) inferential statistics
e) judgmental statistics

Ans: d
Response: See section 1.2, Basic Statistical Concepts
Difficulty: Hard
Learning Objective: 1.2: define important statistical terms, including population, sample, and
parameter, as they relate to descriptive and inferential statistics.

65. A new sales person is paid a commission on each sale. This person made $2,000 his first
month on the job. From this he concludes that he will make $24,000 during his first year. This
is an example of _______.
a) inferential statistics
b) nominal data
c) descriptive statistics
d) deferential statistics
e) nonparametric statistics

Ans: a
Response: See section 1.2, Basic Statistical Concepts
Difficulty: Hard
Learning Objective: 1.2: define important statistical terms, including population, sample, and
parameter, as they relate to descriptive and inferential statistics.

66. A market researcher is interested in determining the average income for families in Duval
County, Florida. To accomplish this, she takes a random sample of 400 families from the county
and uses the data gathered from them to estimate the average income for families of the entire
county. This process is an example of _______.
a) nonparametric statistics
b) nominal data
c) descriptive statistics
d) inferential statistics
e) census

Ans: d
Response: See section 1.2, Basic Statistical Concepts
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: 1.2: define important statistical terms, including population, sample, and
parameter, as they relate to descriptive and inferential statistics.

67. The Universal Pulp Company has a plant in Portland, Oregon. Management wants to
determine the average number of sick days taken per worker in this plant in 2006. To do this, the
management gathers records on all the workers in the plant and averages the number of sick days
taken in 2006 by each worker. This process is using _______.
a) nonparametric statistics
b) nominal data
c) descriptive statistics
d) inferential statistics
e) a census

Ans: e
Response: See section 1.2, Basic Statistical Concepts
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: 1.2: define important statistical terms, including population, sample, and
parameter, as they relate to descriptive and inferential statistics.
68. The Magnolia Swimming Pool Company wants to determine the average number of years it
takes before a major repair is required on one of the pools that the company constructs. The
president of the company asks Rick Johnson, a company accountant, to randomly contact fifty
families that built Magnolia pools in the past ten years and determine how long it was in each
case until a major repair. The information will then be used to estimate the average number of
years until a major repair for all pools sold by Magnolia. The average based on the data gathered
from the fifty families can best be described as a _______.
a) parameter
b) sample
c) population
d) statistic
e) frame

Ans: d
Response: See section 1.2, Basic Statistical Concepts
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: 1.2: define important statistical terms, including population, sample, and
parameter, as they relate to descriptive and inferential statistics.

69. The Chamber of Commerce wants to assess its membership's opinions of the North American
Free Trade Agreement. One-hundred of the 2,000 members are randomly selected and contacted
by telephone. Seventy-five reported an overall favorable opinion, and twenty-five reported an
overall unfavorable opinion. The proportion, 0.75, is a ___________.
a) parameter
b) statistic
c) population
d) sample
e) frame

Ans: b
Response: See section 1.2, Basic Statistical Concepts
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: 1.2: define important statistical terms, including population, sample, and
parameter, as they relate to descriptive and inferential statistics.

70. What proportion of San Diego’s registered voters favor trade restrictions with China? In an
effort to determine this, a research team calls every registered voter in San Diego and contacts
them. The proportion determined from the data gathered is a _______.
a) parameter
b) sample
c) population
d) statistic
e) frame

Ans: a
Response: See section 1.2, Basic Statistical Concepts
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: 1.2: define important statistical terms, including population, sample, and
parameter, as they relate to descriptive and inferential statistics.

71. A researcher wants to know what the average variation is in altimeters of small, privately
owned airplanes. The task of determining this is expensive and time consuming, if even possible,
given the large number of such airplanes. The researcher decides to use government records to
randomly locate the owners of ten such planes and then get permission to test the altimeters.
When the researcher is done, he will use the data gathered from the group of ten to reach
conclusions about all small, privately owned airplanes. This process can best be described as
_______.
a) data statistics
b) research statistics
c) descriptive statistics
d) inferential statistics
e) nonparametric statistics

Ans: d
Response: See section 1.2, Basic Statistical Concepts
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: 1.2: define important statistical terms, including population, sample, and
parameter, as they relate to descriptive and inferential statistics.

72. A researcher wants to know what the average variation is in altimeters of small, privately
owned airplanes. The task of determining this is expensive and time consuming, if even possible,
given the large number of such airplanes. The researcher decides to use government records to
randomly locate the owners of ten such planes and then get permission to test the altimeters.
When the researcher is done, he will use the data gathered from the group of ten to reach
conclusions about all small, privately owned airplanes. The average variation computed using the
data gathered on the group of ten airplanes is best described as a _______.
a) measurement
b) data
c) statistic
d) parameter.
e) census

Ans: c
Response: See section 1.2, Basic Statistical Concepts
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: 1.2: define important statistical terms, including population, sample, and
parameter, as they relate to descriptive and inferential statistics.

