Thermodynamics

Revise Refrigeration & Air

Conditioning with Important
Question Discussion
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Let’s Revise all Important Formulas of Refrigeration & Air Conditioning

Refrigeration effect: It is the process of providing and

maintaining lower temperature than that of surrounding.
Coefficient of Performance(COP): It is defined as the ratio of
desired effect to the work input.
Unit of Refrigeration: It is defined as the amount of heat
which is required to extract from 1 ton of water at 0℃ in
order to convert it into ice at 0℃ in a day or 24 hrs. It is
represented by 1TR.
❑ 1TR= 3.5kW or 210kJ/min=50kcal/min
Let’s Revise all Important Formulas of Refrigeration & Air Conditioning

Vapour Compression Refrigeration System(VCRS)

Let’s Revise all Important Formulas of Refrigeration & Air Conditioning

Process of VCRS on P-h & T-S diagram

Let’s Revise all Important Formulas of Refrigeration & Air Conditioning
Let’s Revise all Important Formulas of Refrigeration & Air Conditioning
Let’s Revise all Important Formulas of Refrigeration & Air Conditioning

Effect of superheating

❑ Increase in refrigeration effect

❑ Increase in Work input to the compressor

❑ COP may increase or decreased depending on

refrigerant

❑ (For R-12 COP will increase, whereas for NH3

superheating will result in decrease in COP.
Let’s Revise all Important Formulas of Refrigeration & Air Conditioning

Effect of Sub cooling

❑ Increase in refrigeration effect

❑ No change in Work input

❑ Increase in COP

Use of Flash Chamber in VCRS cycle

Thermodynamically there is no change in COP with

the use of flash chamber.
Let’s Revise all Important Formulas of Refrigeration & Air Conditioning
Let’s Revise all Important Formulas of Refrigeration & Air Conditioning
Let’s Revise all Important Formulas of Refrigeration & Air Conditioning
Let’s Revise all Important Formulas of Refrigeration & Air Conditioning

Bell Coleman Cycle/Reversed Brayton Cycle

Let’s Revise all Important Formulas of Refrigeration & Air Conditioning
Let’s Revise all Important Formulas of Refrigeration & Air Conditioning
Let’s Revise all Important Formulas of Refrigeration & Air Conditioning
Let’s Revise all Important Formulas of Refrigeration & Air Conditioning

Dry Bulb Temperature(DBT): It is the temperature of

air measured by ordinary thermometer.
Wet Bulb Temperature(WBT): Temperature shown
by wet thermometer when its bulb is covered with
wet cloth( determines moisture content in air)
Dew Point Temperature(DPT)- Temperature at which
water vapour will start condensing.
DBT>WBT>DPT (Unsaturated air)
DBT=WBT=DPT (Saturated air), RH=100%
Let’s Revise all Important Formulas of Refrigeration & Air Conditioning
Let’s Revise all Important Formulas of Refrigeration & Air Conditioning

Constant dry bulb temperature lines:

(a) These are vertical lines

(b) Uniformly spaced
(c) Increasing in +x direction
(d) Generally scaling of 5°C is provided
Let’s Revise all Important Formulas of Refrigeration & Air Conditioning

Constant specific Humidity lines:

(a) These are horizontal lines moving towards saturation curve.

(b) These are equally spaced
(c) Increasing in +y direction
Let’s Revise all Important Formulas of Refrigeration & Air Conditioning
Let’s Revise all Important Formulas of Refrigeration & Air Conditioning
Let’s Revise all Important Formulas of Refrigeration & Air Conditioning

. Enthalpy/specific volume/WBT:
Method to identify above parameters on Psychrometric chart
(a) units are mentioned
h → kJ/kg
v → m3/kg
WBT → °C
(b) Highest inclination of line ⇒ specific volume lines
(c) h → line is shown outside Psychrometric chart
(d) h and WBT have same degree of inclination
• h lines are uniformly spaced.
• WBT lines are not uniformly spaced.
Let’s Revise all Important Formulas of Refrigeration & Air Conditioning
Let’s Revise all Important Formulas of Refrigeration & Air Conditioning
Let’s Revise all Important Formulas of Refrigeration & Air Conditioning

3. Humidification: It is the process of increasing the specific humidity at constant dry bulb
temperature.

(a) DBT constant

(b) w = constant
(c) DPT ↑
(d)  

(e) h↑
(f) v↑
(g) WBT ↑
Let’s Revise all Important Formulas of Refrigeration & Air Conditioning
4. Dehumidification: It is the process of decreasing the specific humidity at constant dry
bulb temperature.

