Con Finnal Merged

STUDY OF CORROSION ON REINFORCING STEEL BARS AND ITS
MECHANICAL PROPERTIES USING UTM

A
Thesis
Submitted by
AKSHAY YADAV, HARDIK SINGH, HARSHIT UPADHYAY, VARSHIT UPADHYAY
UNDER THE SUPERVISION OF
Mr. RISHABH KASHYAP
(Assistant Professor)
In partial fulfillment of the requirements

for the award of the degree of
BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
IN
CIVIL ENGINEERING
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

RAJKIYA ENGINEERING COLLEGE, KANNAUJ
UTTAR PARDESH -209732, INDIA
JUNE-2023
RAJKIYA ENGINEERING COLLEGE, KANNAUJ
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the project report entitled “STUDY OF CORROSION ON REINFORCING
STEEL BARS AND ITS MECHANICAL PROPERTIES USING UTM” submitted by Akshay
Yadav (190830000011), Hardik Singh (1908390000031), Harshit Upadhyay(1908390000033),
Varshit Upadhyay(1908390000061) to the Rajkiya Engineering College, Kannauj, Uttar
Pradesh in partial fulfilment for the award of the degree of B. Tech in Civil Engineering is a bona-
fide record of project work has carried out major project work presented in this report. He has
satisfactorily completed the project work prescribed by Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam Technical
University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh for 8th semester.
B. Tech curriculum of Civil Engineering in this institute for the academic year 2023.
Mr. Rishabh Kashyap Mr. Arstu Gautam

(Assistant Professor) (Assistant Professor)
Dept. of Civil Engineering Head of Department
Dept. of Civil Engineering
Place: Kannauj
Date:
II
RAJKIYA ENGINEERING COLLEGE KANNAUJ
DECLARATION
I undersigned solemnly declare that the project report on “STUDY OF CORROSION ON REINFORCING
STEEL BARS AND ITS MECHANICAL PROPERTIES USING UTM” is based on my own work carried out
during my study under the supervision of Mr. RISHABH KASHYAP (Assistant Professor).
1. I assert the statements made and conclusions drawn are an outcome of my experimentwork.
2. The work contained in the report is original and has been done by me under the general
supervision of my supervisor.
3. The work has not been submitted to any other Institution for any other degree/ diploma/certificate
in this university or any other University of India or abroad.
4. I have followed the guidelines provided by the university in writing the report.
5. Whenever I have used materials (test, data, theoretical analysis, and text) from other sources, I
have given due credit to them in the text of the report and giving their details in the references.
Akshay Yadav Hardik Singh

(1908390000011) (1908390000031)
Harshit Upadhyay Varshit Upadhyay

(1908390000033) (1908390000061)
III
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The satisfactions that accompany the completion of any task would be incomplete without
naming the people who made it possible and whose constant guidance and encouragement made
the work seek perfection.
It’s my pleasure to express deep gratitude and sincere thanks to my major project guide Mr.
Rishabh Kashyap (Assistant Professor), Department of Civil Engineering for providing an
opportunity of doing this important project under his guidance and sharing his experience and
knowledge with me.
Moreover, I would like to convey my sincere thanks to all the faculty members of civil
engineering department for being supportive beyond comparisons and I am extremely obliged
to all of them.
Akshay Yadav Hardik Singh

(1908390000011) (1908390000031)
Harshit Upadhyay Varshit Upadhyay

(1908390000033) (1908390000061)
IV
ABSTRACT
The study aims to investigate the effect of corrosion on the mechanical properties of reinforcing steel
bars using a Universal Testing Machine (UTM). The corrosion was induced by immersing the
specimens in a corrosive solution for a predetermined period, after which they were cleaned and tested
for mechanical properties such as tensile strength, yield strength, and elongation. The results showed
that the corrosion significantly affected the mechanical properties of the mild steel bars, with a decrease
in the values of the tensile strength, yield strength, and elongation. The findings suggest that the
corrosion of mild steel bars can lead to a reduction in their load-bearing capacity and ductility, thereby
affecting their structural integrity. Therefore, it is recommended that regular inspection and
maintenance of structures containing mild steel bars be carried out to prevent corrosion and ensure their
safety and longevity.
V
TABLE OF CONTENT
TITLE PAGE NO.
CERTIFICATE ii
DECLERATION iii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT iv
ABSTRACT v
TABLE OF CONTENT vi
LIST OF FIGURES ix
LIST OF TABLES x
TOPIC: - STUDY OF CORROSION ON REINFORCING BARS AND ITS MECHANICAL