73. How much inventory do Christmas tree sales lots keep? A researcher goes from location to
location around the city counting the number of trees in each lot. These numbers most likely
represent what level of data?
a) Interval level
b) Ordinal level
c) Nominal level
d) Ratio level
e) Relative level

Ans: d
Response: See section 1.4, Basic Data Measurement
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: 1.4: Compare the four different levels of data: nominal, ordinal, interval,
and ratio.

74. During the Valentine's season, different offices in a company are encouraged to decorate
their doors. A committee then goes around and ranks the doors according to how well the doors
are decorated. The best door gets a ranking of “1”; the second best gets a ranking of “2”, etc.
The numbers of these rankings represent which level of data?
a) Interval level
b) Ordinal level
c) Nominal level
d) Ratio level
e) Relative level

Ans: b
Response: See section 1.4, Data Measurement
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: 1.4: Compare the four different levels of data: nominal, ordinal, interval,
and ratio.

75. A large manufacturing company in Indianapolis produces valves for the chemical industry.
According to specifications, one particular valve is supposed to have a five-inch opening on the
side. Quality control inspectors take random samples of these valves just after the hole is bored.
They measure the size of the hole in an effort to determine if the machine is out-of-adjustment.
The measurement of the diameter of the hole represents which level of data?
a) Interval level
b) Ordinal level
c) Nominal level
d) Central level
e) Ratio level

Ans: e
Response: See section 1.4, Data Measurement
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: 1.4: Compare the four different levels of data: nominal, ordinal, interval,
and ratio.

76. A marketing demographic survey is undertaken to determine the market potential for a new
product. One of the questions asked is: What type of residence do you live in? Respondents are
offered several possible answers including: house, apartment, or condominiums. In order to
computerize the survey answers, the responses are coded as a 1 if the answer is "house", a 2 if
the answer is an "apartment", and a 3 if the answer is a "condominium". These numbers, 1, 2,
and 3, are examples of which level of data?
a) Interval level
b) Ordinal level
c) Nominal level
d) Ratio level
e) Relative level

Ans: c
Response: See section 1.4, Data Measurement
Difficulty: Medium

Learning Objective: 1.4: Compare the four different levels of data: nominal, ordinal, interval,
and ratio.

77. A marketing survey is conducted to ascertain the potentiality of several new products. A
series of focus groups is used to conduct this survey. At the end of one of the sessions, the group
members are asked to rank the remaining eight products in order of desirability. A one indicates
the most favored product and an eight is awarded to the least desirable. These numbers are
examples of which level of data?
a) Interval level
b) Ordinal level
c) Nominal level
d) Ratio level
e) Relative level

Ans: b
Response: See section 1.4, Data Measurement
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: 1.4: Compare the four different levels of data: nominal, ordinal, interval,
and ratio.

78. A business is attempting to find the best small town in the United States in which to relocate.
As part of the investigation, the elevations of all small towns in the United States
are researched. Some towns are located high in the Rockies with elevations over
8,000 feet. There are even some towns located in the south central valley of
California with elevations below sea level. These elevations can best be described
as which level of data?a) Interval level
b) Ordinal level
c) Nominal level
d) Ratio level
e) Relative level

Ans: a
Response: See section 1.4, Data Measurement
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: 1.4: Compare the four different levels of data: nominal, ordinal, interval,
and ratio.

79. The process of summarizing the data is called

a) inferential statistics
b) nominal data
c) descriptive statistics
d) deferential statistics
e) nonparametric statistics

Ans: c
Response: See section 1.2, Basic Statistical Concepts
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: 1.2: define important statistical terms, including population, sample, and
parameter, as they relate to descriptive and inferential statistics.
80. A cancer research group was interested in determining the percentage of women 40 years or
older that have regularly scheduled mammograms. To accomplish this, they surveyed 500
women in this age group and based on 155 women that responded affirmatively, estimated the
percentage of all women in this age group that have regularly scheduled mammograms. This
process is an example of _________
a) nonparametric statistics
b) nominal data
c) descriptive statistics
d) inferential statistics
e) census

Ans: d
Response: See section 1.2, Basic Statistical Concepts
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: 1.2: define important statistical terms, including population, sample, and
parameter, as they relate to descriptive and inferential statistics.

