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High School Graduate, Some College, 20. Function
College Graduate} Domain: {–2, –1, 3, 4}
Range: {$18,120, $23,251, $36,055, $45,810, Range: {3, 5, 7, 12}
$67,165}
21. Function
19. Not a function Domain: {1, 2, 3, 4}
Range: {3}
−2 0 5 7
g 22. Function
5 7 Domain: {0, 1, 2, 3}
−2 0
Range: {–2, 3, 7}
f+g
−2 0 5 7 23. Not a function
8. ≠ ; f ( x ) ; g ( x ) 24. Not a function
9. g ( x ) − f ( x ) , or ( g − f )( x ) 25. Function
Domain: {–2, –1, 0, 1}
Range: {0, 1, 4}
10. False; every function is a relation, but not every
relation is a function. For example, the relation 26. Function
x 2 + y 2 = 1 is not a function. Domain: {–2, –1, 0, 1}
Range: {3, 4, 16}
11. True
75 75
Chapter
ISM: 2:
Precalculus
Functions EGU
and Their Graphs Chapter 2: Functions
ISM: Precalculus
and TheirEGU
Graphs
27. Graph y = x 2 . The graph passes the vertical line 34. x + y 2 = 1
test. Thus, the equation represents a function. Solve for y : y = ± 1 − x
For x = 0, y = ±1 . Thus, (0, 1) and (0, –1) are

on the graph. This is not a function, since a
distinct x corresponds to two different y 's.
35. Graph y = 2x 2 − 3x + 4 . The graph passes the
28. Graph y = x3 . The graph passes the vertical line vertical line test. Thus, the equation represents a
test. Thus, the equation represents a function. function.
1 3x −1
29. Graph y = . The graph passes the vertical line 36. Graph y = . The graph passes the vertical
x x+2
test. Thus, the equation represents a function. line test. Thus, the equation represents a
function.
30. Graph y = x . The graph passes the vertical line

test. Thus, the equation represents a function.
37. 2x 2 + 3y 2 = 1
Solve for y: 2x 2 + 3y 2 = 1
3y 2 = 1 − 2x 2
2
1 −2 x
y2 =
3
31. y 2 = 4 − x 2 1 − 2x 2
y=±
Solve for y : y = ± 4 − x 2 3
For x = 0, y = ±2 . Thus, (0, 2) and (0, –2) are 1 ⎛ 1⎞

For x = 0, y = ± . Thus, 0, and
⎜ ⎟
on the graph. This is not a function, since a 3 ⎝ 3⎠
⎛ 0, −
76 76
Chapter
ISM: 2:
Precalculus
Functions EGU
ISM: Precalculus
and TheirEGU
Graphs
1⎞ are on the graph. This is not a

⎜ ⎟
32. y = ± 1− 2x ⎝ 3⎠
For x = 0, y = ±1 . Thus, (0, 1) and (0, –1) are function, since a distinct x corresponds to two
on the graph. This is not a function, since a different y 's.
33. x = y 2
Solve for y : y = ± x
For x = 1, y = ±1 . Thus, (1, 1) and (1, –1) are on

the graph. This is not a function, since a distinct
x corresponds to two different y 's.
77 77
Chapter
ISM: 2:
Precalculus
Functions EGU
ISM: Precalculus
and TheirEGU
Graphs
38. x 2 − 4 y 2 = 1 e.
⎣ (
− f ( x ) = − ⎡ − 2x 2 + x −1 ⎤ = 2x 2 − x +1
⎦ )
Solve for y: x − 4 y = 12 2
2
f. f ( x +1) = − 2 ( x +1) + ( x +1) −1

4 y 2 = x 2 −1
y = 2
2
x −1 (
= − 2 x 2 + 2x +1 + x +1−1 )
4 = − 2x 2 − 4x − 2 + x
± x 2 −1 = − 2x 2 − 3x − 2
y=
f ( 2x ) = − 2 ( 2x ) + ( 2x ) −1 = −8x 2 + 2x −1
2 2
g.
For x = 2, y = ± . Thus, ⎛ 2, ⎞ and

1 1
⎜ ⎟
2 2 2
⎝ ⎠ h. f ( x + h ) = − 2(x + h) + ( x + h ) −1
⎛
2, −
1⎞
are on the graph. This is not a (
= − 2 x 2 + 2xh + h 2 + x + h −1 )
⎜ ⎟
2
⎝ ⎠
function, since a distinct x corresponds to two = − 2x 2 − 4xh − 2h 2 + x + h −1
different y 's.
x
f ( x ) = 3x 2 + 2x − 4 41. f ( x) =
39. x 2 +1
f (0) = 3( 0) + 2 ( 0) − 4 = − 4 0 0
2
a. a. f ( 0) = = =0
0 2 +1 1
f (1) = 3 (1) + 2 (1) − 4 = 3 + 2 − 4 = 1
2
b.
1 1
b. f (1) = =
c. f ( −1) = 3 ( −1) + 2 ( −1) − 4 = 3 − 2 − 4 = −3
2 12 +1 2
−1 −1 1
d. f ( −x ) = 3 ( −x ) + 2 ( −x ) − 4 = 3x 2 − 2x − 4
2 c. f ( −1) = = =−
( −1)2 +1 1 +1 2
e. (
− f ( x ) = − 3x 2 + 2x − 4 = −3x 2 − 2x + 4)
−x −x
d. f ( −x ) = =
78 78
⎝ ⎠
Chapter
ISM: 2:
Precalculus
Functions EGU
ISM: Precalculus
and TheirEGU
Graphs
f. f ( x +1) = 3 ( x + 1) + 2 ( x +1) − 4
2 ( −x )2 +1 x 2 +1
(
= 3 x 2 + 2x +1 + 2x + 2 − 4 ) e. − f ( x) = −
⎛ x ⎞
=
−x
⎜ ⎟
x 2 +1 x 2 +1
= 3x + 6x + 3 + 2x + 2 − 4
2
x +1
= 3x 2 + 8x +1 f. f ( x +1) =
( x +1)
2
+1
f ( 2x ) = 3 ( 2x ) + 2 ( 2x ) − 4 = 12x 2 + 4x − 4
2
g.
x +1
=
f ( x + h) = 3( x + h) + 2 ( x + h) − 4
2
h. x 2 + 2x +1 +1
( )
= 3 x 2 + 2xh + h 2 + 2x + 2h − 4 =
x +1
x 2 + 2x + 2
= 3x 2 + 6xh + 3h 2 + 2x + 2h − 4
2x 2x
g. f ( 2x ) = =
2 2
40. f ( x ) = − 2x 2 + x −1 ( 2x ) +1 4x +1
x +h x +h
a. f ( 0 ) = − 2 ( 0 ) + 0 −1 = −1
2
h. f ( x + h) = =
( x + h )2 +1 x 2 + 2xh + h 2 +1
f (1) = − 2 (1) +1−1 = − 2
2
b.
x 2 −1
42. f ( x) =
f ( −1) = − 2 ( −1) + ( −1) −1 = − 4
2
c. x+4
d. f ( −x ) = − 2 ( −x ) + ( −x ) −1 = − 2x 2 − x −1
2 0 2 −1 −1 1
a. f ( 0) = = =−
0+4 4 4
79 79
Chapter
ISM: 2:
Precalculus
Functions EGU
ISM: Precalculus
and TheirEGU
Graphs
b. f (1) =
2
1 −1
=
0
=0
e. − f ( x) = − ( )
x 2 + x = − x2 + x
1+ 4 5
f ( x +1) = ( x +1) + ( x +1)

2
(= −1)= f.
2
−1
0
= x 2 + 2x +1+ x +1
c. f ( −1) = = =0
−1+ 4 3
2
−x −1 2
− 2
( ) x 1 = x + 3x + 2
d. f ( −x ) = =
−x + 4 −x + 4
g. f ( 2x ) = ( 2x )2 + 2x = 4x 2 + 2x
⎛ x −1 ⎞
2
1− x 2
e. − f ( x) = − ⎜ ⎟ = x+4
x + 4 h. f ( x + h) = ( x + h )2 + ( x + h )
⎝ ⎠
(x +1)=2 −1 x 2 +2 x +1 −1 = x 2 + 2xh + h 2 + x + h
f. f ( x +1) = =
( x +1) + 4 x+5
2 x +1
x 2 +2 x 45. f ( x) =
= 3x − 5
x+5 2 ( 0 ) +1 0 +1 1
2x
2
−1 4 x 2 −1 a. f ( 0) = = =−
3 0 −5 0−5 5
( ) ( )
g. f ( 2x ) = =
2x + 4 2x + 4
2 (1) +1 2 +1 3 3
( x +h ) 2 −1 x 2 +=2xh +h 2 −1 b. f (1) = = = =−
h. f ( x + h) = = x+h+4 3 (1) − 5 3−5 −2 2
( x + h) + 4
2 ( −1)+1 −2 +1 −1 1
c. f ( −1) = = = =
43. f ( x) = x + 4 3 ( −1) − 5 −3 − 5 −8 8
f (0) = 0 + 4 = 0 + 4 = 4 2 ( −x )+1 −2 x +1 2 x −1
a. d. f ( −x ) = = =
3 (⎝−x ) − 5⎠ −3x − 5 3x + 5
b. f (1) = 1 + 4 = 1 + 4 = 5
80 80
Chapter
ISM: 2:
Precalculus
Functions EGU
ISM: Precalculus
and TheirEGU
Graphs
⎛ 2 x +1 ⎞ −2 x −1
c. f ( −1) = −1 + 4 = 1+ 4 = 5 e. − f ( x) = − =
⎜ 3x − 5 ⎟ 3x − 5
d. f ( −x ) = − x + 4 = x + 4
2 (x +1)+1 2 x +2 +1 2 x +3
f. f ( x +1) = = =
e. − f ( x) = − ( x + 4) = − x − 4 3 ( x +1) − 5 3x + 3 − 5 3x − 2
2 ( 2 x )+1 4 x +1
f. f ( x +1) = x +1 + 4 g. f ( 2x ) = =
3 ( 2x ) − 5 6x − 5
g. f ( 2x ) = 2x + 4 = 2 x + 4
2 ( x + h ) +1 2x + 2h +1
h. f ( x + h) = x + h + 4 h. f ( x + h) = =
3( x + h) − 5 3x + 3h − 5
44. f ( x ) = x2 + x 1
46. f ( x ) = 1− 2
a. f ( 0 ) = 02 + 0 = 0 = 0
( x + 2)
1 1 3
f 0 =1− = 1− =
b. f (1) = 12 +1 = 2 a. ( )
(0 + 2)
2
4 4
c. f ( −1) = ( −1)2 + ( −1) = 1−1 = 0 = 0 1 1 8

b. f (1) = 1− = 1− =
(1+ 2 )2 9 9
f ( −x ) = ( −x ) + ( −x ) = x − x
2 2
d.
81 81
Chapter
ISM: 2:
Precalculus
Functions EGU
ISM: Precalculus
and TheirEGU
Graphs
1 1 x −2
c. f ( −1) = 1− = 1− = 0 53. F (x) =
( −1+ 2 ) x3 + x
2
1
x +x≠0
3
1 1
d. f ( −x ) = 1− = 1− x(x 2 +1) ≠ 0
( −x + 2 ) (2 − x)
2 2
x ≠ 0, x 2 ≠ −1
⎛ ⎞
1 1 Domain: {x x ≠ 0}
e. − f ( x ) = − ⎜ 1− ⎟= −1
⎜ ( x + 2 )2 ⎟ ( x + 2 )
2
⎝ ⎠
x +4
1 1 54. G(x) =
f. f ( x +1) = 1− = 1− x3 − 4x
( x +1+ 2 )2 ( x + 3)2 x 3 − 4x ≠ 0
2
1 1 x(x − 4) ≠ 0
g. f ( 2x ) = 1− = 1−
( 2x + 2 )2 4 ( x +1)
2
x ≠ 0, x2 ≠ 4
x ≠ 0, x ≠ ±2
1
h. f ( x + h ) = 1−
( x + h + 2 )2 Domain: {x x ≠ 0, x ≠ 2, x ≠ − 2}
47. f (x) = −5x + 4 55. h(x) = 3x −12
Domain: { x x is any real number} 3x −12 ≥ 0

3x ≥ 12
x≥4
48. f (x) = x 2 + 2
Domain: { x x is any real number}
Domain: {x x ≥ 4}
x 56. G(x) = 1− x
49. f (x) =
1− x ≥ 0
x 2 +1

x2
82 82
Chapter
ISM: 2:
Precalculus
Functions EGU
ISM: Precalculus
and TheirEGU
Graphs
− −1
x x ≤1
≥
Domain: {x x ≤ 1}
50. f (x) =
x 2 +1
Domain: { x x is any real number} 57. f (x) =
4
x −9
x x −9 > 0
51. g(x) = x>9
x 2 −16
x −16 ≠ 0
2 Domain: {x x > 9}
x 2 ≠ 16 ⇒ x ≠ ±4
x
Domain: {x x ≠ − 4, x ≠ 4} f (x) =
58.
x−4
x−4 > 0
2x
52. h(x) = x>4
x2 − 4 Domain: {x x > 4}
x2 − 4 ≠ 0
x 2 ≠ 4 ⇒ x ≠ ±2
Domain: {x x ≠ − 2, x ≠ 2}
83 83
Chapter
ISM: 2:
Precalculus
Functions EGU
ISM: Precalculus
and TheirEGU
Graphs
2 2 c. ( f ⋅ g)(x) = (2x +1)(3x − 2)

59. p(x) = =
x −1 x −1 = 6x 2 − 4x + 3x − 2
x −1 > 0 = 6x 2 − x − 2
x >1 The domain is { x x is any real number} .
Domain: {x x > 1}
⎛f⎞ 2 x +1
d. ⎜ ⎟ (x) =
60. q(x) = −x − 2 ⎝g⎠ 3x − 2
−x − 2 ≥ 0 3x − 2 ≠ 0
−x ≥ 2 2
3x ≠ 2 ⇒ x ≠
x ≤ −2 3
Domain: {x x ≤ − 2} The domain is
⎧
x x≠
2⎫
.
⎨ ⎬
3
⎩ ⎭
61. f (x) = 3x + 4 g(x) = 2x − 3
63. f (x) = x −1 g(x) = 2x 2
a. ( f + g)(x) = 3x + 4 + 2x − 3 = 5x +1
a. ( f + g)(x) = x −1+ 2x 2 = 2x 2 + x −1
The domain is { x x is any real number} .

b. ( f − g)(x) = (3x + 4) − (2x − 3)
= 3x + 4 − 2x + 3 b. ( f − g)(x) = (x −1) − (2x 2 )
= x+7 = x −1− 2x 2
The domain is { x x is any real number} . = − 2x 2 + x −1
c. ( f ⋅ g)(x) = (3x + 4)(2x − 3) The domain is { x x is any real number} .
= 6x 2 − 9x + 8x −12 c. ( f ⋅ g)(x) = (x −1)(2x 2 ) = 2x3 − 2x 2

= 6x − x −12
2
⎛f⎞ x −1
d. (x) =
⎛f⎞ 3x +4 ⎜ ⎟
d. (x) = g 2x 2
⎜ ⎟ ⎝ ⎠
⎝g⎠ 2x − 3
The domain is { x x ≠ 0} .
3 T e
2x − 3 ≠ 0 ⇒ 2x ≠ 3 ⇒ x ≠ d
2 h
84 84
Chapter
ISM: 2:
Precalculus
Functions EGU
ISM: Precalculus
and TheirEGU
Graphs
⎧ 3⎫
omain is x x≠ .
64. f (x) = 2x 2 + 3 g(x) = 4x3 +1
2 3
⎨ ⎬ a. ( f + g)(x) = 2x + 3 + 4x +1
2
⎩ ⎭ = 4x 3 + 2x 2 + 4
62. f (x) = 2x +1 The domain is { x x is any real number} .
g(x) = 3x − 2
a. ( f + g)(x) = 2x +1+ 3x − 2 = 5x −1
b. ( ) (
( f − g)(x) = 2x 2 + 3 − 4x 3 +1 )
= 2x 2 + 3 − 4x3 −1
b. ( f − g)(x) = (2x +1) − (3x − 2)
= − 4x 3 + 2x 2 + 2
= 2x +1− 3x + 2
= −x + 3 The domain is { x x is any real number} .
The domain is { x x is any real number} . c. ( )(
( f ⋅ g)(x) = 2x 2 + 3 4x 3 +1 )
= 8x5 +12x3 + 2x 2 + 3
85 85
Chapter
ISM: 2:
Precalculus
Functions EGU
ISM: Precalculus
and TheirEGU
Graphs
⎛f ⎞ 2x 2 + 3 1 1
d. ⎜ ⎟ (x) = 3 67. f (x) = 1+ g(x) =

4x +1 x x
⎝g⎠
4x 3 +1 ≠ 0
1 1 2
a. ( f + g)(x) = 1+ + = 1+
4x3 ≠ −1 x x x
3 The domain is { x x ≠ 0} .
x3 ≠ − ⇒ x ≠ 3 − = −
1 1 2
1 1
4 4 2 b. ( f − g)(x) = 1+ − =1
⎧⎪ 3 ⎫
2⎪ x x
The domain is ⎨ x x ≠ − ⎬. The domain is { x x ≠ 0} .
⎪⎩ 2 ⎪⎭
⎛ 1⎞1 1 1
( f ⋅ g)(x) = 1+ = +
65. f (x) = x g(x) = 3x − 5 c. ⎜ x ⎟ x x x2
⎝ ⎠
a. ( f + g)(x) = x + 3x − 5 The domain is { x x ≠ 0} .
The domain is { x x ≥ 0} . 1 x +1
⎛f⎞ 1+ x +1 x
x x
b. ( f − g)(x) = x − (3x − 5) = x − 3x + 5 d. ⎜ ⎟ (x) = = = ⋅ = x +1
⎝g⎠ 1 1 x 1
The domain is { x x ≥ 0} . x x
c. ( f ⋅ g)(x) = x (3x − 5) = 3x x − 5 x
The domain is { x x ≥ 0} .
68. f (x) = x − 2 g(x) = 4 − x
⎛f⎞ x
d. (x) = a. ( f + g)(x) = x − 2 + 4 − x
⎜g⎟
⎝ ⎠ 3x − 5
x − 2 ≥ 0 and 4 − x ≥ 0
x ≥ 0 and 3x − 5 ≠ 0 x ≥ 2 and − x ≥ −4
5 x≤4
3x ≠ 5 ⇒ x ≠
86 86
Chapter
ISM: 2:
Precalculus
Functions EGU
ISM: Precalculus
and TheirEGU
Graphs
The domain is
⎧
x x ≥ 0 and x ≠
5⎫
. The domain is { x 2 ≤ x ≤ 4} .
⎨ ⎬
3
⎩ ⎭ b. ( f − g)(x) = x − 2 − 4 − x
x − 2 ≥ 0 and 4 − x ≥ 0
66. f (x) = x g(x) = x x ≥ 2 and − x ≥ −4
a. ( f + g)(x) = x + x x≤4
The domain is { x x is any real number} . The domain is { x 2 ≤ x ≤ 4} .
b. ( f − g)(x) = x − x c. ( f ⋅ g)(x) = ( x−2 )( 4− x )

The domain is { x x is any real number} . = −x 2 + 6x − 8
x − 2 ≥ 0 and 4 − x ≥ 0
c. ( f ⋅ g)(x) = x ⋅ x
x ≥ 2 and − x ≥ −4
x≤4
⎛ f ⎞ x The domain is { x 2 ≤ x ≤ 4} .
d. ⎜ ⎟ (x) =
⎝g⎠ x
87 87
Chapter
ISM: 2:
Precalculus
Functions EGU
ISM: Precalculus
and TheirEGU
Graphs
⎛f⎞ x −2 2 x +3
d. (x) =
⎜ ⎟ ⎛f⎞ 2 x +3 3x −2 2 x +3
g 4− x d. x = 3x −2 = ⋅ =
⎝ ⎠ ⎜ ⎟( )
g 4x 3x − 2 4x 4x
x − 2 ≥ 0 and 4 − x > 0
⎝ ⎠ 3x − 2
x ≥ 2 and − x > −4 3x − 2 ≠ 0 and x≠0

x<4 3x ≠ 2
The domain is { x 2 ≤ x < 4} . 2

x≠
3
2 x +3 4x ⎧ ⎫
69. f (x) = g(x) = 2
3x − 2 3x − 2 The domain is ⎨ x x ≠ and x ≠ 0 ⎬ .

⎩ 3 ⎭
2 x +3 4x
a. ( f + g)(x) = +
3x − 2 3x − 2 f (x) = x +1
2
70. g(x) =
2 x +3 +4 x
= x
3x − 2
2
6 x +3 a. ( f + g)(x) = x +1 +
= x
3x − 2 x +1 ≥ 0 and x≠0
3x − 2 ≠ 0 x ≥ −1
3x ≠ 2 ⇒ x ≠ 2 The domain is { x x ≥ −1, and x ≠ 0} .

3
The domain is x x ≠ 2 . { } 2
3 b. ( f − g)(x) = x +1 −
x
2 x +3 4x x +1 ≥ 0 and x≠0
b. ( f − g)(x) = −
3x − 2 3x − 2 x ≥ −1
2 x +3 −4 x
= The domain is { x x ≥ −1, and x ≠ 0} .
3x − 2
−2 x +3 2 2 x +1
= c. ( f ⋅ g)(x) = x +1 ⋅ =
3x − 2 x x
88 88
Chapter
ISM: 2:
Precalculus
Functions EGU
ISM: Precalculus
and TheirEGU
Graphs
3x − 2 ≠ 0 x +1 ≥ 0 and x≠0
2 x ≥ −1
3x ≠ 2 ⇒ x ≠
3 The domain is { x x ≥ −1, and x ≠ 0} .

⎧ 2⎫
The domain is x x≠ .
⎨ ⎬ ⎛f⎞ x +1 x x +1
3
⎩ ⎭ d. ⎜ ⎟ (x) = =
⎝g⎠ 2 2
⎛ 2x + 3 ⎞⎛ 4x ⎞ 8x 2 +12x
c. ( f ⋅ g)(x) = ⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟= x
(3x − 2) 2 x +1 ≥ 0 and x≠0
⎝ 3x − 2 ⎠⎝ 3x − 2 ⎠
3x − 2 ≠ 0 x ≥ −1
3x ≠ 2 ⇒ x ≠
2 The domain is { x x ≥ −1, and x ≠ 0} .
3
⎧ 2⎫ 1
The domain is x x≠ .
⎨ ⎬ 71. f (x) = 3x +1 ( f + g)(x) = 6 − x

3
⎩ ⎭ 2
1
6− x = 3x +1+ g(x)
2
7
5− x = g(x)
2
7
g(x) = 5 − x
2
89 89
Chapter
ISM: 2:
Precalculus
Functions EGU
ISM: Precalculus
and TheirEGU
Graphs
1 ⎛ f⎞ x +1 76. f (x) = x 2 + 5x −1
72. f (x) = (x) =
⎜g⎟
x2 − x f (x + h) − f (x)
x ⎝ ⎠
h
1
x +1 x ( x +h) 2 +5( x +h) −1 −( x 2 +5x −1)

=
x2 − x g(x) =
h
1
x 2 + 2xh + h 2 + 5x + 5h −1− x 2 − 5x +1
x 1 x 2 −x
=
g(x) = = ⋅ h
x +1 x +1
x 2 xh +h +5h
2
x2 − x =
h
1 x( x−1) x −1
= ⋅ = = 2x + h + 5
x x +1 x +1
73. f (x) = 4x + 3 77. f (x) = x3 − 2

f (x + h) − f (x)
f ( x +h) − f ( x) 4( x +h) +3 −4 x −3
= h
h h
4 x +4h +3 −4 x −3 (x +h )=3 −2 −(x3 −2 )
=
=
h
h
4h
= =4 x +3x h +3xh 2 +h3 −2 −x3 +2
3 2
h =
h
2 2 3
74. f (x) = −3x +1 3xh+3xh +h
=
f ( x +h) − f ( x) −3( x +h) +1 −(−3x +1) h
=
h h = 3x + 3xh + h 2
2
−3x −3h +1 +3x −1

= 1
h 78. f (x) =
−3h x+3
= = −3 1 1
h f ( x +h) − f ( x) −
= x +h +3 x +3
h h
75. f (x) = x 2 − x + 4
( )
x +3− x +3+ h
90 90
⎝ ⎠⎝ ⎠
Chapter
ISM: 2:
Precalculus
Functions EGU
ISM: Precalculus
and TheirEGU
Graphs
f ( x +h) − f ( x) ( x + h + 3)( x + 3)
h =
(x + h) 2 − (x + h) + 4 − (x 2 − x + 4) h
= ⎛ x + 3 − x − 3 − h ⎞⎛ 1 ⎞
h =
⎜ ( x + h + 3 )( x + 3 ) ⎟ ⎜ h ⎟
x 2 + 2xh + h 2 − x − h + 4 − x 2 + x − 4
= ⎛ −h ⎞⎛ 1 ⎞
h =
⎜⎝ ( x + h + 3 )( x + 3 ) ⎠⎟ ⎝⎜ h ⎟⎠
2 xh +h 2 −h
= 1
h =−
= 2x + h −1 ( x + h + 3)( x + 3)
91 91
Chapter
ISM: 2:
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Functions EGU
ISM: Precalculus
and TheirEGU
Graphs
79. f (x) = 2x3 + Ax 2 + 4x − 5 and f (2) = 5 =x −=B

84. f (x) = , f (2) = 0 and f (1) is undefined
f (2) = 2(2) + A(2) + 4(2) − 5
3 2 x− A
1− A = 0 ⇒ A =1
5 = 16 + 4 A + 8 − 5
2 −B
5 = 4 A +19 f (2) =
−14 = 4 A 2 −1
2−B
7 0=
A=− 1
2 0 = 2−B
B=2
80. f (x) = 3x 2 − Bx + 4 and f (−1) = 12 :
f (−1) = 3(−1) 2 − B(−1) + 4 85. Let x represent the length of the rectangle.
12 = 3 + B + 4 x
Then, represents the width of the rectangle
B=5 2
since the length is twice the width.

The function for the area is:
3x +8
81. f (x) = and f (0) = 2 x x2 1 2
2x − A A(x) = x ⋅ = = x
3(0) +8 2 2 2
f (0) =
2(0) − A
86. Let x represent the length of one of the two equal
8 sides.
2=
−A The function for the area is:
−2A = 8 1 1
A(x) = ⋅ x ⋅ x = x 2
A = −4 2 2
87. Let x represent the number of hours worked.

2 x −B 1 The function for the gross salary is: G(x) = 10x
82. f (x) = and f (2) =
3x + 4 2
2(2) −B 88. Let x represent the number of items sold.
f (2) =
The function for the gross salary is:
3(2) + 4
1 4 −B
=
2 10
83. 5 = 4− f (x) = 2(4) −A

2 x −A f (4) =
BB= 4−3
−1 x
−
3
92 92
Chapter
ISM: 2:
Precalculus
Functions EGU
ISM: Precalculus
and TheirEGU
Graphs
89. a. H (1) = 20 −
4.9 (1)
2
= 20 −
4.9
and f = 15.1
(4) = 0 meters
H (1.1) = 20
− 4.9 (1.1)
2
= 20 −
4.9 (1.21)
= 20
−
5.92
9
=
14.0
71
mete
rs
2
8 −A H (1.2 ) = 20 − 4.9 (1.2 )
0=
1 = 20 − 4.9 (1.44 )
0 =8− A = 20 − 7.056
A=8
f is undefined when x = 3 . = 12.944 meters
H (1.3 ) = 20 − 4.9 (1.3 )
2
= 20 − 4.9 (1.69 )
= 20 − 8.281
= 11.719 meters
93 93
Chapter
ISM: 2:
Precalculus
Functions EGU
ISM: Precalculus
and TheirEGU
Graphs
b. H ( x ) = 15 : H ( x) = 5
15 = 20 − 4.9x 2 5 = 20 −13x 2
−5 = − 4.9x 2 −15 = −13x 2
x 2 ≈ 1.0204 x 2 ≈ 1.1538
x ≈ 1.01 seconds x ≈ 1.07 seconds
H ( x ) = 10 : c. H ( x) = 0
10 = 20 − 4.9x 2
0 = 20 −13x 2
−10 = − 4.9x 2 − 20 = −13x 2
x 2 ≈ 2.0408 x 2 ≈ 1.5385
x ≈ 1.43 seconds x ≈ 1.24 seconds
H ( x) = 5 :
x 36, 000
91. C ( x ) = 100 + +
5 = 20 − 4.9x 2 10 x
−15 = − 4.9x 2 500 36, 000
a. C ( 500 ) = 100 + +
x 2 ≈ 3.0612 10 500
x ≈ 1.75 seconds = 100 + 50 + 72
H ( x) = 0 = $222
c.
0 = 20 − 4.9x 2 450 36, 000
b. C ( 450 ) = 100 + +
− 20 = − 4.9x 2 10 450
= 100 + 45 + 80
x 2 ≈ 4.0816
= $225
x ≈ 2.02 seconds
600 36, 000
c. C ( 600 ) = 100 + +
H (1) = 20 −13 (1) = 20 −13 = 7 meters
2
10 600
90. a.
H (1.1) = 20 −13 (1.1) = 20 −13 (1.21) = 100 + 60 + 60
2
= 20 −15.73 = 4.27 meters = $220
H (1.2 ) = 20 −13 (1.2 ) = 20 −13 (1.44 )

2 400 36, 000
d. C ( 400 ) = 100 + +
= 20 −18.72 = 1.28 meters 10 400
= 100 + 40 + 90
H ( x ) = 15
= $230
b.
15 = 20 −13x 2 92. A ( x ) = 4x 1− x
2
−5 = −13x 2
⎛1⎞ 1 ⎛ 1⎞
2
4 8 4 2 2
94 94
Chapter
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Precalculus
Functions EGU
ISM: Precalculus
and TheirEGU
Graphs
x 2 ≈ 0.3846 a. A⎜ ⎟ = 4 ⋅ 1− ⎜ ⎟ = = ⋅
3 9 3 3
x ≈ 0.62 seconds ⎝ 3⎠ 3 ⎝ 3⎠
8 2
H ( x ) = 10 = ≈ 1.26 ft 2
9
10 = 20 −13x 2
2
⎛1⎞ 1 ⎛1⎞ 3 3
−10 = −13x 2 b. A⎜ ⎟ = 4 ⋅ = 2⋅
⎝2⎠ 2 1−⎜ ⎟ = 2 4 2
x 2 ≈ 0.7692 ⎝2⎠
2
= 3 ≈ 1.73 ft
x ≈ 0.88 seconds
95 95
Chapter
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Functions EGU
ISM: Precalculus
and TheirEGU
Graphs
2 Section 2.2
⎛2⎞ 2 ⎛2⎞ 8 5 8 5
c. A = 4⋅ 1− = = ⋅
⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟ 3 9 3 3
3 3 3 2 2
⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠ 1. x + 4 y = 16
8 5 x-intercepts:
= ≈ 1.99 ft 2
x 2 + 4 ( 0 ) = 16
2
9
2
⎛L⎞ L (x ) x = 16
93. R ( x ) = ( x) =
⎜⎝ P ⎟⎠
P( x ) x = ±4 ⇒ ( −4, 0 ) , ( 4, 0 )
94. T ( x ) = (V + P )( x ) = V ( x ) + P ( x ) y-intercepts:
( 0 )2 + 4 y 2 = 16
95. H ( x ) = ( P ⋅ I )( x ) = P ( x ) ⋅ I ( x ) 4 y 2 = 16
2
y =4
96. N ( x ) = ( I − T )( x ) = I ( x ) − T ( x )
y = ±2 ⇒ ( 0, −2 ) , ( 0, 2 )
97. a. h ( x ) = 2x
2. False; x = 2y − 2
h ( a + b ) = 2 ( a + b ) = 2a + 2b
−2 = 2 y − 2
= h ( a ) + h (b ) 0 = 2y
h ( x ) = 2x has the property. 0= y

The point ( −2, 0 ) is on the graph.
b. g ( x ) = x2
g ( a + b ) = ( a + b ) = a + 2ab + b
2 2 2
3. vertical
Since
a 2 + 2ab + b 2 ≠ a 2 + b 2 = g ( a ) + g ( b ) , 4. f ( 5 ) = −3
g(x) = x 2 does not have the property.

