1

UNIVERSITEIT VAN PRETORIA

DEPARTEMENT MATERIAALKUNDE EN METALLURGIESE INGENIEURSWESE

MATERIAALKUNDE NMC 113 MATERIALS SCIENCE

14 June 2018 EKSAMEN / EXAMINATION TYD / TIME: 3 h

EKSTERNE EKSAMINATOR / EXTERNAL EXAMINER: Prof G.T van Rooyen

INTERNE EKSAMINATORE / INTERNAL EXAMINERS: Prof W. Stumpf; Mr V Kurup

VAN EN VOORLETTERS STUDENTE NO.

SURNAME AND INITIALS STUDENT NO.

HANDTEKENING TELEFOON NR.

SIGNATURE TELEPHONE NO.

P2 P2-9 p.10 p.11 p.12 p. 13 p.14 p.15 p.16 Total

multiple
choice 110

40 7 7 5 9 4 6 6
p.17 p. 18 p. 19 p. 20 Pg21 Part B Total(70)

5 5 7 7 2

Beantwoord alle vrae in die beperkte spasies voorsien. Nie-progammeerbare sakrekenaars

mag gebruik word. Die blanko bladsy(e) agter in hierdie eksamenboek mag vir rofwerk
gebruik word maar sal nie nagesien word nie. Geen vrae sal gedurende die eksamen
beantwoord word nie. Maak aannames waar nodig en stel dit as sodanig. “Tippex” en
“Highlighters” of soortgelyke produkte mag nie gebruik word nie Die vraestel bevat 22
bladsye.

Answer all the questions in the limited spaces provided. Non-programmable calculators
may be used. The blank page(s) at the back of this examination book may be used for rough
work but will not be marked. No questions will be answered during the examination. Make
assumptions where required and state it as such. “Tippex” and “Highlighters” or similar
products may not be used. The paper contains 22 pages.

DIE BYLAAG BEVAT INLIGTING WAT OP SEKERE VRAE UIT BEIDE AFDELINGS VAN TOEPASSING IS

THE APPENDIX INFORMATION APPLICABLE TO CERTAIN QUESTIONS FROM BOTH PARTS OF THE PAPER
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Deel A (40 punte) / Part A (40 marks)

Merk die korrekte antwoord op die datavel verskaf/ Mark the correct answer on the data sheet
provided: (Mark only one correct answer) / ( Gevolglik mag nie meer as een blokkie per vraag
gemerk word.
1.) To which family of materials does the bicycle tyre belong to :
Tot watter groep of familie van materiale behoort ‘n fiets se buiteband
a) Metal/metale

b) Composite/komposiete

c) Polymer/ Polimere

d) Ceramic/keramieke

e) Advanced materials/ Gevorderde materiale

2.) The most important design limiting property for a material used for the car radiator:
Die mees belangrike materiaaleienskap as ontwerpslimiet vir gebruik in ‘n motor se verkoeler
is:
a) Thermal conductivity/Termiese geleivdingsvermo𝑒𝑒̈

b) Electrical conductivity/Elektriese geleidingsvermoë

c) Thermal insulation/Termiese insolator

d) Electrical resistivity/Elektriese resistiwiteit

e) Elastic modulus/Elastiese modulus

3.) The matrix in the fiber reinforced composites must:

Die matrys-materiaal in ‘n veselversterkte komposiet moet:
a) Be soft and ductile/sag en smeebaar wees

b) Be hard and brittle/hard en bros wees

c) Have a chemical bond with the fiber/’n chemiese binding met die vesel kan maak

d) Have very high elastic modulus/’n baie hoë elastiese modulus hê

e) None of the above is true/Geen van die bogenoemdes nie

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4.) The effective number of atoms in a simple cubic unit cell where one of the corner atoms
have been removed is :
Die effektiewe aantal atome in ‘n eenvoudige kubiese eenheidsel waarvan een hoek-atoom
ontbreek, is:
a) 1

