17, BAE146AVRO 146 RJ ATA 20-00 Airframe Stand Pract - 30p

BAE146AVRO 146 RJ
MAINTENANCE TRAINING MANUAL

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ATA 20-00
AIRFRAME STANDARD
PRACTICES
BAE146AVRO 146 RJ MAINTENANCE TRAINING MANUAL
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TABLE OF CONTENT BEARINGS REMOVAL INSTALLATION ................................................23
INSTALL BEARINGS ..........................................................................23
HYDRAULIC FLUID SAFETY PRECAUTIONS........................................ 3 SAFETYING OF TURNBUCKLE ASSEMBLIES.....................................25
PERSONAL PRECAUTIONS................................................................ 3 ASSEMBLY .........................................................................................25
TECHNICAL PRECAUTIONS............................................................... 3 INSPECTION ......................................................................................25
CONTAMINATION OF PASSENGER COMPARTMENT WINDOWS .. 3 TORQUE TIGHTENING .........................................................................27
CHLORINATED FLUID – CONTAMINATION....................................... 5
WATER CONTAMINATION .................................................................. 5
SAMPLING ........................................................................................... 5
TORQUE TIGHTENING OF PIPE UNIONS ............................................. 7
TORQUE TIGHTENING WITHOUT A TORQUE WRENCH................. 7
REPAIR OF HYDRAULIC PIPES ......................................................... 9
INSTALLATION .................................................................................... 9
BLEEDING – TESTING ........................................................................ 9
ELECTRICAL BONDING........................................................................ 10
ELECTRICAL BONDING........................................................................ 11
BONDING METHODS: ....................................................................... 11
SEALING OF INTEGRAL FUEL TANKS ................................................ 13
MIXING OF SEALANT MATERIAL ..................................................... 13
APPLICATION OF SEALANT ............................................................. 15
TWO STAGE METHOD .................................................................. 15
DIRECT METHOD........................................................................... 15
SEALING OF PRESSURIZED COMPARTMENTS......................... 17
SEALING OF PRESSURIZED COMPARTMENTS......................... 17
PROCEDURES: .............................................................................. 17
CONTROL CABLE INSPECTION .......................................................... 18
CONTROL CABLE INSPECTION .......................................................... 19
CONTROL CABLE CLASSES......................................................... 19
WEAR LIMITS ................................................................................. 19
BROKEN WIRES ............................................................................ 20
BROKEN WIRES ............................................................................ 21
CORROSION .................................................................................. 21
BEARINGS REMOVAL INSTALLATION ................................................ 22
Revision: February 2011 © Swiss Aviation Training Ltd. FOR TRAINING ONLY
Issue: 01 Reproduction prohibited
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Airframe Standard Practices
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HYDRAULIC FLUID SAFETY
PRECAUTIONS
PERSONAL PRECAUTIONS
Wash hands thoroughly with soap and water before starting work. Apply Prevent contamination of fluid with other oils, water or dirt. Do not unpack
a barrier cream to hands, wrists and forearms. Rub cream under finger seals until required for use.
nails and into creases of skin. Wear cotton glove inter-liners and fluid When assembling hydraulic system seals, use only Type IV phosphate
resistant industrial gloves. ester fluid as a lubricant.
Wear goggles when pressure testing units or systems, and at any time Use only Type IV phosphate ester fluid for flushing or testing hydraulic
when there is a possibility of fluid splashing into eyes. units and systems; make certain a coating of fluid is left over internal
If fluid splashes into eyes, treat immediately by irrigating thoroughly with surfaces
clean, cold water. Obtain medical aid.
After work is completed, wash outer gloves with soap and hot water, CONTAMINATION OF PASSENGER COMPARTMENT
change cotton gloves daily. WINDOWS
Wash hands, wrists and forearms with soap and hot water after removing If passenger compartment windows are contaminated by hydraulic fluid,
gloves, or whenever they have been in contact with fluid. affected window(s) must be removed immediately so that fluid can be
removed from all parts. Wash parts in soapy water or detergent, making
If clothing becomes soaked with fluid, remove as soon as possible, wash certain grooves in seal are perfectly clean. After drying, inspect panels
skin, and change clothing. for crazing; renew, if necessary, and install window(s).
TECHNICAL PRECAUTIONS
Make certain fluid does not contact parts of aircraft outside hydraulic
system.
Keep spillage to an absolute minimum. Contaminated areas are to be
treated with water miscible cleaning solution or water miscible cleaning
solution, undiluted, and applied using a sponge or lint-free cloth. Seams
and crevices are to be cleaned using a stiff brush. Resultant emulsified
contaminants must be removed by rinsing off thoroughly with clean
water.
FIGURE 1:HYDRAULIC CONTAMINATION
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CHLORINATED FLUID – CONTAMINATION
Cleaning fluids in general contain, or are based on, chlorinated solvents.
These solvents or their residues can combine with minute amounts of
water that may be present in hydraulic systems to form hydrochloric acid.
This acid will attack internal metallic surfaces in an hydraulic system,
particularly ferrous materials, and produce rust-like corrosion, which is
virtually impossible to stop. The result is that complete system
decontamination and component overhaul is usually necessary to restore
system to a serviceable condition.
Contamination by chlorinated solvents must be prevented when
performing hydraulic system maintenance or component overhaul. If
chlorinated solvents are used then it is essential that all surfaces are dry
and free from residual solvent before assembly. Hydraulic test rig
connectors, and any ground servicing equipment being used, must be
decontaminated before connection to aircraft.
WATER CONTAMINATION
Although chlorine is the significant element in producing hydrochloric
acid, it can only do this by combining with water present in hydraulic fluid.
In some hydraulic fluids, an excessive water content can result in
formation of gelatinous deposits; these can clog filter elements and small
passageways.
SAMPLING
Hydraulic fluid in aircraft systems and test rigs must be periodically
checked for chlorine and water content to make certain they these
remain within specified limits.
FIGURE 2: SAMPLING
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TORQUE TIGHTENING OF PIPE
UNIONS
Permaswage and MS fittings with swaged sleeves, and components
installed into blocks, must be tightened to the torque values given unless
a specific torque is given in a procedure.
The threads must be lightly lubricated with the lubricant for the relevant
system given
NOTE: Fitting size, for example -8, refers to its associated pipe in
sixteenths of an inch. Therefore, a -8 fitting is used with a 1/2 inch
diameter pipe.
TORQUE TIGHTENING WITHOUT A TORQUE