5. f ( x ) = ax 2 + 4
c. F ( x ) = 5x − 2 a ( −1) + 4 = 2 ⇒ a = −2
2
F ( a + b ) = 5 ( a + b ) − 2 = 5a + 5b − 2
Since 6. False; it would fail the vertical line test.
5a + 5b − 2 ≠ 5a − 2 + 5b − 2 = F ( a ) + F ( b ) ,
1
96 96
Chapter
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Functions EGU
ISM: Precalculus
and TheirEGU
Graphs
F ( x ) = 5x − 2 does not have the property. 7. False; e.g. y = .

x
1
d. G ( x) = 8. True
x
1 1 1 9. a. f (0) = 3 since (0, 3) is on the graph.

G (a + b) = ≠ + = G ( a ) + G (b)
f (− 6) = −3 since (− 6, −3) is on the graph.
a+b a b
1
G ( x) = does not have the property. b. f (6) = 0 since (6, 0) is on the graph.
x f (11) = 1 since (11, 1) is on the graph.
98. No, x = −1 is not in the domain of g , but it is c. f (3) is positive since f (3) ≈ 3.7.
in the domain of f .
d. f (−4) is negative since f (−4) ≈ −1.
99. Answers will vary. e. f (x) = 0 when x = −3, x = 6, and x = 10.
f. f (x) > 0 when − 3 < x < 6, and 10 < x ≤ 11.
97 97
Chapter
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Functions EGU
ISM: Precalculus
and TheirEGU
Graphs
g. The domain of f is 12. Function
{x − 6 ≤ x ≤ 11} or [ − 6, 11] . a. Domain: { x x is any real number} ;
h. The range of f is Range: {y y > 0}
{ y − 3 ≤ y ≤ 4} or [ − 3, 4] .
b. Intercepts: (0,1)
i. The x-intercepts are (–3, 0), (6, 0), and c. None

(10, 0).
j. The y-intercept is (0, 3). 13. Function
a. Domain: {x − π ≤ x ≤ π} ;
1
k. The line y = intersects the graph 3 times.
2 Range: {y −1 ≤ y ≤ 1}
l. The line x = 5 intersects the graph 1 time.

⎛ π ⎞ ⎛π ⎞
b. Intercepts: ⎜ − , 0 ⎟ , ⎜ , 0 ⎟ , (0,1)
m. f (x) = 3 when x = 0 and x = 4. 2 2
⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠
n. f (x) = − 2 when x = −5 and x = 8. c. Symmetry about y-axis.
14. Function
10. a. f (0) = 0 since (0, 0) is on the graph.
f (6) = 0 since ( 6, 0) is on the graph. a. Domain: {x − π ≤ x ≤ π} ;
b. f (2) = −2 since (2, − 2) is on the graph.

Range: {y −1 ≤ y ≤ 1}
f (−2) = 1 since (−2, 1) is on the graph. b. Intercepts: ( −π, 0 ) , ( π, 0 ) , (0, 0)
c. f (3) is negative since f (3) ≈ −1. c. Symmetry about the origin.

d. f (−1) is positive since f (−1) ≈ 1.0. 15. Not a function since vertical lines will intersect
the graph in more than one point.
e. f (x) = 0 when x = 0, x = 4, and x = 6.
16. Not a function since vertical lines will intersect
f. f (x) < 0 when 0 < x < 4. the graph in more than one point.
g. The domain of f is 17. Function
{x − 4 ≤ x ≤ 6} or [ − 4, 6] .
a. Domain: {x x > 0} ;
h. The range of f is Range: {y y is any real number}
98 98
Chapter
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Functions EGU
ISM: Precalculus
and TheirEGU
Graphs
{ y − 2 ≤ y ≤ 3} or [ −2, 3] .
b. Intercepts: (1, 0)
i. The x-intercepts are (0, 0), (4, 0), and (6, 0). c. None
j. The y-intercept is (0, 0).
18. Function
The line y = −1 intersects the graph 2
k.
a. Domain: {x 0 ≤ x ≤ 4} ;
times.
l. The line x = 1 intersects the graph 1 time. Range: { y 0 ≤ y ≤ 3}

b. Intercepts: (0, 0)
m. f (x) = 3 when x = 5.
c. None
n. f (x) = − 2 when x = 2.
19. Function
11. Not a function since vertical lines will intersect a. Domain: { x x is any real number} ;
the graph in more than one point.
Range: {y y ≤ 2}
b. Intercepts: (–3, 0), (3, 0), (0,2)
c. Symmetry about y-axis.
99 99
Chapter
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Functions EGU
ISM: Precalculus
and TheirEGU
Graphs
20. Function 24. f (x) = −3x 2 + 5x
a. Domain: {x x ≥ −3} ;
a. f (−1) = −3 ( −1) + 5 ( −1) ≠ 2
2
Range: {y y ≥ 0} The point ( −1, 2 ) is not on the graph of f.

b. Intercepts: (–3, 0), (2,0), (0,2)
f (−2) = −3 ( −2 ) + 5 ( −2 ) = − 22
2
b.
c. None
The point ( −2, −22 ) is on the graph of f.
21. Function
c. Solve for x :
a. Domain: { x x is any real number} ;
−2 = −3x 2 + 5x ⇒ 3x 2 − 5x − 2 = 0
Range: {y y ≥ −3}
( 3x +1)( x − 2 ) = 0 ⇒ x = − 13 , x = 2
b. Intercepts: (1, 0), (3,0), (0,9)
c. None
(2, –2) and − 1 ( )
3 , −2 on the graph of f .
d. The domain of f is
22. Function
{x x is any real number} .
a. Domain: { x x is any real number} ;
Range: {y y ≤ 5}
e. x-intercepts:
f ( x ) =0 ⇒ −3x 2 + 5x = 0
b. Intercepts: (–1, 0), (2,0), (0,4)
c. None x ( −3x + 5 ) = 0 ⇒ x = 0, x = 35
( )
3
( 0, 0 ) and 5 , 0
23. f (x) = 2x 2 − x −1
f. y-intercept:
f (−1) = 2 ( −1) − ( −1) −1 = 2
2
a.
( ) ( )2
f 0 = −3 0 + 5 0 = 0 ⇒ 0, 0
The point ( −1, 2 ) is on the graph of f.
x+2
b. f (−2) = 2 ( −2 ) − ( −2 ) −1 = 9
2 25. f (x) =
x−6
The point ( −2, 9 ) is on the graph of f.
3 +2 5
a. f (3) = = − ≠ 14
c. Solve for x : 3−6 3
−1 = 2x 2 − x −1 The point ( 3,14 ) is not on the graph of f.
0 = 2x 2 − x 4+2 6
b. f (4) = = = −3
0 = x ( 2x −1) ⇒ x = 0, x = 12 4−6 −2
The point ( 4, −3) is on the graph of f.

( )
(0, –1) and 12 , −1 are on the graph of f .
c. Solve for x :
d. The domain of x+2
10 10
0 0
Chapter
ISM: 2:
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Functions EGU
ISM: Precalculus
and TheirEGU
Graphs
f is: {x x is any real number} . 2=

x−6
2x −12 = x + 2
e. x-intercepts:
x = 14
f ( x ) =0 ⇒ 2x 2 − x −1 = 0
(14, 2) is a point on the graph of f .
1
( 2x + 1)( x −1) = 0 ⇒ x = − ,x =1
d. The domain of f is { x x ≠ 6} .
2
⎛ 1 ⎞
− , 0 and (1, 0 )
⎜ ⎟
2
⎝ ⎠
f. y-intercept:
f ( 0 ) =2 ( 0 ) − 0 −1 = −1 ⇒ ( 0, −1)
2
10 10
1 1
Chapter
ISM: 2:
Precalculus
Functions EGU
ISM: Precalculus
and TheirEGU
Graphs
e. x-intercepts: 2(2) 2 8
x +2 b. f (2) = =
f ( x ) =0 ⇒ =0
(2) 4 +1 17
x−6
⎛ 8 ⎞
x + 2 = 0 ⇒ x = −2 ⇒ ( −2, 0 ) The point 2, is on the graph of f.
⎜ ⎟
17
⎝ ⎠
0 +2 1 ⎛ 1⎞
f. y-intercept: f ( 0 ) = = − ⇒ 0, − c. Solve for x :
⎜ ⎟
0−6 3 3
⎝ ⎠
2x2
1=
4
x2 + 2 x +1
26. f (x) = x 4 +1 = 2x 2
x+4
x 4 − 2x 2 +1 = 0
12 + 2 3
a. f (1) = = (x 2 −1) 2 = 0
1+ 4 5
x 2 −1 = 0 ⇒ x = ±1
⎛ 3 ⎞ is on the graph of f.
The point 1,
⎜ ⎟ (1,1) and (–1,1) are on the graph of f .

5
⎝ ⎠ d. The domain of f is
0 +2
2
2 1 {x x is any real number} .
b. f (0) = = =
e. x-intercept:
0+4 4 2
⎛ 1⎞
The point 0, is on the graph of f.
⎜ ⎟ 2x 2
2
⎝ ⎠ f ( x ) =0 ⇒ =0
4
c. Solve for x : x +1
1 x +2 ( )
= ⇒ x + 4 = 2x 2 + 4
2
2x 2 = 0 ⇒ x = 0 ⇒ 0, 0
2 x+4 f. y-intercept:
0 = 2x 2 − x 2 ( 0)
2
0
f ( 0) = = = 0 ⇒ ( 0, 0 )
10 10
2 2
Chapter
ISM: 2:
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Functions EGU
ISM: Precalculus
and TheirEGU
Graphs
1 0 4 +1 0 +1
x ( 2x −1) = 0 ⇒ x = 0 or x =
2
2x
⎛
0,
1⎞
and
⎛ 1
,
1 ⎞
are on the graph of f . 28. f (x) =
⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟ x−2
2 2 2
⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠
The domain of f is { x x ≠ − 4} .
⎛1⎞
d. =2⎜2 ⎟
⎛1⎞ 1 2
a. f = ⎝ ⎠= =−
e. x-intercepts:
⎜ ⎟ 1 3 3
2
⎝ ⎠ − −
2
2
x +2 2 2
f ( x ) =0 ⇒ = 0 ⇒ x2 + 2 = 0
x+4 ⎛1 2⎞
The point ⎜ , − ⎟ is on the graph of f.
This is impossible, so there are no x-
⎝ 2 3⎠
intercepts.
f. y-intercept: 2(4) 8
b. f (4) = = =4
4−2 2
02 + 2 2 1 ⎛ 1⎞
f ( 0) = = = ⇒ ⎜ 0, ⎟ The point ( 4, 4 ) is on the graph of f.
0+4 4 2 ⎝ 2⎠
c. Solve for x :
2 2x
2x 1= ⇒ x − 2 = 2x ⇒ − 2 = x
27. f (x) =
x +1
4
x−2
(–2,1) is a point on the graph of f .
2(−1) 2 2
a. f (−1) = = =1
(−1) +1 4
2 d. The domain of f is {x x ≠ 2}.
The point (–1,1) is on the graph of f.
10 10
3 3
Chapter
ISM: 2:
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Functions EGU
ISM: Precalculus
and TheirEGU
Graphs
e. x-intercept: −32x 2
2x e. y1 = +x
f ( x ) =0 ⇒ = 0 ⇒ 2x = 0 2
x−2 150 130
⇒ x = 0 ⇒ ( 0, 0 )
0
f. y-intercept: f ( 0 ) = = 0 ⇒ ( 0, 0 )
0−2
0 600
−32x 2
−5
29. h(x) = +x
f. Use INTERSECT on the graphs of
130 2 2
−32(100) 2 −32 x
y = + x and y = 90 .
a. h(100) = +100 1
130 2
2
130 2 150
−320, 000
= +100 ≈ 81.07 feet
16, 900
−32(300) 2
b. h(300) = + 300 0 600
130 2 −5
−2, 880, 000 150
= + 300 ≈ 129.59 feet
16, 900
−32(500) 2
c. h(500) = + 500
2
130 0
600
−8, 000, 000 −5
= + 500 ≈ 26.63 feet
16, 900
−32x 2 The ball reaches a height of 90 feet twice.

d. Solving h(x) = +x=0 The first time is when the ball has traveled
130 2 approximately 115 feet, and the second time
is when the ball has traveled about 413 feet.
−32x 2
+x=0 g. The ball travels approximately 275 feet
130 2 before it reaches its maximum height of
approximately 131.8 feet.
⎛ −32 x ⎞
x +1 = 0
⎜ ⎟
130 2
⎝ ⎠
−32 x
x = 0 or +1 = 0
10 10
4 4
Chapter
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Functions EGU
ISM: Precalculus
and TheirEGU
Graphs
130 2
32 x
1=
130 2
130 = 32x
2
h. The ball travels approximately 264 feet
before it reaches its maximum height of
130 2 approximately 132.03 feet.
x= = 528.125 feet
32
Therefore, the golf ball travels 528.125 feet.
10 10
5 5
Chapter
ISM: 2:
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Functions EGU
ISM: Precalculus
and TheirEGU
Graphs
b. TblStart = 0; ΔTbl = 50
30. A(x) = 4x 1 − x
2
a. Domain of A(x) = 4x 1 − x 2 ; we know
that x must be greater than or equal to zero,

since x represents a length. We also need
1− x 2 ≥ 0 , since this expression occurs
under a square root. In fact, to avoid
Area = 0, we require c. The cost per passenger is minimized to
about $220 when the ground speed is
x > 0 and 1− x 2 > 0 .
roughly 600 miles per hour.
Solve: 1 − x 2 > 0
(1+ x )(1− x ) > 0
Case1: 1+ x > 0 and 1− x > 0
x > −1 and x <1
(i.e. −1 < x < 1) 2

⎛ 4000 ⎞
32.
W (h) = m ⎜ ⎟
⎝ 4000 + h ⎠
Case2: 1+ x < 0 and 1− x < 0 a. h = 14110 feet ≈ 2.67 miles ;
x < −1 and x >1 ⎝ ⎠2

⎛ 4000 ⎞
(which is impossible) W (2.67) = 120 ⎜ ⎟ ≈ 119.84
4000 + 2.67
Therefore the domain of A is { x 0 < x < 1} . On Pike's Peak, Amy will weigh about
119.84 pounds.
b. Graphing A(x) = 4x 1 − x 2
b. Graphing:
3 120
0 5
0 1 119.5
0
c. Create a TABLE:
c. When x = 0.7 feet, the cross-sectional area is
maximized at approximately 1.9996 square
feet. Therefore, the length of the base of the
beam should be 1.4 feet in order to
maximize the cross-sectional area.
10 10
6 6
Chapter
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x 36000 The weight W will vary from 120 pounds to

31. C(x) = 100 + +
10 x about 119.7 pounds.

a. Graphing:
400
0 600
200
10 10
7 7
Chapter
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Functions EGU
ISM: Precalculus
and TheirEGU
Graphs
d. By refining the table, Amy will weigh 40.

119.95 lbs at a height of about 0.8 miles
(4224 feet).
e. Yes, 4224 feet is reasonable.

33. Answers will vary. From a graph, the domain
can be found by visually locating the x-values
for which the graph is defined. The range can be
found in a similar fashion by visually locating
the y-values for which the function is defined.
If an equation is given, the domain can be found
by locating any restricted values and removing
them from the set of real numbers. The range can
be found by using known properties of the graph 41. a. 2 hours elapsed; Kevin was between 0 and 3
of the equation, or estimated by means of a table miles from home.
of values.
b. 0.5 hours elapsed; Kevin was 3 miles from
home.
34. The graph of a function can have any number of
x-intercepts. c. 0.3 hours elapsed; Kevin was between 0 and
3 miles from home.
35. The graph of a function can have at most one y-
d. 0.2 hours elapsed; Kevin was at home.
intercept.
e. 0.9 hours elapsed; Kevin was between 0 and
36. Yes, the graph of a single point is the graph of a 2.8 miles from home.
function since it would pass the vertical line test.
f. 0.3 hours elapsed; Kevin was 2.8 miles from
The equation of such a function would be
home.
something like the following:
f ( x ) = 2 , where x = 7 . g. 1.1 hours elapsed; Kevin was between 0 and
2.8 miles from home.
37. (a) III; (b) IV; (c) I; (d) V; (e) II h. The farthest distance Kevin is from home is
3 miles.
38. (a) II; (b) V; (c) IV; (d) III; (e) I i. Kevin returned home 2 times.
39. 42. a. Michael travels fastest between 7 and 7.4
minutes. That is, ( 7, 7.4 ) .
b. Michael's speed is zero between 4.2 and 6
minutes. That is, ( 4.2, 6 ) .
c. Between 0 and 2 minutes, Michael's speed

increased from 0 to 30 miles/hour.
d. Between 4.2 and 6 minutes, Michael was
stopped.
10 10
8 8
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and TheirEGU
Graphs
e. Between 7 and 7.4 minutes, Michael was 5. y = x 2 − 9

traveling at a steady rate of 50 miles/hour.
x-intercepts:
f. Michael's speed is constant between 2 and 4 0 = x2 − 9
minutes, between 4.2 and 6 minutes,
between 7 and 7.4 minutes, and between 7.6 x 2 = 9 → x = ±3
and 8 minutes. That is, on the intervals y-intercept:
( 2, 4 ) , ( 4.2, 6 ) , ( 7, 7.4 ) , and ( 7.6,8 ) . y = ( 0 ) − 9 = −9
2
43. Answers (graphs) will vary. Points of the form The intercepts are ( −3, 0 ) , ( 3, 0 ) , and ( 0, −9 ) .
(5, y) and of the form (x, 0) cannot be on the
graph of the function. 6. increasing
44. The only such function is f ( x ) = 0 because it is 7. even; odd
the only function for which f ( x ) = − f ( x ) . Any 8. True
other such graph would fail the vertical line test.

9. True
10. False; odd functions are symmetric with respect

to the origin. Even functions are symmetric with
Section 2.3
respect to the y-axis.
1. 2 < x < 5
11. Yes
Δy 8−3 5
2. slope = = = =1 12. No, it is increasing.

Δx 3 − ( −2 ) 5
13. No, it only increases on (5, 10).
3. x-axis: y → − y
14. Yes
( − y ) = 5x 2 −1
15. f is increasing on the intervals
− y = 5x 2 −1
( −8, −2 ) , ( 0, 2 ) , ( 5, ∞ ) .
y = −5x 2 +1 different
y-axis: x → −x 16. f is decreasing on the intervals:
y = 5 ( −x ) −1
2
( −∞, −8 ) , ( −2, 0 ) , ( 2, 5 ) .
y = 5x 2 −1 same
origin: x → −x and y → − y y = −5x 2 +1 different
( − y ) = 5 ( −x )2 −1 The equation has symmetry with respect to the

y-axis only.
− y = 5x 2 −1
10 10
9 9
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4. y − y1 = m ( x − x1 ) 17. Yes. The local maximum at x = 2 is 10.

y − ( −2 ) = 5 ( x − 3) 18. No. There is a local minimum at x = 5 ; the local
y + 2 = 5 ( x − 3) minimum is 0.
19. f has local maxima at x = − 2 and x = 2 . The

local maxima are 6 and 10, respectively.
20. f has local minima at x = −8, x = 0 and x = 5 .

The local minima are –4, 0, and 0,
respectively.
11 11
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21. a. Intercepts: (–2, 0), (2, 0), and (0, 3). ⎛ π ⎞ ⎛π ⎞

26. a. Intercepts: ⎜ − , 0 ⎟ , ⎜ , 0 ⎟ , and (0, 1) .
b. Domain: {x − 4 ≤ x ≤ 4} ; ⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝2 ⎠
Range: { y 0 ≤ y ≤ 3} . b. Domain: {x − π ≤ x ≤ π} ;
c. Increasing: (–2, 0) and (2, 4); Range: {y −1 ≤ y ≤ 1} .

Decreasing: (–4, –2) and (0, 2).
d. Since the graph is symmetric with respect to c. Increasing: ( −π, 0 ) ; Decreasing: ( 0, π ) .

the y-axis, the function is even.
d. Since the graph is symmetric with respect to
22. a. Intercepts: (–1, 0), (1, 0), and (0, 2). the y-axis, the function is even.
b. Domain: {x − 3 ≤ x ≤ 3} ; 27. a. Intercepts:

⎛1 ⎞ ⎛5 ⎞
,0 ,
⎛ 1⎞
, 0 , and 0, .
⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟
2 2 2
⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠
Range: { y 0 ≤ y ≤ 3} .
b. Domain: {x − 3 ≤ x ≤ 3} ;
c. Increasing: (–1, 0) and (1, 3);
Decreasing: (–3, –1) and (0, 1). Range: { y −1 ≤ y ≤ 2} .

the y-axis, the function is even.
c. Increasing: ( 2, 3) ; Decreasing: ( −1, 1) ;
Constant: ( −3, −1) and (1, 2 )
23. a. Intercepts: (0, 1). d. Since the graph is not symmetric with
b. Domain: { x x is any real number} ; respect to the y-axis or the origin, the
function is neither even nor odd.
Range: {y y > 0} .
28. a. Intercepts: ( − 2.3, 0 ) , ( 3, 0 ) , and ( 0, 1) .
c. Increasing: (−∞, ∞) ; Decreasing: never.
d. Since the graph is not symmetric with b. Domain: {x − 3 ≤ x ≤ 3} ;

respect to the y-axis or the origin, the
Range: { y − 2 ≤ y ≤ 2} .
24. a. Intercepts: (1, 0). c. Increasing: (0, ∞) ; Decreasing: never.
b. Domain: {x x > 0} ; d. Since the graph is not symmetric with

Range: { y y is any real number} . function is neither even nor odd.
11 11
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Graphs
c. Increasing:( −3, − 2 ) and ( 0, 2 ) ;

25. a. Intercepts: (−π, 0), (π, 0), and (0, 0) .
Decreasing: ( 2, 3 ) ; Constant: ( − 2, 0 ) .
d. Since the graph is not symmetric with
29. a. f has a local maximum of 3 at x = 0.
b. f has a local minimum of 0 at both

x = − 2 and x = 2.
30. a. f has a local maximum of 2 at x = 0.

b. Domain: {x − π ≤ x ≤ π} ; b. f has a local minimum of 0 at both
Range: {y −1 ≤ y ≤ 1} . x = −1 and x = 1.
⎛ π π⎞ π
c. Increasing: − , ;
⎜
2 2
⎟ 31. a. f has a local maximum of 1 at x = .
2
⎝ ⎠
⎛ π⎞ ⎛π ⎞ π
Decreasing: −π, − and ,π .
⎜
2
⎟ ⎜
2
⎟ b. f has a local minimum of –1 at x = − .
2
⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠
the origin, the function is odd.
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32. a. f has a local maximum of 1 at x = 0. x

42. h(x) =
2
b. f has a local minimum of –1 at x = −π x −1
−x −x
and at x = π . h(−x) = = = −h ( x )
(−x) 2 −1 x 2 −1
33. f (x) = 4x 3 Therefore, h is odd.
f (−x) = 4(−x)3 = − 4x3 = − f ( x )

−x 3
Therefore, f is odd. 43. h(x) =
3x 2 − 9
−(−x)3 x3
34. f (x) = 2x 4 − x 2 h(−x) = = = −h ( x )

3(−x) 2 − 9 3x 2 − 9
f (−x) = 2(−x) 4 − (−x) 2 = 2x 4 − x 2 = f ( x ) Therefore, h is odd.

Therefore, f is even.
2x
44. F (x) =
35. g(x) = −3x − 5
2
x
g(−x) = −3(−x) 2 − 5 = − 3x 2 − 5 = g ( x ) 2(−x) −2 x
F (−x) = = = −F ( x )
Therefore, g is even.
−x x
Therefore, F is odd.
h(x) = 3x3 + 5
36.
h(−x) = 3(−x)3 + 5 = − 3x3 + 5 45. f ( x ) = x3 − 3x + 2 on the interval ( −2, 2 )
h is neither even nor odd. Use MAXIMUM and MINIMUM on the graph
3
of
y1 = x − 3x + 2 .
37. F (x) = 3 x
F (−x) = 3 −x = − 3 x = −F ( x )
Therefore, F is odd.
38. G(x) = x
G(−x) = −x
G is neither even nor odd.
39. f (x) = x + x
f (−x) = −x + − x = −x + x
f is neither even nor odd.
11 11
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3
40. f (x) = 2x 2 +1
local maximum at: ( −1, 4 ) ;
f (−x) = 3 2(−x) 2 +1 = 2x 2 +1 = f ( x )
3
local minimum at: (1, 0 )
Therefore, f is even.
f is increasing on: ( −2, −1) and (1, 2 ) ;
1 f is decreasing on: ( −1,1)
g(x) =
41.
x2
1 1
g(−x) = = = g ( x)
(−x) 2 x 2
Therefore, g is even.
11 11
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46. f ( x ) = x3 − 3x 2 + 5 on the interval ( −1,3 ) 48. f ( x ) = x 4 − x 2 on the interval ( −2, 2 )

Use MAXIMUM and MINIMUM on the graph Use MAXIMUM and MINIMUM on the graph
3 2 4 2
of
y1 = x − 3x + 5 . of y1 = x − x .
local maximum at: ( 0, 5 ) ;

local minimum at: ( 2,1)
f is increasing on: ( −1, 0 ) and ( 2,3 ) ;
f is decreasing on: ( 0, 2 )
f ( x ) = x5 − x3 on the interval ( −2, 2 )

47.
Use MAXIMUM and MINIMUM on the graph
5 3
of
y1 = x − x .
0.5 local maximum at: ( 0, 0 ) ;

local minimum at: ( −0.71, −0.25 ) , ( 0.71, −0.25 )
−2 2 f is increasing on: ( −0.71, 0 ) and ( 0.71, 2 ) ;
f is decreasing on: ( −2, −0.71) and ( 0, 0.71)
−0.5
0.5 49. f ( x ) = −0.2x3 − 0.6x 2 + 4x − 6 on the
interval ( −6, 4 )
−2 2 3 2
of
y1 = −0.2x − 0.6x + 4x − 6 .
11 11
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Graphs
−0.5
local maximum at: ( −0.77, 0.19 ) ;
local minimum at: ( 0.77, −0.19 ) ;
f is increasing on: ( −2, −0.77 ) and ( 0.77, 2 ) ;
f is decreasing on: ( −0.77, 0.77 )
11 11
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51. f ( x ) = 0.25x 4 + 0.3x 3 − 0.9x 2 + 3 on the

interval ( −3, 2 )
4 3 2
of
y1 = 0.25x + 0.3x − 0.9x + 3 .
local maximum at: (1.77, −1.91) ;

local minimum at: ( −3.77, −18.89 )
f is increasing on: ( −3.77,1.77 ) ;
f is decreasing on: ( −6, −3.77 ) and (1.77, 4 )
f ( x ) = −0.4x3 + 0.6x 2 + 3x − 2 on the

50. interval ( −4,5 )
3 2
of
y1 = −0.4x + 0.6x + 3x − 2 .
local maximum at: ( 0, 3 ) ;

local minimum at: ( −1.87, 0.95 ) , ( 0.97, 2.65 )
f is increasing on: ( −1.87, 0 ) and ( 0.97, 2 ) ;
f is decreasing on: ( −3, −1.87 ) and ( 0, 0.97 )
local maximum at: ( 2.16,3.25 ) ; f ( x ) = −0.4x 4 − 0.5x3 + 0.8x 2 − 2 on the

52.
local minimum at: ( −1.16, −4.05 ) interval ( −3, 2 )
f is increasing on: ( −1.16, 2.16 ) ;
f is decreasing on: ( −4, −1.16 ) and ( 2.16,5 ) of y1 = −0.4x 4 − 0.5x3 + 0.8x 2 − 2 .
11 11
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11 11
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54. f (x) = − x3 +1
a. Average rate of change of f from x = 0 to
x = 2:
f ( 2 )− f ( 0 ) ( −( 2) +1)−( − ( 0) +1)
3 3
=
2−0 2
−7 −1 −8
= = = −4
2 2
b. Average rate of change of f from x = 1 to
x = 3:
f ( 3)− f (1) ( −(3) +1)−( − (1) + 1)

3 3
=
3 −1 2
−26 − ( 0 ) −26
= = = −13
local maximum at: ( −1.57, −0.52 ) , 2 2
( 0.64, −1.87 ) ; local minimum at: ( 0, −2 ) c. Average rate of change of f from x = –1 to
x = 1:
f is increasing on: ( −3, −1.57 ) and ( 0, 0.64 ) ;
f is decreasing on: ( −1.57, 0 ) and ( 0.64, 2 )
f (1)− f ( −1) ( − (1) +1)−( − ( −1) +1)
3 3
1− ( −1) =
2
0 −2 −2
53. f (x) = −2x 2 + 4 = = = −1
2 2
x=2 55. g ( x ) = x − 2x +1
3
f ( 2 )− f ( 0 ) ( −2 ( 2) +4)−( −2 ( 0) +4 )
2 2
a. Average rate of change of g from x = −3 to
=
2−0 2 x = −2 :
( −4 ) − ( 4 ) −8 g ( −2 )−g ( −3)
= = = −4 −2 − ( −3 )
2 2
⎡( −2 )3 − 2 ( −2 ) +1⎤ − ⎡( −3 )3 − 2 ( −3 ) + 1⎤
x = 3: = ⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦
1
f ( 3)− f (1) ( −2 ( 3) +4 )−( −2 (1) +4)

2 2
( ) ( )
11 11
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−3 − −20 17
= = =
3 −1 2 1 1
( −14 )−( 2 ) −16 = 17
= = = −8
2 2 b. Average rate of change of g from x = −1 to
c. Average rate of change of f from x = 1 to x =1 :
x = 4: g (1) − g ( −1)
f ( 4 )− f (1) ( −2 ( 4) +4)−( −2 (1) +4)

2 2
1− ( −1)
=
4 −1 3 ⎡(1)3 − 2 (1) +1⎤ − ⎡( −1)3 − 2 ( −1) +1⎤
( −28 )−( 2 ) −30 =

⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦
= = = −10 2
3 3 (0) − ( 2) −2
= =
2 2
= −1
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c. Average rate of change of g from x = 1 to 57. f ( x ) = 5x − 2

x =3:
a. Average rate of change of f from 1 to x:
g ( 3) − g (1)
3 −1 f (x )− f (1) ( 5x −2 )−( 5 (1)−2 )
=
x −1 x −1
⎡( 3 )3 − 2 ( 3 ) +1⎤ − ⎡(1)3 − 2 (1) +1⎤
5x −2 −3 5x −5
= =
= ⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦
2 x −1 x −1
( 22 ) − ( 0 ) 22 5 (x −1)
= = =
2 2 x −1
= 11 =5
b. The average rate of change of f from 1 to x

56. h ( x ) = x 2 − 2x + 3 is a constant 5. Therefore, the average rate
of change of f from 1 to 3 is 5. The slope of
a. Average rate of change of h from x = −1 to
the secant line joining (1, f (1) ) and
x =1 :
h (1)−h ( −1) ( 3, f ( 3) ) is 5.
1− ( −1)
c. We use the point-slope form to find the
⎡(1) 2 − 2 (1) + 3⎤ − ⎡( −1) 2 − 2 ( −1) + 3⎤ equation of the secant line:
=
⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦ y−y =m (x − x )
1 sec 1
2
( 2) − ( 6) −4 y − 3 = 5 ( x −1)
= = y − 3 = 5x − 5
2 2 y = 5x − 2
= −2
b. Average rate of change of h from x = 0 to d. The secant line coincides with the function
x = 2: so the graph only shows one line.
h ( 2) − h ( 0) 10
2−0
⎡( 2 ) 2 − 2 ( 2 ) + 3 ⎤ − ⎡ ( 0 ) 2 − 2 ( 0 ) + 3⎤ −10 10
= ⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦
2
( 3) − ( 3 ) 0 −10
= =
2 2
12 12
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=0 58. f ( x ) = −4x +1
c. Average rate of change of h from x = 2 to a. Average rate of change of f from 2 to x:

x =5: f ( x ) − f ( 2) ( −4x +1) − ( −4 ( 2 ) +1)
h ( 5 )−h ( 2 ) =
x−2
x−2
5−2 −4x + 8
−4x +1− ( −7 )
= =
⎡ ( 5 ) 2 − 2 ( 5 ) + 3⎤ − ⎡ ( 2 ) 2 − 2 ( 2 ) + 3 ⎤ x−2
x−2
=
⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦ −4 ( x − 2 )
3 =
x−2
(18 ) − ( 3) 15
= −4
= =
3 3
b. The average rate of change of f from 2 to x
=5
is given by −4 . Therefore, the average rate
of change of f from 2 to 5 is −4 . The slope
of the secant line joining ( 2, f ( 2 ) ) and
( 5, f ( 5 ) ) is −4 .
12 12
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c. We use the point-slope form to find the 60. g ( x ) = x 2 +1

equation of the secant line:
y − y1 = msec ( x − x1 ) a. Average rate of change of g from −1 to x:
y − ( −7 ) = −4 ( x − 2 ) g ( x ) − g ( −1) ⎡ x 2 +1⎤ − ⎡( −1) 2 +1⎤

y + 7 = −4x + 8 x − ( −1) ⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦
=
x +1
y = −4x +1
(x 2
)
+1 −( 2 )
x 2 −1
d. The secant line coincides with the function = = x +1
so the graph only shows one line. x +1
( x −1)( x +1)
10 = = x −1
x +1
b. The average rate of change of g from −1 to
−10 10 x is given by x −1 . Therefore, the average
rate of change of g from −1 to 2 is 2 −1 = 1.
The slope of the secant line joining
−10 ( −1, g ( −1) ) and ( 2, g ( 2 ) ) is 1.
59. g ( x ) = x − 2
2 c. We use the point-slope form to find the

a. Average rate of change of g from −2 to x:
y − y1 = msec ( x − x1 )
g ( x ) − g ( −2 ) ⎡ x 2 − 2 ⎤ − ⎡( −2 ) 2 − 2 ⎤
y − 2 = 1( x − ( −1) )
x − ( −2 ) ⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦
=
y − 2 = x +1
x+2
(x 2
)
−2 −( 2 ) x 2 −4 y = x+3
= = x+2
d. The graph below shows the graph of g along
x+2
(x +2 )(x −2 ) with the secant line y = x + 3 .