81. 200 manufactured items are randomly selected from a production run and 9 of them are
defective. The proportion of defective items in this sample is a ________

a) parameter
b) sample
c) population
d) statistic
e) frame

Ans: d
Response: See section 1.2, Basic Statistical Concepts
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: 1.2: define important statistical terms, including population, sample, and
parameter, as they relate to descriptive and inferential statistics.

82. A manager was asked to rate the performance of his employees on a scale of 1 to 6. A 1
means that the performance is awful while a 6 means that it is excellent. The measurement level
of this data is _______.
a) interval level data
b) ordinal level data
c) nominal level data
d) ratio level data
e) relative level data

Ans: b
Response: See section 1.4, Data Measurement
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: 1.4: Compare the four different levels of data: nominal, ordinal, interval,
and ratio.

83. Which of the following is not a random variable when flipping a coin?
a) Assigning 1 when Tail and 0 when Head
b) Assigning 0 when Head and 1 when Tail
c) The list of outcomes Head and Tail
d) The number of Heads
e) Assigning 1 when Tail or Head

Ans: e
Response: See section 1.3 Variable and data
Difficulty: Hard
Learning Objective: 1.3: Explain the difference between variables, measurement, and data.
Another random document with
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 PLATE III.

Plate III.—No. 1. Overhand or thumb knot. Prevents the end of a

rope opening out or passing through the sheaves of a block.
No. 2. Figure of eight knot. Used as No. 1.
No. 3. Square or reef knot. Will sometimes jam with small ropes.
No. 4. The knot we all make until we learn better, known as the
granny, and will both slip and jam.
No. 5. The bend or weaver’s knot, used for joining ropes together
or securing a rope through an eye splice.
No. 6. Wolding stick hitch, is serviceable only in connection with a
pole used as a lever.
No. 7. Bale sling, for hanging on to hook of lifting tackle.
No. 8. Magnus hitch, or rolling hitch, for lifting material.
No. 9. Two half hitches, or builder’s knot, or clove hitch. Used for
tying ledgers to standards.
No. 10. Loop knot, used where ends of rope are not available.
No. 11. Loop knot, used where ends of pole are not available.
No. 12. Boat knot.
No. 13. Sheepshank, or dogshank, a method of shortening a rope
without cutting it or reducing its strength.
 PLATE IV.

Plate IV.—No. 14. Blackwall hitch, very powerful, but requires

watching or may slip.
No. 15. Midshipman’s hitch, used as shown with a rounded hook.
No. 16. Catspaw is an endless loop, and is used where great
power is required.
No. 17. Capstan knot, or bowline. After tightening it will not slip.
No. 18. Timber hitch, for carrying scaffold poles. Take one turn
round the pole and standing part, and finish with jamming turns.
No. 19. Artificer’s knot, or half hitch and overhand.
No. 20. Topsail halliard bend, used as a timber hitch.
No. 21. Bowline on a bight. A board across the loops makes a
useful seat.
No. 22. Racking or nippering is a method of temporarily joining two
ropes for lengthening purposes. The ends are laid side by side for
about 18 inches, and the marline or spunyarn is taken for about a
dozen turns round both, then by round turns over all and fastened
with a reef knot.
Nos. 23 and 24. Round seizing. With a slip knot at the end of the
spunyarn take a turn round the ropes to be nipped together. This turn
should be pulled tight, and continued for about a dozen turns (No.
22); then take the end through the last turn, and take turns over the
first laid, finishing by carrying the spunyarn two or three times
between the rope and the seizing. Knot the end by jamming turns,
keeping the whole well taut (No. 24).
 PLATE V.

Plate V.—No. 25. Butt or barrel sling when placed horizontally.

No. 26. Butt or barrel sling when placed vertically.
No. 27. Double overhand knot.
No. 28. Running bowline.
Nos. 29 and 30. Band tie, marrying or splicing. Commence as No.
29, and after continuing the turns until near the end of the rope, take
the rope twice between the poles and round the turns first laid, and
finish with jamming turns. Tighten with a wedge.
Nos. 31, 32 and 33. Tying between standard and ledger.
Commence with two half hitches as No. 31. Then twist ropes
together as far as they will go, and place ledger in position above the
hitches (No. 32). The twisted ropes are then drawn up in the front of
the ledger to the left of the standard, taken round the back of the
standard, brought again to the front and round ledger at the right of
the standard, then cross in front of the standard and round the ledger
at the left of the standard, and brought up and carried round the back
of the standard. This process is repeated until the end of the rope is
nearly reached, when it is given two or three turns round the ledger
and fastened off with jamming turns (No. 33). To tighten, drive a
wedge at back of standard.
 PLATE VI.

Plate VI.—No. 34. Portuguese knot for shear legs, made by

several turns of the rope round the poles, and interlaced at the ends.
No. 35. Running bow knot—inferior to No. 28.
No. 36. Bowline—inferior to No. 17.
No. 37. Double bend—useful where a small rope is bent on to a
larger. The end of the rope is given one extra turn round the bight of
the other, with the consequence of a great increase of strength.
No. 38. Fisherman’s knot.
No. 39. Lark’s head, fastened to a running knot.
No. 40. Where increased strength is required a small rope can be
attached to a larger one by means of a rolling hitch. The whole
arrangement comes apart as soon as the strain is removed.
No. 41. A method of lifting scaffold poles in a vertical position by
the use of the timber hitch and half hitch. If it is required to free the
upper end while the pole is being carried, the half hitch can be
replaced by a cord tied round the pole and the lifting rope.
 CHAPTER VI

SCAFFOLDING ACCESSORIES AND THEIR USE

Ladders.—A ladder consists of a pair of sides connected by a

series of oak or ash treads or rungs. The sides of long ladders are
formed by cutting lengthwise a straight fir pole into two pieces. Short
ladders are made with square sides, but they are heavier and, as the
grain seldom runs continuously throughout their length, also weaker.
The pole for the sides is selected for its straightness of fibre, for a
twisted pole cannot be sawn lengthwise without cutting across part
of the grain, which as before stated is a source of weakness.
The pole has to be bored for the rungs, and this may be done
either before or after it has been cut lengthwise. It is better to bore
first, as then the holes occur at coincident intervals on each side; the
rungs by this means are kept parallel and level.
The rungs are placed 9 inches apart, and are from 1 in. to 11⁄2-in.
in depth in the centre, decreasing to 5⁄8-inch diameter at the ends.
The ends of the rungs are painted with red lead before insertion, and
any projections are afterwards cut off flush with the sides. They can
be fastened at each end with wedges (see fig. 63), or pins of 1⁄4-inch
diameter can be cut through the sides, as fig. 64, to fix every fifth or
sixth rung.
The first method is the better, as cross boring of the sides greatly
weakens them; but as the wedges may work out, an iron rod 5⁄16-
inch in diameter should be placed below every eighth or ninth rung,
and bolted on the outside for extra security.
The iron rods should not be used as treads instead of the wooden
rungs as they offer an insecure foothold. The rungs are considered
to be dangerous for use when they have been reduced by wear to
one half of their original depth. The best rungs are made from old
wheel-spokes, as they are well seasoned. The sides, which may be
of sufficient length to receive 100 rungs, are 9 inches apart at the top
and from 12 to 13 inches apart at the bottom, according to the length
of the ladder.

Fig. 63

Fig. 64
Extension ladders are useful where, owing to the varying heights
of the work, different lengths of ladders are required. The two halves
of the ladder are connected in various ways, but if well made they
are easily raised and lowered. They should be used only for the very
lightest work, such as painting, cleaning down, &c.

Trestles.—Trestles are used chiefly by painters plasterers, and

mechanics engaged on work that is not at a great height from the
ground or floor level, and for which a platform is required. They stand
from 6 to 12 feet in height, and the rungs should be sufficiently wide
to carry three boards for the working platform. They are made of
yellow deal, with mortised joints and wrought-iron hinges (fig. 65).
 Fig. 65

Steps.—Steps are built up with two sides of the required height,

about 5 inches wide and 1 inch thick; the top and bottom are sawn to
a bevel so that they stand inclined.
The steps, which are grooved into the sides and fixed with screws,
are about 6 inches wide by 11⁄2 inches thick, and increase slightly in
length as they descend. This increase adds to the stability of the
steps as the width of the base is increased. The distance between
each step is from 7 to 9 inches.
At the back of the top step two legs about 21⁄2 inches wide by 1
inch thick are secured by strong flap hinges. The legs are framed
together by two cross pieces, 3 or 4 inches wide and 1 inch thick.
The back legs, by opening out on the flap hinges, enable the entire
framework to stand upon an even surface. To prevent the legs
opening too far, they are connected to the sides of the steps by
cords.

Cripples.—The simplest form of cripple is shown on fig. 66, which

sufficiently explains the design.
This cripple forms a fixed angle with the ladder, which, in order to
keep the platform level, can be laid only at one slope against the
wall. The defect is removed if the cripple is hinged and fitted with a
quadrant and pin, as shown on fig. 67. The platform in this case can
be kept level by adjustment irrespective of slope of ladder. The
bracket should be long enough to carry a platform three boards wide,
but as a rule it carries two.
Fig. 66
 Fig. 67
Cripples may project from either side of the ladder, and are usually
hung on the rungs. An advantage is gained if, in addition to this, clips
are provided to clutch the sides of the ladder.

