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 B n n
m2 v2 rn 2 = n 2 2
mvrn = n
is the th
p = n ird Bohr postulate

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 Prob . 2.3
(a) Find generic equation for Lyman, Balmer, and Paschen series.
hc mq4 mq 4
ΔE = = -
λ 32π2o 2 n1 2
2
32π2o 2 n2 2 2

2 1 2 1
hc mq4 (n 2 - n 2 ) mq4 (n 2 - n 2 )
=
λ 32 2 n 2 n 2
 2 n 2 n 2 h2
= o 1 2
o 1 2

8 n n h hcπ
2 2
2
8ε82h3c n1 2 n2 2
2 2 2
= o
= o1 2

4 2 2 4
mq (n - n ) mq n 2- n 2
2 1 2 1

8(8.8510 -12 F 2
)  (6.6310
m
−34
Js)  2.998108
3
n 2n 2

= m s
 21 21
9.1110 kg  (1.6010
-31 -
n -n2
2
19
C)4

2 2 2 2
 = 9.11108 m n 21 n 2 2 = 9.11Å n 21 n 2 2
n -n n -n
2 1 2 1
n1 =1 for Lyman, 2 for Balmer, and 3 for Paschen

(b) Plot wavelength versus n for Lyman, Balmer, and Paschen series.
LYMAN SERIES PASCHEN SERIES
n n^2 n^2-1 n^2/(n^2-1) 911*n^2/(n^2-1) n n^2 n^2-9 9*n^2/(n^2-9) 911*9*n^2/(n^2-9)
2 4 3 1.33 1215 4 16 7 20.57 18741
3 9 8 1.13 1025 5 25 16 14.06 12811
4 16 15 1.07 972 6 36 27 12.00 10932
5 25 24 1.04 949 7 49 40 11.03 10044
8 64 55 10.47 9541
LYMAN LIMIT 911Ǻ 9 81 72 10.13 9224
10 100 91 9.89 9010
BALMER SERIES
n n^2 n^2-4 4n^2/(n^2-4) 911*4*n^2/(n^2-4) PASCHEN LIMIT 8199Ǻ
3 9 5 7.20 6559
4 16 12 5.33 4859
5 25 21 4.76 4338
6 36 32 4.50 4100
7 49 45 4.36 3968

BALMER LIMIT 3644Ǻ

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 Prob . 2. 4
(a) Find Δpx for Δx=1Ǻ.
-34
h h 6.6310 J s
Δp Δx = → Δp = = = 5.0310-25 kgm

x
4 x
4 Δx 4π10-10m s

(b) Find Δt for ΔE=1eV.

-15
h h 4.14 10 eV s
ΔEΔt = → Δt = = = 3.3010-16s
4 4 ΔE 4π1eV

Prob . 2. 5
Find wavelength of 100eV and 12keV electrons. Comment on electron microscopes compared to
visible light microscopes.
2E
E= 1
2 mv2 → v =
m
-34
h h h 6.6310 J s
E = E 4.9110 J m
1
λ= = = =
-2 - 12 -19 1
2

p mv 2 E  m 29.1110 kg -31

For 100eV,
λ = E-2 4.9110-19J 2 m = (100eV1.60210-19 )-2 4.9110-19J 2 m = 1.2310-10m = 1.23Å
1 1 1 1
J
eV

For 12keV,
λ = E-2 4.9110-19J 2 m = (1.2104eV1.60210-19 )-2 4.9110-19J 2 m = 1.1210-11m = 0.112Å
1 1 1 1
J
eV

The resolution on a visible microscope is dependent on the wavelength of the light which is
around 5000Ǻ; so, the much smaller electron wavelengths provide much better resolution.

Prob . 2. 6
Which of the following could NOT possibly be wave functions and why? Assume 1-D in each
case. (Here i= imaginary number, C is a normalization constant)

A) Ψ (x) = C for all x.

B) Ψ (x) = C for values of x between 2 and 8 cm, and Ψ (x) = 3.5 C for values of x between 5
and 10 cm. Ψ (x) is zero everywhere else.

C) Ψ (x) = i C for x= 5 cm, and linearly goes down to zero at x= 2 and x = 10 cm from this peak
value, and is zero for all other x.
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If any of these are valid wavefunctions, calculate C for those case(s). What potential energy for x
≤ 2 and x ≥ 10 is consistent with this?