= = x−2 8
x+2
b. The average rate of change of g from −2 to
x is given by x − 2 . Therefore, the average
rate of change of g from −2 to 1 is
1− 2 = −1 . The slope of the secant line −3 3

joining ( −2, g ( −2 ) ) and (1, g (1) ) is −1 .
−2
c. We use the point-slope form to find the
61. h ( x ) = x − 2x
2
y − y1 = msec ( x − x1 ) a. Average rate of change of h from 2 to x:
12 12
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Graphs
y − 2 = −1( x − ( −2 ) ) ⎡ x 2 −2 x ⎤−⎡( 2 ) 2 −2 ( 2 ) ⎤
h (x )−h ( 2 )
y − 2 = −x − 2 ⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦
x−2 =
x−2
y = −x
(x 2
)
−2 x −( 0 ) x 2 −2 x
d. The graph below shows the graph of g along = = x−2
with the secant line y = −x . x−2
x ( x − 2)
5 = =x
x−2
b. The average rate of change of h from 2 to x
−5 5 is given by x. Therefore, the average rate of
change of h from 2 to 4 is 4. The slope of
the secant line joining ( 2, h ( 2 ) ) and
−5
( 4, h ( 4 ) ) is 4.
12 12
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c. We use the point-slope form to find the 63. a. length = 24 − 2x ; width = 24 − 2x ;

equation of the secant line: height = x
y − y1 = msec ( x − x1 ) V (x) = x(24 − 2x)(24 − 2x) = x(24 − 2x) 2
y − 0 = 4 ( x − 2)
b. V (3) = 3(24 − 2(3)) 2 = 3(18) 2

y = 4x − 8
= 3(324) = 972 cu.in.
d. The graph below shows the graph of h along
with the secant line y = 4x − 8 . c. V (10) = 10(24 − 2(10)) 2 = 10(4) 2

12 = 10(16) = 160 cu.in.
d. y1 = x(24 − 2x) 2
1100
−2 6
−2
62. h ( x ) = −2x + x
2
0 12
0
a. Average rate of change from 0 to x: Use MAXIMUM.
1100
h ( x ) − h ( 0 ) ⎡ −2x + x ⎤ − ⎡ −2 ( 0 ) + 0 ⎤
2 2
x−0 ⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦
=
x
( −2 x 2
)
+x −( 0 ) −2 x 2 +x
= =
x x
0 12
x ( −2 x +1) 0
= = −2x +1 The volume is largest when x = 4 inches.
x
b. The average rate of change of h from 0 to x
is given by −2x +1 . Therefore, the average 64. a. Let A = amount of material ,
rate of change of h from 0 to 3 is y − 0 = −5 ( x − 0 )

−2 ( 3 ) +1 = −5 . The slope of the secant line y
=
joining ( 0, h ( 0 ) ) and ( 3, h ( 3 ) ) is −5 .
−
c. We use the point-slope form to find the 5
equation of the secant line: x
y − y1 = msec ( x − x1 )
100 100
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x = length of the base , h = height , and Total Area A = ( Area base ) + ( 4 )( Area side )
V = volume .
= x 2 + 4xh
10
V = x 2 h = 10 ⇒ h = ⎛ 10 ⎞
x2 = x 2 + 4x ⎜ 2 ⎟
⎝x ⎠
40
= x2 +
d. The graph below shows the graph of h along x
with the secant line y = −5x . 40
A ( x ) = x2 +
5
x
−4 40
4
b. A (1) = 12 + = 1+ 40 = 41 ft 2
1
40
c. A ( 2 ) = 22 + = 4 + 20 = 24 ft 2
2
−20
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40 b. Use the Maximum option on the CALC

y1 = x +
2
d. menu.
x
100 200
0 8
0 10
0 −25
100 The object reaches its maximum height after

about 2.89 seconds.
c. From the graph in part (b), the maximum
height is about 144.68 feet.
0 10 d. s ( t ) = −16t 2 +100t
0 200
The amount of material is least when
x = 2.71 ft.
1
65. a. y = −16x 2 + 80x + 6
110 0 8
−25
On Earth, the object would reach a
maximum height of 156.25 feet after 3.125
seconds. The maximum height is slightly
higher than on Saturn.
0 6
0
b. Use MAXIMUM. The maximum height 67. C ( x ) = 0.3x 2 + 21x − 251+ 2500
occurs when t = 2.5 seconds. x
110
2500
a. y1 = 0.3x + 21x − 251+
2
x
2500
0 6
0
c. From the graph, the maximum height is 106 0 30
feet. −300
66. a. y = s ( t ) = −17.28t 2 +100t b. Use MINIMUM. The average cost is

minimized when approximately 9.66
200
lawnmowers are produced per hour.
102 102
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2500
0 8
−25 0 30
−300
c. The minimum average cost is approximately

$238.65.
103 103
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C ( t ) = −.002t + .039t − .285t + .766t + .085 d. For each additional bicycle sold between 0
4 3 2
68. a.
and 25, the total revenue increases by (an
Graph the function on a graphing utility and
average of) $1120.
use the Maximum option from the CALC
menu. 64835 −62360 2475
1 f. Average rate = =
of change 223 −190 33
= 75 dollars per bicycle

g. For each additional bicycle sold between
190 and 223, the total revenue increases by
(an average of) $75.
0 10
h. The average rate of change of revenue is
0
decreasing as the number of bicycles
The concentration will be highest after about
increases.
2.16 hours.
70. (a), (b), (e)
b. Enter the function in Y1 and 0.5 in Y2.
Graph the two equations in the same
window and use the Intersect option from
the CALC menu.
1
0 10
0
1
27750 −24000
c. Average rate =
of change 25 − 0
10
3750
0
0
= = 150 dollars/bicycle
After taking the medication, the woman can 25
feed her child within the first 0.71 hours d. For each additional bicycle made between 0
(about 42 minutes) or after 4.47 hours (about and 25, the total production cost increases
4hours 28 minutes) have elapsed. by (an average of) $150.
69. (a), (b), (e) 46500 −42750 3750

f. Average rate = =
of change 223 −190 33
= 113.64 dollars/bicycle
g. For each additional bicycle made between
190 and 223, the total production cost
increases by (an average of) $113.64.
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h. The average rate of change of cost is

decreasing as the number of bicycles
increases.
71. f (x) = x 2
28000 −0 28000
c. Average rate = =
of change 25 − 0 25 a. Average rate of change of f from x = 0 to

x =1 :
= 1120 dollars/bicycle
f (1)− f ( 0 ) 12 −0 2 1
= = =1
1− 0 1 1
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x = 0.5 :
f ( 0.5 ) − f ( 0 ) ( 0.5 )
2
− 02 0.25
= = = 0.5
0.5 − 0 0.5 0.5
c. Average rate of change of f from x = 0 to
x = 0.1 :
f ( 0.1) − f ( 0 ) ( 0.1)
2
− 02 0.01
= = = 0.1
0.1 − 0 0.1 0.1
d. Average rate of change of f from x = 0 to
x = 0.01 :
f ( 0.01) − f ( 0 ) ( 0.01)
2
− 02
=
0.01 − 0 0.01
0.0001
= = 0.01
0.01
e. Average rate of change of f from x = 0 to
x = 0.001 :
f ( 0.001) − f ( 0 ) ( 0.001)
2
− 02
=
0.001− 0 0.001
0.000001
= = 0.001
0.001
f. Graphing the secant lines:
g. The secant lines are beginning to look more

and more like the tangent line to the graph
of f at the point where x = 0.
h. The slopes of the secant lines are getting
smaller and smaller. They seem to be
approaching the number zero.
72. f (x) = x 2
x = 2:
f ( 2 ) − f (1) 2 2 −12 3
= = =3
106 106
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2 −1 1 1
x = 1.5 :
f (1.5 ) − f (1) (1.5)2 −12 1.25
= = = 2.5
1.5 −1 0.5 0.5
c. Average rate of change of f from x = 1 to
x = 1.1 :
f (1.1) − f (1) (1.1)2 −12 0.21
= = = 2.1
1.1−1 0.1 0.1
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d. Average rate of change of f from x = 1 to

x = 1.01 :
f (1.01) − f (1) (1.01)
2
−12
=
1.01 −1 0.01
0.0201
= = 2.01
0.01
e. Average rate of change of f from x = 1 to
x = 1.001 :
f (1.001) − f (1) (1.001)
2
−12
=
1.001 −1 0.001
0.002001
= = 2.001
0.001
f. Graphing the secant lines: g. The secant lines are beginning to look more
and more like the tangent line to the graph
of f at the point where x = 1.
h. The slopes of the secant lines are getting
smaller and smaller. They seem to be
approaching the number 2.
f (x) = 2x + 5
73.
f ( x +h) − f ( x)
a. msec =
h
2( x +h) +5 −2 x −5
=
h
2h
= =2
h
b. When x = 1 :
h = 0.5 ⇒ msec = 2
h = 0.1 ⇒ msec = 2
h = 0.01 ⇒ msec = 2
as h → 0, msec → 2
c. Using the point (1, f (1) ) = (1, 7 ) and slope,

m = 2 , we get the secant line:
y − 7 = 2 ( x −1)
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y − 7 = 2x − 2
y = 2x + 5
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d. Graphing: 75. f (x) = x 2 + 2x
f ( x +h) − f ( x)
a. msec =
h
(x + h) + 2(x + h) − (x 2 + 2x)
2
=
h
x + 2xh + h + 2x + 2h − x 2 − 2x
2 2
=
h
The graph and the secant line coincide. 2xh + h + 2h
2
=
h
74. f (x) = −3x + 2 = 2x + h + 2
f ( x +h) − f ( x) b. When x = 1,
a. msec = h = 0.5 ⇒ msec = 2 ⋅1+ 0.5 + 2 = 4.5
h
h = 0.1 ⇒ msec = 2 ⋅1+ 0.1+ 2 = 4.1
−3( x +h) +2 −(−3x +2)
= h = 0.01 ⇒ msec = 2 ⋅1+ 0.01+ 2 = 4.01
h
−3h as h → 0, msec → 2 ⋅1+ 0 + 2 = 4

= = −3
h
b. When x = 1, c. Using point (1, f (1) ) = (1,3 ) and

h = 0.5 ⇒ msec = −3 slope = 4.01, we get the secant line:
h = 0.1 ⇒ msec = −3 y − 3 = 4.01( x −1)
h = 0.01 ⇒ msec = −3 y − 3 = 4.01x − 4.01
as h → 0, msec → −3 y = 4.01x −1.01
c. Using point (1, f (1) ) = (1, −1) and d. Graphing:

slope = −3 , we get the secant line:
y − ( −1) = −3 ( x −1)
y +1 = −3x + 3
y = −3x + 2
d. Graphing:
f (x) = 2x 2 + x
76.
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f ( x +h) − f ( x)
a. msec =
h
2(x + h) 2 + (x + h) − (2x 2 + x)
=
The graph and the secant line coincide. h
2(x + 2xh + h 2 ) + x + h − 2x 2 − x
2
=
h
2x + 4xh + 2h + x + h − 2x 2 − x
2 2
=
h
4xh + 2h + h2
=
h
= 4x + 2h +1
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b. When x = 1, c. Using point (1, f (1) ) = (1, 0 ) and

h = 0.5 ⇒ msec = 4 ⋅1+ 2 ( 0.5 ) +1 = 6 slope = 1.02, we get the secant line:
h = 0.1 ⇒ msec = 4 ⋅1+ 2 ( 0.1) +1 = 5.2 y − 0 = 1.02 ( x −1)
h = 0.01 ⇒ msec = 4 ⋅1+ 2 ( 0.01) +1 = 5.02 y = 1.02x −1.02
as h → 0, msec → 4 ⋅1+ 2 ( 0 ) +1 = 5
d. Graphing:
c. Using point (1, f (1) ) = (1,3 ) and

slope = 5.02, we get the secant line:
y − 3 = 5.02 ( x −1)
y − 3 = 5.02x − 5.02
y = 5.02x − 2.02
d. Graphing:
f (x) = −x 2 + 3x − 2
78.
f ( x +h) − f ( x)
a. msec =
h
(
− ( x + h ) + 3 ( x + h ) − 2 − −x 2 + 3x − 2
2
)
=
h
2 2 2
−(x + 2xh + h ) + 3x + 3h − 2 + x − 3x + 2
=
77. f (x) = 2x 2 − 3x +1
h
2 2 2
−x − 2xh − h + 3x + 3h − 2 + x − 3x + 2
=
f ( x +h) − f ( x) h
a. msec =
h −2 xh −h 2 +3h
=
( )
2 ( x + h ) − 3 ( x + h ) +1− 2x 2 − 3x +1
2 h
= −2x − h + 3
=
h b. When x = 1,
2 2 2
2(x + 2xh + h ) − 3x − 3h + 1 − 2x + 3x −1 h = 0.5 ⇒ msec = −2 ⋅1− 0.5 + 3 = 0.5
=
h = 0.1 ⇒ msec = −2 ⋅1− 0.1+ 3 = 0.9
h
2 2 2 h = 0.01 ⇒ msec = −2 ⋅1− 0.01+ 3 = 0.99
2 x +4 xh +2h −3x −3h +1 −2 x +3x −1
=
h
4 xh +2h 2 −3h as h → 0, msec → −2 ⋅1− 0 + 3 = 1

=
h
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= 4x + 2h − 3 c. Using point (1, f (1) ) = (1, 0 ) and

slope = 0.99, we get the secant line:
b. When x = 1,
y − 0 = 0.99 ( x −1)
h = 0.5 ⇒ msec = 4 ⋅1+ 2 ( 0.5 ) − 3 = 2 y = 0.99x − 0.99
h = 0.1 ⇒ msec = 4 ⋅1+ 2 ( 0.1) − 3 = 1.2
h = 0.01 ⇒ msec = 4 ⋅1+ 2 ( 0.01) − 3 = 1.02 d. Graphing:
as h → 0, msec → 4 ⋅1+ 2 ( 0 ) − 3 = 1
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1 1
79. f (x) = 80. f (x) =
x 2
x
⎛ 1 1⎞
− f (x + h) − f (x)
⎜ ⎟
f ( x +h) − f ( x) x +h x⎠ a. msec =
a. msec = =⎝ h
h h ⎛ 1 1 ⎞
⎛ x −(x +h ) ⎞ ⎜ ⎟
−
⎜ ⎟ ⎜(x +h )= 2
x2 ⎟
(x +h )x ⎛ x −x −h ⎞ ⎛ 1 ⎞
=
⎝ ⎠
=⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟ =⎝ ⎠
⎝ ( x + h ) x ⎠⎝ h ⎠
h h
⎛ x − ( x + h )2 ⎞
2
⎛ −h ⎞⎛ 1 ⎞ ⎜ ⎟
= 2
⎜⎝ ⎟⎠ ⎝⎜ ⎟⎠ ⎜⎝ (x +h ) x 2 ⎟ ⎠
( x + h) x h
=
1
=− h
( x + h) x (
⎛ x − x 2 +2 xh +h 2 ⎞
⎜
2
⎛⎟ 1 ⎞ )
= ⎜ ⎟
⎜ ( x + h) x
2 2 ⎟ h⎠
b. When x = 1, ⎝
⎝ ⎠
h = 0.5 ⇒ msec 1
⎛ −2 xh −h 2 ⎞ 1
=− ⎛ ⎞
(1+ 0.5 )(1)
=⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟
⎜ x+h 2
x ⎟⎝ h ⎠
2
1 ⎝( ) ⎠
=− ≈ −0.667 −2 x −h
1.5 =
h = 0.1 ⇒ msec 1 ( x + h )2 x 2
=−
(1 + 0.1)(1) b. When x = 1,
1
=− ≈ −0.909
1.1 h = 0.5 ⇒ m −2 ⋅1−0.5

= ≈ −1.111
sec 2 2
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h = 0.01 ⇒ msec = − 1 (1+ 0.5 ) 1

(1+ 0.01)(1)
h = 0.1 ⇒ msec = −2 ⋅1−0.1 ≈ −1.736

1
=− ≈ −0.990
(1 + 0.1)
2 2
1
1.01
h = 0.01 ⇒ m −2 ⋅1 −0.01
= ≈ −1.970
1 1
→− =− =− 2 2
as h → 0, msec 1 sec
(1+ 0.01) 1
(1+ 0 )(1) 1
−2 ⋅1−0
c. Using point (1, f (1) ) = (1,1) and as h → 0, msec → = −2
(1+ 0 )
2 2
slope = −0.990 , we get the secant line: 1
y −1 = −0.99 ( x −1)
c. Using point (1, f (1) ) = (1,1) and
y −1 = −0.99x + 0.99
slope = −1.970 , we get the secant line:
y = −0.99x +1.99
y −1 = −1.970 ( x −1)
d. Graphing: y −1 = −1.97x +1.97
y = −1.97x + 2.97
d. Graphing:
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81. Answers will vary. One possibility follows: 85. To be an even function we need f ( −x ) = f ( x )
y and to be an odd function we need

f ( −x ) = − f ( x ) . In order for a function be both
2
(3, 0) even and odd, we would need f ( x ) = − f ( x ) .
−2 4 This is only possible if f ( x ) = 0 .

(−1, −2)
(0, −3)
86. The graph of y = 5 is a horizontal line.
−5
(2, −6)
82. Answers will vary. See solution to Problem 81

for one possibility.
83. A function that is increasing on an interval can
have at most one x-intercept on the interval. The
graph of f could not "turn" and cross it again
or it would start to decrease.
The local maximum is y = 5 and it occurs at
84. An increasing function is a function whose graph each x-value in the interval.
goes up as you read from left to right.
y
5 Section 2.4
1. From the equation y = 2x − 3 , we see that the y-
intercept is −3 . Thus, the point ( 0, −3) is on the

graph. We can obtain a second point by choosing
−3 3 a value for x and finding the corresponding value
for y.
Let x = 2 , then y = 2 ( 2 ) − 3 = 1 . Thus, the point
−5
( 2,1) is also on the graph. Plotting the two
A decreasing function is a function whose graph points and connecting with a line yields the
goes down as you read from left to right. graph below.
y
y
5
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(2, 1)
−3 3 x
−5 5
−2
(0, −3)
y2 −y1 3 −5 −2 2
2. m = = = =
−5 x2 − x1 −1− 2 −3 3
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3. We can use the point-slope form of a line to 12. g ( x ) = 5x − 4

obtain the equation.
Slope = average rate of change = 5;
y − y1 = m ( x − x1 ) y-intercept = –4
y − 5 = −3 ( x − ( −1) )
y − 5 = −3 ( x +1)
y − 5 = −3x − 3
y = −3x + 2
4. 6x − 900 = −15x + 2850

21x − 900 = 2850
21x = 3750
x=
1250 h ( x ) = −3x + 4
7 Slope = average rate of change = –3;
13. y-intercept = 4
5. slope; y-intercept
6. scatter diagram
7. y = kx
8. True
9. True
10. True
11. f ( x ) = 2x + 3
14. p( x ) = − x + 6
Slope = average rate of change = 2;
Slope = average rate of change = –1;
y-intercept = 3
y-intercept = 6
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1 18. G ( x ) = −2
15. f ( x) = x −3
4 Slope = average rate of change = 0;
1 y-intercept = –2
Slope = average rate of change = ;
4
y-intercept = –3
19. Linear, m > 0
2
16. h ( x ) = − x + 4 20. Nonlinear
3
21. Linear, m < 0
2
Slope = average rate of change = − ;
3 22. No relation
y-intercept = 4
23. Nonlinear
24. Nonlinear
25. a. 20
0 10
17. F ( x ) = 4 0
Slope = average rate of change = 0; b. Answers will vary. We select (3, 4) and
y-intercept = 4 (9, 16). The slope of the line containing
these points is:
16 −4 12
m= = =2
9 −3 6
The equation of the line is:
y − y1 = m(x − x1 )
y − 4 = 2(x − 3)
y − 4 = 2x − 6
y = 2x − 2
c. 20
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0 10
0
111 111
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d. Using the LINear REGresssion program, 27. a. 6

the line of best fit is:
y = 2.0357x − 2.3571
–3 3
e. 20
–6
b. Answers will vary. We select (–2,–4) and

(1, 4). The slope of the line containing
0 10 these points is:
0 4 − (− 4) 8
26. a. 12 m= =
1 − (− 2) 3
y − y1 = m(x − x1 )
8
y − (− 4) = (x − (− 2))
0 15
3
–2 8
y+4 = x+
16
3 3
b. Selection of points will vary. We select 8 4
(3, 0) and (13, 11). The slope of the line y = x+
containing these points is: 3 3
11 −0 11 c. 6
m= = = 1.1
13 − 3 10
y − y1 = m(x − x1 ) –3 3
y − 0 = 1.1(x − 3)
y − 0 = 1.1x − 3.3
y = 1.1x − 3.3
–6
c. 12
d. Using the LINear REGresssion program,
y = 2.2x +1.2
e. 6
0 15
–3 3
–2
d. Using the LINear REGression program, the

line of best fit is: –6
y = 1.1286x − 3.8619
28. a. 8
e. 12
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–3 3
0 15
–2
–2
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b. Selection of points will vary. We select c. 160

(–2, 7) and (1, 2). The slope of the line
containing these points is:
2 −7 −5 5
m= = =−
1− (−2) 3 3
y − y1 = m(x − x1 ) –25 0
90
y − 7 = − 5 (x − (− 2))
3 d. Using the LINear REGresssion program,

y − 7 = − x − 10
5
y = 3.8613x +180.2920
3 3
5
y =− x+ 11
3 3 e. 160
c. 8
−5 5
–25 0
90
−8
30. a. 20
line of best fit is:
y = −1.8x + 3.6
e. 8
–35 0
0
b. Selection of points will vary. We select

–3 3 (–30, 10) and (–14, 18). The slope of the
line containing these points is:
–2 18 −10 8
m= = = 0.5
29. a. 160 −14 − ( −30 ) 16

y − y1 = m(x − x1 )
y −10 = 0.5(x − ( −30 ))
y −10 = 0.5x +15
–25 0 y = 0.5x + 25
90
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c. 25
b. Answers will vary. We select (–20,100)
and (–15,118). The slope of the line
containing these points is:
118 −100 18
m= = = 3.6
−15 − ( −20 ) 5
−40 0
The equation of the line is: 0
y − y1 = m(x − x1 )
y −100 = 3.6(x − ( −20 )) line of best fit is:
y −100 = 3.6x + 72 y = 0.4421x + 23.4559
y = 3.6x +172
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e. 25 b. 893.72 = 19.25t + 585.72

308 = 19.25t
16 = t
The average monthly benefit will be
$893.72 in 2006.
−40 0
c. 1000 = 19.25t + 585.72
0
414.28 = 19.25t
31. a. C ( x ) = 0.25x + 35
C ( 40 ) = 0.25 ( 40 ) + 35 = 45 21.52 ≈ t
The moving truck will cost $45.00 if you The average monthly benefit will exceed
drive 40 miles. $1000 in 2012.
b. 80 = 0.25x + 35 H ( t ) = 26t + 411

34. a.
45 = 0.25x H (10 ) = 26 (10 ) + 411 = 671
180 = x The total private health expenditures in 2000
If the cost of the truck is $80.00, you drove was $671 billion.
for 180 miles.
b. 879 = 26t + 411

c. 100 = 0.25x + 35 468 = 26t
65 = 0.25x 18 = t
260 = x Total private health expenditures will be
To keep the cost below $100, you must $879 billion in 2008.
drive less than 260 miles.
c. 1000 = 26t + 411
32. a. C ( x ) = 0.38x + 5 589 = 26t
C ( 50 ) = 0.38 ( 50 ) + 5 = 24 22.65 = t
If you talk for 50 minutes, the cost will be Total private health expenditures will
$24.00. exceed $1 trillion in 2013.
b. 29.32 = 0.38x + 5 35. a. S ( p) = D ( p)

24.32 = 0.38x −200 + 50 p = 1000 − 25 p
64 = x 75 p = 1200
If the monthly bill is $29.32, you would p = 16
have used the phone for 64 minutes. The equilibrium price is $16.
c. 60 = 0.38x + 5 S (16 ) = −200 + 50 (16 ) = 600
55 = 0.38x The equilibrium quantity is 600 T-shirts.
144.74 ≈ x
D ( p) > S ( p)
To stay within budget, you can talk for no
more than 144 minutes. b. 1000 − 25 p > −200 + 50 p
−75 p > −1200
33. a. B ( t ) = 19.25t + 585.72 B (10 ) = 19.25 (10 ) + 585.72 = 778.22
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The
p < 16
average
monthly The quantity demanded will
benefit in exceed the quantity supplied
2000 was if 0 < p < $16 .
$778.22.
c. If demand is higher than supply,
generally the price will increase.
The price will continue to increase
towards the equilibrium point.
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36. a. S ( p) = D ( p) 39. a. Consider the data points ( x, y ) , where