WRENCH
If couplings, unions or components are inaccessible to a torque wrench,
use the following procedure:-
If applicable, loosen adjacent pipe clamp to aid pipe alignment.
Rotate union nut, union or component until finger-tight or until a sharp
increase in torque is noted.
Rotate union nut, union or component with a wrench a further 60 to 120
degrees, that is one or two hexagon flats.
If applicable, tighten pipe clamp.
FIGURE 3:TORQUE VALUES
Torque in lbf.in. (mdaN) Tolerance ± 5%
Fitting Size a) Unions to components c) Components to blocks
b) Pipe-to-pipe unions
a) Corrosion resistant steel unions to components a) L/alloy unions to components b) L/
b) Corrosion resistant steel tubing to light alloy or L/alloy unions. c) Components to blo
corrosion resistant steel unions
-4 140 (1.58) 110 (1.24)
-5 190 (2.15) 140 (1.58)
-6 270 (3.05) 170 (1.92)
-8 500 (5.65) 280 (3.16)
-10 700 (7.91) 360 (4.06)
-12 900 (10.17) 450 (5.08)
-16 1200 (13.56) 750 (8.47)
-20 1600 (18.08) 900 (10.17)
-24 2000 (22.6) 900 (10.17)
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REPAIR OF HYDRAULIC PIPES
Identify damaged pipe.
Disconnect pipe at both ends, drain, and blank using pipe blanks. Continue tightening until slide and coupling are felt to bottom against
union.
Cut pipe at centre of damage or crack.
Check for visibility of mark.
NOTE: Damage must not extend for more than 0.3 in. (7.62 mm). Larger
areas will require splicing. Minimum workable length 4.5 in. (114.3 mm). Back off nut and check that both slide and coupling have bottomed
against union shoulder .
De-burr pipe ends.
NOTE: Union must touch tape and coupling must intersect mark.
NOTE: Maximum gap between pipe ends must not exceed 0.25 in. (6.35
mm). Re-tighten assembly.
Select appropriate size 'H-Fitting'. Remove blanks and re-connect pipes.
Using cleaning fluid clean working area of pipe.
BLEEDING – TESTING
Wrap one layer of tape round pipe at position shown on template
Pressurize hydraulic system, bleed and check for leaks at repaired area
provided with the 'H-Fitting'.
and disturbed joints. Perform relevant functional check on system(s)
Using marker pen, mark pipe opposite position shown on template. disturbed.
Ensure pipe interior is clean and free from any contamination.
INSTALLATION
Position nut on pipe and slide past tape.
Position slide on pipe with rounded end away from nut .
Position coupling on pipe at mark.