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 

A) For a wavefunction (x) , we know Ρ =   (x)(x)dx = 1

*

-

 
0 c = 0
Ρ=   (x)(x)dx  dx → Ρ=   (x) cannot be a wave function
* 2
=c
- -  c  0

B) For 5  x  8 , (x) has two values, C and 3.5C. For c  0 , (x) is not a function


and for c = 0 : Ρ = 
-
*
(x) (x)dx = 0  (xc) annot be a wave function.

 iC x-2
 3
( ) 2x5
C) (x)= 
− iC ( x-10) 5  x 10
 5
 5 2 10 2
c c
-  (x)(x)dx = 2 9 ( x-2) dx +525 ( x-10) dx
2 2
Ρ= *

c2 5 c2 10

= (x-2)3 2 + (x-10)3
3×9 3×25 5

 27 125  8c2
= c2  + =
 27 3×25  3
8c2
Ρ=1  =1  c=0.612 → (x) can be a wave function
3

Since (x) = 0 for x  2 and x 10 , the potential energy should be infinite in these two

regions.

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Prob. 2.7
A particle is described in 1D by a wavefunction:
Ψ = Be-2x for x ≥0 and Ce+4x for x<0, and B and C are real constants. Calculate B and C to make
Ψ a valid wavefunction. Where is the particle most likely to be?

A valid wavefunction must be continuous, and normalized.

For (0) = C = B



2
To normalize  , dx = 1
-
0 

 C e dx +  C e dx = 1
2 8x 2 -4x

- 0

C 2
 −1 
0 
e + C   e-4x
8x 2
=1
8 −
 4 0

C2 C2 8
+ =1  C=
8 4 3

Prob. 2.8
The electron wavefunction is Ceikx between x=2 and 22 cm, and zero everywhere else. What is
the value of C? What is the probability of finding the electron between x=0 and 4 cm?
 = Ceikx
22
1
 *dx = C2 (20) = 1  C =
-1
cm
2 20
4 2

 1 
 ( 2) =
1

2
Probability = dx = 

0  20  10

Prob . 2.
9
Find the probability of finding an electron at x<0. Is the probability of finding an electron at
x>0 zero or non-zero? Is the classical probability of finding an electron at x>6 zero or non?
The energy barrier at x=0 is infinite; so, there is zero probability of finding an electron at
x<0 (|ψ|2 =0). However, it is possible for electrons to tunnel through the barrier at 5<x<6;
so, the probability of finding an electron at x>6 would be quantum mechanically greater

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exist. No portion of this material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.
than zero (|ψ|2 >0) and classical mechanically zero.

Prob . 2. 10
Find 4 px 2 + 2 pz 2 +7mE for (x, y, z,t) = Ae j(10x+3y-4t) .

 2
- j(10x+3y-4t) 

 A e
* j(10x+3y-4t)
  A e dx

px 2 = - j x  = 100 2


A e
2 - j(10x+3y-4t) j(10x+3y-4t)
e dx
-

 2
- j(10x+3y-4t)  
 A e
* j(10x+3y-4t)
  A e dz
 =0
pz2 = - j z 


A
2
e- j(10x+3y-4t)e j(10x+3y-4t)dz
-

- j(10x+3y-4t)  
 A e  −   Ae
* j(10x+3y-4t)
dt

E = -  j t
= 4



2 - j(10x+3y-4t) j(10x+3y-4t)
A e e dt
-

4 px 2 +2pz 2 +7mE = 400 + 28(9.1110 kg)

2 -31

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Prob. 2.11
Find the uncertainty in position (Δx) and momentum (Δρ).
2  πx  L
Ψ(x,t) = sin  e-2πjEt/h and  *  dx = 1
L L 0

x 
L
2L
x =  *  x  dx = x sin
2
dx = 0.5L (from problem note)

0 L0  L 
L L

x 
sin2  dx = 0.28L2 (from problem note)
2
x2 =  *  x  dx = x
2

0 L0  L 

2
Δx = x2 - x = 0.28L2 - (0.5L)2 = 0.17L

h h
p  = 0.47
4πΔx L

Prob. 2.12
Calculate the first three energy levels for a 10Ǻ quantum well with infinite walls.
n 2  π2  2 (6.6310-34 )2
En = =  n 2 = 6.0310-20  n 2
2 m L2 89.1110−31 (10−9 )2

E1 = 6.0310-20 J = 0.377eV
E2 = 40.377eV =
1.508eV
E3 = 90.377eV = 3.393eV

Prob. 2.13
Show schematic of atom with 1s22s22p4 and atomic weight 21. Comment on its reactivity.
nucleus with
8 protons and This atom is chemically reactive because
13 neutrons
the outer 2p shell is not full. It will tend
2 electrons in 1s to try to add two electrons to that outer
shell.
2 electrons in 2s

4 electrons in 2p

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exist. No portion of this material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.
 = proton
= neturon
= electron

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