−2000 + 3000 p = 10, 000 −1000 p x = the age in years of the computer and
4000 p = 12, 000 y = the value in dollars of the computer.
p =3 So we have the points ( 0,3000 ) and
The equilibrium price is $3. ( 3, 0 ) . The slope formula yields:
S ( 3 ) = −2000 + 3000 ( 3 ) = 7000 Δy 0 −3000
slope = =
The equilibrium quantity is 7000 hot dogs. Δx 3−0
−3000
= = −1000 = m
b. D ( p) < S ( p) 3
10, 000 −1000 p < −2000 + 3000 p ( 0,3000 ) is the y-intercept, so b = 3000
−4000 p < −12, 000 Therefore, the linear function is
p >3 V ( x ) = mx + b = −1000x + 3000 .
The quantity demanded will be less than the
quantity supplied if p > $3 . b. The graph of V ( x ) = −1000x + 3000
c. If demand is less than the quantity supplied,

the price will generally decrease. The price
will continue to decrease towards the
equilibrium point.
37. a. R ( x) = C ( x)
8x = 4.5x +17, 500
3.5x = 17,500
x = 5000
The company must sell 5000 units to break c. The computer’s value after 2 years is
even. given by
V ( 2 ) = −1000 ( 2 ) + 3000
b. To make a profit, the company must sell = −2000 + 3000 = $1000
more than 5000 units.
d. To find when the computer will be worth
38. a. R ( x) = C ( x) $2000, we solve the following:
12x = 10x +15, 000 2000 = −1000x + 3000
2x = 15, 000 −1000 = −1000x
x = 7500 1= x
The company must sell 7500 units to break The computer will be worth $2000 after 1
even. year.
b. To make a profit, the company must sell

more than 7500 units.
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40. a. Consider the data points ( x, y ) , where b. The graph of C ( x ) = 90x +1800
x = the age in years of the machine and
y = the value in dollars of the machine. So
we have the points ( 0,120000 ) and
(10, 0 ) . The slope formula yields:
Δy 0 −120000 −120000
slope = = =
Δx 10 − 0 10
= −12000 = m
( 0,120000 ) is the y-intercept, so
b = 120000 . Therefore, the linear function
is V ( x ) = mx + b = −12000x +120000 .
b. The graph of V ( x ) = −12000x +120000 c. The cost of manufacturing 14 bicycles is
given by C (14 ) = 90 (14 ) +1800 = $3060 .
d. To determine the number of bicycles, we

solve the following:
3780 = 90x +1800
1980 = 90x
22 = x
The company can manufacture 22 bicycles
for $3780.
c. The machine’s value after 4 years is given 42. a. The new daily fixed cost is
by 100
1800 + = $1805 .
V ( 4 ) = −12000 ( 4 ) +120000 20
= −48000 +120000
b. Let x = the number of bicycles
= $72000
manufactured. We can use the cost
d. To find when the machine will be worth function C ( x ) = mx + b , with m = 90 and
$60,000, we solve the following: b = 1805. Therefore C ( x ) = 90x +1805 .
60, 000 = −12, 000x +120, 000
−60, 000 = −12, 000x c. The graph of C ( x ) = 90x +1805
5=x
The machine will be worth $60,000 after 5
years.
41. a. Let x = the number of bicycles

manufactured. We can use the cost
function C ( x ) = mx + b , with m = 90 and
b = 1800. Therefore C ( x ) = 90x +1800
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d. The cost of manufacturing 14 bicycles is

given by C (14 ) = 90 (14 ) +1805 = $3065 .
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e. To determine the number of bicycles, we 46. Let p = the monthly payment and B = the
solve the following: amount borrowed. Consider the ordered pair
3780 = 90x +1805 ( B, p ) . We can use the points ( 0, 0 ) and
1975 = 90x (1000,8.99 ) . Now compute the slope:
21.94 ≈ x
Δy 8.99 −0 8.99
The company can manufacture 21 slope = = = = 0.00899
complete bicycles for $3780. Δx 1000 − 0 1000
Therefore we have the linear function
43. a. Let x = number of miles driven and C = cost p ( B ) = 0.00899B + 0 = 0.00899B .
in dollars to rent a truck for one day. Since
If B = 175000 , then
the fixed daily charge is $29 and the variable
mileage charge is $0.07 per mile, we have p = ( 0.00899 )(175000 ) = $1573.25 .
C ( x ) = 0.07x + 29 .
47. Let R = the revenue and g = the number of
gallons of gasoline sold. Consider the ordered
b. C (110 ) = 0.07 (110 ) + 29 = 36.70
pair ( g, R ) . We can use the points ( 0, 0 ) and
C ( 230 ) = 0.07 ( 230 ) + 29 = 45.10 (12, 23.40 ) . Now compute the slope:
It will cost $36.70 for one day if the truck is
Δy 23.40 −0 23.40
driven 110 miles, and it will cost $45.10 if slope = = = = 1.95
the truck is driven 230 miles. Δx 12 − 0 12
44. a. Let x = number of minutes talking and R ( g ) = 1.95g + 0 = 1.95g .
C = cost in dollars. Since the fixed charge is
$5 and the variable time charge is $0.05 per If g = 10.5 , then R = (1.95 )(10.5 ) = $20.48 .
minute, we have
C ( x ) = 0.05x + 5 . 48. Let C = the cost and A = the number of gallons
almonds purchased. Consider the ordered pair (
b. C (105 ) = 0.05 (105 ) + 5 = $10.25 A, C ) . We can use the points ( 0, 0 ) and
C (180 ) = 0.05 (180 ) + 5 = $14.00 ( 5, 23.75 ) . Now compute the slope:
The plan will cost $10.25 if you talk for 105 Δy 23.75 −0 23.75
minutes, and it will cost $14.00 if you talk slope = = = = 4.75
for 180 minutes. Δx 5−0 5
45. Let p = the monthly payment and B = the C ( A ) = 4.75A + 0 = 4.75A .
amount borrowed. Consider the ordered pair
If A = 3.5 , then C = ( 4.75 )( 3.5 ) = $16.63 .
( B, p ) . We can use the points ( 0, 0 ) and
(1000, 6.49 ) . 49. W = kS
Now compute the slope: 1.875 = k (15 )
Δy 6.49 −0 6.49 0.125 = k
slope = = = = 0.00649
For 40 gallons of sand:
Δx 1000 − 0 1000 W = 0.125 ( 40 ) = 5 gallons of water.
p ( B ) = 0.00649B + 0 = 0.00649B . 50. v = kt
If B = 145000 , then
64 = k ( 2 ) ⇒ k = 32
p = ( 0.00649 )(145000 ) = $941.05 . in 3 seconds
v = ( 32 )( 3 ) = 96 feet per second
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51. a. 28,000 e. To find the height, we solve the following

equation:
17.4 = 0.3734H + 7.3268
10.0732 = 0.3734H
26.98 ≈ H
19,000 30,000 A child with a head circumference of 17.4
17,500 inches would have a height of about 26.98
inches.
b.
53. a.
C ( I ) = 0.9241I + 479.6584
c. The slope indicates that for each $1

increase in per capita disposable income,
there is an increase of $0.92 in per capita
consumption. b. Using the LINear REGression program,
L ( G ) = 0.0261G + 7.8738
d. C ( 28, 750 ) = 0.9241( 28, 750 ) + 479.6584
= 27, 047.53 c. For each 1 day increase in Gestation
When disposable income is $28,750, the period, the life expectancy increases by
per capita consumption is about $27,048. 0.0261 years (about 9.5 days).
e. 26,900 = 0.9241I + 479.6584 d. L ( 89 ) = 0.0261( 89 ) + 7.8738 ≈ 10.2 years

26, 420.3416 = 0.9241I
28, 590.35 = I 54. a. (Data used in graphs is in thousands.)

When comsumption is $26,500, the per 220
capita disposable income is about $28,590.
52. a.
0 80
30
b. L = 2.9814I − 0.0761072 (data in

thousands) or L = 2.9814I − 76.1072
b. Using the LINear REGression program, c. 220
C ( H ) = 0.3734H + 7.3268
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c. For each 1 inch increase in height, the

circumference increases by 0.3734 inch.
0 80
30
d. C ( 26 ) = 0.3734 ( 26 ) + 7.3268 ≈ 17.035
inches d. As annual income increases by $1, the
loan amount increases by $2.98.
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e. L = 2.9814(42) − 0.0761072 = 125.143 e. S ( A ) = 2.0667 A + 292.8869

A person with an annual income of
$42,000 would qualify for a loan of about
$125,143.
f. Domain: {A A ≥ 0}
55. a. The relation is not a function because 23 is g. S ( 25 ) = 2.0667 ( 25 ) + 292.8869

paired with both 56 and 53.
≈ 344.5544
b. 65 Sales are about $344,554.
57. The data do not follow a linear pattern so it

would not make sense to find the line of best fit.
60
18 32
40
30 50
c. Using the LINear REGression program,
the line of best fit is: −10
D = −1.3355 p + 86.1974
58. The data do not follow a linear pattern so it
d. As the price of the jeans increases by $1, would not make sense to find the line of best fit.
70
the demand for the jeans decreases by
1.3355 pairs per day.
e. D ( p ) = −1.3355 p + 86.1974
−1 16
f. Domain: {p 0 < p < 64}
−10
Note that the p-intercept is roughly 64.54

and that the number of pairs cannot be 59. A linear function is odd if the y-intercept is 0.
negative. That is, if the line passes through the origin. A
linear function can be even if the slope is 0.
g. D ( 28 ) = −1.3355 ( 28 ) + 86.1974
60. Using the ordered pairs (1, 5 ) and ( 3,8 ) , the line
≈ 48.8034
Demand is about 49 pairs. 3 7

of best fit is y = x+ .
2 2
56. a. The relation is not a function because 24 is
paired with both 343 and 341.
b. 355
330
c. Using the LINear REGression program,

18 30 S = 2.0667 A + 292.8869
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The correlation coefficient is r = 1 . This 62. If the student’s average in the class is directly
makes sense because two points completely proportional to the amount of time the student
determine a line. studies, the relationship between the average and
time studying would be linear. That is, we could
61. A correlation coefficient of 0 implies that
there is no linear relationship between the
data.
d. As the advertising expenditure increases express the relationship as A = kT where T is
by $1000, the sales increase by $2066.70. the time spent studying and A is the student’s
average.
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Section 2.5 9. C
10. A
1. y= x
11. E
12. G
13. B
14. D
15. F
16. H
1 17. f ( x) = x
2. y=
x
3. y = x3 − 8 18. f ( x ) = x2
y-intercept:
Let x = 0 , then
y = ( 0 ) − 8 = −8 .
3
x-intercept:
Let y = 0 , then 0 = x3 − 8
x3 = 8
x=2
The intercepts are ( 0, −8 ) and ( 2, 0 ) .
4. less
5. piecewise defined
6. True
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7. False; the cube root function is odd and

increasing on the interval ( −∞, ∞ ) .
8. False; the domain and range of the reciprocal

function are both the set of real numbers except
for 0.
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19. f ( x ) = x3 22. f ( x) = x
23. f (x) = 3
x
20. f ( x) = x
24. f ( x) = 3
1
f ( x) =
x
21.
25. a. f (− 2) = (− 2) 2 = 4
b.
c. f (0) = 2
26. a.
b. f (2) = 2(2) +1 = 5
c.
f (−1) = (−1)3 = −1
f (0) = 3(0) + 2 = 2
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f (1) = 3(1) + 2 = 5
27. a. f (1.2) = int(2(1.2)) = int(2.4) = 2

b.
c. f (1.6) = int(2(1.6)) = int(3.2) = 3
f (−1.8) = int(2(−1.8)) = int(−3.6) = − 4
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⎛ 1.2 ⎞ ⎧− 2x + 3 if x < 1
28. a. f (1.2) = int = int(0.6) = 0 31. f (x) =
⎜ ⎟ ⎨
2
⎝ ⎠ ⎩3x − 2 if x ≥ 1
b. f (1.6) = int
⎛ 1.6 ⎞
= int(0.8) = 0 a. Domain: { x x is any real number}
⎜ ⎟
2
⎝ ⎠
b.x-intercept: none
⎛ −1.8 ⎞ y-intercept: (0,3)
c. f (−1.8) = int = int(− 0.9) = −1
⎜ ⎟
2
⎝ ⎠ c. Graph:
if x ≠ 0
29. ⎧ 2x
f (x) = ⎨
⎩1 if x = 0
a. Domain: { x x is any real number}
b. x-intercept: none
y-intercept: (0,1)
c. Graph:
d. Range: {y y ≥ 1}
⎧x + 3 if x < − 2
32. f (x) = ⎨
⎩ − 2x − 3 if x ≥ − 2
b. x-intercepts: (–3, 0), (–1.5, 0)

y-intercept: (0, –3)
c. Graph:
d. Range: {y y ≠ 0}
if x ≠ 0
30. ⎧3x
f (x) = ⎨
⎩4 if x = 0
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y-intercept: (0, 4)
c. Graph:
y d. Range: {y y ≤ 1}
5
(0, 4) ⎧x + 3 if − 2 ≤ x < 1
(1, 3) ⎪⎨5
33. f (x) = if x = 1
⎪ −x + 2 if x > 1
⎩
−5 5
a. Domain: {x x ≥ − 2}
(−1, −3)
b. x-intercept: (2, 0)
−5 y-intercept: (0, 3)
d. Range: {y y ≠ 0}
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c. Graph: ⎧1 if x < 0
⎪ if x ≥ 0
36. f (x) = ⎨ x
⎪3 x
⎩
b. x-intercept: (0,0)
y-intercept: (0,0)
c. Graph:
d. Range: {y y < 4 and y = 5}
⎧2x + 5 if − 3 ≤ x < 0
⎪
34. f (x) = ⎨ −3 if x = 0
⎪ −5x if x > 0
⎩
b. x-intercept: (–2.5, 0)
y-intercept: (0, –3) d. Range: {y y is any real number}
c. Graph:
⎧ x if − 2 ≤ x < 0
⎪
37. f (x) = ⎨1 if x = 0
⎪ x3
⎩ if x > 0
y-intercept: (0, 1)
c. Graph:
d. Range: {y y < 5}
if x < 0
35. ⎧⎪1+ x
f (x) = ⎨
x2 if x ≥ 0
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b. x-intercepts: (–1,0), (0,0)

y-intercept: (0,0)
c. Graph:
d. Range: {y y > 0}
⎧3 + x if − 3 ≤ x < 0
⎪
38. f (x) = ⎨3 if x = 0
⎪ x
⎩ if x > 0
b. x-intercept: (–3, 0)
y-intercept: (0, 3)
d. Range: {y y is any real number}
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c. Graph: d. Range: { y y is an integer}
⎧ −x if −1 ≤ x ≤ 0
41. ⎪⎨
f (x) = =1 if 0 < x ≤ 2
x
2
if −1 ≤ x ≤ 0
42. ⎧x
f (x) = ⎨
⎩1 if 0 < x ≤ 2
if x ≤ 0
d. Range: {y y ≥ 0} 43. f (x) =
⎧−x
⎨
⎩ −x + 2 if 0 < x ≤ 2
39. f (x) = 2 int(x)
⎧2x + 2 if −1 ≤ x ≤ 0
a. Domain: { x x is any real number} 44. f (x) = ⎨
if x>0
⎩x
b. x-intercepts: all ordered pairs
(x, 0) when 0 ≤ x < 1. ⎧35 if 0 < x ≤ 300

45. C = ⎨
y-intercept: (0,0)
⎩0.40x − 85 if x > 300
c. Graph:
a. C ( 200 ) = $35.00
b. C ( 365 ) = 0.40 ( 365 ) − 85 = $61.00
c. C ( 301) = 0.40 ( 301) − 85 = $35.40

⎧3 if 0 < x ≤ 3
⎪⎨5i
46. F ( x ) = nt ( x +1) +1 if 3 < x < 9
⎪⎩50 if 9 ≤ x ≤ 24
d. Range: { y y is an even integer}
y-intercept: (0,0)
40. f (x) = int(2x)
c. Graph:
b. x-intercepts: all ordered pairs

1
(x, 0) when 0 ≤ x < .
2
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a. c. F (15 ) = 50
F ( 2) Parking for 15 hours costs $50.
=3
1 hr
P d. 24 min ⋅ = 0.4 hr
a 6
r 0
k m
i i
n n
g F ( 8.4 ) = 5int ( 8.4 +1) + 1 = 5 ( 9 )
f
+1 = 46
o
r Parking for 8 hours and 24 minutes
2 costs
h $46.
o
u
rs
c
o
st
s
$
3.
b.
F (7)
= 5int
( 7 +1)
+1 =
41
P
a
r
k
i
n
g
f
o
r
7
h
o
u
rs
c
o
st
s
$
4
1.
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47. a. Charge for 50 therms: c. For 0 ≤ x ≤ 20 :

C = 9.45 + 0.6338(50) + 0.36375(50) C = 6.45 + 0.2012x + 0.7268x
= $59.33 = 6.45 + 0.928x
b. Charge for 500 therms: For 20 < x ≤ 50 :

C = 9.45 + 0.36375(50) + 0.11445(450) C = 6.45 + 0.2012 ( 20 ) + 0.1117 ( x − 20 )
+ 0.6338(500) + 0.7268x
= $396.04 = 6.45 + 4.024 + 0.1117x − 2.234
c. For 0 ≤ x ≤ 50 : + 0.7268x
C = 9.45 + 0.36375x + 0.6338x = 8.24 + 0.8385x
= 9.45 + 0.99755x
For x > 50 :
For x > 50 : C = 6.45 + 0.2012 ( 20 ) + 0.1117 ( 30 )
C = 9.45 + 0.36375 ( 50 ) + 0.11445 ( x − 50 ) + 0.0374 ( x − 50 ) + 0.7268x
+ 0.6338x = 6.45 + 4.024 + 3.351+ 0.0374x −1.87
= 9.45 +18.1875 + 0.11445x − 5.7225 + 0.7268x
+ 0.6338x = 11.955 + 0.7642x
= 21.915 + 0.74825x
The monthly charge function:
The monthly charge function: ⎧0.928x if 0 ≤ x ≤ 20
⎪
⎧9.45 + 0.99755x for 0 ≤ x ≤ 50 C ( x ) = ⎨0.8385x + 8.24 if 20 < x ≤ 50
C=⎨ ⎪
⎩ 21.915 + 0.74825x for x > 50 ⎩0.7642x +11.955 if x > 50
d. Graphing: d. Graphing:
48. a. Charge for 40 therms:

C = 6.45 + 0.2012(20) + 0.1117(20)
+ 0.7268(40)
= $41.78
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b. Charge for 202 therms:

C = 6.45 + 0.2012(20) + 0.1117(30)
+ 0.0374(152) + 0.7268(202)
= $166.32
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49. For schedule X:

⎧0.10x if 0 < x ≤ 7150
⎪715 + 0.15(x − 7150) if 7150 < x ≤ 29, 050

⎪
⎪ 4000 + 0.25(x − 29, 050) if 29,050 < x ≤ 70,350
f (x) = ⎨
⎪14,325 + 0.28(x − 70,350) if 70,350 < x ≤ 146, 750
⎪35, 717 + 0.33(x −146,750) if 146, 750 < x ≤ 319,100
⎪
⎪⎩92,592.50 + 0.35(x − 319,100) if x > 319,100
50. For Schedule Y-1:

⎧0.10x if 0 < x ≤ 14,300
⎪1430 + 0.15(x −14,300) if 14,300 < x ≤ 58,100

⎪
⎪8000 + 0.25(x − 58,100) if 58,100 < x ≤ 117, 250
f (x) = ⎨
⎪22, 787.50 + 0.28(x −117, 250) if 117, 250 < x ≤ 178, 650
⎪39,979.50 + 0.33(x −178, 650) if 178, 650 < x ≤ 319,100
⎪
⎪⎩86, 328.00 + 0.35(x − 319,100) if x > 319,100
51. a. Let x represent the number of miles and C be the cost of transportation.
⎧0.50x if 0 ≤ x ≤ 100
⎪
⎪0.50(100) + 0.40(x −100) if 100 < x ≤ 400
C(x) =
⎨
⎪0.50(100) + 0.40(300) + 0.25(x − 400) if 400 < x ≤ 800
0.50(100) + 0.40(300) + 0.25(400) + 0(x − 800) if 800 < x ≤ 960
⎧0.50x if 0 ≤ x ≤ 100
⎪⎪ if 100 < x ≤ 400
10 + 0.40x
C(x) = if 400 < x ≤ 800
⎨
⎪70 + 0.25x
270 if 800 < x ≤ 960
(800,270)
(400,170)
(100,50)
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Distance (miles)
b. For hauls between 100 and 400 miles the cost is: C(x) = 10 + 0.40x .
c. For hauls between 400 and 800 miles the cost is: C(x) = 70 + 0.25x .
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52. Let x = number of days car is used. The cost of 54. Let x = the balance of the bill in dollars. The
renting is given by monthly interest charge is given by
⎧ 95 if x = 7 0.015x if x ≤ 1000
=⎨
g ( x) if 1000 < x
⎩⎪15 + 0.01( x −1000 )
⎪119 if 7 < x ≤ 8
⎪
C ( x ) = ⎨143 if 8 < x ≤ 9 ⎧0.015x if x ≤ 1000

⎪167 if 9 < x ≤ 10 =⎨
⎪ ⎩5 + 0.01x if 1000 < x

⎪⎩190 if 10 < x ≤ 14
C
190
167
143
119
95
x
7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
53. Let x = the amount of the bill in dollars. The
minimum payment due is given by
55. a. W = 10°C
⎧x if x < 10
⎪ (10.45 +10 5 −5)(33 −10)

10 if 10 ≤ x < 500 b. W = 33 −
⎪3 22.04
f ( x) = ⎨ 0 if 500 ≤ x < 1000
⎪50 ≈ 3.98°C
if 1000 ≤ x < 1500
⎪
70 if 1500 ≤ x (10.45 +10 15 −15)(33 −10)

c. W = 33 −
22.04
≈ − 2.67°C
d. W = 33 −1.5958(33 −10) = − 3.7°C

e. When 0 ≤ v < 1.79 , the wind speed is so
small that there is no effect on the
temperature.
f. For each drop of 1˚ in temperature, the wind
chill factor drops approximately 1.6˚C.
When the wind speed exceeds 20, there is a
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constant drop in temperature. That is, the

windchill depends only on the temperature.
56. a. W = −10°C
(10.45 +10 )
5 − 5 ( 33 − ( −10 ) )
b. W = 33 −
22.04
≈ −21.26°C
(10.45 +10 )
15 −15 ( 33 − ( −10 ) )
c. W = 33 −
22.04
≈ −33.68°C
d. W = 33 −1.5958 ( 33 − ( −10 ) ) = − 35.62°C
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57. Each graph is that of y = x 2 , but shifted of y = x , but compressed. The graph of
vertically.
y = 5 x is the same as the graph of y = x ,
but stretched.
60. The graph of y = −x 2 is the reflection of the
graph of y = x 2 about the x-axis.
If y = x 2 + k, k > 0 , the shift is up k units; if
y = x 2 + k, k < 0 , the shift is down k units.

The graph of y = x 2 − 4 is the same as the graph
of y = x 2 , but shifted down 4 units. The graph

The graph of y = − x is the reflection of the
of y = x 2 + 5 is the graph of y = x 2 , but shifted

graph of y = x about the x-axis.
up 5 units.
58. Each graph is that of y = x 2 , but shifted
horizontally.
Multiplying a function by –1 causes the graph to

be a reflection about the x-axis of the original
function's graph.
If y = (x − k) 2 , k > 0 , the shift is to the right k 61. The graph of y = −x is the reflection about the
units; if y = (x − k) 2 , k < 0 , the shift is to the y-axis of the graph of y = x .
left k units. The graph of y = (x + 4) 2 is the 3
y = −x
same as the graph of y = x 2 , but shifted to the
y= x
left 4 units. The graph of y = (x − 5) 2 is the
−5 5
graph of y = x 2 , but shifted to the right 5 units.
−1
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59. Each graph is that of y = x , but either The same type of reflection occurs when
compressed or stretched vertically. graphing y = 2x +1 and y = 2(−x) +1 .
If y = k x and k > 1 , the graph is stretched; if
y = k x and 0 < k < 1 , the graph is compressed. The graph of y = f (−x) is the reflection about
1 the y-axis of the graph of y = f (x) .

The graph of y = x is the same as the graph
4
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62. The graph of y = (x −1)3 + 2 is a shifting of the The graph of f consists of 2 infinite clusters of
distinct points, extending horizontally in both

graph of y = x3 one unit to the right and two
directions. One cluster is located 1 unit above the
units up.
x-axis, and the other is located along the x-axis.
66. For 0 < x < 1, the graph of y = x r , r rational
and r > 0 , flattens down toward the x-axis as r

gets bigger.
For 1 < x, the graph of y = x r increases at a
greater rate as r gets bigger.

63. For the graph of y = x n , n a positive even
integer, as n increases, the graph of the function

is narrower for x > 1 and flatter for x < 1 . Section 2.6
1. horizontal; right
2. y-axis
3. −5 , −2 , and 2
4. True; the graph of y = − f ( x ) is the reflection
64. For the graph of y = x n , n a positive odd about the x-axis of the graph of y = f ( x ) .
integer, as n increases, the graph of the function

increases at a greater rate for x > 1 and is 5. False; to obtain the graph of y = f ( x + 2 ) − 3
flatter around 0 for x < 1 . They have the same you shift the graph of y = f ( x ) to the left 2
basic shape. units and down 3 units.
6. True; to obtain the graph of y = 2 f ( x ) we
multiply the y-coordinates of the graph of

y = f ( x ) by 2. Since the y-coordinate of x-
intercepts is 0 and 2 ⋅ 0 = 0 , multiplying by a
constant does not change the x-intercepts.
7. B
65. Yes, it is a function.
8. E
⎧1 if x is rational
f ( x) = ⎨
0 if x is irrational
⎩
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9. H
{x x is any real number} Range = {0,1}
y-intercept: x = 0 ⇒ x is rational ⇒ y = 1 So 10. D

the y-intercept is (0, 1).
11. I
x-intercept: y = 0 ⇒ x is irrational So the graph
has infinitely many x-intercepts, namely, there is 12. A

an x-intercept at each irrational value of x.
13. L
f ( −x ) = 1 = f ( x ) when x is rational;
f ( −x ) = 0 = f ( x ) when x is irrational, So f is 14. C
even.
15. F
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16. J 32. (d); To go from y = f ( x ) to y = f ( −x ) , we
17. G reflect each point on the graph of y = f ( x )
about the y-axis. This means we change the sign

18. K of the x-coordinate for each point on the graph of
y = f ( x ) . Thus, the point ( 3, 0 ) would become

19. y = (x − 4)3
( −3, 0 ) .
20. y = (x + 4)3
33. (c); To go from y = f ( x ) to y = 2 f ( x ) , we
21. y = x3 + 4 multiply the y-coordinate of each point on the
graph of y = f ( x ) by 2. Thus, the point ( 0, 3 )
22. y = x3 − 4 would become ( 0, 6 ) .
23. y = ( −x ) = −x3
3
1
34. (a); To go from y = f ( x ) to y = f ( x ) , we
2
24. y = −x3 multiply the y-coordinate of each point on the
1
25. y = 4x3 graph of y = f ( x ) by . Thus, the point ( 3, 0 )
2
3 would remain ( 3, 0 ) .
⎛1 ⎞ x3
26. y = ⎜ x =
⎟⎠ 35. f (x) = x 2 −1
⎝4 64
Using the graph of y = x 2 , vertically shift

27. (1) y = x +2
( )
downward 1 unit.
(2) y=− x +2
(3) y = −( )
−x + 2 = − −x − 2
28. (1) y=− x

(2) y = − x −3
(3) y = − x −3 −2
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29. (1) y=− x

(2) y = − x +2
(3) 36. f (x) = x 2 + 4
y = − x+3 +2
Using the graph of y = x 2 , vertically shift
30. (1) y = x +2 upward 4 units.
(2) y = −x + 2
(3) y = −(x + 3) + 2 = −x − 3 + 2
31. (c); To go from y = f ( x ) to y = − f ( x ) we
reflect about the x-axis. This means we change

the sign of the y-coordinate for each point on the
graph of y = f ( x ) . Thus, the point ( 3, 0 ) would
remain the same.
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37. g(x) = x3 +1 40. h(x) = x +1
Using the graph of y = x3 , vertically shift Using the graph of y = x , horizontally shift to
upward 1 unit.
the left 1 unit.
38. g(x) = x3 −1 41. f (x) = (x −1)3 + 2

Using the graph of y = x3 , vertically shift Using the graph of y = x3 , horizontally shift to
downward 1 unit. the right 1 unit, then vertically shift up 2 units.
39. h(x) = x − 2 42. f (x) = (x + 2)3 − 3
Using the graph of y = x , horizontally shift to Using the graph of y = x3 , horizontally shift to
the right 2 units. the left 2 units, then vertically shift down 3 units.
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43. g(x) = 4 x 46. h(x) = 3 3

x
Using the graph of y = x , vertically stretch by Using the graph of y = 3

x , vertically stretch by
a factor of 3.
a factor of 4.
1
44. g(x) = x 47. f (x) = − 3
x
2
Using the graph of y = x , vertically compress Reflect the graph of y = 3

x , about the x-axis.
1
by a factor of .
2
48. f (x) = − x
Reflect the graph of y = x , about the x-axis.

1 ⎛ 1 ⎞⎛ 1 ⎞
45. h(x) = =
⎜ 2 ⎟⎜ x ⎟
2x ⎝ ⎠⎝ ⎠
1
Using the graph of y = , vertically compress
x
1
by a factor of .
2
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49. g(x) = −x 1
52. h(x) = +2
Reflect the graph of y = x about the y-axis. −x
1
Reflect the graph of y = about the y-axis,
x
then shift vertically upward 2 units.
50. g(x) = 3 −x
Reflect the graph of y = 3
x , about the y-axis.
53. f (x) = 2(x +1) 2 − 3
Using the graph of y = x 2 , horizontally shift to
the left 1 unit, vertically stretch by a factor of 2,

and vertically shift downward 3 units.
51. h(x) = −x 3 + 2
Reflect the graph of y = x3 about the x-axis,
then shift vertically upward 2 units.

54. f (x) = 3(x − 2) 2 +1
Using the graph of y = x 2 , horizontally shift to
the right 2 units, vertically stretch by a factor of

3, and vertically shift upward 1 unit.
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55. g(x) = x − 2 +1 4 ⎛1⎞

58. h(x) = +2 = 4 +2
⎜ ⎟
Using the graph of y = x , horizontally shift to x ⎝x⎠
the right 2 units and vertically shift upward 1 1

Stretch the graph of y = vertically by a factor
unit. x
of 4 and vertically shift upward 2 units.
56. g(x) = x +1 − 3
Using the graph of y = x , horizontally shift to 59. f (x) = − (x +1)3 −1
the left 1 unit and vertically shift downward 3 Using the graph of y = x3 , horizontally shift to
units. the left 1 unit, reflect the graph about the x-axis,
and vertically shift downward 1 unit.
57. h(x) = −x − 2
Reflect the graph of y = x about the y-axis and
vertically shift downward 2 units.

60. f (x) = − 4 x −1
Using the graph of y = x , horizontally shift to
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the right 1 unit, reflect the graph about the x-axis,

and stretch vertically by a factor of 4.
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61. g(x) = 2 1− x = 2 − ( −1+ x ) = 2 x −1 64. h(x) = int(−x)
Reflect the graph of y = int(x) about the y-axis.

Using the graph of y = x , horizontally shift to
the right 1 unit, and vertically stretch by a factor

or 2.
65. a. F (x) = f (x) + 3

Shift up 3 units.
62. g(x) = 4 2 − x = 4 −(x − 2)
Reflect the graph of y = x about the y-axis,
horizontally shift to the right 2 units, and

vertically stretch by a factor of 4.
b. G(x) = f (x + 2)
Shift left 2 units.
63. h(x) = 2 int(x −1)

Using the graph of y = int(x) , horizontally shift
to the right 1 unit, and vertically stretch by a

factor of 2.
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c. P(x) = − f (x) f. g(x) = f (−x)

Reflect about the x-axis. Reflect about the y-axis.
d. H (x) = f (x +1) − 2 g. h(x) = f (2x)

Shift left 1 unit and shift down 2 units. 1
Compress horizontally by a factor of .
2
1
e. Q(x) = f (x)
2
1
Compress vertically by a factor of .
2
66. a. F (x) = f (x) + 3
Shift up 3 units.
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b. G(x) = f (x + 2) 1
e. Q(x) = f (x)
Shift left 2 units. 2
1
2
c. P(x) = − f (x)
Reflect about the x-axis.
f. g(x) = f (−x)
Reflect about the y-axis.
d. H (x) = f (x +1) − 2
Shift left 1 unit and shift down 2 units.
g. h(x) = f (2x)
1
2
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67. a. F (x) = f (x) + 3 d. H (x) = f (x +1) − 2

b. Shift up 3 units. Shift left 1 unit and shift down 2 units.
c.
G(x) = f (x + 2) 1
e. Q(x) = f (x)
Shift left 2 units.
2
1
2
P(x) = − f (x)
Reflect about the x-axis.
f. g(x) = f (−x)
Reflect about the y-axis.
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g. h(x) = f (2x) c. P(x) = − f (x)

1 Reflect about the x-axis.
2
d. H (x) = f (x +1) − 2
Shift left 1 unit and shift down 2 units.
68. a. F (x) = f (x) + 3

Shift up 3 units.
1
e. Q(x) = f (x)
2
1
G(x) = f (x + 2) Compress vertically by a factor of .
2
Shift left 2 units.
b.
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f. g(x) = f (−x) 70. a. The graph of y = f ( x + 4 ) is the same as

Reflect about the y-axis. the graph of y = f ( x ) , but shifted 4 units to
the left. Therefore, the x-intercepts are −12

and −3 .
b. The graph of y = f ( x − 3 ) is the same as
the graph of y = f ( x ) , but shifted 3 units to
the right. Therefore, the x-intercepts are −5

and 4.
c. The graph of y = 2 f ( x ) is the same as the
graph of y = f ( x ) , but stretched vertically
by a factor of 2. Therefore, the x-intercepts

g. h(x) = f (2x) are still −8 and 1 since the y-coordinate of
Compress horizontally by a factor of 1 . each is 0.
2
d. The graph of y = f ( −x ) is the same as the
graph of y = f ( x ) , but reflected about the
y-axis. Therefore, the x-intercepts are 8 and

−1 .
71. a. The graph of y = f ( x + 2 ) is the same as
the left. Therefore, the graph of f ( x + 2 ) is
increasing on the interval ( −3, 3 ) .