b) 8

c) 1/8

d) 15/8

e) None of the above/Geen van die bogenoemdes nie

5.) The allotropic transformation of Fe on heating changes from aBCC structure to a FCC
structure. During transformation, the material is expected to:
Die allotropiese faseverandering van Fe met verhitting verander van KRG na KVG. Tydens
hierdie faseverandering verwag ons dat die materiaal:
a) Expand on heating/Uitsit met verhitting

b) Contract on heating/Inkrimp met verhitting

c) No change is expected/Geen verandering word verwag nie

d) Lattice parameter does not change/die roosterafmeting verander nie

e) None of the above is true/Geen van die bogenoemdes is waar nie

6.) When a relatively pure metal is cast in a stationary mold without the use of grain refiners we
get/Indien ‘n relatief suiwer metaal gegiet word in ‘n stilstaande gietvorm sonder enige
korrelverfyners, sal die volgende gevind word:
a) Equiaxed grain structure in the center/Gelyk-assige korrels in die middel

b) Columnar grain structure on the periphery of the mold/Kolom-agtige korrels op die

buiterand van die gietstuk

c) Both equiaxed and columnar grain structure will not form/Beide gelyk-assige
asook kolom-agtige korrels sal nie gevind word nie

d) Equiaxed grain structure is formed on the periphery of the casting and columnar
grains in the center of the casting/’n Gelyk-assige korrelstruktuur vind op die
buiterand en kolom-agtige korrels vind in die middel van die gietstuk plaas

e) Both equiaxed and columnar grains can be formed anywhere in the solid/Beide
gelyk-assige asook kolom-agtige korrels kan in enige plek in die gietstuk gevind
word
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7.) The simplest point defect, vacancies can be produced by /Die eenvoudigste puntdefekte,
naamlik leë ruimtes, kan gevorm word tydens:
a) Solidification/stolling

b) Rapid solidification/baie vinnige stolling

c) Plastic deformation/plastiese vervorming

d) All the above (a),(b) and (c) are true/(a), (b) en (c) hierbo is waar

e) Not all the above (a), (b) and (c) are true/Nie (a), (b) en (c) hierbo is waar nie

8.) The defect that helps the diffusion process at high temperature is:/Die interne defek wat
diffusie by ‘n hoë temperatuure
a) Substitutional atoms/Verplasende atome

b) Vacancies/leë ruimtes

c) Twin boundary defect/tweeling korrelgrense

d) Self-interstitial defect/Self-interstisiële atome

e) All the above/Al die bogenoemdes

𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑 2 𝐶𝐶
9.) With reference to Fick’s second law on diffusion, = 𝐷𝐷 ∗ which of the following is the
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑 2 𝑋𝑋
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑 2 𝐶𝐶
most appropriate statement:/Met verwysing na Fick se tweede wet vir diffusie = 𝐷𝐷 ∗
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑 2 𝑋𝑋
watter van die volgende stellings is die mees toepaslike:
a) The rate of compositional change is inversely proportional to diffusivity/die tempo
van konsentrasieverandering is omgekeerd eweredig tot die diffusiewiteit

b) The rate of compositional change is inversely proportional to the concentration

gradient/die tempo van konsentrasieverandering is omgekeerd eweredig tot die
konsentrasiegradiënt

c) The rate of compositional change is the product of diffusivity times the rate of
change of the concentration gradient/ die tempo van konsentrasieverandering is
die produk van die diffusiewiteit en die tempo van die konsentrasie-gradiënt

d) The diffusivity is the product of the rate of compositional change times the
concentration gradient/Die diffusietiwiteit is die produk van die tempo van die
konsentrasie-gradiënt se verandering maal die konsentrasiegradiënt

e) None of the above is true/Geen van die bogenoemdes nie

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10.) A decrease in ASTM grain size number of a metal will:/’n Afname in die ASTM
korrelgroottegetal van ‘n metaal sal
a) Result in an increase in % cold work/’n toename in die % koudbewerking meebring

b) Result in a large increase in the ductility of the metal/’n groot toename in die
smeebaarheid van die metaal meebring

c) Result in an increase in the creep resistance of the material/’n toename in die

kruipweerstand van die materiaal meebring

d) Result in an increase in the yield strength of the material/’n toename in die

vloeigrens van die metaal meebring

e) None of the above/Geen van die bogenoemdes nie

11.) The difference between high cycle and low cycle fatigue is/Die verskil tussen hoë-siklus en
lae-siklus vermoeidheid is
a) the stress amplitude in high cycle fatigue is higher than in low cycle fatigue/die
spanningsamplitude in hoë-siklus vermoeidheid is hoër as die′ in lae siklus-vermoeidheid

b) high cycle fatigue occurs at higher temperatures than low cycle fatigue/hoë-siklus
vermoeidheid vind plaas by hoër temperature as lae-siklus vermoeidheid

c) high cycle fatigue is crack initiation controlled while low cycle fatigue is crack propagation
controlled / hoë-siklus vermoeidheid word beheer deur kraakvorming terwyl lae-siklus
vermoeidheid deur kraakvoortplanting beheer word

d) the stress amplitude in high cycle fatigue is below and in low cycle fatigue above the yield
strength/die spanningsamplitude by hoë-siklus vermoeidheid is onder en by lae-siklus
vermoeidheid bo die vloeigrens

e) the stress amplitude in high cycle fatigue is below and in low cycle fatigue above the tensile
strength/die spanningsamplitude in hoë-siklus vermoeidheid is onder en by lae-siklus
vermoedhied bo die treksterkte
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12.) The creep rate in a material during the three stages of creep will/Die kruiptempo van ‘n
metaal tydens die drie stadia van kruip sal:
a) Will increase in the primary stage and then decrease in the secondary stage/Toeneem in die
primêre stadium en dan afneem in die sekondêre stadium

b) Will decrease in the primary stage, increase in the secondary stage and decrease again in
the tertiary stage/sal afneem in die primêre stadium, toeneem in die sekondêre stadium en
weer afneem in die tersiêre stadium.

c) Will decrease in the primary stage, increase in the secondary stage and remains constant
again in the tertiary stage/sal afneem in die primêre stadium, toeneem in die sekondêre
stadium en konstant bly in die tersiêre stadium

d) Will decrease in the primary stage, remains constant in the secondary stage and increases in
the third stage/sal afneem in die primêre stadium, konstant bly in die sekondêre stadium en
toeneem in die derde stadium

e) Will increase in the primary stage, remains constant in the secondary stage and decrease in
the third stage/sal toeneem in die primêre stadium, konstant bly in die sekondêre stadium en
afneem in die tersiêre stadium

13.) In a Charpy test the BTT(Brittle transition temperature) for a material operating at room
temperature should ideally be :/In ‘n Charpy toets is die BOT (Bros-oorgangstemperatuur) van
‘n metaal wat by kamertemperatuur gebruik word, verkieslik
a) Below the room temperature/Onder kamertemparatuur wees

b) Above the room temperature/bokant kamertemperatuur wees

c) It should be above 1000C/dit moet bo 100°C wees

d) It can be between 250C and 350C/dit kan tussen 25°C en 35°C wees

e) None of the above /geen van die bogenoemdes nie

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14.) With reference to recrystallization temperature mark the most appropriate answer /met
verwysing na die herkristallisasietemperatuur, wat is die mees toepaslike antwoord
a) Recrystallization temperature indicates grain growth of deformed grains/die
herkristallisasietemperatuur dui aan waar korrelgroei van die vervormde metaal sal
plaasvind

b) Recrystallization temperature is the minimum temperature at which 100 %

recrystallization will occur/ die herkristallisasietemperatuur is daardie minimum
temperatuur waarby 100% herkristallisasie sal plaasvind

c) Recrystallization temperature is the minimum temperature at which start of

recrystallization will take place/die herkristallisasietemperatuur is daardie minimum
temperatuur waar herkristallisasie sal begin

d) Recrystallization temperature is the minimum temperature at which 100 %

recrystallization in one hour will take place /die herkristallisasietemperatuur is
daardie minimum temperatuur waar 100% herkristallisasie binne een uur plaas vind

e) Recrystallization temperature indicates the dissolution of deformed grains/ die

herkristallisasietemperatuur dui die oplossing van die vervormde korrels aan

15.) After fast quenching a hypereutectoid steel from a two-phase region of austenite and
cementite the following would be present in the microstructure at room temperature/Na Na
‘n vinnige afblussing van ‘n hiper-eutektoïede staal vanuit ‘n tweefase gebied van austeniet
en sementiet, sal die volgende fases teenwoordig wees in die mikrostruktuur by
kamertemperatuur
a) Martensite/martensiet

b) Martensite and pearlite/martensiet en perliet

c) Martensite and ferrite/martensiet en ferriet

d) Ferrite and pearlite/ferriet en perliet

e) Martensite and cementite/martensiet en sementiet

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16.) Cobalt is considered as a __________________ material:/Kobalt word beskou as ‘n

…….materiaal:
a) Ferrimagnetic/Ferrimagnetiese

b) Diamagnetic/diamagnetiese

c) Paramagnetic/paramagnetiese

d) Antiferromagnetic/antiferromagnetiese

e) Ferromagnetic/ferromagnetiese

17.) Which one of the following strengthening mechanism would be the best option to be used
for a single phase material to be used at high temperatures/watter een van die volgende
versterkingsmeganismes sal die beste opsie wees in ‘n enkelfase materiaal wat by hoë
temperature gebruik sal word
a) Strengthening by cold working/verharding deur vooraf koudbewerking

b) Strengthening by grain size refinement/verharding deur korrelverfyning

c) Strengthening by solid solution strengthening on adding alloying elements/verharding

deur verplasende vaste oplossing met legerings-elemente

d) All the three mentioned above can be used/Al drie bogenoemdes

e) None of the above can be used/geen van die bogenoemdes nie

18.) If n electrons are liberated from the oribital bonds in an intrinsic semiconductor the
electrical conductivity is proportional to 2n because/as n elektrone vrygestel word van hulle
suborbitale in ‘n intrinsieke half-geleier is die elektriese geleivermoë eweredig aan 2n weens:
a) There are two electrons in each bond/daar is twee elektrone in elke suborbitaal

b) For each electron liberated there a hole that is created/vir elke elektron wat vrygestel
word is daar ook ‘n holte wat gevorm word

c) Liberated electrons move twice as fast as those in the bonds/vrygestelde elektrone

beweeg twee keer so vinnig as die wat nog in hulle suborbitale gebind is

d) Reciprocal motion of electrons in the bonds/omgekeerde beweging van elektrone in

die bindings

e) None of the above /geen van die bogenoemdes nie

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19.) For a diamagnetic material, the induced magnetic field is expected to/vir ‘n dia-magnetiese
materiaal sal die geïndusseerde magnetiese veld
a) Increase with application of external magnetic field/toeneem met die toepassing van
‘n eksterne magneetveld

b) Decrease with application of external magnetic field/Afneem met die toepassing van
‘n eksterne magneetveld

c) No change is expected with application of external magnetic field/ geen verandering

met die toepassing van ‘n eksterne magneetveld

d) Increase the permeability µr of the material/toename van die permeabiliteit µr van die
materiaal

e) None of the above is true/geen van die bogenoemdes nie

20.) Sometimes the surface of a part is shot peened(blasted with steel shots) in order to
introduce compressive residual stress.The shot penning is expected to:/Soms word die
oppervlak van ‘n onderdeel ge-ha𝑒𝑒̈ lstrooi (staaldeeltjies wat die oppervlaste bombardeer) om
drukresspannings op die oppervlak aan te bring. Die haelstrooi word verwag om:
a) Reduce the applied cyclic stress in fatigue that the metal can withstand/’n afname in
die sikliese spanning wat die materiaal kan weerstaan met vermoeidheid
b) Increase the applied cyclic stress which the metal can withstand/’n toename in die
sikliese spanning wat die materiaal kan weerstaan met vermoeidheid
c) Will have no effect on the fatigue properties of the material/sal geen invloed hê op
die materiaal se vermoeidheids-eienskappe
d) Will decrease the elastic modulus of the material/Sal die elastiese modulus van die
materiaal laat afneem
e) None of the above is true/geen van die bogenoemdes is waar
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DEEL B ( punte) / PART B ( marks)

(Toon alle berekeninge waar van toepassing / Show all calculations where applicable)

1.) Consider the unit cell FCC for Nickel show below/Oorweeg in ag die KVG eenheidsel vir Ni

Atomic number: 28 /atoomgetal

Atomic weight: 58.6 /

atoommassa

Density: 8.9 g/cm3/ digtheid

Atomic radius: 0.125 nm

/atoomradius

1a.) What is the coordination number of this unit cell? (2)

Wat is die koördinasiegetal van die eenheidsel ………………………………………………

1. b) What is the effective number of atoms for the unit cell. Show relevant steps how you arrived at
the answer (2)
Wat is die effektiewe aantal atome in die eenheidsel. Dui die stappe aan wat U geneem het om
by U antwoord uit te kom.

1. c) What is the total mass of effective atoms in the unit cell (3)
Wat is die totale massa van effektiewe atome in die eenheidsel

1. d) Consider a body-centered orthorhombic unit cell with a=0.3nm; b= 0.31 nm and

c=0.35nm and α=β=ϒ=90. The radius of the atom =0.14nm
Neem in ag ‘n ruimte gesentreerde ortorhombiese eenheidsel met a=0.3 nm, b=0.31 nm en
c=0.35 nm. Die radius van die atom is R=0.14 nm
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Calculate the APF of the unit cell (4)

Bereken die APF van die eenheidsel

1. e) Calculate the planar density of atoms on the inclined plane A indicated below in the figure
below /Bereken die vlakdigtheid van atome op die skuins vlak A hieronder. (3)

Plane A
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Q2.a) Calculate the activation energy for vacancy formation in aluminium, given the
equilibrium number of vacancies at 5000C is 7.55x1023m-3. The atomic weight and
density for aluminium (at 5000C) are 26.98g/mol and 2.62g/cm3. (3)
Bereken die aktiveringsenergie vir die vorming van leë ruimtes in aluminium, as die
ewewigsaantal leë ruimtes by 500°C, 7.55x1023 m-3 is. Die atoommassa en digtheid
van Al by 500°C is 26.98 g/mol en 2.62 g/cm3.

Q2.b) What causes the grain boundaries of a polished and etched samples to be easily observed
in the optical microscope (2)
Wat bring mee dat korrelgrense van’n gepaleerde en geietsde onder ‘n optiese mikroskoop
waargeneem kan word?
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Q2c) Calculate the ASTM grain size number of the image inscribed inside the circle given
below. This image was taken at a magnification of 200X (5)
Bereken die ASTM korrelgroottenommer van die beeld binne die ingeskrewe sirkel. Die
vergroting van die beeld was 200X

Q3.a) Suppose a 10 mm x 10 mm x 100 mm bar of brass is pulled in tension with a load of 1200
kg. The yield point of the brass is 150 MPa and Young’s modulus 97 GPa. Determine the
length of the bar when under load. Assume the brass is isotropic in behaviour. (4)
Beskon‘n staaf van geelkoper met afmetings 10x10x100 mm wat in ‘n trektoets onderworpe is
aan ‘n las van 1200 kg. Die vloeigrens van geelkoper is 150 MPa en Young se modulus E=97
GPa. Bereken die lengte van die staaf onder hierdie las. Aanvaar isotropiese gedrag van die
geelkoper.
 14