PROPERTIES USING UTM
Chapter 1 1-2
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 Motivation 2
Chapter 2 3-5
Literature Review 3
Chapter 3 6
Objective 6
Chapter 4 7-8
Methodology 7
VI
Chapter 5 9-10
5.1 Universal Testing Machine (UTM) components and its interface 9
5.2 BasicTerminology Of Universal Testing Machine (UTM) 10
Chapter 6 11-12
6.1 Method of testing of steel bars using UTM 11
6.2 Steps for Tensile Test of Steel bars 12

Chapter 7 13
Setup and raw sample 13
Chapter 8 14-21
8.1 Tensile Test Report of Pre-Sample 14
8.1.1 Bar of diameter 8mm 14
8.2 Tensile Test Report of Post Sample 18
Chapter 9 22-25
9.1 Shear Test Report of Pre-Sample 22
VII
9.2 Shear Test Report of Post Sample 24
Chapter 10 26-33
10.1 Result and Discussion 26
10.1.1 Results of Tensile Test 26
10.1.2 Results of Shear Test 32
Chapter 11 34
Conclusion 34
Chapter 12 35
Reference’s 35
Details of Group members 37
VIII
LIST OF FIGURES
FIGURES PAGE NO.

Figure-1: Steps involved 8
Figure-2: UTM components 9
Figure-3: Method for testing 11
Figure-4: Testing of sample 12
Figure-5: Monthly variation in degree of corrosion 13
Figure-6: Graph of Yield Load vs Diameter 26
Figure-7: Graph of Peak Load vs Diameter 27
Figure-8: Graph of Elongation vs Diameter 28
Figure-9: Graph of Yield Stress vs Diameter 29
Figure-10: Graph of Tensile Strength vs Diameter 30
Figure-11: Graph of TS/YS vs Diameter 31
Figure-12: Graph of Compressive Strength vs Diameter 32
Figure-13: Graph of Max Displacement vs Diameter 33
IX
LIST OF TABLES
TABLES PAGE NO.