(a) DBT = constant

(b) SH ↓
(c) DPT ↓
(d) WBT ↓
(e) h↓
(f) RH↓
(g) v↓
Let’s Revise all Important Formulas of Refrigeration & Air Conditioning

Representation of all psychrometric processes on same psychrometric chart:

Let’s Revise all Important Formulas of Refrigeration & Air Conditioning

Apparatus Dew Point (ADP):

The cooling and dehumidification line if extended, touches the saturation curve and
temperature corresponding to that point is called apparatus dew point.
Let’s Revise all Important Formulas of Refrigeration & Air Conditioning

Adiabatic Humidification or saturation process or chemical process :

h = c & WBT = c and overlapping

Adiabatic means constant enthalpy and humidification means increasing specific

humidity.

Adiabatic chemical dehumidification :

Certain chemicals like silica gels, alumina are used to absorb moisture.
 Let’s Revise all Important Formulas of Refrigeration & Air Conditioning

BYPASS FACTOR (BPF)

It represents the fraction of total air supplied to a cooling coil which remains uncontacted with

coil and by-passes it.

8.1 Bypass factor of a heating coil:

t 3 > t2 > t1
t3 – t2
(BPF )H.C. =
t3 – t1

H.C. = 1 – (BPF )H.C.

Let’s Revise all Important Formulas of Refrigeration & Air Conditioning

Bypass factor of cooling coil:

t 1 > t2 > t3
t2 – t3
(BPF )CC = t2  t3
t1 – t3

cc = 1 – (BPF )CC

Bypass factor of a coil with more than one row of coils:

Combined BPF = XN where, N → No. of coils

Where X = BPF of each coil
Let’s Revise all Important Formulas of Refrigeration & Air Conditioning

MIXING OF AIR STREAMS

t → DBT in °C
m → mass flow rate
h2 → enthalpy
w → sp. Humidity
(a) m1 + m2 = m3

(b) m1h1 + m2h2 = m3h3

(c) m1w1 + m2w2 = m3w3

(d) m1t1 + m2t2 = m3t3

Let’s Revise all Important Formulas of Refrigeration & Air Conditioning

Notes:

(1) Cooling and Dehumidification is possible when the cooling coil temperature is less than DPT

of entering air.

(2) During heating and dehumidification, the dry bulb temperature increases and specific

humidity decreases.

(3) Example of heating and humidification → steam spray in air

(4) In case of desert coolers, we achieve cooling and humidification

(5) Desert coolers are more effective when the value of “Wet Bulb depression = DBT – WBT

is high”
Let’s Revise all Important Formulas of Refrigeration & Air Conditioning

VENTILATION AIR

• Generally human beings feel comfort between 24 – 26° DBT with 50 – 60% R.H.

• Ventilation air is the fresh air that is supplied to the Air Conditioning equipment in order to

maintain its purity.

Notes:

1. In operation theatres 100% fresh air is supplied to maintain the purity of air.

2. In summer air-conditioning we use cooling and dehumidification, whereas in case of winter

air-conditioning, we use heating and humidification.

Revise Entire IC Engine with Important Questions Discussion

Q. A processes changes the initial state of air from 30°C DBT

and 58% RH to final state of 40°C DBT, 20% RH. The
process that is most appropriate is
A. Cooling and Humidification
B. Sensible Cooling
C. Heating and Dehumidification
D. Cooling with constant DPT
Revise Entire IC Engine with Important Questions Discussion

Q. A refrigerator working on an ideal vapour compression

cycle uses R – 134a as its refrigerant. Refrigerant vapour
enters into the compressor at – 10°C (h = 402 kJ/kg) and
leaves the compressor at 50°C (h = 432 kJ/kg). It leaves
the condenser at 30°C. If COP of the cycle is 5.5, then the
enthalpy of refrigerant leaving the condenser will be
__________ (kJ/kg).
 MSQ-5

Q. In a cascade refrigeration cycle two refrigerator is working

in series with COP 5 and 3. If this refrigerator is running
by a Carnot engine having temperature limit 600K and
300K. and heat supplied to the Carnot engine is 2 Kw,
then?
A. COP of cascade refrigeration= 1.67
B. Refrigeration effect= 1.67
A. COP of cascade refrigeration= 1.44
B. Refrigeration effect= 2.34
 MSQ-5

Q. Which of the following is/are true for the applications of

Refrigerants

A. Ammonia (NH3) Used with reciprocating and screw

compressors, in Cold storages, ice plants, food
refrigeration, etc.
B. Water (H2O) Used in water-lithium bromide absorption
system and Ammonia in aqua ammonia system
C. Carbon dioxide (CO2) Used as solid carbon dioxide or dry ice
in frozen-food transport Refrigeration.
D. Refrigerant 11 or CFC 11 Used with reciprocating
compressors in small units, specially domestic
refrigerators, water coolers, etc.
 MSQ-5

Q. A vapour compression refrigeration uses R-40 and operates between

temperature limits of –10 ° C and 45 °c. At entry to the compressor, the
refrigerant is dry saturated and after compression it acquires a
temperature of 60 °c. Relevant properties of R-40 are given below:

A. Enthalpy at exit to compressor= 499.87 kJ/kg

B. COP= 6.95
A. Enthalpy at exit to compressor=504.25 kJ/kg
B. COP= 8.365
Vapour Compression Refrigeration Part-2
Vapour Compression Refrigeration Part-2
Q. A VCRS system uses Refrigerent R-134 and
operates b/w 0.15 MPa and 80 kPa, if the
values of enthalpy at entry and exit of
evaporator are 78 kJ/kg and 178 kJ/Kg and
enthalpy at inlet of condenser is 220 kJ/kg . If
the power supplied to the compressor is 4.2
kW.
A. Refrigeration capacity= 10 kW
B. Mass flow rate of refrigerant = 0.1 kg/sec
C. COP = 2.38
D. COP= 1.96
Vapour Compression Refrigeration Part-2
Q. The enthalpies at various points in a VCRS cycle are
given below.
Inlet to compressor: 100kJ/kg
Inlet to evaporator: 60kJ/kg
Exit of compressor: 120kJ/kg

A. Refrigeration effect= 10 kJ/kg

B. Work input to compressor=20 kJ/kg
C. Refrigeration effect= 40 kJ/kg
D. COP= 2
 MSQ-6

Q. Ambient air at 35°C, 75% relative humidity and at

standard atmospheric pressure, At 35°C, saturation
pressure is 0.05628 bar, then
A. Partial pressure of water vapour = 0.04221 bar
B. Specific humidity= 0.027 kg/kg da
C. Partial pressure of water vapour = 0.0342 bar
D. Specific humidity= 0.031 kg/kg da
 MSQ-6

Q. A heating coil has by-pass factor of 0.6 and its surface

temperature of 50. If similar 4 heating coils are
placed inside a duct in series and moist air of DBT 25
is sent at the inlet of duct.
A. Bypass factor= 0.13
B. Temperature at exit of coil= 46.75oC
C. Bypass factor= 0.24
D. Temperature at exit of coil= 40.84oC
 MSQ-6

Q. Consider the following psychometric terms:

(a)Degree of saturation

(b)Specific humidity

(c)Humidity ratio

(d)Relative humidity

Which of the above terms have the same meaning?

Thermodynamics Part-1

Q. Process of sensible heating

A. increases specific enthalpy
B. decreases specific humidity
C. decreases relative humidity
D. increases relative humidity
 Thermodynamics Part-1

Q. During evaporative cooling process,

A. Cooling and humidification takes place
B. Wet bulb temperature remains constant
C. Specific enthalpy remains constant
D. Relative humidity increases
Psychrometry
Q. The statement concern psychrometric chart.
(A). Constant relative humidity lines are uphill
straight lines to the right
(B). Constant wet bulb temperature lines are
downhill straight lines to the right.
(C). Constant specific volume lines are downhill
straight lines to the right.
(D). Constant enthalpy lines are coincident with
constant wet bulb temperature lines.
Which of the statements are correct
Pyschrometric Terms
Q. Moist air of DBT 27oC and relative humidity
of 70% having total pressure of 95Kpa.
Take saturation pressure of water at 27oC as
3.57 KPa.
A. Partial pressure of water vapour= 2.5 kPa
B. Degree of saturation= 0.692
C. Partial pressure of water vapour= 2.8 kPa
D. Degree of saturation= 0.72
 Pyschrometric Terms
Q. Air at 20oC DBT and 75% relative humidity is sensibly
heated until its temperature becomes 25oC. The
saturation pressure at 20oC and 25oC are 2.01 kPa and
3.17 kPa respectively. The mass flow rate of air 3 kg/s
and atmospheric pressure = 1.013 bar
A. Specific humidity of air= 0.009396 kg/kg d.a
B. Heat added to the air= 13.36 kW
C. Specific humidity of air= 0.006875 kg/kg d.a
D. Heat added to the air= 15.36 kW
Pyschrometric Terms

Q. Air at 25°C is mixed adiabatically with air

at 45°C in the ratio of 2 kg of former with
3 kg of later (on dry basis). The specific
humidity and specific enthalpy of former
air is 0.0062 kg vap/kg dry air and 38 KJ/kg
dry air and for latter 0.00192 kg vap/kg dry
air and 95 KJ/kg dry air respectively.
A. Final humiditiy ratio= 3.632 gm/kg d.a.
B. Specific enthalpy= 72.2 kJ/kg
C. Final humiditiy ratio= 3.252 gm/kg d.a.
D. Specific enthalpy= 68.2 kJ/kg
Pyschrometric Terms

Q. An air refrigeration cycle working on

Reversed Brayton cycle inputs air at 7℃,4
bar at rejects heat at 37℃, 16 bar.
Isentropic efficiency of compressor &
turbines are 0.8 & 0.85 respectively.
A. Refrigeration effect= 56.48 kJ/kg
B. COP= 0.67
C. Refrigeration effect= 59.6 kJ/kg
D. COP= 1.67