Engage union on pipe ends and position against tape.
Fit nut onto coupling and tighten with union against tape.
NOTE: Hold coupling. DO NOT TURN.
FIGURE 4:HYDRAULI PIPE REPAIRE
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ELECTRICAL BONDING BONDING METHODS:
• bridging contact bonding via conducting bolt and nut (oversealed)
These procedures, based on British Aerospace Process Specification • direct contact bonding (oversealed)
AVP 7-052, define the requirements and recommended practices for the
electrical bonding and earth return of aircraft structures, components and • bridging contact bonding via conducting bolt and nut (oversealed)
equipment in order to :- • direct contact bonding using bonding leads (oversealed)
Prevent the accumulation of electrostatic charge. • direct contact bonding using bonding leads (without overseal)
Minimize the possibility of electric shock from the electrical generation • pipe bonding (single or multi-storey fixed clamp block)
and distribution system.
• pipe bonding (single or multi-storey floating clamp block)
Provide an adequate electrical return path under both normal and fault
conditions on aircraft having earthed electrical systems. • pipe to pipe bonding using clips (oversealed)
Prevent interference with the functioning of essential services (e.g. radio • pipe to pipe bonding using bonding lugs (oversealed)
communications and navigational aids). • external antennas and antenna components direct contact bonding
Provide a path for conveying electrical current following a lightning strike. (oversealed)
The methods of bonding for individual parts are detailed in the • bonding by direct contact (oversealed)
component figure reference. The bonding symbol indicates, by a leader
• earth plates (oversealed)
line, the precise area or point that is to be bonded.
• earth lead installation - (oversealed)
• earth return via single pole fitting
• earth return via mating structure (oversealed)
FIGURE 5:ELECTRICAL BONDING
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SEALING OF INTEGRAL FUEL
TANKS
This procedure defines sealing operations that provide an effective joint Mixing must be done slowly in a rotary action; do not use a beating action
sealing for integral fuel tanks. It is applicable to in-situ and component as this is likely to entrap air bubbles in mixture. If a mechanical mixer is
removal conditions. The particular application to a given situation is an to be used, it must be a flat paddle type limited to 70 r.p.m. because fast
operator's option, to select that practice and treatment that is most mixing will shorten work life and may affect thixotropic nature of sealant.
suitable. When it is intended to mix large quantities of sealant and take advantage
It is vitally important to success of sealing operation that surfaces to be of refrigeration storage, this must be in accordance with storage
coated are carefully cleaned immediately prior to application of sealant instructions .
and thereafter not touched by hand. When it is required to use small amounts of sealant, make certain
accurate proportions of base and accelerator are maintained.
MIXING OF SEALANT MATERIAL
Correct mixing of accelerator into base material is one of the most
important parts of process. Before opening, make certain base and
accelerator are of same batch, expiry date has not been exceeded, and
following conditions apply :-
Care must be taken to make certain all mixing equipment is free from
grease and dirt.
Entire contents of accelerator container must be carefully mixed into
base materials for about 5 minutes, until a streak-free homogeneous mix
is obtained. Particular attention must be paid to bottom and sides of
container.
Metal containers of base compound must have lip of container removed
to facilitate removal of compound from vertical wall during mixing.
FIGURE 6:SEALING OF FUEL TANKS
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APPLICATION OF SEALANT
Assembly of Taper-lock fasteners requires that parts be clamped
Two methods of assembly are permissible, 1. two stage method and 2.
together with sealant or sealant prior to drilling of pilot holes and then
direct method.
finally drilled without separating plates.
TWO STAGE METHOD Sealant may be applied by means of a brush or an extension gun.
Parts must be clamped, drilled and dismantled, and sharp or rough Amount used in a joint must be just sufficient to fill joint and exude to
edges left by drill must be removed. All swarf must be removed from form a continuous fillet at edges when joint is closed. This is to be
between surfaces and a check made to make certain there are no achieved within work life of sealant.
significant gaps between plates, or that any special tolerances have not
been exceeded. Surfaces must be cleaned.
Sealant must be applied thinly to both mating surfaces of tank boundary
members. Sealant may be applied to only one surface in areas in which
secondary leak paths can occur. Parts shall then be clamped together
and fasteners inserted.
DIRECT METHOD
When it is not practical to dismantle plates for purpose of removing sharp
edges etc. from drilled holes after final drilling, the following method of
production may be adopted :-
Drill pilot holes through parts and remove swarf.
Clean surfaces and make certain there are no significant gaps between
plates. Apply sealant to both mating surfaces and clamp parts together.
Heavy and frequent clamping or slave bolting must be used to achieve a
tightness similar to that required for finished job. Wait for requisite cure
time shown to be necessary by experiment with similar joints and, when
inspector is satisfied, drill holes to final size and insert fasteners.
FIGURE 7:FUEL LEAK LIMITS
Definition of leak rates
Fuel leaks are defined in three categories by drying the leak area and measuring the size of the wetted area after 10 minutes :-
Slight seep
Wet area not to exceed 4 in. (100 mm.) in any direction.
Heavy seep
Wet area not to exceed 6 in. (152 mm.) in any direction with no visual indication of fuel flow.
Running leak
Any leak greater than a heavy seep. Fuel flow will be evident immediately after being wiped, and runs or drips can occur.
Maintenance action
LEAK LOCATION SLIGHT SEEP HEAVY SEEP RUNNING LEAK
Centre tank diaphragm drains C C C
Exposed areas where leak cannot spread to a A B C