69. a. The graph of
y = f ( x + 2 ) is the same as b. The graph of y = f ( x − 5 ) is the same as
the graph of
y = f ( x ) , but shifted 2 units to the graph of y = f ( x ) , but shifted 5 units to
the left. Therefore, the x-intercepts are −7 the right. Therefore, the graph of f ( x − 5 )
and 1. is increasing on the interval ( 4,10 ) .

c. The graph of y = − f ( x ) is the same as the


the right. Therefore, the x-intercepts are −3
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and 5. x-axis. Therefore, we can say that the graph
of y = − f ( x ) must be decreasing on the

c. The graph of y = 4 f ( x ) is the same as the
interval ( −1, 5 ) .
graph of y = f ( x ) , but stretched vertically
by a factor of 4. Therefore, the x-intercepts d. The graph of y = f ( −x ) is the same as the

are still −5 and 3 since the y-coordinate of
each is 0. graph of y = f ( x ) , but reflected about the
y-axis. Therefore, we can say that the graph

of y = f ( −x ) must be decreasing on the

interval ( −5,1) .
y-axis. Therefore, the x-intercepts are 5 and

−3 .
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72. a. The graph of y = f ( x + 2 ) is the same as 74. a. y = f (x)

the left. Therefore, the graph of f ( x + 2 ) is
decreasing on the interval ( −4, 5 ) .

the right. Therefore, the graph of f ( x − 5 )
is decreasing on the interval ( 3,12 ) .
c. The graph of y = − f ( x ) is the same as the b. y= f (x)
x-axis. Therefore, we can say that the graph

of y = − f ( x ) must be increasing on the
y-axis. Therefore, we can say that the graph

of y = f ( −x ) must be increasing on the
interval ( −7, 2 ) . 75. f (x) = x 2 + 2x
f (x) = (x 2 + 2x +1) −1
73. a. y = f (x)
f (x) = (x +1) 2 −1
Using f (x) = x 2 , shift left 1 unit and shift down

1 unit.
b. y= f (x)
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76. f (x) = x 2 − 6x 79. f (x) = x 2 + x +1
f (x) = (x 2 − 6x + 9) − 9 ⎛ 1⎞ 1
f (x) = ⎜ x 2 + x +
⎟ +1−
f (x) = (x − 3) 2 − 9 ⎝ 4⎠
2 4
Using f (x) = x 2 , shift right 3 units and shift ⎛ 1⎞ 3

f (x) = x + +
⎜ ⎟
down 9 units. 2 4
⎝ ⎠
Using unit and shift up
1
f (x) = x 2 , shift left
2
3
unit.
4
77. f (x) = x 2 − 8x +1
( )
f (x) = x 2 − 8x +16 +1−16
f (x) = ( x − 4 ) −15
2
Using f (x) = x 2 , shift right 4 units and shift
down 15 units. 80. f (x) = x 2 − x +1

⎛ 1⎞ 1
f (x) = x 2 − x + +1−
⎜ ⎟
4 4
⎝ ⎠
2
⎛ 1⎞ 3
f (x) = ⎜ x −
2 ⎟ +
⎝
⎠ 4
1
Using f (x) = x , shift right
2
unit and shift up
2
f (x) = ( x + 2 ) − 2
2
78. f (x) = x 2 + 4x + 2
( )
f (x) = x 2 + 4x + 4 + 2 − 4
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3 4
unit.
Using f (x) = x 2 , shift left 2 units and shift
down 2 units.
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81. f ( x ) = 2x 2 −12x +19 83. f ( x ) = −3x 2 −12x −17
(
= 2 x 2 − 6x +19 ) (
= −3 x 2 + 4x −17 )
= 2(x 2
)
− 6x + 9 +19 −18 = −3 ( x 2
)
+ 4x + 4 −17 +12
= 2 ( x − 3 ) +1 = −3 ( x + 2 ) − 5
2 2
Using f ( x ) = x 2 , shift right 3 units, vertically Using f ( x ) = x 2 , shift left 2 units, stretch
stretch by a factor of 2, and then shift up 1 unit. vertically by a factor of 3, reflect about the x-
y axis, and shift down 5 units.
(2, 3) y
5
(4, 3) x
−5 5
(3, 1)
(−2, −5)
−5
x
−5 5
(−3, −8)
(−1, −8)
−5
84. f ( x ) = −2x 2 −12x −13

f ( x ) = 3x 2 + 6x +1
82.
( )
= −2 x + 6x −13
2
(
= 3 x 2 + 2x +1 )
(
= −2 x 2 + 6x + 9 −13 +18 )
(
= 3 x 2 + 2x +1 +1− 3 )
= −2 ( x + 3 ) + 5
2
= 3 ( x +1) − 2
2
Using f ( x ) = x , shift left 3 units, stretch
2
Using f ( x ) = x 2 , shift left 1 unit, vertically vertically by a factor of 2, reflect about the x-
stretch by a factor of 3, and shift down 2 units. axis, and shift up 5 units.
y y
(−3, 5)
10 5
(−4, 3)
(−2, 3)
(−2, 1) (0, 1) x
−5 5
x −2
−5 5
(−1, −2)
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−10
85. y = (x − c) 2
If c = 0, y = x 2 .
If c = 3, y = (x − 3) 2 ; shift right 3 units.
If c = − 2, y = (x + 2) 2 ; shift left 2 units.
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86. y = x 2 + c l
88. a. T = 2π
If c = 0, y = x . 2
g
If c = 3, y = x 2 + 3; shift up 3 units.
If c = − 2, y = x 2 − 2; shift down 2 units.
l +1 l+2
b. T1 = 2π ; T2 = 2π ;
g g
l +3
T3 = 2π
g
9
87. F = C + 32
5
c. As the length of the pendulum increases, the

period increases.
2l 3l 4l
d. T1 = 2π ; T2 = 2π ; T3 = 2π
g g g
9
F= (K − 273) + 32
5
e. If the length of the pendulum is multiplied

by k , the period is multiplied by k .
89. a. p ( x ) = −0.05x 2 +100x − 2000
Shift the graph 273 units to the right.
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b. Select the 10% tax since the profits are

higher.
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c. The graph of Y1 is obtained by shifting the c. 3 3
y1 = x + x ; y2 = x + x
graph of p(x) vertically down 10,000 units.
The graph of Y2 is obtained by multiplying y = x3 + x
the y-coordinate of the graph of p(x) by

10
0.9. Thus, Y2 is the graph of p(x)
vertically compressed by a factor of 0.9. –3 3
d. Select the 10% tax since the graph of

Y1 = 0.9 p(x) ≥ Y 2 = − 0.05x 2 +100x − 6800 –10
for all x in the domain.
y = x3 + x
d. Any part of the graph of y = f (x) that lies
below the x-axis is reflected about the x-axis

to obtain the graph of y = f (x) .
92. a. y1 = x +1 ; y2 = x +1
90. The graph of y = 4 f (x) is a vertical stretch the
y = x +1 4
graph of f by a factor of 4, while the graph of
y = f (4x) is a horizontal compression of the
graph of f by a factor of 1 . –6 6
4
91. a. y1 = x +1 ; y2 = x +1
10 y = x +1 –4
y = x +1
2
b. y1 = 4 − x 2 ; y2 = 4 − x
–10 10 4
y = x +1
–10
–6 6
y1 = 4 − x ; y2 = 4 − x
2 2
b.
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–4 y = 4 − x2
y = 4 − x2 10 y=4− x
2
2
3
c. y1 = x3 + x ; y = x + x
–6 6
3
y= x + x 4
y = 4 − x 2 –10
–6 6
y = x 3 + x –4
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d. The graph of y = f ( x ) is the same as the e.

1
p = − (300) +100 = −50 +100 = $50
graph of y = f (x) for x ≥ 0 . 6

maximizes revenue
For x < 0 , the graph of y = f ( x ) is the
⎛ 1 ⎞
reflection about the y-axis of the graph of 4. a. R(x) = x − x +100
⎜ ⎟
y = f (x) when x > 0 . 3
⎝ ⎠
1
= − x 2 +100x
3
Section 2.7 1
R(100) = − (100) +100(100)
2
b.
3
1. V = π r 2 h, h = 2r ⇒ V ( r ) = π r 2 ⋅ ( 2r ) = 2π r 3 −10, 000
= +10,000
3
1 20, 000
2. V = π r 2 h, h = 2r = ≈ $6666.67
3 3
1 2
V ( r ) = π ⋅ r 2 ⋅ ( 2r ) = π r 3
c.
3 3 8000
⎛ 1 ⎞ 1
3. a. R(x) = x − x + 100 = − x 2 +100x
⎜ ⎟
6 6
⎝ ⎠
1 300
R(200) = − (200) +100(200)
2 0
b.
0
6
−20, 000 x = 150 maximizes revenue

= + 20,000 d.
3
1
40, 000 R(150) = − (150) 2 +100(150)
= ≈ $13,333.33 3
3 = −7500 +15, 000
= $7500
c.
16000 The maximum revenue is $7500.
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0 600
0
1
d. x = 300 maximizes revenue e. p = − (150) +100 = −50 +100 = $50
3
1
R(300) = − (300) 2 +100(300) maximizes revenue
6
= −15,000 + 30, 000
5. a. If x = −5 p +100, then p = 100 − x .
= $15,000 5
The maximum revenue is $15,000. ⎛ 100 −x ⎞ 1

R(x) = x = − x 2 + 20x
⎜ ⎟
5 5
⎝ ⎠
1
R(15) = − (15) + 20(15)
2
b.
5
= − 45 + 300 = $255
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c. 500 − 250 250

600 e. p= = = $12.50
20 20
maximizes revenue.
7. a. Let x = width and y = length of the

rectangular area.
0 100 P = 2x + 2 y = 400
0
400 − 2x
d. x = 50 maximizes revenue y= = 200 − x
2
1
R(50) = − (50) 2 + 20(50) Then
5 A(x) = (200 − x)x
= −500 +1000 = $500 2
The maximum revenue is $500. = 200x − x

= −x 2 + 200x
b. We need
x > 0 and y > 0 ⇒ 200 − x > 0 ⇒ 200 > x
So the domain of A is { x 0 < x < 200}
100 −50 50
e. p= =
= $10 c. x = 100 yards maximizes area
5 5 10000
maximizes revenue.
500 −x
6. a. If x = − 20 p + 500, then p = .
20
⎛ 500 −x ⎞ 1 0 200
R(x) = x =− x 2 + 25x 0
⎜ ⎟
20 20
⎝ ⎠
1 2
b. R(20) = − (20) + 25(20)
20
= − 20 + 500 = $480
8. a. Let x = length and y = width of the
c. rectangular field.
4000 P = x + 2 y = 3000
3000 −x 1
y= = 1500 − x
2 2
0 500 Then,
0 ⎛ 1 ⎞ 1
A ( x ) = ⎜ 1500 − x ⎟ x = 1500x − x 2
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d. x = 250 maximizes revenue ⎝ 2 ⎠ 2

1 2
R(250) = − (250) + 25(250)
20
= −3125 + 6250 = $3125
The maximum revenue is $3125.
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b. x = 1500 feet maximizes area

b. d (0) = 0 4 −13(0) 2 + 49 = 49 = 7
1,250,000
c. d (−1) = (−1)4 −13(−1) 2 + 49 = 37 ≈ 6.08
d.
0 3000 10
0
–4 4
0
9. a. The distance d from P to the origin is
e. d is smallest when x ≈ −2.55 and when

d = x 2 + y 2 . Since P is a point on the x ≈ 2.55 .
graph of y = x 2 − 8 , we have:
d (x) = x 2 + (x 2 − 8) 2 = x 4 −15x 2 + 64
b. d (0) = 0 4 −15(0) 2 + 64 = 64 = 8
11. a. The distance d from P to the point (1, 0) is

c. d (1) = (1) 4 −15(1) 2 + 64 = 1−15 + 64
d = (x −1) 2 + y 2 . Since P is a point on

= 50 = 5 2 ≈ 7.07
the graph of y = x , we have:
d.
( x)
2
40 d (x) = (x −1) +
2
= x 2 − x +1
where x ≥ 0 .
b.
−10 10 2
−5
e. d is smallest when x ≈ −2.74 and when

x ≈ 2.74 .
0 2
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c. d is smallest when x is 0.50.
10. a. The distance d from P to (0, –1) is

d = x 2 + ( y +1) 2 . Since P is a point on
the graph of y = x 2 − 8 , we have:
d (x) = x 2 + (x 2 − 8 +1) 2
( )
2
= x + x −7
2 2
= x −13x + 49
4 2
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12. a. The distance d from P to the origin is c. The area is largest when x is approximately
2.31.
d = x + y . Since P is a point on the
2 2
30
1
graph of y = , we have:
x
2 4
1 1 x +1
d (x) = x2 + ⎛ ⎞ x2 + =
⎜x⎟ = x2 x2 0 4
⎝ ⎠ 0
b.
16. a. A(x) = 2xy = 2x 4 − x 2

–5 5
0
b. p(x) = 2(2x) + 2( y) = 4x + 2 4 − x 2
c. d is smallest when x is 1 or –1.
c. Graphing the area equation:

4
2
13. By definition, a triangle has area

1 0
A = b h, b = base, h = height. From the figure, 0
2
we know that b = x and h = y. Expressing the
area of the triangle as a function of x , we have:

1 1
( )
A(x) = xy = x x3 = x 4 .
1
2 2 2
14. By definition, a triangle has area The area is largest when x is approximately
1 1.41.
A = b h, b=base, h = height. Because one
2 d. Graphing the perimeter equation:
vertex of the triangle is at the origin and the
10
other is on the x-axis, we know that
b = x and h = y. Expressing the area of the
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triangle as a function of x , we have:

1 1
( ) 9
A(x) = xy = x 9 − x 2 = x − x3 .
1
2 2 2 2
0 2
( )
0
15. a. A(x) = xy = x 16 − x 2 = −x3 +16x
b. Domain: {x 0 < x < 4}
The perimeter is largest when x is

approximately 1.79.
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b. Since the lengths must be positive, we have:

17. a. In Quadrant I, x 2 + y 2 = 4 → y = 4 − x 2
10 − 4x > 0 and x > 0

A(x) = (2x)(2 y) = 4x 4 − x 2 − 4x > −10 and x > 0
x < 2.5 and x > 0

b. p(x) = 2(2x) + 2(2 y) = 4x + 4 4 − x 2
c. Graphing the area equation:

Domain: {x 0 < x < 2.5}
10
c. The total area is smallest when x is
approximately 1.40 meters.
8
0 2
0
0 2.5
0
The area is largest when x is roughly 1.41.

d. Graphing the perimeter equation:
12
20. a. C = circumference, TA = total area,
r = radius, x = side of equilateral triangle
10 −3x
C = 2πr = 10 − 3x ⇒ r =
0 2 2π
0
3
height of the equilateral triangle is x
2
Total Area = area triangle + area circle
1 ⎛ 3 ⎞
= x x + π r2
⎜ ⎟
2 ⎝ 2 ⎠
The perimeter is largest when x is
2
approximately 1.41.
TA(x) =
3
x2 ⎛ 10 −3x ⎞
+ π⎜ ⎟ =
4 ⎝ 2π ⎠
18. a. A(r) = (2r)(2r) = 4r 2 2
3 100 −60 x +9 x
x2 +
b. p(r) = 4(2r) = 8r 4 4π
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19. a. C = circumference, TA = total area, b. Since the lengths must be positive, we have:
r = radius, x = side of square 10 − 3x > 0 and x > 0
C = 2πr = 10 − 4x ⇒ r = 5−2 x − 3x > −10 and x > 0

π
Total Area = area square + area circle 10

x< and x > 0
= x + πr
2 2 3
⎧ 10 ⎫
( )
2 Domain:
TA(x) = x + π 5−2x
2
π ⎨x 0 < x < 3 ⎬
⎩ ⎭
2
25 −20 x +4 x
= x2 +
π
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c. The area is smallest when x is 24. C = circumference, r = radius;

approximately 2.08 meters. x = length of a side of the triangle
8
0 3.33
0
3x
Since ΔABC is equilateral, EM = .
2
Therefore,
3x
OM = − OE
2
21. a. Since the wire of length x is bent into a
3x
circle, the circumference is x . Therefore, = −r
C(x) = x . 2
2 2
⎛x⎞
In ΔOAM , r 2 = ⎜ ⎟ ⎛ 3x ⎞
+⎜ −r⎟
x ⎝2⎠ ⎝ 2
b. Since C = x = 2π r, r = . ⎠
2π 2
x 3
x 2 − 3 rx + r
2
2 2 r2 = +
⎛ x ⎞ x
A(x) = π r = π⎜ ⎟
2
4 4
= .
⎝ 2π ⎠ 3 rx = x 2
4π
x
22. a. Since the wire of length x is bent into a r=
square, the perimeter is x . Therefore, 3
P(x) = x . Therefore, the circumference of the circle is
⎛ x ⎞ 2π 3
C(x) = 2π r = 2π ⎜ ⎟= x
x
b. Since P = x = 4s, s = , we have ⎝ 3⎠ 3
4
2 25. Area of the equilateral triangle

⎛x⎞ x2
A(x) = s 2 =
= .
⎜ ⎟ 1 3 3 2
4 16
⎝ ⎠ A= x⋅ x= x
2 2 4
2
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23. a. A = area, r = radius; diameter = 2r x

From problem 24, we have r 2 = .
A(r) = (2r)(r) = 2r 2
3
Area inside the circle, but outside the triangle:
b. p = perimeter 3 2
A(x) = π r 2 − x
p(r) = 2(2r) + 2r = 6r 4
x2 3 2
=π − x
3 4
⎛π 3⎞ 2
=⎜ − ⎟x
⎝3 4 ⎠
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26. d 2 = d 2 + d 2 29. r = radius of cylinder, h = height of cylinder,

1 2 V = volume of cylinder
d 2 = ( 30t ) + ( 40t )
2 2
H H −h
d ( t ) = 900 t 2 +1600t 2 By similar triangles: =
R r
d ( t ) = 2500 t 2 = 50 t Hr = R ( H − h )
d2 =40t Hr = RH − Rh
d Rh = RH − Hr
RH −Hr Hr
h= =H−
d1=30t
R R
⎛ Hr ⎞ ⎛ r⎞
V = πr h = πr
2 2
H− = Hπr 2
1−
⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟
27. a. d2 = d 2 + d 2
R R
1 2 ⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠
d = ( 2 − 30t ) + ( 3 − 40t )
2 2 2
30. a. The total cost of installing the cable along
the road is 10x . If cable is installed x miles
d (t ) = ( 2 − 30t )2 + ( 3 − 40t )2 along the road, there are 5 − x miles
between the road to the house and where the
= 4 −120t + 900t 2 + 9 − 240t + 1600t 2
cable ends along the road.
House
= 2500t 2 − 360t +13
d 2 = 3 − 40t
d1 = 2 − 30t d
2
d
Box
b. The distance is smallest at t ≈ 0.072 hours.
5−x x
d = (5 − x) 2 + 2 2 = 25 −10x + x 2 + 4
= x 2 −10x + 29
The total cost of installing the cable is:
28. r = radius of cylinder, h = height of cylinder, C(x) = 10x +14 x 2 −10x + 29
V = volume of cylinder Domain: {x 0 ≤ x ≤ 5}

2 2
h
r2 + ⎛ ⎞ ⎝ ⎠ h 2 2 2
= R2 ⇒ r 2 + = R2
⎜2⎟ 4
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b. C(1) = 10 (1) −10 (1) + 29

+14 12
h 4R −h = 10 +14 20 ≈ $72.61
r 2 = R2 − ⇒ r2 =
4 4
V = πr h 2 c. C(3) = 10 ( 3 ) +14 32 −10 ( 3 ) + 29
⎛ 4R 2 − h 2 ⎞ = 30 +14 8 ≈ $69.60
V (h) = π ⎜ ⎟h
⎝ 4 ⎠
π
=
4
( 4R 2 h − h3 )
πh
=
4
(
4R 2 − h 2 )
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d. 32. Consider the diagrams shown below.
e. Using MINIMUM, the graph indicates that

x ≈ 2.96 miles results in the least cost.
d1
31. a. The time on the boat is given by . The
3
12 −x
time on land is given by .
5
Island
e
2 d1 There is a pair of similar triangles in the
diagram. Since the smaller triangle is similar
Town to the larger triangle, we have the proportion
P x 12–x r 4 r 1 1
2 2 2
= ⇒ = ⇒r= h
d1 = x + 2 = x + 4 h 16 h 4 4
The total time for the trip is: Substituting into the volume formula for the
2 conical portion of water gives
12 −x d1 12 −x x +4 2
T (x) = + = + 1 1 ⎛1 ⎞ 1
5 3 5 3 V ( h ) = π r 2 h = π h h = π h3 .
⎜ ⎟
3 3 4 48
12 − 4 42 + 4
b. Domain: {x 0 ≤ x ≤ 12 }
c. T (4) = +
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5 3 ⎝ ⎠
8 20
= + ≈ 3.09 hours
5 3
Chapter 2 Review
12 − 8 82 + 4 1. This relation represents a function.
d. T (8) = + Domain = {–1, 2, 4}; Range = {0, 3}.
2. This relation does not represent a function, since

4 is paired with two different values.
3x
5 3 3. f (x) =
4 68 x 2 −1
= + ≈ 3.55 hours
5 3 3(2) 6 6
a. f (2) = = = =2
(2) 2 −1 4 −1 3
3(−2) −6 −6
b. f (−2) = = = = −2
(−2) −12 4 −1 3
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3( −x) −3x f (x − 2) = (x − 2) − 4
2
c. f (−x) = = e.
(−x) 2 −1 x 2 −1
= x 2 − 4x + 4 − 4
⎛ 3x ⎞ −3x = x 2 − 4x
d. − f (x) = − =
⎜⎝ 2 ⎟
x −1 ⎠ x 2 −1
f. f (2x) = (2x) 2 − 4 = 4x 2 − 4
3( x −2)
e. f (x − 2) = (
2
)
= 4 x −1 = 2 x 2 −1
(x − 2) −1 2
3x −6
= 6. f (x) = x − 4
2
x − 4x + 4 −1
2
3 (x −2 )
= a. f (2) = 2 2 − 4 = 4 − 4 = 0 = 0
x 2 − 4x + 3
f (−2) = ( −2 ) − 4 = 4 − 4 = 0 = 0
2
3( 2 x) 6x b.
f. f (2x) = =
(2x) −1 2
4x 2 −1
c. f (−x) = (−x) 2 − 4 = x 2 − 4
x2
4. f (x) = d. − f (x) = − x 2 − 4
x +1
22 4 e. f (x − 2) = (x − 2) 2 − 4
a. f (2) = =
2 +1 3
= x 2 − 4x + 4 − 4
( −2 )
2
4
b. f (−2) = = = −4 = x 2 − 4x
−2 +1 −1
(−x) 2 x2 f. f (2x) = (2x) 2 − 4 = 4x 2 − 4

c. f (−x) = = −x +1
−x +1
d f ) − =
x2 . ( = x +1
− x
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=
(
4 x2 = 4 x
2
−x 2 −1
x +1
x2 −
−1 )
4
7. f (x) =
(x −2 )
2
( x −2) 2 x2
e. f (x − 2) = = x −1
(x − 2) +1 2 2 −4 4 −4 0
a. f (2) = = = =0
(2x) 2 4x 2 22 4 4
f. f (2x) = =
(2x) +1 2x +1
( −2 )
2
−4 4 −4 0
b. f (−2) = = = =0
2
5. f (x) = x 2 − 4 ( −2 ) 4 4
(−x) 2 −4 2
x −4
a. f (2) = 2 2 − 4 = 4 − 4 = 0 = 0
c. f (−x) = =
2
(−x) x2
b. f (−2) = ( −2 )2 − 4 = 4−4 = 0 = 0 ⎛ x 2 −4 ⎞ 4 −x 2 x 2 −4
d. − f (x) = − = =−
c. f (−x) = (−x) − 4 = x − 4
2 2 ⎜ 2 ⎟ x2 x2
⎝ x ⎠
(x − 2) 2 − 4 x 2 − 4x + 4 − 4
d. − f (x) = − x 2 − 4 e. f (x − 2) = = 2
2
(x − 2) (x − 2)
x − 4x
2 x ( x − 4)
= = (x − 2) 2
(x − 2) 2
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(2x) 2 − 4 4x 2 − 4 11. f (x) = 2 − x

f. f (2x) = =
(2x) 2 4x 2 The radicand must be non-negative:

2− x ≥ 0
(
4 x 2 −1 ) x 2 −1 x≤2
= = 2
4x 2
x Domain: {x x ≤ 2} or ( −∞, 2 ]
x3
8. f (x) = 12. f (x) = x + 2
x −9
2
The radicand must be non-negative:

23 8 8 8 x+2≥0
a. f (2) = = = =−
22 − 9 4−9 −5 5 x ≥ −2
( −2 )3 −8 −8 8
Domain: {x x ≥ −2} or [ −2, ∞ )
b. f (2) = = = =
( −2 )
2
−9 4−9 −5 5
13. x
f (x) =
(−x)3 −x 3 x
c. f (−x) = = The radicand must be non-negative and the

x2 − 9
(−x) − 9 2
denominator cannot be zero: x > 0
x3 −x 3 Domain: {x x > 0} or ( 0, ∞ )
d. − f (x) = − = x2 − 9
x2 − 9
(x − 2)3 x
e. f (x − 2) = 14. g(x) =
x
(x − 2) 2 − 9
The denominator cannot be zero:

( x −2)3 x≠0
=
x 2 − 4x + 4 − 9
Domain: {x x ≠ 0}
(x − 2)3
= x
15. f (x) =
x − 4x − 5
2
(2x)3 8 x3 x 2 + 2x − 3
f. f (2x) = = (2x) 2 − 9 4x 2 − 9
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The denominator cannot be zero: 2
x + 2x − 3 ≠ 0
x ( x + 3)( x −1) ≠ 0
9. f (x) =
x ≠ −3 or 1
x2 − 9
The denominator cannot be zero: Domain:{ x x ≠ −3, x ≠ 1}
x2 − 9 ≠ 0
(x + 3)(x − 3) ≠ 0 1
x ≠ −3 or 3 16. F ( x ) = x 2 − 3x − 4
Domain: {x x ≠ −3, x ≠ 3} The denominator cannot be zero:

x 2 − 3x − 4 ≠ 0
3x 2 ( x +1)( x − 4 ) ≠ 0
10. f (x) =
x−2 x ≠ −1 or 4
Domain:{ x x ≠ −1, x ≠ 4}
x−2 ≠ 0
x≠2
Domain: {x x ≠ 2}
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17. f (x) = 2 − x g(x) = 3x +1 ⎛ f ⎞ f ( x) 2x −1
⎜ ⎟ (x) = =
+
( f + g)(x) = f ( x ) + g(x) ⎝g⎠ g ( x) 2x 1
= 2 − x + 3x +1 = 2x + 3 2x +1 ≠ 0 ⇒ 2x ≠ −1 ⇒ x ≠ −
1
Domain: { x x is any real number} 2
( f − g)(x) = f ( x ) − g(x) {
Domain: x x ≠ −
1
2 }
= 2 − x − ( 3x +1) 19. f (x) = 3x 2 + x +1 g(x) = 3x
= 2 − x − 3x −1 ( f + g)(x) = f ( x ) + g(x)
= −4x +1 2
= 3x + x +1+ 3x
= 3x 2 + 4x +1
( f ⋅ g)(x) = f (x) ⋅ g ( x ) Domain: { x x is any real number}
= ( 2 − x )( 3x +1)
( f − g)(x) = f ( x ) − g(x)
= 6x + 2 − 3x 2 − x 2
= 3x + x +1− 3x
= −3x 2 + 5x + 2
= 3x 2 − 2x +1
Domain: { x x is any real number} Domain: { x x is any real number}
⎛ f ⎞ f ( x) 2−x
⎜ g ⎟ (x) = g ( x ) = 3x +1 ( f ⋅ g)(x) = f (x) ⋅ g ( x )

⎝ ⎠
2
3x +1 ≠ 0
(
= 3x + x +1 ( 3x ) )
1 = 9x 3 + 3x 2 + 3x
3x ≠ −1 ⇒ x ≠ −
3 Domain: { x x is any real number}

⎧ 1⎫
Domain: x x 2
⎨ ≠− ⎬ ⎛f ⎞ f (x ) 3x +x +1
⎩ 3⎭ ⎜ ⎟ (x) = =
160 160
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and TheirEGU
Graphs
⎝g⎠ g ( x) 3x
18. f (x) = 2x −1 g(x) = 2x +1 3x ≠ 0 ⇒ x ≠ 0
( f + g)(x) = f ( x ) + g(x) Domain: {x x ≠ 0}

= 2x −1+ 2x +1
2
= 4x 20. f (x) = 3x g(x) = 1 + x + x
Domain: { x x is any real number} ( f + g)(x) = f ( x ) + g(x)

= 3x +1 + x + x 2
( f − g)(x) = f ( x ) − g(x) 2
= x + 4x + 1
= 2x −1− ( 2x +1)
= 2x −1− 2x −1
= −2 ( f − g)(x) = f ( x ) − g(x)
Domain: { x x is any real number} (
= 3x − 1+ x + x 2 )
( f ⋅ g)(x) = f (x) ⋅ g ( x ) = −x + 2x −1
2
= ( 2x −1)( 2x +1) Domain: { x x is any real number}
= 4x 2 + 2x − 2x −1 ( f ⋅ g)(x) = f (x) ⋅ g ( x )
= 4x −1
2
(
= ( 3x ) 1+ x + x 2 )
Domain: { x x is any real number} 2 3
= 3x + 3x + 3x
161 161
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Functions EGU
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and TheirEGU
Graphs
⎛f⎞ f (x ) 3x f (x) =
1
g(x) =
3
22.
⎜⎝ g ⎟⎠ (x) = g x = x −3
( ) 1+ x + x 2 x
( f + g)(x) = f ( x ) + g(x)
1+ x + x 2 ≠ 0
1 3 x +3 (x −3 )
x 2 + x +1 ≠ 0 = + =
x −3 x ( x − 3)
Since the discriminant is 12 − 4 (1)(1) = −3 < 0 , x
x +3x −9 4 x −9
x 2 + x +1 will never equal 0. = =
( ) ( )
x x −3 x x −3
Domain: { x x is any real number} Domain: {x x ≠ 0, x ≠ 3}
x +1 1
f (x) = g(x) = 1 3
21. ( f − g)(x) = f ( x ) − g(x) = −
x −1 x x −3 x
( f + g)(x) = f ( x ) + g(x) x −3 (x −3 ) x −3x +9

x +1 1 = = x ( x − 3)
= +
x ( x − 3)
x −1 x −2 x +9
x (x +1)+1(x −1) =
= x ( x − 3)
x ( x −1) Domain:
{x x ≠ 0, x ≠ 3}
x 2 + x + x −1
=
x ( x −1) ( ) ⎛ 1 ⎞⎛ 3 ⎞ 3
( f ⋅ g)(x) = f (x) ⋅ g x = ⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟ = x ( x − 3 )
x +2 x −1
2 ⎝ x − 3 x
⎠⎝ ⎠
= {x x ≠ 0, x ≠ 3}
x ( x −1) Domain:
Domain: {x x ≠ 0, x ≠ 1}
1
f (x ) x −33 ⎛ 1 ⎞⎛ x ⎞
( f − g)(x) = f ( x ) − g(x) ⎛ gf ⎞
(x) = = =
156 162
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Functions EGU
ISM: Precalculus
and TheirEGU
Graphs
⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟
g ( x) x −3 3
x +1 1 ⎝ ⎠⎝ ⎠
= − x
x −1 x ⎝ ⎠
x
x (x +1)−1(x −1) =
= 3 ( x − 3)
x ( x −1)
Domain: {x x ≠ 0, x ≠ 3}
x 2 + x − x +1
=
x ( x −1)
23. f (x) = −2x 2 + x +1

x +1 f ( x + h) − f ( x)
2
= h
x ( x −1)
Domain: (
−2 ( x + h ) + ( x + h ) +1− −2x 2 + x +1
2
)
{x x ≠ 0, x ≠ 1} =
x +1 h
⎛ x +1 ⎞⎛ 1 ⎞
( f ⋅ g)(x) = f (x) ⋅ g ( x ) = ⎜
⎝ x −1 ⎟⎜
=
⎠⎝ x ⎟⎠ x ( x −1) ( )
−2 x 2 +2 xh +h 2 +x +h +1 +2 x 2 −x −1
=
Domain: {x x ≠ 0, x ≠ 1} h
−2x − 4xh − 2h + x + h +1+ 2x 2 − x −1
2 2
x +1 =
h
⎛f⎞ f (x ) x −1
1 ⎛ x +1 ⎞ ⎛ x ⎞ x( x +1)
(x) = = = = −4 xh −2h 2 +h h ( −4 x −2h +1)
⎜g⎟ ⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟
⎝ ⎠ g ( x) x −1 1 x −1 = =
⎝ ⎠⎝ ⎠ h h
x
= −4x − 2h +1
Domain: {x x ≠ 0, x ≠ 1}
156 163
Chapter
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Functions EGU
ISM: Precalculus
and TheirEGU
Graphs
24. f (x) = 3x 2 − 2x + 4 ⎛1 ⎞
g. To graph y = f ⎜ x ⎟ , stretch the graph of
f ( x + h) − f ( x) ⎝2 ⎠
h f horizontally by a factor of 2.
3 ( x + h ) − 2 ( x + h ) + 4 − 3x 2 − 2x + 4
2
( )
=
h
(
3 x + 2xh + h
2 2
) − 2x − 2h + 4 − 3x 2
+ 2x − 4
=
h
3x + 6xh + 3h − 2x − 2h + 4 − 3x 2 + 2x − 4
2 2
=
h
6xh + 3h 2 − 2h h ( 6x + 3h − 2 )
= =
h h
= 6x + 3h − 2
h. To graph y = − f ( x ) , reflect the graph of
25. a. Domain: { x − 4 ≤ x ≤ 3 } f vertically about the y-axis.