Table - 10.1 Yield Load 26
Table - 10.2 Peak Load 27
Table - 10.3 Elongation 28
Table - 10.4 Yield Stress 29
Table - 10.5 Tensile Strength 30
Table - 10.6 TS/YS ratio 31
Table - 10.7 Compression Strength 32
Table - 10.8 Maximum Displacement 33
X
2023
CHAPTER-1
In this chapter we will mainly focus on introduction to our project, what we will be doing in our
project, introduction with the UTM (Universal Testing Machine), and we will also be discussing
about the motivation for our work and project and how did this project happen.
1.1 INTRODUCTION
Corrosion is a common problem faced by many industries, particularly in the construction sector
where metals are used extensively. Reinforcing bars or rebar, are commonly used in the
construction of buildings, bridges, and other concrete structures. However, prolonged exposure to
corrosive environments can significantly reduce the mechanical properties of reinforcing bars,
leading to structural failure.
In the past, a number of experimental studies were conducted with the goal of evaluating the
mechanical characteristics of reinforcing steel bars that have experienced corrosion. In the majority
of those investigations, test specimens undergo a specific sort of corrosion process before having
their mechanical characteristics assessed using tensile testing.
The corrosion degree which represents the percentage of material loss resulting from the corrosion
process, and the mechanical parameters that were acquired from the tests are typically connected.
Establishing such links appears to be generally beneficial considering the evaluation of the
mechanical performance of reinforced concrete structures impacted by corrosion.
 In this project we are going to find the tensile strength, shear strength, of the corroded steel
bars using UTM machine.
 Steel bars undergo various climatic changes during the process of transportation from the
factory to the site. During this climatic changes the steel bars get corroded and thus the
strength of the steel bar gets reduced.
 Hence to study the reduction in the strength of the corroded bars and how we can use them
in our construction work, we are going to perform the above-mentioned test on Fe-500
grade and different diameter of steel bars.
 The grade of steel bars to be used in the test are: Fe-500
 The diameter of steel bars to be used are:
8mm, 10mm, 12mm, 16mm, 20mm, 25mm, 32mm
We will compare the pretest and the posttest and give our conclusion based on the deviation
of strength from the standard result.
1|Page
2023
When a load is applied to continuously used under-reinforced concrete buildings, the steel
reinforcement begins to yield, and eventually the compression concrete is crushed. Steel
reinforcement must be able to endure a significant post-yielding elongation or compression during
such a failure process and remain intact until the concrete is crushed, so that structures can
experience significant deformation without suffering a major loss in load-bearing capacity.
Therefore, such a failure mode is ductile with sufficient notice, and has always been necessary
for real structures. In addition to identifying the cause and mechanism of such an influence, this
work also offers the findings of an experimental examination into the impact of corrosion on the
mechanical properties of reinforcement of various types and diameters.
1.2 MOTIVATION
Corrosion is a natural process that occurs when metals come into contact with their environment.
When it comes to structural applications, corrosion can have significant negative effects on the
performance and safety of metal structures, including reinforcing bars. Reinforcing bars are
commonly used in construction and other civil engineering projects, and they can be vulnerable
to corrosion in certain environments, such as coastal or industrial areas.
The study of corrosion on reinforcing bars is important because it can help engineers and
researchers understand how different environmental factors can affect the durability and
performance of these bars over time. This knowledge can help them design more effective
corrosion protection measures and select appropriate materials for specific applications.
In addition to understanding the corrosion process, it is also important to study the mechanical
properties of reinforcing bars. These properties can be affected by corrosion, which can reduce
strength of the material and compromise its structural integrity. Testing the mechanical
properties of reinforcing bars using a UTM (Universal Testing Machine) can provide valuable
data on the strength, elasticity, and ductility of the material before and after exposure to
corrosion.
Overall, the motivation for studying corrosion on reinforcing bars and its mechanical properties
using a UTM (Universal Testing Machine) is to improve the understanding of how corrosion
affects the performance and safety of metal structures, and to develop more effective strategies
for preventing or mitigating its effects.
2|Page
2023
CHAPTER-2
In this chapter we are mainly mentioning the literature review of all the relevant paper which we
have read in order to have an understanding of our project we have read various papers and select
some papers which is relevant to our project and we have mentioned literature review of all those
papers.
2.1 LITERATURE REVIEW
• LOSS OF DUCTILITY AND STRENGTH OF REINFORCING STEEL

DUE TO PITTING CORROSION
R. HINGORANI* , et al.
The findings of a numerical analysis devoted to examining the impact of the influence of the
geometrical features of corrosion pits with elliptical shapes on the mechanical parameters of steel
bars of type HYSD. The study's most important findings can be summed up as the bars capacity
to bear loads decreases as the maximum relative pit depth, rises. Reductions up to 15%, roughly,
may be expected. The ultimate strain is significantly influenced by both pit depth and pit
slenderness. Short pits are generally more hazardous than slender pits with high ratios. In the
latter case, total strain reductions of up to 90% were achieved. Undoubtedly, more research in
that area is needed.
• EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION INTO CORROSION EFFECT

ON MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF HIGH STRENGTH STEEL BARS
UNDER DYNAMIC LOADINGS
HUI CHEN*, et al.
According to research, corrosion is the main reason for RC structures collapse. The capacity
assessment of corroded reinforced concrete structures depends on the tensile characteristics of
corroded steel bars. In this investigation, high strength corroded steel bars were put to the test to
examine how they would respond to dynamic loads. The mechanical behavior of the corroded
high strength steel bars under dynamic loading was studied using the dynamic tensile testing
system, and the results that can be drawn are as follows:
3|Page
2023
1. It was noted that both strength and deformation capabilities decreased with increasing
corrosion from the nominal stress-strain curves of corrosion-damaged high strength steel
bars. In contrast to the strength capacity, this tendency was less obvious for the
deformation capacity.
2. While the nominal yield and ultimate strengths improve with increased strain rates, their
impacts on the yield plateau and ultimate deformation are less clear.
3. Under dynamic loading, the corroded high strength rebars were described using the
modified J-C model. The modified model's maximum average relative error is 5%, and
it closely matches experimental results.
• EFFECT OF CORROSION ON DUCTILITY OF REINFORCING