Q3 b) Fig. 2 gives the S-N curve for 2014-T6 Al alloy. A rod of the alloy with a diameter of 15 mm is
subjected to an axial cyclic load. Calculate the maximum and minimum loads (in Newton)
applied to yield a fatigue life of 1 x 106 cycles. The mean stress σm was 30 MPa and the tensile
strength of the alloy is 320 MPa (4)
Figuur 2 toon die S-N kurwe vir die Al legering AA2014. ‘n Staaf van hierdie legering met
deursnee 15 mm word onderwerp aan ‘n sikliese spanning. Bereken die maksimum en
minimum las in Newton om ‘n vermoeidheidslewe van 1x106 siklusse te waarborg. Die
gemiddelde spanning σm was 30 MPa en die treksterkte van die legering is 320 MPa.

Fig: 2 shows a plot of stress amplitude (S) vs Nf (number of cycles to failure)/Die S – N

kurwe van die Al legering AA2014 waar N die aantal siklusse by faling is.
 15

Q3 c) Describe by drawing a sketch of the experimental arrangement that is used for generating the
S-N curve in a rotating sample (3)
Beskryf met sketse die eksperimentele toestel wat gebruik kan word on so ‘n S – N kurwe deur
middel van roterende monsters te bepaal.

Fig. 3 shows the creep deformation curves for M200 steel. A stress of 300 MPa at a temperature of
707 oC is applied to a sample of the steel and a stress of 186 MPa at a temperature of 1100 oC
on a second sample of the steel.
Figuur 3 toon die kruipmeganismekaart vir die staal M200. ‘n Spanning van 300 MPa by ‘n
temperatuur van 707°C word toegepas op die staal en op ‘n ander monster van dieselfde staal by ‘n
spanning van 186 MPa en ‘n temperatuur van 1100°C

Fig 3: Creep deformation diagram

Q3d) What are the steady-state creep rates εss for the first and second samples respectively (3)
Wat is die getadigde kruiptempo εss vir elkeen van die twee monsters
 16

Q3e) Give a brief but comprehensive explanation for the difference in the steady-state creep rates of
the two samples with reference also to the mechanism of creep which is applicable. (4)
Gee ‘n kort maar volledige verduideliking van die verskille in die getadigde kruiptempos van die
twee monsters met verwysing na die onderskeie megansimes van kruip van toepassing.

The data obtained from a series of impact test for Fe-Mn -0.05 %C steel with varying percentage of
Manganese is shown in figure 4/Die data wat verkry is vanuit ‘n series van Charpy toetse van ‘n Fe
– 0.05%C staal met verskillend Mn byvoegings word getoon.

Fig 4: Showing the impact test results for Fe-Mn-0.05%C steel with varying amounts of Mn/Die figuur
toon die Charpy impakresultate vir verskeie Fe-Mn-0.05%C stale

Q3d) What is the approximate temperature where you would expect a 50% ductile and 50% brittle
fracture surface in a Fe - 0.5 %Mn - 0.05 %C steel (2)
Wat is die benaderde temperatuur waarby U ‘n 50% smeebare en 50% brosbreuk sou verwag
in ‘n Fe -0.5%Mn-0.05%C staal.
 17

Q3e) What is the effect of adding Mn to the steel based on fig 4. (2)
Wat is die invloed wat Mn byvoegings tot die staal as gebaseer op fig 4?

Q4 a) An axial tensile stress of 150 MPa is applied to an 18 mm wide by 3 mm thick component

(length 300 mm). There is a surface crack present on the 3 mm thick face of the component,
with a depth of 1 mm. The yield strength of the material is 240 MPa. Will the component
fracture unstably if the fracture toughness of the material is KI c = 13 MPa√m (assume Y=1)
‘n Aksiale trekspanning van 150 MPa word toegepas op ‘n staalplaat van 18 mm wyd en 3 mm
dik monster met ‘n lengte van 300 mm. Daar is ‘n oppervlakkraak teenwoordig op die 3mm
dik gedeelte met ‘n diepte van 1 mm. Die vloeigrens van die staal is 240 MPa. Sal die
component onstabiel faal as die breuktaaiheid KIC=13 MPa.m0.5 en Y=1 is? (3)
 18

Q4b) A steel gear made from steel which contains 0, 2 % carbon must be carburised at 903 oC to
achieve a carbon concentration of 0, 6 % at a depth of 1,5 mm below the surface. The surface
concentration of C is maintained at 1%. For how many hours must the steel be carburised? (5)
‘n Rat van ‘n staal met 0.2%C moet opgekool word by 903°C om ‘n %C van 0.6%C by ‘n diepte
van 1.5 mm onder die oppervlak te kry. Die koolstofkonsentrasie tydens opkoling word op die
oppervlakte konstant by 1%C gehou. Vir hoeveel ure moet die staal opgekool word?

Q5.) Consider the iron-carbon diagram and answer the following:

Oorweeg die Fe – C fasediagram en antwoord die volgende

Q5a) What is the maximum solubility of carbon in the FCC phase in Fe-C system (2)
 19

Q5b) At What temperature would pure iron undergo an allotropic transformation from FCC to BCC
By watter temperatuur sal suiwer Fe ‘n allotropiese faseverndering van KVG na KRG
ondergaan? (1)

Q5c) If iron-carbon alloy is cooled in equilibriumconditions to get 100% pearlite structure. Use lever
rule to get the phase fraction of each consituent in the pearlite. (2)
As die Fe – C staal in ewewigafgekoel word om ‘n 100% perlitiese struktuuur te gee, gebruik die
hefboomwet om die hoevelhede van die onderskeie fases te bereken in die perliet

Q5d) Suggest a typical heat treatment cycle for a 0.4% C Fe-C alloy to obtain finer pearlite and
ferrite structure along with a lesser proeutectoid phase. (2)
Stel ‘n tipiese geskikte hittebehandeling voor vir ‘n Fe - 0.4%C staal om ‘n fyner perliet en ferriet
struktuur te verkry met minder van de pro-eutektöide ferriet teenwoordig

Q5e) Draw the final resulting microstructure of a 0.5% carbon steel cooled under equilibrium
condition from 9000C to room temperature. (2)
Skets die resulterende mikrostruktuur van ‘n 0.5%C staal wat onder ewewigstoestande afgekoel word
van 900°C tot by kamtertemperatuur.
 20

Q6.a) A silicon wafer is doped with 2.0 x1016 boron atoms/cm3 (Group 111) and 1.5 x1016
phosphorous atom/ cm3 (Group V). Calculate the majority and minority charge carriers
in the semiconductor and also the electrical resistivity of the material at room temperature.
Given values at room temperature are ni= 1.5x1016 /m3 ; µn=0.1350m2/V.s and
µp=0.048m2/Vs (4)
‘n Silikon skyf word gedoteer met 2.0x1016 boron atome/cm3 van B atome uit Groep III en ook
nog 1.5x1016 atome/cm3 van fosfor atome uit Groep V. Bereken die hoof- en die
minderheidsdraers in hierdie half-geleier asook die elektriese geleivermoë van die materiaal by
kamertemperatuur. Die volgende gegewens is gegee: ni = 1.5x1016 /m3, µn = 0.1350 m2/V.s en
µp = 0.048 m2/V.s

Q6b) Two sets of Cu-Zn samples A and B were subjected to 65% and 30% cold working respectively.
Then these samples were annealed in a furnace to get 100% Recrystallization. What is the
expected profile of % ductility vs time for these two sets of samples (3)
Twee stelle van geelkoper A en B is onderworpe aan 65% en 30% koudbewerking
onderskeidelik. Beide monsters word in ‘n oond uitgegloei om 100% herkrstallisasie te verkry..
Skets die verwagte verloop van die % smeebaarheid teenooor tyd vir die twee monsters.
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Q6c) During recrystallization which of the above samples A or B will recrystallize faster. State a
reason for the answer (2)
Watter een van die twee monsters A of B sal tydens herkristallisasie vinniger herkristalliseer
gee drerede vir die antwoord
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