Range: {y −3 ≤ y ≤ 3}
b. x-intercept: ( 0, 0 ) ; y-intercept: ( 0, 0 )
c. f ( −2 ) = −1
d. f ( x ) = −3 when x = –4
e. f (x) > 0 when 0 < x ≤ 3

f. To graph y = f ( x − 3) , shift the graph of
f horizontally 3 units to the right. 26. a. Domain: {x −5 ≤ x ≤ 4}
Range: {y − 3 ≤ y ≤ 1}
b. g(−1) = 1
c. x-intercepts: ( 0, 0 ) , ( 4, 0 ) ;
y-intercept: ( 0, 0 )
156 164
Chapter
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Functions EGU
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and TheirEGU
Graphs
d. g(x) = −3 when x = 3
e. g(x) > 0 when −5 ≤ x < 0
156 159
Chapter
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Functions EGU
ISM: Precalculus
and TheirEGU
Graphs
f. To graph y = g ( x − 2 ) , shift the graph of c. Local minimum is −3 when x = 3 ;
g horizontally 2 units to the right. Local maximum is 1 when x = −1 .

Note that x = 4 and x = −4 do not yield
local extrema because there is no open
interval that contains either value.
d. The graph is not symmetric with respect to

the x-axis, the y-axis or the origin.
e. The function is neither even nor odd.
f. x-intercepts: ( −2, 0 ) , ( 0, 0 ) , ( 4, 0 ) ,
28. a. Domain: { x x is any real number}

g. To graph y = g ( x ) +1 , shift the graph of g
vertically up 1 unit. Range: {y y is any real number}
b. Increasing: ( −∞, −2 ) and ( 2, ∞ ) ;

Decreasing: ( −2, 2 )
c. Local minimum is −1 at x = 2 ;
Local maximum is 1 at x = −2
d. The graph is symmetric with respect to the

origin.
e. The function is odd.

h. To graph y = 2g ( x ) , stretch the graph of
f. x-intercepts: ( −3, 0 ) , ( 0, 0 ) , ( 3, 0 ) ;
g vertically by a factor of 2.
29. f (x) = x3 − 4x
f (−x) = (−x)3 − 4(−x) = − x3 + 4x
( )
= − x 3 − 4x = − f (x)
f is odd.
4 + x2
30. g(x) =
1+ x 4
4 + (−x) 2 4 + x2
158 158
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and TheirEGU
Graphs
27. a. Domain: {x −4 ≤ x ≤ 4} g(−x) = = = g(x)

4 4
1+ (−x) 1+ x
Range: {y − 3 ≤ y ≤ 1} g is even.
b. Increasing: ( −4, −1) and ( 3, 4 ) ; 31. h(x) =

1
+
1
+1
Decreasing: (–1, 3) 4 2
x x
1 1 1 1
h(−x) = + +1 = + +1 = h(x)
4 2 4
(−x) (−x) x x2
h is even.
159 159
Chapter
ISM: 2:
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Functions EGU
ISM: Precalculus
and TheirEGU
Graphs
32. F (x) = 1− x
3 38. f ( x ) = −x3 + 3x − 5 on the interval ( −3,3 )
F (−x) = 1− (−x)3 = 1+ x3 ≠ F (x) or − F (x) 3
F is neither even nor odd. of y1 = −x + 3x − 5 .
20 20
33. G(x) = 1− x + x 3
G(−x) = 1− (−x) + (−x) 3 −3 3 −3 3
= 1+ x − x ≠ −G(x) or G(x)
3
G is neither even nor odd.

−20 −20
local maximum at: (1, −3 ) ;

34. H (x) = 1+ x + x 2
local minimum at: ( −1, −7 )
H (−x) = 1+ (−x) + (−x) 2
f is increasing on: ( −1,1) ;
= 1− x + x 2 ≠ −H (x) or H (x)
f is decreasing on: ( −3, −1) and (1,3 )
H is neither even nor odd.
f (x) =
x f ( x ) = 2x 4 − 5x3 + 2x +1 on the interval ( −2, 3 )
35. 39.
1+ x 2 Use MAXIMUM and MINIMUM on the graph
−x −x of 4 3
f (−x) = = = − f (x)
y1 = 2x − 5x + 2x +1 .
1 + (−x) 2 1+ x 2 20 20
f is odd.
1+ x 2 −2 3 −2
36. g(x) = 3
x3
1+ (−x) 2 1+ x 2 1+ x 2 −10 −10
g(−x) = = =− = −g(x)
3 20
(−x) −x 3
x 3
g is odd.
37. f ( x ) = 2x 3 − 5x +1 on the interval ( −3,3 ) −2 3

−10
of y1 = 2x3 − 5x +1 .
20 20
local maximum at: ( 0.41,1.53 ) ;
local minima at: ( −0.34, 0.54 ) , (1.80, −3.56 )
f is increasing on: ( −0.34, 0.41) and (1.80,3 ) ;
−3 3 −3 3
f is decreasing on: ( −2, −0.34 ) and ( 0.41,1.80 )
160 160
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Functions EGU
ISM: Precalculus
and TheirEGU
Graphs
−20 −20
local maximum at: ( −0.91, 4.04 ) ; 40. f ( x ) = −x 4 + 3x3 − 4x + 3 on the interval ( −2,3 )
local minimum at: ( 0.91, −2.04 ) 4 3
of
y1 = −x + 3x − 4x + 3 .
f is increasing on: ( −3, −0.91) and ( 0.91,3 ) ;
5 5
f is decreasing on: ( −0.91, 0.91)
−2 3 −2 3
−5 −5
161 161
Chapter
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Functions EGU
ISM: Precalculus
and TheirEGU
Graphs
5
44. f (x) = 2x 2 + 7
f (x) − f (2) 2x 2 + 7 −15 2x 2 − 8
−2 = =
3 x−2
x−2 x−2
2( x −2)( x +2)
= = 2x + 4
−5 x−2
local maxima at: ( −0.59, 4.62 ) , ( 2,3 ) ;
45. f (x) = 3x − 4x 2
local minimum at: ( 0.84, 0.92 )
f ( x) − f (2) 3x −4 x 2 −(−10)
f is increasing on: ( −2, −0.59 ) and ( 0.84, 2 ) ; =

x−2
x−2
f is decreasing on: ( −0.59, 0.84 ) and ( 2,3 )
−4 x +3x +10
2
=
f (x) = 8x 2 − x x−2
41.
−(4x 2 −3x −10)
2
(
8 ( 2 ) − 2 − 8 (1) −1
2
) =
x−2
−(4x +5)( x −2)
f (2) − f (1) =
a. =
2 −1 1 x−2
= 32 − 2 − ( 7 ) = 23 = − 4x − 5
(
8 (1) −1− 8 ( 0 ) − 0
2 2
) 46. f (x) = x 2 − 3x + 2
f (1) − f (0)
b. = f ( x) − f (2) x 2 −3x +2 −0
=
1− 0 1 x−2
x−2
= 8 −1− ( 0 ) = 7 2
x −3x +2
=
f (4) − f (2)
2
(
8 ( 4) − 4 − 8 ( 2) − 2
2
) x−2
c. = ( x −2)( x −1)
4−2 2 =
128 −4 −( 30 ) 94 x−2
= x −1
= = = 47
2 2
47. (b) passes the Vertical Line Test and is therefore
42. f (x) = 2x + x
3 a function.
48. (a) and (b) both pass the Vertical Line Test and
(
2 ( 2 ) + 2 − 2 (1) +1
3 3
)
160 160
Chapter
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and TheirEGU
Graphs
f (2) − f (1) are therefore functions.

a. =
2 −1 1
49. f (x) = 2x − 5
= 16 + 2 − ( 3 ) = 15
(
2 (1) +1− 2 ( 0 ) + 0
3 3
)
f (1) − f (0)
b. =
1− 0 1
= 2 +1− ( 0 ) = 3
(
2 ( 4) + 4 − 2 ( 2) + 2
3 3
)
f (4) − f (2)
c. =
4−2 2
128 + 4 − (18 ) 114
= = = 57
2 2
43. f (x) = 2 − 5x
f ( x) − f (2) 2 −5x −(−8) −5x +10
= =
x−2 x−2 x−2
−5( x −2)
= = −5
x−2
161 161
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Functions EGU
ISM: Precalculus
and TheirEGU
Graphs
50. g(x) = −4x + 7 54. f (x) = 3

x
4
51. h(x) = x−6 55. F (x) = x − 4
5
Using the graph of y = x , vertically shift the
graph downward 4 units.
1
52. F (x) = − x +1
3
Intercepts: (–4,0), (4,0), (0,–4)
Range: {y y ≥ − 4}
56. f (x) = x + 4

graph upward 4 units.
53. f (x) = x
162 162
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ISM: Precalculus
and TheirEGU
Graphs
Interc
epts:
(0, 4)
Doma
in: { x
x is
any
real
numb
er}
Range
: {y
y ≥ 4}
163 163
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Functions EGU
ISM: Precalculus
and TheirEGU
Graphs
57. g(x) = − 2 x 59. h(x) = x −1
Reflect the graph of y = x about the x-axis and Using the graph of y = x , horizontally shift
vertically stretch the graph by a factor of 2. the graph to the right 1 unit.
Intercept: (1, 0)
Intercepts: (0, 0)
Domain: {x x ≥ 1} ; Range: {y y ≥ 0}
Range: {y y ≤ 0} 60. h(x) = x −1

1 graph downward 1 unit.
58. g(x) = x
2
Using the graph of y = x , vertically shrink the

1
graph by a factor of .
2
Intercepts: (1, 0), (0, –1)

Domain: {x x ≥ 0} ; Range: {y y ≥ −1}
61. f (x) = 1− x = −1(x −1)
Reflect the graph of y = x about the y-axis and

Intercepts: (0, 0)
Domain: { x x is any real number} horizontally shift the graph to the right 1 unit.
Range: {y y ≥ 0}
164 164
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Functions EGU
ISM: Precalculus
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Graphs
Intercepts: (1
,0), (0,1)
Domain: {x x
≤ 1} Range:
{y y ≥ 0}
165 165
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Functions EGU
ISM: Precalculus
and TheirEGU
Graphs
62. f (x) = − x + 3 64. h(x) = (x + 2) 2 − 3
Using the graph of y = x , horizontally shift Using the graph of y = x 2 , horizontally shift the
the graph to the left 3 units, and reflect on the x- graph to the left 2 units and vertically shift the
axis. graph down 3 units.
(
Intercepts: (–3, 0), 0, − 3 ) (
Intercepts: (0, 1), − 2 + 3, 0 , − 2 − 3, 0 )( )
Domain: {x x ≥ −3} Domain: { x x is any real number}
Range: {y y ≤ 0} Range: {y y ≥ −3}
65. g(x) = 3(x −1) +1

3
63. h(x) = (x −1) + 2
2
Using the graph of y = x3 , horizontally shift the

Using the graph of y = x 2 , horizontally shift the
graph to the right 1 unit and vertically shift the graph to the right 1 unit vertically stretch the
graph up 2 units. graph by a factor of 3, and vertically shift the
graph up 1 unit.
y
5
(2, 4)
(1, 1)
x
−5 5
(0, −2)
⎛ 3
9 ⎞
−5 ⎜ 1− 3 , 0 ⎟
⎝ ⎠
3
⎛ 9 ⎞
Intercepts: (0,–2), ⎜1 − , 0⎟
Intercepts: (0, 3) ⎝ 3 ⎠
Domain: { x x is any real number} Domain: { x x is any real number}
Range: {y y ≥ 2} Range: {y y is any real number}
166 166
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Functions EGU
ISM: Precalculus
and TheirEGU
Graphs
66. g(x) = − 2(x + 2)3 − 8 c. Graph:
Using the graph of y = x3 , horizontally shift the
graph to the left 2 units, vertically stretch the

graph by a factor of 2, reflect about the x-axis,
and vertically shift the graph down 8 units.
y
x
−9 ( 3
)
− 2 − 4, 0
−5
(−3, −6)
(−2, −8)
(−1, −10) d. Range: { y > −4}
Intercepts: (0,–24), − 2 − 3 4, 0( ) ⎧x if − 4 ≤ x < 0

⎪
Domain: { x x is any real number} 69. f (x) = ⎨1 if x = 0
⎩
⎪3x if x > 0
Range: {y y is any real number}
if − 2 < x ≤ 1
67. ⎧3x
f (x) = ⎨
⎩ x +1 if x > 1
a. Domain: {x x > −2 }
70.
b. x-intercept: ( 0, 0 )
y-intercept: (0,0)
c. Graph:
167 167
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Graphs
y-intercept: (0, 1) d. Range: {y y ≥ − 4, y ≠ 0}
c. Graph:
⎧⎪x 2 if − 2 ≤ x ≤ 2
f (x) = ⎨
2x −1 if x > 2
d. Range: { y > −6 }
⎧ x −1 if − 3 < x < 0
68. f (x) = ⎨ b. x-intercept: (0, 0)
⎩3x −1 if x ≥ 0 y-intercept: (0, 0)
a. Domain: {x x > −3 }
⎛1 ⎞
b. x-intercept: ,0
⎜ ⎟
3
⎝ ⎠
y-intercept: (0, –1)
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Graphs
c. Graph: 75. We have the points ( h1 ,T1 ) = ( 0, 30 ) and

( h2 ,T2 ) = (10000, 5 ) .
ΔT 5 −30 −25
slope = = =
= −0.0025
Δh 10000 − 0 10000
Using the point-slope formula yields
T − T1 = m ( h − h1 ) ⇒ T − 30 = −0.0025 ( h − 0 )
T − 30 = −0.0025h ⇒ T = −0.0025h + 30
T ( h ) = −0.0025h + 30, 0 ≤ x ≤ 10, 000
76. We have the point ( t1 , v1 ) = ( 20,80 ) and
d. Range: {y y ≥ 0} slope = m = 5
Using the point-slope formula yields
71. f (4) = −5 gives the ordered pair (4, −5) v − v1 = m ( t − t1 ) ⇒ v − 80 = 5 ( t − 20 )
f ( 0 ) = 3 gives f (0) = 3 gives (0,3) v − 80 = 5t −100 ⇒ v = 5t − 20
3 −(−5) 8 v ( t ) = 5t − 20
Finding the slope: m = = = −2
0−4 −4
After 30 seconds,
Using slope-intercept form: f (x) = − 2x + 3 v ( 30 ) = 5 ( 30 ) − 20 = 150 − 20 = 130 ft. per sec.
72. m = − 4, g(− 2) = 2 gives the ordered pair

4
(− 2, 2) . 77. S = 4π r ; V =
2
π r3
3
Using point-slope form: Let R = 2r , S 2 = new surface area , and
y − 2 = − 4(x − (− 2))
V2 = new volume .
y − 2 = − 4x − 8
2 2
y = − 4x − 6 S 2 = 4π R = 4π ( 2r )
g(x) = − 4x − 6 ( ) (
= 4π 4r 2 = 4 4π r 2 )
= 4S
Ax +5
73. f (x) = and f (1) = 4 4 4
6x − 2 V2 = π R3 = π ( 2r )3
A(1) +5 3 3
=4
⎜ ⎟
6(1) − 2
=
4
( )=8
π 8r 3 ⎛4
πr 3 ⎞
A +5 3 ⎝3 ⎠
=4
4 = 8V
169 169
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and TheirEGU
Graphs
A + 5 = 16 Thus, if the radius of the sphere doubles, the

A = 11 surface area is 4 times as large and the volume is
8 times as large as for the original sphere.
A 8
g(x) = + and g(−1) = 0 78. a. The printed region is a rectangle. Its area is
74. x x2 given by
A 8 A = ( length )( width ) = (11− 2x )( 8.5 − 2x )
+ =0
−1 (−1) 2 ( ) ( )( )
A x = 11 − 2x 8.5 − 2x
−A+8 = 0
A=8
170 170
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and TheirEGU
Graphs
b. For the domain of 80. a. We are given that the volume is 100 cubic
A ( x ) = (11− 2x )( 8.5 − 2x ) feet, so we have
100
recall that the dimensions of a rectangle V = π r 2 h = 100 ⇒ h =
2
must be non-negative. πr
x ≥ 0 and 11− 2x ≥ 0 and 8.5 − 2x ≥ 0 The amount of material needed to construct
−2x ≥ −11 −2x ≥ 8.5 the drum is the surface area of the barrel.
x ≤ 4.25 The cylindrical body of the barrel can be
x ≤ 5.5
viewed as a rectangle whose dimensions are
The domain is { x | 0 ≤ x ≤ 4.25} . given by
The range of A ( x ) = (11− 2x )( 8.5 − 2x ) is 2πr

given by
A ( 4.25 ) ≤ A ≤ A ( 0 ) ⇒ 0 ≤ A ≤ 93.5
h
c. A (1) = (11− 2 (1) )( 8.5 − 2 (1) )
= 9 ⋅ 6.5 = 58.5 in 2
A (1.2 ) = (11− 2 (1.2 ) )( 8.5 − 2 (1.2 ) ) A = area top + area bottom + area body
2 2 2
= π r + π r + 2π rh = 2π r + 2π rh
= 8.6 ⋅ 6.1 = 52.46 in 2
⎝ ⎠
A (1.5 ) = (11− 2 (1.5 ) )( 8.5 − 2 (1.5 ) ) A ( r ) = 2π r + 2π r
2 ⎛ 100 ⎞
= 2π r 2 +
200
⎜ ⎟
π r2 r
= 8 ⋅5.5 = 44 in 2
2 200
A 3 = 2π 3 +
d. y1 = (11− 2x ) ∗ ( 8.5 − 2x ) b. ( ) ( )
3
200
= 18π + ≈ 123.22 ft 2
3
200
A ( 4 ) = 2π ( 4 ) +
2
c.
4
= 32π + 50 ≈ 150.53 ft 2
e. Using TRACE,
A ≈ 70 when x ≈ 0.643 inches 200
A ( 5 ) = 2π ( 5 ) +
2
d.
A = 50 when x ≈ 1.28 inches
5
= 50π + 40 ≈ 197.08 ft 2
e. Graphing:
79. S = kxd 3 , x = width; d = depth
171 171
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In the diagram, depth = length of the rectangle.

Therefore, we have
2 2
⎛d ⎞ ⎛ x ⎞ = 32
+
⎜2⎟ ⎜ 2⎟
⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠
d2 x2
+ =9
4 4
d 2 + x 2 = 36
d = 36 − x 2
( ) ( )
3 3/ 2
( ) 2 2
The minimum value occurs when
S x = kx 36 − x = kx 36 − x
r ≈ 2.52 feet .
Domain: { x 0 < x < 6}
172 172
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Graphs
81. a. The relation is a function. Each HS GPA 84. Since there are 200 feet of border, we know that
value is paired with exactly one College 2x + 2 y = 200 . The area is to be maximized, so
GPA value. A = x ⋅ y . Solving the perimeter formula for y :
b. Scatter diagram: 2x + 2 y = 200 → 2 y = 200 − 2x → y = 100 − x
4 The area function is:
A(x) = x(100 − x) = −x 2 +100x
The maximum value occurs at the vertex:
2.5 4
2.25
c. Using the LINear REGression program, the The pond should be 50 feet by 50 feet for
line of best fit is: G = 0.964x + 0.072 maximum area.
d. As the high school GPA increases by 0.1
point, the college GPA increases by 0.0964 85. Let x represent the length and y represent the
point. width of the rectangle.
2x + 2 y = 20 → y = 10 − x .
e. G ( x ) = 0.964x + 0.072 x ⋅ y = 16 → x(10 − x) = 16 .
Solving the area equation:

f. Domain: {x 0 ≤ x ≤ 4} 10x − x 2 = 16 → x 2 −10x +16 = 0
(x − 8)(x − 2) = 0 → x = 8 or x = 2
g. G ( 3.23 ) = ( 0.964 )( 3.23 ) + 0.072 ≈ 3.19 The length and width of the rectangle are 8 feet
The college GPA is approximately 3.19. by 2 feet.
82. Let p = the monthly payment in dollars, and 86. The area function is:
B = the amount borrowed in dollars. Consider A(x) = x(10 − x) = −x 2 +10x
the ordered pair ( B, p ) . We can use the points The maximum value occurs at the vertex:
( 0, 0 ) and (130000,854 ) . Now compute the
slope:
Δy 854 −0 854
slope = = = ≈ 0.0065692
Δx 130000 − 0 130000
The maximum area is:
p ( B ) = 0.0065692B + 0 = 0.0065692B
A(5) = −(5) 2 +10(5)
If B = 165000 , then
p = ( 0.0065692 )(165000 ) ≈ $1083.92 . = − 25 + 50 = 25 square units
10
83. Let R = the revenue in dollars, and g = the
number of gallons of gasoline sold.

(0,10-x) (x,10-x)
Consider the ordered pair ( g, R ) . We can use
the points ( 0, 0 ) and (13.5, 28.89 ) . Now
173 173
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compute the slope: (x,0) 10

Δy 28.89 −0 28.89
slope = = = ≈ 2.14
Δx 13.5 − 0 13.5
R ( g ) = 2.14g + 0 = 2.14g .
If g = 11.2 , then R = ( 2.14 )(11.2 ) = $23.97 .
174 174
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87. C(x) = 4.9x 2 − 617.40x +19, 600 ; 89. Let P = ( 4,1) and Q = ( x, y ) = ( x, x +1) .
a = 4.9, b = −617.40, c = 19, 600.

d ( P,Q ) = ( x − 4) + ( x +1−1)
2 2
Since a = 4.9 > 0, the graph opens up, so the
→ d 2 ( x ) = ( x − 4) + x2
2
vertex is a minimum point.
a. The minimum marginal cost occurs at = x 2 − 8x +16 + x 2
x = 63 . ∴ d 2 ( x ) = 2x 2 − 8x +16
Since d 2 ( x ) = 2x 2 − 8x +16 is a quadratic
function with a = 2 > 0, the vertex corresponds
to the minimum value for the function.
b. The minimum marginal cost is

⎛ −b ⎞
C ⎜ ⎟ = C ( 63 )
2a
⎝ ⎠
The vertex occurs at x = 2 . Therefore the point
= 4.9 ( 63) − ( 617.40 )( 63 ) +19600
2
Q on the line y = x +1 will be closest to the
= $151.90 point P = ( 4,1) when Q = ( 2, 3) .
Q(x, x + 1)
d P(4,1)
d 2
( x ) = ( x − 3) 2
+ ( x −1)
2
= x − 6x + 9 + x 2 − 2x +1
2
d 2 ( x ) = 2x 2 − 8x +10
Since d 2 ( x ) = 2x 2 − 8x +10 is a quadratic
function with a = 2 > 0, the vertex corresponds
to the minimum value for the function.
90. The area function is:
A(x) = x(10 − x 2 ) = −x3 +10x

3
y1 = −x +10x .
15
The vertex occurs at x = 2 . Therefore the point
Q on the line y = x will be closest to the point
P = ( 3,1) when Q = ( 2, 2 ) .
Q(x, x)
0 5
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d The maximum area is:

P(3,1)
A(1.83) = −(1.83)3 +10(1.83) ≈ 12.17 sq. units.
P(x,y)
y
y = 10 − x
2
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10 40
x 2 h = 10 ⇒ h = C ( 4 ) = 0.12π ( 4 ) +
2
91. a. b.
2
x 4
A(x) = 2x 2 + 4x h = 1.92π +10 ≈ $16.03

⎛ 10 ⎞
= 2x 2 + 4x 2 40
⎜⎝ x 2 ⎟⎠ c. C ( 8 ) = 0.12π ( 8 ) +
8
= 2x +
2 40 = 7.68π + 5 ≈ $29.13
x
d. Graphing:
40
b. A(1) = 2 ⋅1 + 2
= 2 + 40 = 42 ft 2
1
40
c. A(2) = 2 ⋅ 2 2 + = 8 + 20 = 28 ft 2
2
d. Graphing:
50
0 5
0
The minimum cost occurs when r ≈ 3.76

centimeters.
The area is smallest when x ≈ 2.15 feet. Chapter 2 Test
= rh
92. a. We are given that the volume is 500
0
centimeters, so we have
.
500
V = π r 2 h = 500 ⇒ h = 1
π r2 2
Total Cost = cost top + cost bottom + π
cost body r
2
( )
= 2 cost top + cost body +
0
= 2 ( area top )( cost per area top ) .
+ ( area body )( cost per area body )
0
8
= 2 π r2( ) ( 0.06 ) + ( 2π rh )( 0.04 ) π
177 177
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elements. Domain: {2, 4, 6,8}

1. a. {( 2, Range: {5, 6, 7,8}
5) , (
4, 6 ) {(1,3) , ( 4, −2 ) , ( −3,5) , (1, 7 )}
, ( 6, This relation is not a function because there
7),( are two ordered pairs that have the same first
8,8 ) element but different second elements.
}
b. Th
is
rel
ati
on
is
a
fu
nct
io
n
be
ca
us
e
the
re
are
no
or
de
re
d
pai
rs
tha
t
ha
ve
the
sa
me
fir
st
ele
me
nt
an
d
dif
fer
ent
se
co
nd
178 178
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c. This relation is not a function because the

⎛ 500 ⎞
= 0.12π r 2 + 0.08π r graph fails the vertical line test.
⎜ ⎟
π r2
d. This relation is a function because it passes
⎝ ⎠
the vertical line test.
40 Domain: \ (all real numbers)
= 0.12π r 2 +
r Range: { y | y ≥ 2}
40
C ( r ) = 0.12π r 2 +
r
179 179
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2. f ( x ) = 4 − 5x 5. a. To find the domain, note that all the points
on the graph will have an x-coordinate

The function tells us to take the square root of
between −5 and 5, inclusive. To find the
4 − 5x . Only nonnegative numbers have real
range, note that all the points on the graph
square roots so we need 4 − 5x ≥ 0 .
will have a y-coordinate between −3 and 3,
4 − 5x ≥ 0
inclusive.
4 − 5x − 4 ≥ 0 − 4 Domain: { x | −5 ≤ x ≤ 5}
−5x ≥ −4
Range: { y | −3 ≤ y ≤ 3}
−5x −4
≤
−5 −5 b. The intercepts are ( 0, 2 ) , ( −2, 0 ) , and

4
x≤ ( 2, 0 ) .
5 x-intercepts: 2, −2
{ 4
Domain: x | x ≤ 5 } c.
y-intercept: 2
f (1) is the value of the function when
f ( −1) = 4 − 5 ( −1) = 4 + 5 = 9 = 3 x = 1 . According to the graph, f (1) = 3 .
x +2 d. Since ( −5, −3 ) and ( 3, −3 ) are the only

3. g ( x ) =
x+2 points on the graph for which
The function tells us to divide x + 2 by x + 2 . y = f ( x ) = −3 , we have f ( x ) = −3 when
Division by 0 is undefined, so the denominator x = −5 and x = 3 .

can never equal 0. This means that x ≠ −2 .
Domain: { x | x ≠ −2} e. To solve f ( x ) < 0 , we want to find x-
values such that the graph is below the x-

( −1)+2 1 axis. The graph is below the x-axis for
g ( −1) = = =1
values in the domain that are less than −2

( −1) + 2 1
and greater than 2. Therefore, the solution
set is { x | −5 ≤ x < −2 or 2 < x ≤ 5} . In
x−4
4. h ( x ) = interval notation we would write the solution
x + 5x − 36
2
The function tells us to divide x − 4 by x 2 + 5x − 36 =

0 ( x + 9 )( x − 4 )
x 2 + 5x − 36 . Since division by 0 is not defined,
we need to exclude any values which make the = 0 x = −9 or x
denominator 0. =4
Domain: { x | x ≠ −9, x ≠ 4}
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(note: there is a common factor of x − 4 but we set as [ −5, −2 ) ∪ ( 2,5] .

must determine the domain prior to simplifying)
( −1)−4 −5 1 f ( x ) = −x 4 + 2x3 + 4x 2 − 2
h ( −1) = = = 6.
We set Xmin = −5 and Xmax = 5. The standard
Ymin and Ymax will not be good enough to see
the whole picture so some adjustment must be
made.
( −1)
2
+ 5 ( −1) − 36 −40 8
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d. To find g ( 2 ) we first note that x = 2 so we

must use the second “piece” because
2 ≥ −1 .
g ( 2 ) = 2 − 4 = −2
We see that the graph has a local maximum of 8. The average rate of change from 3 to x is given
−0.86 (rounded to two places) when x = −0.85 by
and another local maximum of 15.55 when Δy f ( x ) − f ( 3)

x = 2.35 . There is a local minimum of −2 when = x≠3
x −3
Δx
x = 0 . Thus, we have
(3x 2
) (
− 2x + 4 − 3 ( 3 ) − 2 ( 3 ) + 4
2
)
Local maxima: f ( −0.85 ) ≈ −0.86 =
x −3
f ( 2.35 ) ≈ 15.55
3x −2 x +4 −25
2
Local minima: f ( 0 ) = −2 =
x −3
The function is increasing on the intervals 3x − 2x − 21
2
( −5, −0.85 ) and ( 0, 2.35 ) and decreasing on the =

x −3
intervals ( −0.85, 0 ) and ( 2.35,5 ) .
(x −3)( 3x +7 )
=
x −3
⎧2x +1 x < −1 = 3x + 7 x≠3
7. a. f ( x) = ⎨
x−4 x ≥ −1
⎩ 2
To graph the function, we graph each 9. a.

(
f − g = 2x +1 − ( 3x − 2 ) )
“piece”. First we graph the line y = 2x +1 = 2x 2 +1− 3x + 2
but only keep the part for which x < −1 .
= 2x 2 − 3x + 3
Then we plot the line y = x − 4 but only
keep the part for which x ≥ −1 .

y
b. (
f ⋅ g = 2x 2 +1 ( 3x − 2 ))
y
3= y = x − 4, x ≥ −1
2
x
+ x
−5 5
1
,
−7
x < −1
172 172
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= −
( ) ( )
2
= 2 ( x + h ) +1 − 2x 2 +1
2
6
+
= (2( x ) +1) − ( 2x )
x 2
3
2
+ 2xh + h 2 2
+1
− c. 3 f ( x +
4 x = 2x 2 + 4xh + 2h 2 +1− 2x 2 −1
x h) − f ( x)
b. To find the intercepts, notice that the only = 4xh + 2h 2
piece that hits either axis is y = x − 4 .
y = x−4 y = x−4
y = 0−4 0 = x−4
y = −4 4=x
The intercepts are ( 0, −4 ) and ( 4, 0 ) .
c. To find g ( −5 ) we first note that x = −5 so

we must use the first “piece” because
−5 < −1 .
g ( −5 ) = 2 ( −5 ) +1 = −10 +1 = −9
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y
The basic function is y = x so we start with
3
10. a.
10
the graph of this function. (−2, 5)
y y = x3 (0, 1)
10
x
−2 2
(−1, −1) (1, 1)

x −10
−2 2
y = −2 (x +1) + 3
3
−10
b. The basic function is y = x so we start
Next we shift this graph 1 unit to the left to with the graph of this function.
obtain the graph of y = ( x +1)3 . y y= x
y = (x +1)
3
y 8
10
(−2, 2) (2, 2)
x
(0, 1) 8
(−2, −1)
x
−2 2
Next we shift this graph 4 units to the left to
−10
obtain the graph of y = x + 4 .

Next we reflect this graph about the x-axis
y y = x+4
to obtain the graph of y = − ( x +1) .
3
y
8
10 (−6, 2)
(−2, 1) x
8
(0, −1) (−2, 2)
x
−2 2
−10 Next we shift this graph up 2 units to obtain

the graph of y = x + 4 + 2 .
y = − ( x +1)
3
1
0
Next we stretch this graph vertically by a
factor of 2 to obtain the graph of
y = −2 ( x +1) .
3
y (−6, 4)
174 174
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Graphs
y y = x+4 +2 8 (−2, 4)
x
8
(−2, 2) (0, −2)
x
−2 2
−10
y = −2 (x +1)
3
The last step is to shift this graph up 3 units

to obtain the graph of y = −2 ( x +1) + 3 .
3
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11. a. Graph of Set A: 12. a. r ( x ) = −0.115x 2 +1.183x + 5.623

Enter the x-values in L1 and the y-values in
L2. Make a scatter diagram using For the years 1992 to 2004, we have values
of x between 0 and 12. Therefore, we can let
STATPLOT and press [ZOOM] [9] to fit the
Xmin = 0 and Xmax = 12. Since r is the
data to your window.
interest rate as a percent, we can try letting
Ymin = 0 and Ymax = 10.
Graph of Set B: The highest rate during this period appears

Enter the x-values in L1 and the y-values in to be 8.67%, occurring in 1997 ( x ≈ 5 ).
L2. Make a scatter diagram using
STATPLOT and press [ZOOM] [9] to fit the b. For 2010, we have x = 2010 −1992 = 18 .
r (18 ) = −0.115 (18 ) +1.183 (18 ) + 5.623
data to your window. 2
= −10.343
The model predicts that the interest rate will

be −10.343% . This is not a reasonable
value since it implies that the bank would be
paying interest to the borrower.
From the graphs, it appears that Set B is 13. a. Let x = width of the rink in feet. Then the
more linear. Set A has too much curvature. length of the rectangular portion is given by
2x − 20 . The radius of the semicircular
b. Set B appeared to be the most linear so we x
will use that data set. portions is half the width, or r = .
Press [STAT] [ ] [4] [ENTER] to get the 2
equation of the line (assuming the data is To find the volume, we first find the area of
entered already). the surface and multiply by the thickness of
the ice. The two semicircles can be
combined to form a complete circle, so the
area is given by
A = l ⋅ w + π r2
2
⎛ x⎞
The line of best fit for Set B is roughly = ( 2x − 20 )( x ) + π ⎜ ⎟
y = 2.02x − 5.33 . 2
⎝ ⎠
176 176
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Graphs
πx 2
= 2x 2 − 20x +
4
We have expressed our measures in feet so
we need to convert the thickness to feet as
well.
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1 ft 0.75 1 c. For 425 minutes, all of them have a fixed price

0.75 in ⋅ = ft = ft except C1: $45.00 + 0.40(125) = $95.
12 in 12 16 The best priced plan is B1 at $39.99.
Now we multiply this by the area to obtain
the volume. That is,
1 ⎛ πx 2 ⎞ For 750 minutes:

V ( x) = 2x 2 − 20x + A1: $49.99 + 0.45(150) = $117.49
⎜ ⎟
16 4
⎝ ⎠ A2: $59.99
x
2
5x πx 2 B1: $39.99 + 0.45(300) = $174.99
V ( x) = − + B2: $49.99 + 0.40(150) = $109.99
8 4 64 C1: $45.00 + 0.40(450) = $247.50
C2: $60.00 + 0.40(50) = $80.00
b. If the rink is 90 feet wide, then we have
x = 90 .
902 5 ( 90 ) π( 90 )
2 d.
Monthly
=
Base
+ (charge per )( # of min. over )
≈ 1297.61 cost Price minute those included
V ( 90 ) = − +
8 4 64 A1: C ( x ) = 49.99 + 0.45 ( x − 600 )
The volume of ice is roughly 1297.61 ft 3 .

⎧ 49.99 0 ≤ x ≤ 600
C(x) = ⎨
⎩0.45x − 220.01 x > 600
Chapter 2 Projects A2: C ( x ) = 59.99 + 0.35 ( x − 900 )
⎧ 59.99 0 ≤ x ≤ 900
Project 1 C(x) = ⎨
⎩0.35x − 255.01 x > 900

a. Plan A1: Total cost = $49.99 x 24 = $1199.76
Plan A2: Total cost = $59.99 x 24 = $1439.76 B1: C ( x ) = ⎩39.99 + 0.45 ( x − 450 )
Plan B1: Total cost = $39.99 x 24 = $959.76 ⎧ 39.99 0 ≤ x ≤ 450
Plan B2: Total cost = $49.99 x 24 = $ 1199.76 C(x) = ⎨

Plan C1: Total cost = $45.00 x 24 = $1080.00 0.45x −162.01 x > 450
Plan C2: Total cost = $60.00 x 24 = $1440.00 B2: C ( x ) = 49.99 + 0.40 ( x − 600 )
⎩⎧ 49.99 0 ≤ x ≤ 600
b. All plans allow for 2500 night and weekend
C(x) =
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minutes free, so the only minutes that will be ⎨ x > 600

0.40x −190.01
considered here are 600:
C1: C ( x ) = 45.00 + 0.40 ( x − 300 )

A1: $49.99
A2: $59.99 ⎧ 45.00 0 ≤ x ≤ 300

C(x) =
⎨ x > 300
B1: $39.99 + 0.45(150) = $107.49 ⎩0.40x − 75
B2: $49.99
C1: $45.00 + 0.40(300) = $165.00 C2: C ( x ) = 60.00 + 0.40 ( x − 700 )
C2: $60.00 ⎧ 60.00 0 ≤ x ≤ 700

C(x) = ⎨
The best plan here is either plan A1 or B2 at ⎩0.40x − 220 x > 700
$49.99.
e. Graph for plan A1:
The only plan that changes price from above C(x)
when the night and weekend minutes increase to 300
3500 is B1. It only has 3000 free night and
weekend minutes. (dollars)
200
Cost
B1: $39.99 + 0.45(150) + 0.45(500) = $332.49

100
The best plan is still either A1 or B2.
0 400 800 1200 x

Minutes Used
179 179
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Graphs
Graph for plan A2: Graph for plan C2:
C(x) C(x)
300 300
Cost (dollars)
Cost (dollars)
200 200
100 100
0 x 0 x
400 800 1200 400 800 1200
Minutes Used Minutes Used
Graph for plan B1: $49.99

f. A1: = $0.083 / min
C(x) 600 min
300 $59.99
A2: = $0.067 / min
Cost (dollars)
900 min
200
A2 is the better plan.
100 $39.99
B1: = $0.089 / min
450 min
0 x $49.99
400 800 1200
B2: = $0.083 / min
Minutes Used 600 min
B2 is the better plan.

Graph for plan B2:
$45.00
C(x) C1: = $0.15 / min
300 300 min
Cost (dollars)
$60.00
C2: = $0.086 / min
200
700 min
C2 is the better plan.
100
g. Out of A2, B2, and C2, the best plan to choose is
0 400 800 1200
x A2 since its $/min rate is best.
Minutes Used h. Answers will vary.
Graph for plan C1:

Project 2 (web)
C(x)
a. Silver: C ( x ) = 20 + 0.16 ( x − 200 ) = 0.16x −12
300
180 180
Chapter
ISM: 2:
Precalculus
Functions EGU
ISM: Precalculus
and TheirEGU
Graphs
⎧ 20 0 ≤ x ≤ 200
C(x) = ⎨
200 ⎩0.16x −12 x > 200

Cost (dollars)
100 Gold: C ( x ) = 50 + 0.08 ( x −1000 ) = 0.08x − 30
⎧ 50.00 0 ≤ x ≤ 1000
0 x C(x) = ⎨
400 800 1200 x > 1000
Minutes Used ⎩0.08x − 30
Platinum: C ( x ) = 100 + 0.04 ( x − 3000 )

= 0.04x − 20
C(x) = ⎧100.00 0 ≤ x ≤ 3000
⎨
⎩ 0.04x − 20 x > 3000
181 181
Chapter
ISM: 2:
Precalculus
Functions EGU
ISM: Precalculus
and TheirEGU
Graphs
c.
C(x)
Silver
300
Gold
x C ( x)
(dollars)
200
0 100 ( 0 ) +140 4 + 25 ≈ $753.92
Platinum
Cost
100 1 100 (1) +140 4 +16 ≈ $726.10

2 100 ( 2 ) +140 4 + 9 ≈ $704.78
0 3 100 ( 3 ) +140 4 + 4 ≈ $695.98

1000 2000 3000 4000
x 4 100 ( 4 ) +140 4 +1 ≈ $713.05
K-Bytes
5 100 ( 5 ) +140 4 + 0 = $780.00
c. Let y = #K-bytes of service over the plan The choice where the cable goes 3 miles down
minimum. the road then cutting up to the house seems to
yield the lowest cost.
Silver: 20 + 0.16 y ≤ 50
0.16 y ≤ 30 d. Since all of the costs are less than $800, there
y ≤ 187.5 would be a profit made with any of the plans.
Silver is the best up to 187.5 + 200 = 387.5
C(x) dollars
K-bytes of service. 800
Gold: 50 + 0.08 y ≤ 100
0.08 y ≤ 50
y ≤ 625
600
0 5 x miles
Gold is the best from 387.5 K-bytes to
625 +1000 = 1625 K-bytes of service.
Using the MINIMUM function on the grapher,
Platinum: Platinum will be the best if more than the minimum occurs at about x = 2.96.
1625 K-bytes is needed.
C(x) dollars
d. Answers will vary. 800
Project 3 (web)
600
0 5 x miles
a. The minimum cost occurs when the cable runs

for 2.96 mile along the road.
Driveway Possible route 1
f. C(4.5) = 100(4.5) + 140 4 + (5 − 4.5) 2

2 miles
5 miles
Cable box
≈ $738.62
Possible rout e 2
The cost for the Steven’s cable would be
Highway $738.62.
2 es
b. House m
i
l
182 182
Chapter
ISM: 2:
Precalculus
Functions EGU
ISM: Precalculus
and TheirEGU
Graphs
800 cheapest cost

g It will cost the company $213,300 more.
$140/mile
.
5
L= 4 +(5 − x ) 2 0
0
0
(
7
3
8
.
6
2
)
=
$
3
,
6
9
3
,
1
0
0
S
ta
te
le
g
is
la
te
d
5
0
0
0
(
6
9
5
.
9
6
)
=
$
3
,
4
7
9
,
183 183
Chapter
ISM: 2:
Precalculus
Functions EGU
ISM: Precalculus
and TheirEGU
Graphs
Cable box
5 miles $100/mile
C(x) = 100x +140L
C(x) = 100x +140 4 + (5 − x) 2
184 184
Chapter
ISM: 2:
Precalculus
Functions EGU
ISM: Precalculus
and TheirEGU
Graphs
Project 4 (web) 3. 3x 2 − 5x − 2 = 0
1
a. A = π r 2 ( 3x +1)( x − 2 ) = 0 ⇒ x = − ,x = 2
3
b. r = 2.2t
c. r = 2.2 ( 2 ) = 4.4 ft
1
The solution set is − 3 , 2 . { }
r = 2.2 ( 2.5 ) = 5.5 ft 4. 4x 2 + 4x + 1 = 0
{
1
( 2x + 1)( 2x +1) = 0 ⇒ x=−
d. A = π (4.4) 2 = 60.82 ft 2 2
A = π (5.5) 2 = 95.03 ft 2
The solution set is −
1
2
} .
e. A = π (2.2t) 2 = 4.84π t 2 5. 4x 2 − 2x + 4 = 0 ⇒ 2x 2 − x + 2 = 0
=− (= −1)= ± (= −1)= 2
f. A = 4.84π (2) = 60.82 ft

2 2
− 4 (=2 )(=2 )
A = 4.84π (2.5) 2 = 95.03 ft 2 x=
2 ( 2)
A(2.5) −A(2) 95.03 −60.82 ft
g. = = 68.42 1 ± 1 −16 1 ± −15
hr = =
2.5 − 2 0.5 4 4
no real solution
A(3.5) −A(3) 186.27 −136.85 ft
h. = = 98.84
3.5 − 3 0.5 hr 6. 3
1− x = 2
( )
3
3
1− x = 23
i. The average rate of change is increasing. 1. −5x + 4 = 0

−5x = −4
j. 150 yds = 450 ft
r = 2.2t
450
t= = 204.5 hours
2.2
k. 6 miles = 31680 ft
Therefore, we need a radius of 15,840 ft.
15, 840
t= = 7200 hours
2.2
Cumulative Review 1-2
185 185
Chapter
ISM: 2:
Precalculus
Functions EGU
ISM: Precalculus
and TheirEGU
Graphs
1− 7. 5
1− x = 2
x=
( )
5
8
5
1− x = 25
− 1 − x = 32
x
−x = 31
=
7 x = −31
x The solution set is {−31} .
=
− 8. 2 − 3x = 1
7
2 − 3x = 1 or 2 − 3x = −1
The solution set is {−7} .
− =− − =−
−4 4 3x 1 or 3x 3
x= =
−5 5 1 x =1
x= or
The solution set is {}
4
.
3
3
5
The solution set is { }
1
,1 .
2. x 2 − 7x +12 = 0
( x − 4 )( x − 3) = 0 ⇒ x = 4, x = 3
The solution set is {3, 4} .
186 186
Chapter
ISM: 2:
Precalculus
Functions EGU
ISM: Precalculus
and TheirEGU
Graphs
9. 4x 2 − 2x + 4 = 0 ⇒ 2x 2 − x + 2 = 0 13. x 2 + y 2 + 2x − 4 y + 4 = 0
− ( −1) ± ( −1) − 4 ( 2 )( 2 )
2
x 2 + 2x + y 2 − 4 y = −4
x= 2 ( 2) (x 2 + 2x +1) + ( y 2 − 4 y + 4) = −4 +1+ 4
2 2
1 ± 1 −16 1 ± −15 1 ± 15i (x +1) + ( y − 2) = 1
= = =
4 4 4 (x +1) 2 + ( y − 2) 2 = 12
⎧1 − 15i 1 + 15i ⎫ This is a circle with center (–1,2) and radius 1.
The solution set is , .
⎨ ⎬
4 4
⎩ ⎭
10. −2 < 3x − 5 < 7
3 < 3x < 12
3 12
<x<
3 3
1< x < 4
{x 1 < x < 4} or (1, 4 )
14. y = ( x +1) − 3
2
11. −3x + 4 y = 12 ⇒ 4 y = 3x +12 Using the graph of y = x 2 , horizontally shift to
3 the left 1 unit, and vertically shift down 3 units.

y= x+3
4
3
This is a line with slope and y-intercept (0, 3).
4
12. y = 3x +12 15. a. Domain: { x | −4 ≤ x ≤ 4}

This is a line with slope 3 and y-intercept (0,12).
Range: { y | −1 ≤ y ≤ 3}
b. Intercepts: ( −1, 0 ) , ( 0, −1) , (1, 0 )

x-intercepts: −1,1
y-intercept: −1
187 187
Chapter
ISM: 2:
Precalculus
Functions EGU
ISM: Precalculus
and TheirEGU
Graphs
c The graph is symmetric

. with respect to the y-axis. d. When x = 2 , the function takes on a value
of 1. Therefore, f ( 2 ) = 1 .
e. The function takes on the value 3 at x = −4

and x = 4 .
188 188
Chapter
ISM: 2:
Precalculus
Functions EGU
ISM: Precalculus
and TheirEGU
Graphs
f. f ( x ) < 0 means that the graph lies below m. There is a local minimum of −1 at x = 0 .
the x-axis. This happens for x values There are no local maxima.
between −1 and 1. Thus, the solution set is
f ( 4 )− f (1)3 −0 3
{ x | −1 < x < 1} . n. = = =1
4 −1 3 3
The average rate of change of the function
g. The graph of y = f ( x ) + 2 is the graph of from 1 to 4 is 1.
y = f ( x ) but shifted up 2 units.

16. d ( P,Q ) = ( −1− 4 ) + ( 3 − ( −2 ) )
y 2 2
(−4, 5) (4, 5)
5
(−2, 3) (2, 3)
= ( −5 )2 + ( 5 )2
(1, 2)
(−1, 2) = 25 + 25
(0, 1) x
5
−5 = 50 = 5 2
−5 17. y = x3 − 3x +1
h. The graph of y = f ( −x ) is the graph of

(a) ( −2, −1)
y = f ( x ) but reflected about the y-axis.
y ( −2 )3 − ( 3)( −2 ) +1 = −8 + 6 +1 = −1
5 ( −2, −1) is on the graph.

(−4, 3) (4, 3)
(−2, 1) (2, 1)
−5 (−1, 0) (1, 0) 5
x (b) ( 2,3)
3
(0, −1) ( 2) − ( 3 )( 2 ) + 1 = 8 − 6 + 1 = 3
( 2,3) is on the graph.

−5
(c) ( 3,1)
i. The graph of y = 2 f ( x ) is the graph of
y = f ( x ) but stretched vertically by a ( 3)3 − ( 3)( 3) +1 = 27 − 9 +1 = 19 ≠ 1

factor of 2. That is, the coordinate of each ( 3,1) is not on the graph.
point is multiplied by 2.
y
18. y = 3x +14x − 5
2
10
(−4, 6) − −1, 0) (0, −2)

(−2, 2) 5
(
189 189
Chapter
ISM: 2:
Precalculus
Functions EGU
ISM: Precalculus
and TheirEGU
Graphs
(4, 6) (2, 2)
x-
(1, 0) x
5 intercept(s
): solve
3x 2 +14x
−5 = 0
( 3x −1)( x
+ 5) = 0 ⇒
1
x = ,x =
−5
3
the x-
intercepts
are: ( −5,
⎛1 ⎞
0); , 0
⎜ ⎟
3
⎝ ⎠
−10
j. Since the graph is symmetric about the y- y-intercept: let x = 0

axis, the function is even. y = 0 2 +14 ( 0 ) − 5 = −5
k. The function is increasing on the open the y-intercept is: ( 0, −5 )
interval ( 0, 4 ) .
l. The function is decreasing on the open

190 190
Chapter
ISM: 2:
Precalculus
Functions EGU
ISM: Precalculus
and TheirEGU
Graphs
19. Use ZERO (or ROOT) on the graph of y

4 3
y1 = x − 3x + 4x −1.
(3, 5)
5
x
−5 −1 5
21. Yes, each x corresponds to exactly 1 y.

22. f (x) = x 2 − 4x +1
f (2) = ( 2 ) − 4 ( 2 ) +1 = 4 − 8 +1 = −3
2
a.
f ( x ) + f (2) = x 2 − 4x +1+ ( 2 ) − 4 ( 2 ) +1
2
b.
= x 2 − 4x +1+ 4 − 8 +1
= x 2 − 4x − 2
f (−x) = ( −x ) − 4 ( −x ) +1 = x 2 + 4x +1
2
c.
d. ( )
− f (x) = − x 2 − 4x +1 = −x 2 + 4x −1
f (x + 2) = ( x + 2 ) − 4 ( x + 2 ) +1
2
e.
= x 2 + 4x + 4 − 4x − 8 +1
= x2 − 3
f (x + h) − f ( x )
f. ,h ≠ 0
h
f (x + h) − f ( x )
h
( x + h)
2
(
− 4 ( x + h ) +1− x 2 − 4x +1 )
=
The solution set is {−1.10, 0.26,1.48, 2.36} . h
x + 2xh + h − 4x − 4h +1− x 2 + 4x −1
2 2
20. Perpendicular to y = 2x +1; =

h
1 2
Slope of perpendicular = − ; Containing ( 3, 5 ) 2 xh +h −4h
2 =
y − y1 = m(x − x1 ) h
180 180
Chapter
ISM: 2:
Precalculus
Functions EGU
ISM: Precalculus
and TheirEGU
Graphs
h ( 2x + h − 4 )
1 = = 2x + h − 4
y − 5 = − (x − 3)
h
2
1 3
y −5 = − x +
2 2
1 13
x+
y=−
2 2
181 181
Chapter
ISM: 2:
Precalculus
Functions EGU
ISM: Precalculus
and TheirEGU
Graphs
3z −1
23. h(z) =
z − 6z − 7
2

z 2 − 6z − 7 ≠ 0
(z +1)(z − 7) ≠ 0
z ≠ −1 or 7
Domain: {z z ≠ −1, z ≠ 7}
24. Yes, since the graph passes the Vertical Line

Test.
x
25. f (x) =
x+4
1 1 1
a. f (1) = = ≠
1+ 4 5 4
⎛ 1⎞
1, is not on the graph of f
⎜ ⎟
4
⎝ ⎠
−2
−2
b. f (−2) = = = −1
−2 + 4 2
( −2, −1) is on the graph of f
c. Solve for x :
x
=2
x+4
x = 2 ( x + 4)
x = 2x + 8
−8 = x
( 2 ) is on the graph of f .
−8,
182 182
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smoothbore, his mother a pair of the famous La Roche dueling
pistols and a prayer book. The family priest gave him a rosary and
cross and enjoined him to pray frequently. Traveling all summer, they
arrived at Lake Winnipeg in the autumn and wintered there. As soon
as the ice went out in the spring the journey was continued and one
afternoon in July, Monroe beheld Mountain Fort, a new post of the
company’s not far from the Rocky Mountains.
“Around about it were encamped thousands of Blackfeet waiting
to trade for the goods the flotilla had brought up and to obtain on
credit ammunition, fukes (trade guns), traps and tobacco. As yet the
company had no Blackfoot interpreter. The factor perceiving that
Monroe was a youth of more than ordinary intelligence at once
detailed him to live and travel with the Piegans (a Blackfoot tribe)
and learn their language, also to see that they returned to Mountain
Fort with their furs the succeeding summer. Word had been received
that, following the course of Lewis and Clarke, American traders
were yearly pushing farther and farther westward and had even
reached the mouth of the Yellowstone. The company feared their
competition. Monroe was to do his best to prevent it.
“‘At last,’ Monroe told me, ‘the day came for our departure, and I
set out with the chiefs and medicine men at the head of the long
procession. There were eight hundred lodges of the Piegans there,
about eight thousand souls. They owned thousands of horses. Oh,
but it was a grand sight to see that long column of riders and pack
animals, and loose horses trooping over the plains. We traveled on
southward all the long day, and about an hour or two before
sundown we came to the rim of a valley through which flowed a
cotton wood-bordered stream. We dismounted at the top of the hill,
and spread our robes intending to sit there until the procession
passed by into the bottom and put up the lodges. A medicine man
produced a large stone pipe, filled it and attempted to light it with flint
and steel and a bit of punk (rotten wood), but somehow he could get
no spark. I motioned him to hand it to me, and drawing my sunglass
from my pocket, I got the proper focus and set the tobacco afire,
drawing several mouthfuls of smoke through the long stem.
“‘As one man all those round about sprang to their feet and
rushed toward me, shouting and gesticulating as if they had gone
crazy. I also jumped up, terribly frightened, for I thought they were
going to do me harm, perhaps kill me. The pipe was wrenched out of
my grasp by the chief himself, who eagerly began to smoke and
pray. He had drawn but a whiff or two when another seized it, and
from him it was taken by still another. Others turned and harangued
the passing column; men and women sprang from their horses and
joined the group, mothers pressing close and rubbing their babes
against me, praying earnestly meanwhile. I recognized a word that I
had already learned—Natos—Sun—and suddenly the meaning of
the commotion became clear; they thought that I was Great
Medicine; that I had called upon the Sun himself to light the pipe,
and that he had done so. The mere act of holding up my hand above
the pipe was a supplication to their God. They had perhaps not
noticed the glass, or if they had, had thought it some secret charm or
amulet. At all events I had suddenly become a great personage, and
from then on the utmost consideration and kindness was accorded to
me.
“‘When I entered Lone Walker’s lodge that evening—he was the
chief, and my host—I was greeted by deep growls from either side of
the doorway, and was horrified to see two nearly grown grizzly bears
acting as if about to spring upon me. I stopped and stood quite still,
but I believe that my hair was rising; I know that my flesh felt to be
shrinking. I was not kept in suspense. Lone Walker spoke to his pets,
and they immediately lay down, noses between their paws, and I
passed on to the place pointed out to me, the first couch at the
chief’s left hand. It was some time before I became accustomed to
the bears, but we finally came to a sort of understanding with one
another. They ceased growling at me as I passed in and out of the
lodge, but would never allow me to touch them, bristling up and
preparing to fight if I attempted to do so. In the following spring they
disappeared one night and were never seen again.’
“Think how the youth, Rising Wolf, must have felt as he
journeyed southward over the vast plains, and under the shadow of
the giant mountains which lie between the Saskatchewan and the
Missouri, for he knew that he was the first of his race to behold
them.” We were born a little too late!
“Monroe often referred to that first trip with the Piegans as the
happiest time of his life.”
In the moon of falling leaves they came to Pile of Rocks River,
and after three months went on to winter on Yellow River. Next
summer they wandered down the Musselshell, crossed the Big River
and thence westward by way of the Little Rockies and the Bear Paw
Mountains to the Marias. Even paradise has its geography.
“Rifle and pistol were now useless as the last rounds of powder
and ball had been fired. But what mattered that? Had they not their
bows and great sheaves of arrows? In the spring they had planted
on the banks of the Judith a large patch of their own tobacco which
they would harvest in due time.
“One by one young Rising Wolf’s garments were worn out and
cast aside. The women of the lodge tanned deerskins and bighorn
(sheep) and from them Lone Walker himself cut and sewed shirts
and leggings, which he wore in their place. It was not permitted for
women to make men’s clothing. So ere long he was dressed in full
Indian costume, even to the belt and breech-clout, and his hair grew
so that it fell in rippling waves down over his shoulders.” A warrior
never cut his hair, so white men living with Indians followed their
fashion, else they were not admitted to rank as warriors. “He began
to think of braiding it. Ap-ah’-ki, the shy young daughter of the chief,
made his footwear—thin parfleche (arrow-proof)—soled moccasins
(skin-shoes) for summer, beautifully embroidered with colored
porcupine quills; thick, soft warm ones of buffalo robe for winter.
“‘I could not help but notice her,’ he said, ‘on the first night I
stayed in her father’s lodge.... I learned the language easily, quickly,
yet I never spoke to her nor she to me, for, as you know, the
Blackfeet think it unseemly for youths and maidens to do so.
“‘One evening a man came into the lodge and began to praise a
certain youth with whom I had often hunted; spoke of his bravery, his
kindness, his wealth, and ended by saying that the young fellow
presented to Lone Walker thirty horses, and wished, with Ap-ah’-ki,
to set up a lodge of his own. I glanced at the girl and caught her
looking at me; such a look! expressing at once fear, despair and
something else which I dared not believe I interpreted aright. The
chief spoke: “Tell your friend,” he said, “that all you have spoken of
him is true; I know that he is a real man, a good, kind, brave,
generous young man, yet for all that I can not give him my daughter.”
“‘Again I looked at Ap-ah’-ki and she at me. Now she was smiling
and there was happiness in her eyes. But if she smiled I could not. I
had heard him refuse thirty head of horses. What hope had I then,
who did not even own the horse I rode? I, who received for my
services only twenty pounds a year, from which must be deducted
the various articles I bought. Surely the girl was not for me. I
suffered.
“‘It was a little later, perhaps a couple of weeks, that I met her in
the trail, bringing home a bundle of fire-wood. We stopped and
looked at each other in silence for a moment, and then I spoke her
name. Crash went the fuel on the ground, and we embraced and
kissed regardless of those who might be looking.
“‘So, forgetting the bundle of wood, we went hand in hand and
stood before Lone Walker, where he sat smoking his long pipe, out
on the shady side of the lodge.
“‘The chief smiled. “Why, think you, did I refuse the thirty
horses?” he asked, and before I could answer: “Because I wanted
you for my son-in-law, wanted a white man because he is more
cunning, much wiser than the Indian, and I need a counselor. We
have not been blind, neither I nor my women. There is nothing more
to say except this: be good to her.”
“‘That very day they set up a small lodge for us, and stored it
with robes and parfleches of dried meat and berries, gave us one of
their two brass kettles, tanned skins, pack saddles, ropes, all that a
lodge should contain. And, not least, Lone Walker told me to choose
thirty horses from his large herd. In the evening we took possession
of our house and were happy.’
“Monroe remained in the service of the Hudson’s Bay Company
a number of years, raising a large family of boys and girls, most of
whom are alive to-day. The oldest, John, is about seventy-five years
of age, but still young enough to go to the Rockies near his home
every autumn, and kill a few bighorn and elk, and trap a few beavers.
The old man never revisited his home; never saw his parents after
they parted with him at the Montreal docks. He intended to return to
them for a brief visit some time, but kept deferring it, and then came
letters two years old to say that they were both dead. Came also a
letter from an attorney, saying that they had bequeathed him a
considerable property, that he must go to Montreal and sign certain
papers in order to take possession of it. At the time the factor of
Mountain Fort was going to England on leave; to him, in his simple
trustfulness Monroe gave a power of attorney in the matter. The
factor never returned, and by virtue of the papers he had signed the
frontiersman lost his inheritance. But that was a matter of little
moment to him then. Had he not a lodge and family, good horses
and a vast domain actually teeming with game wherein to wander?
What more could one possibly want?
“Leaving the Hudson’s Bay Company, Monroe sometimes
worked for the American Fur Company, but mostly as a free trapper,
wandered from the Saskatchewan to the Yellowstone and from the
Rockies to Lake Winnipeg. The headwaters of the South
Saskatchewan were one of his favorite hunting grounds. Thither in
the early fifties he guided the noted Jesuit Father, De Smet, and at
the foot of the beautiful lakes just south of Chief Mountain they
erected a huge wooden cross and named the two bodies of water
Saint Mary’s Lakes.” Here the Canada and United States boundary
climbs the Rocky Mountains.
“One winter after his sons John and François had married they
were camping there for the season, the three lodges of the family,
when one night a large war party of Assiniboins attacked them. The
daughters Lizzie, Amelia and Mary had been taught to shoot, and
together they made a brave resistance, driving the Indians away just
before daylight, with the loss of five of their number, Lizzie killing one
of them as he was about to let down the bars of the horse corral.
“Besides other furs, beaver, fisher, marten and wolverine, they
killed more than three hundred wolves that winter by a device so
unique, yet simple, that it is well worth recording. By the banks of the
outlet of the lakes they built a long pen twelve by sixteen feet at the
base, and sloping sharply inward and upward to a height of seven
feet. The top of the pyramid was an opening about two feet six
inches wide by eight feet in length. Whole deer, quarters of buffalo,
any kind of meat handy was thrown into the pen, and the wolves,
scenting the flesh and blood, seeing it plainly through the four to six
inch spaces between the logs would eventually climb to the top and
jump down through the opening. But they could not jump out, and
there morning would find them uneasily pacing around and around in
utter bewilderment.
“You will remember that the old man was a Catholic, yet I know
that he had much faith in the Blackfoot religion, and believed in the
efficiency of the medicine-man’s prayers and mysteries. He used
often to speak of the terrible power possessed by a man named Old
Sun. ‘There was one,’ he would say, ‘who surely talked with the
gods, and was given some of their mysterious power. Sometimes of
a dark night he would invite a few of us to his lodge, when all was
calm and still. After all were seated his wives would bank the fire with
ashes so that it was as dark within as without, and he would begin to
pray. First to the Sun-chief, then to the wind maker, the thunder and
the lightning. As he prayed, entreating them to come and do his will,
first the lodge ears would begin to quiver with the first breath of a
coming breeze, which gradually grew stronger and stronger till the
lodge bent to the blasts, and the lodge poles strained and creaked.
Then thunder began to boom, faint and far away, and lightning dimly
to blaze, and they came nearer and nearer until they seemed to be
just overhead; the crashes deafened us, the flashes blinded us, and
all were terror-stricken. Then this wonderful man would pray them to
go, and the wind would die down, and the thunder and lightning go
on rumbling and flashing into the far distance until we heard and saw
them no more.’”
LIII
A. D. 1819
SIMON BOLIVAR
ONCE at the stilted court of Spain young Ferdinand, Prince of the