BARS
A. H. C. CHAN*, et al.
1. The strength ratio, hardening strain, and elastic modulus of reinforcement are not
considerably impacted by corrosion, therefore the equivalent values for uncorroded bars
can be used in practice.
2. The distribution of cross-sections over the length of a bar becomes uneven due to corrosion.
Corrosion causes a considerable reduction in ductile area, ultimate strain, and elongation.
3. Corroded bars embedded in concrete have less ductility than naked bars, which is a more
substantial reduction.
4. Although smaller diameter plain bars generally had bigger decreases in ultimate strain,
ductile area, and elongation than larger diameter ribbed bars, the observed differences were
not statistically significant at the 5% significance level.
• STRESS-STRAIN RELATIONSHIP OF HIGH-STRENGTH STEEL

(HSS) REINFORCING BARS
RETNO ANGGRAINI*, et al.
1. The highest grade of reinforcing bars corresponds to the highest shape of the stress strain
diagram, and the lowest grade corresponds to the longest form.
2. The yield plateau point in the stress-strain diagram is only present in grades of reinforcing
bar that are less than 500 MPa. But there is no clearly defined yield point in the higher-
grade reinforcing bars.
4|Page
2023
3. To verify that the design reinforcement concrete is adequate, it was necessary to idealize
the stress-strain curve for concrete reinforcement with high strength steel bars.
• STUDY ON THE DEGRADATION OF MECHANICAL PROPERTIES

OF CORRODED STEEL PLATES BASED ON SURFACE
TOPOGRAPHY
GUANG-CHONG QIN*, et al.
1. When corrosion first started, it generally manifested as pinholes with shallow corrosion
depths on the surface topography, and it moved upwards. The pinhole corrosion pits
progressively became larger in a horizontal direction as the corrosion duration increased.
2. The damage parameter's regularities are very compatible with the model for the natural
maritime climate. In this study, a link was made between the surface characteristic
characteristics and corrosion rate.
• STRESS-STRAIN RESPONSE OF CORRODED REINFORCING BARS

UNDER MONOTONIC AND CYCLIC LOADING
MOHAMMAD M. KASHANI*, et al.
Corrosion significantly affects the way that corroded bars buckle. The measured buckling modes
demonstrated that the buckling mechanism of corroded bars depends on the distribution of pits
throughout the buckling length and the mass loss caused by corrosion. It was discovered that the
most significant factor influencing the stress-strain response in both tension and compression is
the distribution of pits along the length of corroded bars. This is especially important in
compression because eccentricity and imperfection in the load have a big impact on the buckling
load of bars.
5|Page
2023
CHAPTER-3
In this chapter of objectives, we are mentioning our objectives of this project, all the beneficial
point that we will be covering which doing our project.
3.1 OBJECTIVES
1. The objective of project is to study of corrosion on reinforcing bars and its mechanical
properties by using UTM (Universal Testing Machine). Corrosion on reinforcing bars can
have a significant impact on the mechanical properties of the material.
2. The use of a UTM (Universal Testing Machine) would allow for the objective measurement
of the corrosion's effect on the tensile strength and ductility of the steel bars. The test results
could then be analyzed to determine the extent of the corrosion and its impact on the
structural integrity of the steel bars.
3. Additionally, the UTM (Universal Testing Machine) could be used to evaluate the
effectiveness of different corrosion-prevention methods by comparing the mechanical
properties of corroded and non-corroded steel bars.It is a common method used to evaluate
the effect of corrosion on the strength and durability of steel structures.
4. This type of study involves exposing reinforcing bars to different levels of corrosion, and
then measuring their mechanical properties, such as tensile strength, yield strength, and
elongation, using a UTM (Universal Testing Machine).
5. The UTM (Universal Testing Machine) is a machine that applies a controlled load to a
sample of material, and measures the resulting deformation or stress. It can be used to test
a wide range of materials, including metals, plastics, and composites.
6. In this study, reinforcing bars were exposed to different levels of corrosion, such as
saltwater, and pollution, and then tested using a UTM (Universal Testing Machine).
7. To determine the effect of corrosion on the mechanical properties of the reinforcing bars.
6|Page
2023
CHAPTER-4
In this chapter we will be discussing the methodology which we have followed & will be following
while doing our testing from sample collection to cutting sample into desired size the providing
proper environment for corrosion and keeping pretest sample in safe environment and the finally
conducting testing.
4.1 METHODOLOGY
 A sample of 2400 mm length and dia-8-32mm grade Fe-500 was gathered and these
samples were separated into Pretest sample (1200 mm) and Post test sample (1200 mm).
 The 600 mm shear test and 600 mm tensile test samples made up the pretest.
 Shear and tensile test samples were measured and weighted for each sample.
 Pretest was saved for further testing.
 Shear test (600 mm) and tensile test (600 mm) samples made up the post-test.
 Sample from the post-test (weighted measurements of shear and tensile).
 For the following five months, three times each day, a 2 molar NaCl solution was sprayed
onto each post-test sample.
 With the aid of UTM and all other essential UTM assembly, the sample was weighed,
measured, and tested after five months.
 Test Reports obtained from pre test and post test of the shear test and tensile test were
compared and analyzed. The Analyzed Result was reported and merged to obtain accurate
- result.
7|Page
2023
Sample Collection
Pre test Post test