potential fire source - upper and lower wing
surfaces
Partially enclosed surfaces – A C C

tank rear walls
Enclosed areas - tank front walls, B C C

wing tip area, engine pylons
A - No action required but examine frequently to make certain leak category does not change.
B - No immediate maintenance required, but examine frequently to make certain leak category does not change. Leak must be repaired at next
scheduled maintenance period.
C - Immediate repair action is required.
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SEALING OF PRESSURIZED COMPARTMENTS
This procedure defines sealing operations which provide effective joint
sealing for pressurized compartments, access panels, etc. It is applicable
to in-situ and component removal situations. The particular application to
a given situation is an operator's option, to select that practice and
treatment which is most suitable.
PROCEDURES:
• cleaning: same as in fuel tanks
• mixing of sealant: same as in fuel tanks
• application of primer: Apply primer to surfaces using a brush or
clean, lint-free cloth.
Allow to dry for not less than 30 minutes and not more than 4 hours prior
to application of sealant.
• application of sealant:: same as in fuel tanks
• pressure testing: Joints must not be pressurized or tested until initial
cure time has elapsed.
FIGURE 8:AIRFRAME INSPECTION
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CONTROL CABLE INSPECTION
CONTROL CABLE CLASSES
DIAMETER CLASS Wear limits for aluminium alloy swaged sleeves
1/8 in. (3.17 mm.) 7 x 19 (7 strands of 19 wires per strand) Wear on the Aluminium Alloy protective swaged sleeves is acceptable
providing the following criteria are adhered to :-
5/32 in.(3.96 mm.) 7 x 19 (7 strands of 19 wires per strand)
If wear is apparent on swaged sleeves, it is recommended that regular
1/16 in.(1.58 mm.) 7 x 7 (7 strands of 7 wires per strand) inspections are performed at 7 day intervals. Worn areas on swaged
3/32 in.(2.38 mm.) 7 x 7 (7 strands of 7 wires per strand) sleevings must be re-protected.
If cables underneath swaqed sleeves are exposed, permissible wear
WEAR LIMITS limits are as follow :-
Inspect cables for wear especially in those sections of cable runs in
contact with pulleys, fairleads and pressure seals. Permissible wear limits 1 When inspected, the exposed cable shall not have any broken wires. If
over a 1 in. (25.4 mm.) length of cable with no broken wires are as follow : wires are found to be broken, the cable must be replaced.
2 Wires shall not be worn by more than 50% of their diameter.
Class 7 x 19 cables
3 A maximum of 6 wires worn up to 50% of their diameter is acceptable.
A maximum of 6 wires worn to 50% or more of their diameter. If more than 6 wires are worn up to 50% of their diameter the cable must
Class 7 x 7 cables be replaced.
A maximum of 3 wires worn to 50% or more of their diameter. NOTE: To reduce the amount of wear in the future, it is permissible to
locally relieve the fairlead hole through which the cable passes by the
NOTE: The number of permissible worn wires over a 1 in. (25.4 mm.) minimum amount necessary to increase the clearance between the
length is to be reduced by one wire for every broken wire. fairlead and the cable.
NOTE: More than one worn section of cables is permissible provided that
all worn sections are within limits and are not adjacent to one another on
the cable circumference.
NOTE: Any wire worn more than 60% of its diameter is classed as a
broken wire.
FIGURE 9:CONTROL CABLES
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BROKEN WIRES
(1) Inspect cables for broken wires by passing a cloth both ways along
length of cable. Permissible limits for cables with broken wires over 1 in.
(25.4 mm.) lengths of cables are as follow :-
(a) Class 7 x 19 cables
6 broken wires with a maximum of 3 broken wires per strand.
(b) Class 7 x 7 cables
3 broken wires with a maximum of 2 broken wires per strand.
NOTE: There must be no broken wires over two successive 1 in. (25.4
mm.) lengths of cable.
NOTE: A maximum of 3 broken wires only is permissible at sections of
cable that pass around pulleys or through fairleads, except where there is
a possibility of the failed cables bunching around the pulley, etc. In such
cases the cable must be changed irrespective of any other damage.
NOTE: No failed wires are acceptable at sections of cable passing
through pressure seals.
CORROSION
Inspect cables for corrosion, especially those sections in contact with
pulleys, fairleads and pressure seals. If corrosion is found, loosen cable
for a more detailed inspection of inner strand. Cables are to be discarded
if inner strand corrosion is found.
FIGURE 10:CONTROL CABLES
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BEARINGS REMOVAL
INSTALLATION Attach correct spinning tool to drilling machine and select an appropriate
speed.To avoid irregular spinning do not select too high a speed.Make
Using a suitably sized flycutter or spigotted trepanning tool, remove bead
from one end of retaining bush. certain assembly is clean; sparingly coat spinning face of tool and bush
with oil. Place assembly on bearing plate and spin bush compressing it
NOTE: Care must be taken to make certain housing is not damaged until it overlaps bearing and housing approximately equal amounts to a
during this operation. A small witness, 0.005 in. (0.127 mm.), of the bead height of 0.02 in. (0.508 mm.) minimum from housing face.Reverse
lip may be left prior to pressing out the bearing. assembly on bearing plate and spin other end of bush as in previous
Press out bearing and retaining bush. operation.
Wipe off all oil with lint-free cloth soaked in cleaning agent. Make certain
INSTALL BEARINGS solvent does not enter bearing working face. Restore any damage to
Examine retaining bush housing for cleanliness and freedom from burrs; protective treatment. Check spun parts of retaining bush for uniformity
remove any swarf using clean, lint-free cloth. Burrs may be removed with and dimensions. Check effective retention of bearing in housing by
a small honing stone but parts with deep scores are to be rejected. making certain shoulders formed by spinning are in close contact with
Restore protective finish if damaged; aluminium alloy bores with Alocrom bearing and housing faces both sides and all the way round. Make
1200, steel fittings by cadmium plating. certain of freedom from cracks in spun parts by means of a magnifying
lens.
With housing assembly resting on correct bearing plate, press in bush
with appropriate bush press tool. Make certain protrusion of bush from Make certain bearings are correctly placed axially. Where no tolerance is
housing face satisfies minimum requirement Machine face any bushes given on axial setting then ± 0.005 in. (0.13 mm.) tolerance applies. Make
protruding beyond these limits before spinning. certain bearings rotate freely and without harshness. Self-aligning
ballraces and spherical bearings must be checked for freedom of angular
Remove exuded sealant using lint-free cloth and clean bush bore. Check movement within specific limits for the type of bearing.NOTE: Where
bore of bush using relevant 'go' 'no/go' gauge. Bore and/or ream if adverse radii/chamfer tolerances occur between housing and bearing an
undersize; reject if oversize. Remove all swarf from bore of retaining imbalanced appearance on the spun portion may be apparent especially
bush after reaming and repeat previous operation. Coat bore sparingly where radii/chamfer tolerances are wide e.g. 0.02 to 0.035 in. (0.5 to 0.89
with sealant. mm.).
With housing assembly on correct bearing plate and using appropriate Where any doubt exists as to satisfactory retention a check side-load of
bearing press tool, press in bearing and any bearing caps or retaining 100 lb. (45.36 kg.) must be applied. If any side movement results,
washers until bearing is correctly located in housing assembly. assembly must be reworked, or a new bush installed to obtain correct
installation.
FIGURE 11:BEARING REMOVAL
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SAFETYING OF TURNBUCKLE
ASSEMBLIES
ASSEMBLY
Engage both threaded terminals with turnbuckle barrel and turn an equal
number of times until not more than three threads are exposed outside
barrel and proper cable tension is reached.
NOTE: A threaded terminal and turnbuckle barrel marked with red paint
indicates that the threaded end of the control cable has been shortened.
In this case, it is not permissible for any cable end threads to protrude
from the turnbuckle.
Align slot in barrel with slot in cable terminal.
Hold lock clip between thumb and forefinger at end loop and insert
straight end into aperture formed by aligned slots. Bring hook end of lock
clip over hole in centre of turnbuckle barrel and seat hook loop into hole;
application of pressure to hook shoulder will engage hook lip in
turnbuckle barrel and complete safety locking of one end.
Repeat operations on opposite end of turnbuckle barrel.
NOTE: Both locking clips may be inserted in the same turnbuckle barrel
hole or they may be inserted in the opposite holes.
INSPECTION
After assembly, examine both locking clips for proper engagement of
hook lip in turnbuckle barrel hole by applying slight pressure in
disengaging direction as shown.
FIGURE 12:TURNBUCKLES
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TORQUE TIGHTENING
Torque loading is applied to nuts and bolts to prevent critical over- To make certain torque setting provides actual torque loading applied,
stressing with the possibility of subsequent fatigue of the part. The torque the following formula must be used :-
figure quoted for each application also provides optimum security and T1 x A / A + B = T2
even tightening.
A = Length of torque wrench from centre of grip to centre of torque
Nuts that are torque loaded employ locking devices; these are head.
incorporated in either the nuts or the requisite washers.
B = Length of extension adapter between centres.
Self-locking nuts obviate the need for key washers, but a plain washer
must be used if called for. Where key washers or split pins are used, T1 = Torque required at nut.
tightening to the next locking position is permitted when specified in the T2 = Torque wrench setting.
relevant procedure.
Mandatory torque loadings are given in the appropriate Maintenance
Practices.
Non-mandatory torque loadings
For nuts and bolts that are not detailed as being subject to a mandatory
torque loading, a table of values is given for guidance -
Tightening of bolts and nuts using a torque wrench and extension
adapter
When tightening bolts and nuts using a torque wrench and extension
adapter, several basic rules must be observed.
Adapter is to be installed so that centre of hexagon recess or centre of
clamping jaws is in line with axis of torque wrench.
To reduce possible errors, length of adapter must be less than length of
torque wrench.
When a horizontal extension spanner or extension piece is used with
torque wrench, actual load applied when torque tightening will be of a
greater value than that set on torque wrench.
FIGURE 13:TORQUE TIGHTENING
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MAINTENANCE TRAINING MANUAL

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TORQUE TIGHTENING WITHOUT A TORQUE

Torque in lbf.in. (mdaN) Tolerance ± 5%

Fitting Size a) Unions to components c) Components to blocks

a) Corrosion resistant steel unions to components a) L/alloy unions to components b) L/

corrosion resistant steel unions

-4 140 (1.58) 110 (1.24)

-5 190 (2.15) 140 (1.58)

-6 270 (3.05) 170 (1.92)

-8 500 (5.65) 280 (3.16)

-10 700 (7.91) 360 (4.06)

-12 900 (10.17) 450 (5.08)

-16 1200 (13.56) 750 (8.47)

-20 1600 (18.08) 900 (10.17)

-24 2000 (22.6) 900 (10.17)

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Position coupling on pipe at mark.

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Definition of leak rates

LEAK LOCATION SLIGHT SEEP HEAVY SEEP RUNNING LEAK

Centre tank diaphragm drains C C C

Exposed areas where leak cannot spread to a A B C

Partially enclosed surfaces – A C C

Enclosed areas - tank front walls, B C C

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