Buckets and Skips.—Besides the ordinary pail, which needs no

description, larger buckets are commonly used for carrying concrete,
mortar, earth, or any other moist or friable material.
Fig. 68 shows the tipping bucket, or skip, which balances on its
hinges at a. The hinges are so placed that they are above the centre
of gravity of the bucket when empty, and below the centre of gravity
when full. This position allows the bucket to remain upright when
empty, but it will make half a revolution and empty its contents when
full. To prevent this action occurring before it is required, a catch on
hinges is fixed on the rim of the bucket at b.
 Fig. 68
While the catch is in the position shown, the bucket cannot tilt, but
if it is turned back the bucket makes the half revolution required, and
after emptying its contents, swings upright of its own accord.
Buckets are constructed of steel, and the standard sizes vary in
capacity from 1⁄4 to 1 cubic yard.
For a similar purpose a steel box is used. In this case the bottom
of the box is hinged, and on the catch being released, drops out,
allowing the material to fall over any desired spot. The catch can be
released from above or below by means of a chain connected
thereto, and the bottom of the box regains its position when lowered
to the ground for refilling.
Each box is fitted with a bow for chain hook, or lugs for chain
slings; has a capacity of about 3 cubic feet, is made of steel plates,
and may be round or square on plan.

Baskets.—Baskets (as shown in figs. 69-73) have a capacity of

about 1 cubic foot.
There are three qualities of cane used in their construction:
‘Mackerel back,’ recognised by its peculiar markings, ‘Short Nature,’
and ‘Squeaky.’ Of these, the first is the best, the others following in
the order named. It is a defect of the baskets as ordinarily
constructed that their handles and bottoms give way after very little
wear. Several improvements have been put on the market, the best
of which are shown as follows.

Fig. 69

Fig. 70
 In fig. 69 the black line represents an iron hook bent to the shape
required, and the cane plaited round as for the ordinary basket.
It is claimed that the handles and bottoms of these baskets cannot
give way, and it is a claim that is probably correct.
Owing to the difficulties of construction due to the rigidity of the
iron hoop, they cost more than the ordinary basket, and this, with
their extra weight, is unfortunately against their general adoption.
Variations of the same idea are shown on figs. 70 and 71.

Fig. 71
 Fig. 72

Fig. 73
In the first case (fig. 70) the iron is in two parts, which theoretically
would allow of weakness, but in practice the basket answers its
purpose well.
In fig. 71 the rigid ironwork is placed by a wire rope spliced to
make a complete circle. This kind of basket is easier to make and
less in weight than those just mentioned, but the cost of the rope
keeps the price high.
Fig. 72 shows another safety arrangement. a is a tarred hemp
rope built into the basket as shown, and the ends fitted with eyelets
for hoisting purposes, the handles being kept for use by the
workmen.
The arrangement is a practical one, and gives the required
element of safety to the baskets so long as the rope remains sound.
Ordinarily constructed baskets can be made temporarily safe by
passing the slinging rope or chain through the handles and round the
bottom of the basket, as shown on fig. 73. To prevent the rope
slipping, and to give the basket a flat bottom, pieces of wood can be
fitted as shown.

Navvy Barrows.—Navvy barrows (fig. 74) are of hard wood,

wrought and cast iron fittings and steel axles. They are fitted with
iron, or wooden wheels bound with iron, and vary in weight from 60
to 75 lbs., and have a capacity of about 1⁄10 of a cubic yard.
A barrow of this class can be slung by passing a hook through the
wheel and rings round the handles.

Stone Bogies.—Stone bogies (fig. 75) can be fitted with plain

wheels for running on flat surfaces, or flanged wheels for rails. They
are of oak, with steel axles and cast-iron wheels. The handles for
pulling are detachable and adjustable to either end.

Hand Barrows.—Hand barrows as fig. 76 are useful for carrying

light loads, and, when bearing material that cannot roll, may also be
slung.

Hods.—Hods (fig. 77) are used on small jobs in which to carry

mortar, bricks, &c. In capacity they will hold 2⁄3 of a cubic foot of
mortar or twenty bricks, but an ordinary load is 16 walling or 12
facing bricks, the weight of which is considered to be enough for a
man to carry up a ladder.

Fig. 74

Fig. 75

Fig. 76