Test
Sample stored(safe Sample spray by NaCl

environment) solution
Corroded sample ready

Shear test of sample Tensile test of sample
Shear test of sample Tensile test of sample
Test report analysis
Result
Test report analysis
Result
Figure 1: Steps Involved
8|Page
2023
CHAPTER-5
In this chapter of UTM (Universal Testing machine) and its components we will be discussing
briefly about all the components of UTM machine and we will also be discussing the basic
terminology of UTM (Universal Testing Machine).
5.1 UNIVERSAL TESTING MACHINE (UTM) COMPONENTS AND ITS

INTERFACE
Figure 2: UTM components
9|Page
2023
5.2 BASIC TERMINOLOGY OF UTM (UNIVERSAL TESTING MACHINE)

A UTM (Universal Testing Machine) is a device used to test the mechanical properties of various
materials. The main components of a UTM include:
 Load Frame: This is the main structure of the machine, which supports the load cell, grips,
and other accessories.
 Load Cell: This is the device that measures the load applied to the specimen during the
test. It converts the mechanical force into an electrical signal that can be read by the
machine.
 Crosshead: This is the moving part of the machine that applies the load to the specimen
through grips.
 Grips: These are the fixtures that hold the specimen in place during the test. There are
different types of grips depending on the type of specimen being tested.
 Control Panel: This is where the operator can control the speed of the crosshead, set the
load rate, and monitor the load and displacement data.
 Software: The UTM (Universal Testing Machine) is connected to a computer that runs
software for controlling the machine and collecting, analyzing, and presenting the test data.
 Accessories: The UTM (Universal Testing Machine) can be equipped with various
accessories such as extensometers, which measure the deformation of the specimen, and
environmental chambers, which can simulate different temperature and humidity
conditions during the test.
10 | P a g e
2023
CHAPTER-6
In this chapter we will be briefly discussing the procedure of Tensile test of steel bar using UTM
and steps involved in the tensile testing of steel bar using UTM.
6.1 METHOD OF TESTING OF STEEL BAR USING UTM
Steps for sample preparation
 Steel sample was taken and grade of steel, Dia of steel was noted.
 Length and weight of the sample was being taken and mentioned.
 Gauge length was being marked w.r.t center of the steel sample
Gauge length = 5*(Dia of steel in mm)
 Sample is ready for testing.
Figure 3: Methods of Testing
11 | P a g e
2023
6.2 STEPS FOR TENSILE TEST OF STEEL BARS
Figure 4: Testing of Sample
12 | P a g e
2023
CHAPTER-7
In this chapter we have shown the corrosion process of each month starting from November, 2022
to April, 2023 and clearly, we can see the degree of corrosion variation every month.
SETUP AND RAW SAMPLE
November, 2022 December, 2022
January, 2023 February, 2023
March, 2023 April, 2023
Figure 5: Monthly variation in degree of corrosion
13 | P a g e
2023
CHAPTER-8
In this chapter we have mentioned all the tensile testing report which we have obtained of pre
tensile test and post tensile test after successful testing on UTM machine.
8.1 TENSILE TEST REPORT OF PRE-SAMPLE

8.1.1 Bar of diameter 8mm:
14 | P a g e
2023
15 | P a g e
2023
16 | P a g e
2023
17 | P a g e
2023
8.2 TENSILE TEST REPORT OF POST SAMPLE

18 | P a g e
2023
19 | P a g e
2023
20 | P a g e
2023
21 | P a g e
2023
CHAPTER-9
In this chapter we have mentioned all the tensile testing report which we have obtained of Pre
tensile test and Post tensile test after successful testing on UTM machine.
9.1 SHEAR TEST REPORT OF PRE-SAMPLE