Asturias, had the condescension to play at tennis with a mere
colonial; and the bounder won.
Long afterward, when Don Ferdinand was king, the colonial
challenged him to another ball game, one played with cannon-balls.
This time the stake was the Spanish American empire, but
Ferdinand played Bolivar, and again the bounder won.
“Now tell me,” a lady said once, “what animal reminds one most
of the Señor Bolivar?”
And Bolivar thought he heard some one say “monkey,” whereat
he flew into an awful passion, until the offender claimed that the
word was “sparrow.” He stood five feet six inches, with a bird-like
quickness, and a puckered face with an odd tang of monkey. Rich,
lavish, gaudy, talking mock heroics, vain as a peacock, always on
the strut unless he was on the run, there is no more pathetically
funny figure in history than tragical Bolivar; who heard liberty, as he
thought, knocking at the door of South America, and opened—to let
in chaos.
“I don’t know,” drawled a Spaniard of that time, “to what class of
beasts these South Americans belong.”
They were dogs, these Spanish colonials, treated as dogs,
behaving as dogs. When they wanted a university Spain said they
were only provided by Providence to labor in the mines. If they had
opinions the Inquisition cured them of their errors. They were not
allowed to hold any office or learn the arts of war and government.
Spain sent officials to ease them of their surplus cash, and keep
them out of mischief. Thanks to Spain they were no more fit for
public affairs than a lot of Bengali baboos.
They were loyal as beaten dogs until Napoleon stole the Spanish
crown for brother Joseph, and French armies promenaded all over
Spain closely pursued by the British. There was no Spain left to love,
but the colonials were not Napoleon’s dogs. Napoleon’s envoys to
Venezuela were nearly torn to pieces before they escaped to sea,
where a little British frigate came and gobbled them up. The sea
belonged to the British, and so the colonials sent ambassadors,
Bolivar and another gentleman, to King George. Please would he
help them to gain their liberty? George had just chased Napoleon out
of Spain, and said he would do his best with his allies, the
Spaniards.
In London Bolivar unearthed a countryman who loved liberty and
had fought for Napoleon, a real professional soldier. General
Miranda was able and willing to lead the armies of freedom, until he
actually saw the Venezuelan troops. Then he shied hard. He really
must draw the line somewhere. Yes, he would take command of the
rabble on one condition, that he got rid of Bolivar. To get away from
Bolivar he would go anywhere and do anything. So he led his rabble
and found them stout fighters, and drove the Spaniards out of the
central provinces.
The politicians were sitting down to draft the first of many comic-
opera constitutions when an awful sound, louder than any thunder,
swept out of the eastern Andes, the earth rolled like a sea in a storm,
and the five cities of the new republic crashed down in heaps of ruin.
The barracks buried the garrisons, the marching troops were totally
destroyed, the politicians were killed, and in all one hundred twenty
thousand people perished. The only thing left standing in one church
was a pillar bearing the arms of Spain; the only districts not wrecked
were those still loyal to the Spanish government. The clergy pointed
the moral, the ruined people repented their rebellion, and the
Spanish forces took heart and closed in from every side upon the
lost republic. Simon Bolivar generously surrendered General
Miranda in chains to the victorious Spaniards.
So far one sees only, as poor Miranda did, that this man was a
sickening cad. But he was something more. He stuck to the cause
for which he had given his life, joined the rebels in what is now
Colombia, was given a small garrison command and ordered to stay
in his fort. In defiance of orders, he swept the Spaniards out of the
Magdalena Valley, raised a large force, liberated the country, then
marched into Venezuela, defeated the Spanish forces in a score of
brilliant actions, and was proclaimed liberator with absolute power in
both Colombia and Venezuela. One begins to marvel at this heroic
leader until the cad looms out. “Spaniards and Canary islanders!” he
wrote, “reckon on death even if you are neutral, unless you will work
actively for the liberty of America. Americans! count on life even if
you are culpable.”
Bolivar’s pet hobbies were three in number: Resigning his job as
liberator; writing proclamations; committing massacres. “I order you,”
he wrote to the governor of La Guayra, “to shoot all the prisoners in
those dungeons, and in the hospital, without any exception
whatever.”
So the prisoners of war were set to work building a funeral pyre.
When this was ready eight hundred of them were brought up in
batches, butchered with axes, bayonets and knives, and their bodies
thrown on the flames. Meanwhile Bolivar, in his office, refreshed
himself by writing a proclamation to denounce the atrocities of the
Spaniards.
Southward of the Orinoco River there are vast level prairies
called Llanos, a cattle country, handled by wild horsemen known as
the Llaneros. In Bolivar’s time their leader called himself Boves, and
he had as second in command Morales. Boves said that Morales
was “atrocious.” Morales said that “Boves was a man of merit, but
too blood-thirsty.” The Spaniards called their command “The Infernal
Division.” At first they fought for the Revolution, afterward for Spain,
but they were really quite impartial and spared neither age nor sex.
This was the “Spanish” army which swept away the second
Venezuelan republic, slaughtering the whole population save some
few poor starving camps of fugitives. Then Boves reported to the
Spanish general, “I have recovered the arms, ammunition, and the
honor of the Spanish flag, which your excellency lost at Carabobo.”
From this time onward the situation was rather like a dog fight,
with the republican dog somewhere underneath in the middle. At
times Bolivar ran like a rabbit, at times he was granted a triumph, but
whenever he had time to come up and breathe he fired off volleys of
proclamations. In sixteen years a painstaking Colombian counted six
hundred ninety-six battles, which makes an average of one every
ninth day, not to mention massacres; but for all his puny body and
feeble health Bolivar was always to be found in the very thick of the
scrimmage.
Europe had entered on the peace of Waterloo, but the ghouls
who stripped the dead after Napoleon’s battles had uniforms to sell
which went to clothe the fantastic mobs, republican and royalist, who
drenched all Spanish America with blood. There were soldiers, too,
whose trade of war was at an end in Europe, who gladly listened to
Bolivar’s agents, who offered gorgeous uniforms and promised
splendid wages—never paid—and who came to join in the war for
“liberty.” Three hundred Germans and nearly six thousand British
veterans joined Bolivar’s colors to fight for the freedom of America,
and nearly all of them perished in battle or by disease. Bolivar was
never without British officers, preferred British troops to all others,
and in his later years really earned the loyal love they gave him,
while they taught the liberator how to behave like a white man.
It was in 1819 that Bolivar led a force of two thousand five
hundred men across a flooded prairie. For a week they were up to
their knees, at times to their necks in water under a tropic deluge of
rain, swimming a dozen rivers beset by alligators. The climate and
starvation bore very heavily upon the British troops. Beyond the flood
they climbed the eastern Andes and crossed the Paramo at a height
of thirteen thousand feet, swept by an icy wind in blinding fog—hard
going for Venezuelans.
An Irishman, Colonel Rook, commanded the British contingent.
“All,” he reported, “was quite well with his corps, which had had quite
a pleasant march” through the awful gorges and over the freezing
Paramo. A Venezuelan officer remarked here that one-fourth of the
men had perished.
“It was true,” said Rook, “but it really was a very good thing, for
the men who had dropped out were all the wastrels and weaklings of
the force.”
Great was the astonishment of the royalists when Bolivar
dropped on them out of the clouds, and in the battle of Boyacá they
were put to rout. Next day Colonel Rook had his arm cut off by the
surgeons, chaffing them about the beautiful limb he was losing. He
died of the operation, but the British legion went on from victory to
victory, melting away like snow until at the end negroes and Indians
filled its illustrious companies. Colombia, Venezuela and Equador,
Peru and Bolivia were freed from the Spanish yoke and, in the main,
released by Bolivar’s tireless, unfailing and undaunted courage. But
they could not stand his braggart proclamations, would not have him
or any man for master, began a series of squabbles and revolutions
that have lasted ever since, and proved themselves unfit for the
freedom Bolivar gave. He knew at the end that he had given his life
for a myth. On the eighth December, 1830, he dictated his final
proclamation and on the tenth received the last rites of the church,
being still his old braggart self. “Colombians! my last wishes are for
the welfare of the fatherland. If my death contributes to the cessation
of party strife, and to the consolidation of the Union, I shall descend
in peace to the grave.” On the seventeenth his troubled spirit
passed.
LIV
A. D. 1812
THE ALMIRANTE COCHRANE
WHEN Lieutenant Lord Thomas Cochrane commanded the brig of

war Speedy, he used to carry about a whole broadside of her
cannon-balls in his pocket. He had fifty-four men when he laid his toy
boat alongside a Spanish frigate with thirty-two heavy guns and
three hundred nineteen men, but the Spaniard could not fire down
into his decks, whereas he blasted her with his treble-shotted pop-
guns. Leaving only the doctor on board he boarded that Spaniard,
got more than he bargained for, and would have been wiped out, but
that a detachment of his sailors dressed to resemble black demons,
charged down from the forecastle head. The Spaniards were so
shocked that they surrendered.
For thirteen months the Speedy romped about, capturing in all
fifty ships, one hundred and twenty-two guns, five hundred prisoners.
Then she gave chase to three French battle-ships by mistake, and
met with a dreadful end.
In 1809, Cochrane, being a bit of a chemist, and a first-rate
mechanic, was allowed to make fireworks hulks loaded with
explosives—with which he attacked a French fleet in the anchorage
at Aix. The fleet got into a panic and destroyed itself.
And all his battles read like fairy tales, for this long-legged, red-
haired Scot, rivaled Lord Nelson himself in genius and daring. At war
he was the hero and idol of the fleet, but in peace a demon, restless,
fractious, fiendish in humor, deadly in rage, playing schoolboy jokes
on the admiralty and the parliament. He could not be happy without
making swarms of powerful enemies, and those enemies waited
their chance.
In February, 1814, a French officer landed at Dover with tidings
that the Emperor Napoleon had been slain by Cossacks. The
messenger’s progress became a triumphal procession, and amid
public rejoicings he entered London to deliver his papers at the
admiralty. Bells pealed, cannon thundered, the stock exchange went
mad with the rise of prices, while the messenger—a Mr. Berenger—
sneaked to the lodgings of an acquaintance, Lord Cochrane, and
borrowed civilian clothes.
His news was false, his despatch a forgery, he had been hired by
Cochrane’s uncle, a stock-exchange speculator, to contrive the
whole blackguardly hoax. Cochrane knew nothing of the plot, but for
the mere lending of that suit of clothes, he was sentenced to the
pillory, a year’s imprisonment, and a fine of a thousand pounds. He
was struck from the rolls of the navy, expelled from the house of
commons, his banner as a Knight of the Bath torn down and thrown
from the doors of Henry VII’s Chapel at Westminster. In the end he
was driven to disgraceful exile and hopeless ruin.
Four years later Cochrane, commanding the Chilian navy, sailed
from Valparaiso to fight the Spanish fleet. Running away from his
mother, a son of his—Tom Cochrane, junior—aged five, contrived to
sail with the admiral, and in his first engagement, was spattered with
the blood and brains of a marine.
“I’m not hurt, papa,” said the imp, “the shot didn’t touch me. Jack
says that the ball is not made that will hurt mama’s boy.” Jack proved
to be right, but it was in that engagement that Cochrane earned his
Spanish title, “The Devil.” Three times he attempted to take Callao
from the Spaniards, then in disgusted failure dispersed his useless
squadron, and went off with his flag ship to Valdivia. For lack of
officers, he kept the deck himself until he dropped. When he went
below for a nap, the lieutenant left a middy in command, but the
middy went to sleep and the ship was cast away.
Cochrane got her afloat; then, with all his gunpowder wet, went
off with his sinking wreck to attack Valdivia. The place was a Spanish
stronghold with fifteen forts and one hundred and fifteen guns.
Cochrane, preferring to depend on cold steel, left the muskets
behind, wrecked his boats in the surf, let his men swim, led them
straight at the Spaniards, stormed the batteries, and seized the city.
So he found some nice new ships, and an arsenal to equip them, for
his next attack on Callao.
He had a fancy for the frigate, Esmeralda, which lay in Callao—
thought she would suit him for a cruiser. She happened to be
protected by a Spanish fleet, and batteries mounting three hundred
guns, but Cochrane did not mind. El Diablo first eased the minds of
the Spaniards by sending away two out of his three small vessels,
but kept the bulk of their men, and all their boats, a detail not
observed by the weary enemy. His boarding party, two hundred and
forty strong, stole into the anchorage at midnight, and sorely
surprised the Esmeralda. Cochrane, first on board, was felled with
the butt end of a musket, and thrown back into his boat grievously
hurt, in addition to which he had a bullet through his thigh before he
took possession of the frigate. The fleet and batteries had opened
fire, but El Diablo noticed that two neutral ships protected
themselves with a display of lanterns arranged as a signal, “Please
don’t hit me.” “That’s good enough for me,” said Cochrane and
copied those lights which protected the neutrals. When the
bewildered Spaniards saw his lanterns also, they promptly attacked
the neutrals. So Cochrane stole away with his prize.
Although the great sailor delivered Chili and Peru from the
Spaniards, the patriots ungratefully despoiled him of all his pay and
rewards. Cochrane has been described as “a destroying angel with a
limited income and a turn for politics.” Anyway he was
misunderstood, and left Chili disgusted, to attend to the liberation of
Brazil from the Portuguese. But if the Chilians were thieves, the
Brazilians proved to be both thieves and cowards. Reporting to the
Brazilian government that all their cartridges, fuses, guns, powder,
spars and sails, were alike rotten, and all their men an encumbrance,
he dismantled a squadron to find equipment for a single ship, the
Pedro Primeiro. This he manned with British and Yankee
adventurers. He had two other small but fairly effective ships when
he commenced to threaten Bahia. There lay thirteen Portuguese
war-ships, mounting four hundred and eighteen guns, seventy
merchant ships, and a garrison of several thousand men. El Diablo’s
blockade reduced the whole to starvation, the threat of his fireworks
sent them into convulsions, and their leaders resolved on flight to
Portugal. So the troops were embarked, the rich people took ship
with their treasure, and the squadron escorted them to sea, where
Cochrane grinned in the offing. For fifteen days he hung in the rear
of that fleet, cutting off ships as they straggled. He had not a man to
spare for charge of his prizes, but when he caught a ship he staved
her water casks, disabled her rigging so that she could only run
before the wind back to Bahia, and threw every weapon overboard.
He captured seventy odd ships, half the troops, all the treasure,
fought and out-maneuvered the war fleet so that he could not be
caught, and only let thirteen wretched vessels escape to Lisbon.
Such a deed of war has never been matched in the world’s annals,
and Cochrane followed it by forcing the whole of Northern Brazil to
an abject surrender.
Like the patriots of Chili and Peru, the Brazilians gratefully
rewarded their liberator by cheating him out of his pay; so next he
turned to deliver Greece from the Turks. Very soon he found that
even the Brazilians were perfect gentlemen compared with the
Greek patriots, and the heart-sick man went home.
England was sorry for the way she had treated her hero, gave
back his naval rank and made him admiral with command-in-chief of
a British fleet at sea, restored his banner as a Knight of the Bath in
Henry VII’s chapel, granted a pension, and at the end, found him a
resting-place in the Abbey. On his father’s death, he succeeded to
the earldom of Dundonald, and down to 1860, when the old man
went to his rest, his life was devoted to untiring service. He was
among the first inventors to apply coal gas to light English streets
and homes; he designed the boilers long in use by the English navy;
made a bitumen concrete for paving; and offered plans for the
reduction of Sebastopol which would have averted all the horrors of
the siege. Yet even to his eightieth year he was apt to shock and
terrify all official persons, and when he was buried in the nave of the
Abbey, Lord Brougham pronounced his strange obituary. “What,” he
exclaimed at the grave side, “no cabinet minister, no officer of state
to grace this great man’s funeral!” Perhaps they were still scared of
the poor old hero.
LV
A.D. 1823
THE SOUTH SEA CANNIBALS
FAR back in the long ago time New Zealand was a crowded happy
land. Big Maori fortress villages crowned the hilltops, broad farms
covered the hillsides; the chiefs kept a good table, cooking was
excellent, and especially when prisoners were in season, the people
feasted between sleeps, or, should provisions fail, sacked the next
parish for a supply of meat. So many parishes were sacked and
eaten, that in the course of time the chiefs led their tribes to quite a
distance before they could find a nice fat edible village, but still the
individual citizen felt crowded after meals, and all was well.
Then came the Pakehas, the white men, trading, with muskets
for sale, and the tribe that failed to get a trader to deal with was very
soon wiped out. A musket cost a ton of flax, and to pile up enough to
buy one a whole tribe must leave its hill fortress to camp in
unwholesome flax swamps. The people worked themselves thin to
buy guns, powder and iron tools for farming, but they cherished their
Pakeha as a priceless treasure in special charge of the chief, and if a
white man was eaten, it was clear proof that he was entirely useless
alive, or a quite detestable character. The good Pakehas became
Maori warriors, a little particular as to their meat being really pig, but
otherwise well mannered and popular.
Now of these Pakeha Maoris, one has left a book. He omitted his
name from the book of Old New Zealand, and never mentioned
dates, but tradition says he was Mr. F. C. Maning, and that he lived
as a Maori and trader for forty years, from 1823 to 1863 when the
work was published.
In the days when Mr. Maning reached the North Island a trader
was valued at twenty times his weight in muskets, equivalent say, to
the sum total of the British National Debt. Runaway sailors however,
were quite cheap. “Two men of this description were hospitably
entertained one night by a chief, a very particular friend of mine,
who, to pay himself for his trouble and outlay, ate one of them next
morning.”
Maning came ashore on the back of a warrior by the name of
Melons, who capsized in an ebb tide running like a sluice, at which
the white man, displeased, held the native’s head under water by
way of punishment. When they got ashore Melons wanted to get
even, so challenged the Pakeha to a wrestling match. Both were in
the pink of condition, the Maori, twenty-five years of age, and a
heavy-weight, the other a boy full of animal spirits and tough as
leather. After the battle Melons sat up rather dazed, offered his hand,
and venting his entire stock of English, said “How do you do?”
But then came a powerful chief, by name Relation-eater. “Pretty
work this,” he began, “good work. I won’t stand this not at all! not at
all! not at all!” (The last sentence took three jumps, a step and a turn
round, to keep correct time.) “Who killed the Pakeha? It was Melons.
You are a nice man, killing my Pakeha ... we shall be called the
‘Pakeha killkillers’; I shall be sick with shame; the Pakeha will run
away; what if you had killed him dead, or broken his bones”.... (Here
poor Melones burst out crying like an infant). “Where is the hat?
Where the shoes? The Pakeha is robbed! he is murdered!” Here a
wild howl from Melons.
The local trader took Mr. Maning to live with him, but it was
known to the tribes that the newcomer really and truly belonged to
Relation-eater. Not long had he been settled when there occurred a
meeting between his tribe and another, a game of bluff, when the
warriors of both sides danced the splendid Haka, most blood-
curdling, hair-lifting of all ceremonials. Afterward old Relation-eater
singled out the horrible savage who had begun the war-dance, and
these two tender-hearted individuals for a full half-hour, seated on
the ground hanging on each other’s necks, gave vent to a chorus of
skilfully modulated howling. “So there was peace,” and during the
ceremonies Maning came upon a circle of what seemed to be Maori
chiefs, until drawing near he found that their nodding heads had
nobody underneath. Raw heads had been stuck on slender rods,
with cross sticks to carry the robes, “Looking at the ’eds, sir?” asked
an English sailor. “’Eds was werry scarce—they had to tattoo a slave
a bit ago, and the villain ran away, tattooin’ and all!”
“What!”
“Bolted before he was fit to kill,” said the sailor, mournful to think
how dishonest people could be.
Once the head chief, having need to punish a rebellious vassal,
sent Relation-eater, who plundered and burned the offending village.
The vassal decamped with his tribe.
“Well, about three months after this, about daylight I was
aroused by a great uproar.... Out I ran at once and perceived that M
—’s premises were being sacked by the rebellious vassal who ...
was taking this means of revenging himself for the rough handling he
had received from our chief. Men were rushing in mad haste through
the smashed windows and doors, loaded with everything they could
lay hands upon.... A large canoe was floating near to the house, and
was being rapidly filled with plunder. I saw a fat old Maori woman
who was washerwoman, being dragged along the ground by a huge
fellow who was trying to tear from her grasp one of my shirts, to
which she clung with perfect desperation. I perceived at a glance
that the faithful old creature would probably save a sleeve.
“An old man-of-war’s man defending his washing, called out, ‘Hit
out, sir! ... our mob will be here in five minutes!’
“The odds were terrible, but ... I at once floored a native who was
rushing by me.... I then perceived that he was one of our own people
... so to balance things I knocked down another! and then felt myself
seized round the waist from behind.
“The old sailor was down now but fighting three men at once,
while his striped shirt and canvas trousers still hung proudly on the
fence.
“Then came our mob to the rescue and the assailants fled.
“Some time after this a little incident worth noting happened at
my friend M—’s place. Our chief had for some time back a sort of
dispute with another magnate.... The question was at last brought to
a fair hearing at my friend’s house. The arguments on both sides
were very forcible; so much so that in the course of the arbitration
our chief and thirty of his principal witnesses were shot dead in a
heap before my friend’s door, and sixty others badly wounded, and
my friend’s house and store blown up and burnt to ashes.
“My friend was, however, consoled by hundreds of friends who
came in large parties to condole with him, and who, as was quite
correct in such cases, shot and ate all his stock, sheep, pigs, ducks,
geese, fowls, etc., all in high compliment to himself; he felt proud....
He did not, however, survive these honors long.”
Mr. Maning took this poor gentleman’s place as trader, and
earnestly studied native etiquette, on which his comments are
always deliciously funny. Two young Australians were his guests
when there arrived one day a Maori desperado who wanted
blankets; and “to explain his views more clearly knocked both my
friends down, threatened to kill them both with his tomahawk, then
rushed into the bedroom, dragged out all the bedclothes, and burnt
them on the kitchen fire.”
A few weeks later, Mr. Maning being alone, and reading a year-
old Sydney paper, the desperado called. “‘Friend,’ said I; ‘my advice
to you is to be off.’
“He made no answer but a scowl of defiance. ‘I am thinking,
friend, that this is my house,’ said I, and springing upon him I placed
my foot to his shoulder, and gave him a shove which would have
sent most people heels over head.... But quick as lightning ... he
bounded from the ground, flung his mat away over his head, and
struck a furious blow at my head with his tomahawk. I caught the
tomahawk in full descent; the edge grazed my hand; but my arm,
stiffened like a bar of iron, arrested the blow. He made one furious,
but ineffectual attempt to wrest the tomahawk from my grasp; and
then we seized one another round the middle, and struggled like
maniacs in the endeavor to dash each other against the boarded

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8. ≠ ; f ( x ) ; g ( x ) 24. Not a function

27. Graph y = x 2 . The graph passes the vertical line 34. x + y 2 = 1

test. Thus, the equation represents a function. Solve for y : y = ± 1 − x

For x = 0, y = ±1 . Thus, (0, 1) and (0, –1) are

test. Thus, the equation represents a function. function.

30. Graph y = x . The graph passes the vertical line

For x = 0, y = ±2 . Thus, (0, 2) and (0, –2) are 1 ⎛ 1⎞

1⎞ are on the graph. This is not a

For x = 1, y = ±1 . Thus, (1, 1) and (1, –1) are on

f. f ( x +1) = − 2 ( x +1) + ( x +1) −1

For x = 2, y = ± . Thus, ⎛ 2, ⎞ and

f ( x +1) = ( x +1) + ( x +1)

c. f ( −1) = ( −1)2 + ( −1) = 1−1 = 0 = 0 1 1 8

47. f (x) = −5x + 4 55. h(x) = 3x −12

Domain: { x x is any real number} 3x −12 ≥ 0

Domain: { x x is any real number}

2 2 c. ( f ⋅ g)(x) = (2x +1)(3x − 2)

The domain is { x x is any real number} .

c. ( f ⋅ g)(x) = (3x + 4)(2x − 3) The domain is { x x is any real number} .

= 6x 2 − 9x + 8x −12 c. ( f ⋅ g)(x) = (x −1)(2x 2 ) = 2x3 − 2x 2

d. ⎜ ⎟ (x) = 3 67. f (x) = 1+ g(x) =

b. ( f − g)(x) = x − (3x − 5) = x − 3x + 5 d. ⎜ ⎟ (x) = = = ⋅ = x +1

The domain is { x x is any real number} . The domain is { x 2 ≤ x ≤ 4} .

b. ( f − g)(x) = x − x c. ( f ⋅ g)(x) = ( x−2 )( 4− x )

x ≥ 2 and − x > −4 3x − 2 ≠ 0 and x≠0

The domain is { x 2 ≤ x < 4} . 2

3x − 2 3x − 2 The domain is ⎨ x x ≠ and x ≠ 0 ⎬ .

3x ≠ 2 ⇒ x ≠ 2 The domain is { x x ≥ −1, and x ≠ 0} .

3 The domain is { x x ≥ −1, and x ≠ 0} .

⎨ ⎬ 71. f (x) = 3x +1 ( f + g)(x) = 6 − x

x +1 x ( x +h) 2 +5( x +h) −1 −( x 2 +5x −1)

73. f (x) = 4x + 3 77. f (x) = x3 − 2

−3x −3h +1 +3x −1

79. f (x) = 2x3 + Ax 2 + 4x − 5 and f (2) = 5 =x −=B

since the length is twice the width.

87. Let x represent the number of hours worked.

83. 5 = 4− f (x) = 2(4) −A

= 20 −15.73 = 4.27 meters = $220

H (1.2 ) = 20 −13 (1.2 ) = 20 −13 (1.44 )

h ( x ) = 2x has the property. 0= y

g(x) = x 2 does not have the property.

F ( x ) = 5x − 2 does not have the property. 7. False; e.g. y = .

1 1 1 9. a. f (0) = 3 since (0, 3) is on the graph.

f. f (x) > 0 when − 3 < x < 6, and 10 < x ≤ 11.

g. The domain of f is 12. Function

{x − 6 ≤ x ≤ 11} or [ − 6, 11] . a. Domain: { x x is any real number} ;

h. The range of f is Range: {y y > 0}

i. The x-intercepts are (–3, 0), (6, 0), and c. None

l. The line x = 5 intersects the graph 1 time.

f (6) = 0 since ( 6, 0) is on the graph. a. Domain: {x − π ≤ x ≤ π} ;

b. f (2) = −2 since (2, − 2) is on the graph.

f (−2) = 1 since (−2, 1) is on the graph. b. Intercepts: ( −π, 0 ) , ( π, 0 ) , (0, 0)

c. f (3) is negative since f (3) ≈ −1. c. Symmetry about the origin.