22 | P a g e
2023
23 | P a g e
2023
9.2 SHEAR TEST REPORT OF POST SAMPLE

24 | P a g e
2023
25 | P a g e
2023
CHAPTER-10
In the very chapter we have mentioned the analysis of reports both tensile test and shear test
obtained from testing in UTM, in the tabular form and graphical form between various parameters.
Here, % Decrease shown in the table’s show the decrease in percentage between in pre-test of
parameter and post-test of parameter.
10.1 RESULT AND DISCUSSION: -

10.1.1 Results of Tensile Test
Result with Yield load
In this result with Yield load vs Diameter, we have depicted the pre test and post report values
obtained from tensile test and difference, % difference of pre and post test sample in tabular form,
and we have also shown the values in the graphical form.
The variation in Yield load vs Diameter varies in the range of 2.263% - 15.712%.
Table 10.1 Yield Load
Figure 6: Graph of Yield load vs Diameter
26 | P a g e
2023
Result with Peak Load
In this result with Peak load vs Diameter, we have depicted the pre test and post report values
The variation in Peak load vs Diameter varies in the range of 1.54% - 10.354%.
Table 10.2 Peak Load
Figure 7: Graph of Peak load vs Diameter
27 | P a g e
2023
Result with Elongation
In this result with Elongation vs Diameter, we have depicted the pre test and post report values
The variation in Elongation load vs Diameter varies in the range of 11.11% - 15.714%.
Table 10.3 Elongation
Figure 8: Graph of Elongation vs Diameter
28 | P a g e
2023
Result with Yield Stress
In this result with Yield stress vs Diameter, we have depicted the pre test and post report values
The variation in Yield stress vs Diameter varies in the range of 0.291% - 16.91%.
Table 10.4 Yield Stress
Figure 9: Graph of Yield stress vs Diameter
29 | P a g e
2023
Result with Tensile Strength
In this result with Tensile strength vs Diameter, we have depicted the pre test and post report values
The variation in Tensile strength vs Diameter varies in the range of 1.445% - 11.635%.
Table 10.5 Tensile Strength
Figure 10: Graph of Tensile strength vs Diameter
30 | P a g e
2023
Result with TS/YS ratio
In this result with TS/YS vs Diameter we have depicted the pre test and post report values obtained
from tensile test and difference, % difference of pre and post test sample in tabular form,
The variation in TS/YS vs Diameter varies in the range of 1.574% - 6.612%.
Table10.6 TS/YS ratio
Figure 11: Graph of Ts/Ys vs Diameter
31 | P a g e
2023
10.1.2 Results of Shear Test

Result with Compression strength
In this result with Compression strength vs Diameter, we have depicted the pre test and post report
values obtained from tensile test and difference, % difference of pre and post test sample in tabular
form, and we have also shown the values in the graphical form.
The variation in Compression strength vs Diameter varies in the range of 31.925% - 38.582 %
Table 10.7 Compression Strength
Figure 12: Graph of Compression Strength vs Diameter
32 | P a g e
2023
Result with Maximum Displacement
In this result with Maximum displacement vs Diameter, we have depicted the pre test and post
report values obtained from shear test and difference, % difference of pre and post test sample in
tabular form, and we have also shown the values in the graphical form.
The variation in Maximum displacement vs Diameter varies in the range of 6.718 % - 19.67 %.
Table 10.8 Max Displacement
Figure 13: Graph of Maximum displacement vs Diameter
33 | P a g e
2023
CHAPTER-11
In this very chapter of Conclusion, we are concluding our major project work and we are
mentioning the conclusion which we have got after successfully analyzing all the reports and
results.
CONCLUSION
 After successful completion of testing and analysis we can conclude that-

1. When steel comes in continuous contact with the open environment, its properties get
deteriorated with time.
2. In our project result so obtained are indicating that the tensile strength and yield strength
of pre and post test sample are decreasing day by day due to continuously in contact with
the environment.
3. The deterioration of properties depends on the environmental factor, grade of steel,
company of steel, weather conditions, etc., Every diameter show different variation
because of the percentage of the surface area that get corroded varies with diameter.
4. In our project we can conclude that with time this deterioration increases and when passes
the permissible limit, whole lot of steel sample has to be rejected, or can be reused
comparing their properties with the other grade and diameter of steel sample.
5. Yield load and peak load increases with the diameter of the bar increases.
6. If the steel samples fail over the period of time, then we will use that steel as an alternative
for other grade and diameter of steel.
7. From the results obtained we can also conclude that TS/YS of Pre test is decreasing w.r.t.
TS/YS of Post test.
8. Corrosion has the significant impact on the ductility of bar that can be seen in our
Elongation vs diameter graph between pre and post steel sample.
9. When steel comes in contact with the open environment naturally it corrodes and this
natural corrosion also leads to the reduction in the cross-sectional area of the steel sample.
10. Corrosion also leads to change in chemical composition of the steel reinforcing bar and as
a result the steel becomes susceptible to break from any undesired point.
34 | P a g e
2023
CHAPTER-12
In the chapter of reference, we have mentioned all the reference which have taken help of mainly
the research paper and several IS codes.
REFERENCES
1. Hoar TP. The anodic behavior of metals. Corrosion Sci 1967; 7:341355.
2. Indian Standard Specification for High Strength Deformed Steel Bars and Wires for Concrete
Reinforcement. 1985, Bureau of Indian Standards New Delhi, India.
3. Zhang, P. S., Lu, M., Li, X. Y. (1995) “The mechanical behavior of corroded bar.” J. of Industry,
Buildings, 257(25), 41-44.
4. Sooi, T.K., Green, P.S., Sause, R. And Ricles, J.M., (1995), Stress-Strain Properties of High-
Performance Steel and the Implication for Civil-Structure Design, Proceedings of the International
Symposium on High Performance Steels for Structural Applications, Cleveland, Ohio, USA.
5. AL Musallam, A. A. (2001) “Effect of degree of corrosion on the properties of reinforcing steel
bars.” Constr. and Building Mat., 15, 361-368.
6. ACI 352 R-02 “Recommendation for Design of Beam-Column Connection in Monolithic
Reinforced Concrete Structure”: American Concrete Institute, Farmington Hills, (2002).
7. S. Imperator, Z. Rinaldi, Mechanical behavior of corroded rebars and influence on the structural
response of R/C elements. Concrete Repair, Rehabilitation and Retrofitting II: 2nd International
Conference on Concrete Repair, Rehabilitation and Retrofitting, ICCRRR-2, 24–26 November
2008, Cape Town, South Africa (p. 203). CRC Press, 2008.
8. ACI ITG-6R-10, “Design Guide for the Use of ASTM A1035/A1035M Grade 100 (690) Steel
Bars for Structural Concrete”, American Concrete Institute, Farmington Hill, MI, (2010).
9. Role of yield-to-tensile strength ratio in the design of Steel structures K.s. Sivakumaran
Professor, department of civil engineering, McMaster university, Hamilton, Ontario, l8s 4l7,
Canada (2010).
10. ASM International, ASM Handbook Volume 13A: Corrosion: Fundamentals, Testing, and
Protection. Editor: Stephen D. Cramer and Bernard S. Covino, Jr. ISBN: 978-0-87170-705-5,
2013.
11. ACI 318-14 “Building Code Requirements for Structural Concrete and Commentary on
Building Code Requirements for Structural Concrete”, American Concrete Institute, Farmington
Hills, MI.(2014).
35 | P a g e
2023
12. (ASTM A370-16, “Standard Test Methods and Definitions for Mechanical Testing of steel
Products, American Standard Testing Material, International, West Conshohocken, PA, (2016).
13. C. Balestra, M. Lima, A. Silva, R. Medeiros-Junior, Corrosion degree effect on nominal and
effective strengths of naturally corroded reinforcement, J. Mater. Civ. Eng. (2016),
http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0001599, 04016103.
14. Stress-Strain Relationship of High-Strength Steel (HSS) Reinforcing Bars, Retno Anggraini,
Tavio, I. Gede Putu Raka & Agustiar (2018) https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5038307.
15. Tensile strength/yield strength (TS/YS) ratios Of high-strength steel (HSS) reinforcing bars
Cite as: AIP Conference Proceedings 1964, 020036 (2018); https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5038318
Published Online: 15 May 2018 Tavio, Retno Anggraini, I. Gede Putu Raka, et al.
16. Stress–strain curves and mechanical properties of corrosion damaged super ductile reinforcing
steel Faraz Tariq (GLA University Mathura, India), Pradeep Bhargava (IIT Roorkee, India).
17. ASTM, C., 234-71: Standard Test Method for Comparing Concretes on the Basis of Bond
Developed; 1 with Reinforcing Steel. Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Part, 1991; 14:173–179.
18. IS 1786: 2008 for high strength deformed steel bars and wires for concrete reinforcement.
19. Ting SC, Nowak AS. Effect of reinforcing steel area loss on flexural behavior of reinforced
concrete bars. ACI Struct J 1991;88 3 :309 Ž. 314.
20. ISO/FDIS 15630-1, International standard. Steel for the reinforcement and prestressing of
concrete – test methods. Part 1: reinforcing bars, wire rod and wire.
36 | P a g e
2023
DETAILS OF GROUP MEMBERS
1. Akshay yadav (1908390000011)

(Student of Department of Civil Engineering)
(Rajkiya Engineering College, Kannauj)
2. Hardik Singh (1908390000031)

3. Harshit Upadhyay (1908390000033)

4. Varshit Upadhyay (1908390000061)

37 | P a g e

Con Finnal Merged

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Con Finnal Merged

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

STUDY OF CORROSION ON REINFORCING STEEL BARS AND ITS

MECHANICAL PROPERTIES USING UTM

In partial fulfillment of the requirements

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

Mr. Rishabh Kashyap Mr. Arstu Gautam

Akshay Yadav Hardik Singh

Harshit Upadhyay Varshit Upadhyay

Akshay Yadav Hardik Singh

Harshit Upadhyay Varshit Upadhyay

TITLE PAGE NO.

TOPIC: - STUDY OF CORROSION ON REINFORCING BARS AND ITS MECHANICAL

6.2 Steps for Tensile Test of Steel bars 12

Details of Group members 37

FIGURES PAGE NO.

TABLES PAGE NO.

2.1 LITERATURE REVIEW

• LOSS OF DUCTILITY AND STRENGTH OF REINFORCING STEEL

• EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION INTO CORROSION EFFECT

• EFFECT OF CORROSION ON DUCTILITY OF REINFORCING

• STRESS-STRAIN RELATIONSHIP OF HIGH-STRENGTH STEEL

• STUDY ON THE DEGRADATION OF MECHANICAL PROPERTIES

• STRESS-STRAIN RESPONSE OF CORRODED REINFORCING BARS

 Pretest was saved for further testing.

 Sample from the post-test (weighted measurements of shear and tensile).

Pre test Post test

Sample stored(safe Sample spray by NaCl

Corroded sample ready

Shear test of sample Tensile test of sample

Test report analysis

Figure 1: Steps Involved

5.1 UNIVERSAL TESTING MACHINE (UTM) COMPONENTS AND ITS

Figure 2: UTM components

5.2 BASIC TERMINOLOGY OF UTM (UNIVERSAL TESTING MACHINE)

Steps for sample preparation

Gauge length = 5*(Dia of steel in mm)

 Sample is ready for testing.

Figure 3: Methods of Testing

6.2 STEPS FOR TENSILE TEST OF STEEL BARS

Figure 4: Testing of Sample

SETUP AND RAW SAMPLE

November, 2022 December, 2022

January, 2023 February, 2023

March, 2023 April, 2023

Figure 5: Monthly variation in degree of corrosion

8.1 TENSILE TEST REPORT OF PRE-SAMPLE

8.1.2 Bar of diameter 10mm:

8.1.3 Bar of diameter 12mm:

8.1.4 Bar of diameter 16mm:

8.1.5 Bar of diameter 20mm:

8.1.6 Bar of diameter 25mm:

8.1.7 Bar of diameter 32mm:

8.2 TENSILE TEST REPORT OF POST SAMPLE

8.2.2 Bar of diameter 10mm:

8.2.3 Bar of diameter 12mm:

8.2.4 Bar of diameter 16mm:

8.2.5 Bar of diameter 20mm:

8.2.6 Bar of diameter 25mm:

8.2.7 Bar of diameter 32mm:

9.1 SHEAR TEST REPORT OF PRE-SAMPLE

9.1.2 Bar of diameter 10mm:

9.1.3 Bar of diameter 12mm:

9.1.4 Bar of diameter 16mm:

9.1.5 Bar of diameter 20mm:

9.1.6 Bar of diameter 25mm: