Numerical treatment with Lobatto IIIA

technique for radiative flow of MHD

hybrid nanofluid (Al2O3—Cu/H2O) over a
convectively heated stretchable rotating
disk with velocity slip effects
Cite as: AIP Advances 10, 055122 (2020); https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5143937
Submitted: 10 January 2020 . Accepted: 20 April 2020 . Published Online: 20 May 2020

Chun Ouyang, Rizwan Akhtar, Muhammad Asif Zahoor Raja, Muhammad Touseef Sabir, Muhammad Awais,
and Muhammad Shoaib

COLLECTIONS

Paper published as part of the special topic on Chemical Physics, Energy, Fluids and Plasmas, Materials Science
and Mathematical Physics

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AIP Advances 10, 055122 (2020); https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5143937 10, 055122

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Numerical treatment with Lobatto IIIA technique

for radiative flow of MHD hybrid nanofluid
(Al2O3—Cu/H2O) over a convectively heated
stretchable rotating disk with velocity
slip effects
Cite as: AIP Advances 10, 055122 (2020); doi: 10.1063/1.5143937
Submitted: 10 January 2020 • Accepted: 20 April 2020 •
Published Online: 20 May 2020

Chun Ouyang,1,a) Rizwan Akhtar,2,b) Muhammad Asif Zahoor Raja,3,4,c) Muhammad Touseef Sabir,5,d)
Muhammad Awais,5,e) and Muhammad Shoaib5,f)

AFFILIATIONS
1
School of Material Science and Engineering, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212003, China
2
School of Electronics and Information, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212003, China
3
Future Technology Research Center, National Yunlin University of Science and Technology, 123 University Road, Section 3,
Douliou, Yunlin 64002, Taiwan
4
Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, COMSATS University Islamabad, Attock Campus, Attock 43600, Pakistan
5
Department of Mathematics, COMSATS University Islamabad, Attock Campus, Attock 43600, Pakistan

a)
Email: oyc1014@163.com
b)
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed: rizwan@just.edu.cn
c)
Email: muhammad.asif@ciit-attock.edu.pk
d)
Email: mts_2050@yahoo.com
e)
Email: awais@ciit-attock.edu.pk
f)
Email: dr.shoaib@cuiatk.edu.pk

ABSTRACT
This study investigates the transportation of mass and heat in the 3D flow of hybrid nanofluids over a rotating disk in the presence of uniform
magnetic field acting along the transverse direction to the flow. Water is being used as a base fluid mixed with nanoparticles of aluminum
oxide and copper. The mathematical model of the nano-fluidic problem in terms of partial differential equations (PDEs) is formulated by
considering the velocity slip at the boundary and heat transport mechanism due to thermal convection and radiation effects. Suitable similarity
transformations are being used to transform the governing system of PDEs into a system of nonlinear ordinary differential equations. The
transformed model is then analyzed by employing the competency of the Lobatto IIIA technique. Numerical and graphical illustrations are
presented for the analysis of different flow parameters by varying velocities and temperature profiles. The behavior of heat transfer rate and
coefficient skin friction is also studied numerically for the presented flow model.
© 2020 Author(s). All article content, except where otherwise noted, is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5143937., s

NOMENCLATURE Nu Nusselt number

Re Reynolds number
Symbols T temperature
k thermal conductivity u velocity
L1 coefficient of wall slip θ temperature field

AIP Advances 10, 055122 (2020); doi: 10.1063/1.5143937 10, 055122-1

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Subscripts numerically and experimentally studied the use of nanofluids in such

hnf hybrid nanofluid types of solar collectors.1–4 The word nanotechnology was initially
nf nanofluid presented by Chi,5 who developed improvements in the heat trans-
fer rate of nanofluids as compared to base fluids alone. Kang et al.6
experimentally proved and endorsed the results of Chi. Later on,
Greek letters
the heat transfer rate for nanofluids comprising Cu and Al2 O3 was
Ω angular velocity experimentally calculated by Lee et al.7 Thermal conductivity is a key
γ Biot number property among all the thermo-physical characteristics for compar-
η transformed coordinate ing the heat transfer rate of nanofluids with that of the ordinary base
μ viscosity fluids.
ρ density Nanoparticles are manufactured by metals and their oxides.
σ electrical conductivity Nanoparticles are available in different shapes including cylindrical,
χ velocity slip parameter spherical, platelet, brick, and blade shapes. There are many cate-
ϕ nanoparticle volume fraction gories of carbon nanotubes (CNTs), and they are mainly divided
into two types, i.e., single walled CNTs (SWCNTs) and multi-walled
Abbreviations CNTs (MWCNTs). SWCNTs are just like a normal straw with
the diameter ranging from 0.4 nm to 3.0 nm, whereas MWCNTs
CNTs carbon nanotubes
are bundles of tubes having diameters from 0.4 nm to 30 nm.
MCHS microchannel heat sink
Nanoparticles fluidize in the base fluid very easily due to their
MHD magnetohydrodynamics
small size, and as a result, congestion and corroding of channels
MWCNTs multi-wall CNTs
can easily be prevented. Due to its usable features, nanofluids can
ODEs ordinary differential equations
also be used in porous channels.8 A suitable dispersant is being
PDEs partial differential equations
used in the fluid to avoid the sedimentation of nanoparticles. A
SWCNTs single-wall CNTs
brief listing on the reported results9–16 of thermal conductivity
enhancement with the help of different nanofluids is presented in
I. INTRODUCTION Table I in terms of base fluids, nano-particles, and conductance
The suspension comprising nanoparticles mixed with the base performance.
fluid is vital because many base fluids, such as water, alcohol, and Al-Rashed et al.17 studied the properties of entropy genera-
glycol, have very low thermal conductivity and cannot be used sepa- tion for nanofluids comprising CuO particles in the microchan-
rately in many applications. Due to this weakness, a new type of fluid nel heat sink (MCHS). Liu et al.18 numerically investigated the
known as the nanofluid was introduced. Because of the significant hydrothermal properties and temperature difference of working flu-
heat transfer properties, these nanofluids are widely used for micro- ids inside the inlet of a hairpin-type heat exchanger when a hybrid
scale cooling. Particularly, the single phase flow model of nanoflu- nanofluid is passing through it. Tlili et al.19 analyzed the various
ids has much importance in lubricant manufacturing, coolants, and heat transfer properties of CNTs. Hosseinzadeh et al.20 investigated
also daily life applications such as mobile computer processors, air- the entropy generation of nanofluids between two rotating parallel
conditioning, refrigeration, microelectronics, etc. In the industrial disks in the presence of MHD and thermal radiation effects. Holdyn-
field, a very convenient and eco-friendly conversion process of solar ski et al.21 discussed the electrochemical behavior of a special type
radiation into heat energy is known as solar collector. Various fluids of nanofluid besides a rotating disc-type electrode. Zhang et al.22
such as water and glycol are used in these collectors for enhancing described the behavior and performance of oil transportation in the
their capabilities or effectiveness. In recent times, many researchers nano-porous media of “shale (hard rock with plentiful nanopores).”

TABLE I. Thermal conductivity enhancement of various nanofluids.

Increase in
Base fluid Nanoparticles conductance (%) References

Water (H2 O) Al2 O3 24 Das et al.9

Water (H2 O) CuO 37 Das et al.9
Water (H2 O) TiO2 8 Duangthongsuk and Wongwises10
Water (H2 O) Fe3 O4 48 Sundar et al.11
Water (H2 O) ZnO 21 Jeong et al.12
Water (H2 O) MgO 22 Esfe and Saedodin13
Ethylene glycol (EG) Mg(OH)2 23 Esfe et al.14
Ethylene glycol (EG) ZnO 13 Li et al.15
Ethylene glycol (EG) Ag 18 Sharma et al.16

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Ghadikolaei et al.23 studied the stagnation point flow for hybrid
nanofluids in the presence of MHD effects and investigated numeri-
cally the thermo-physical properties during the flow. Khatun et al.24
presented the numerical recreation for MHD nanofluid flow in the
presence of Brownian motion and calculated the heat transfer rate
over a rotating porous disk. Sheikholeslami et al.25 discussed the
thermal performance of a nanofluid containing alumina in the pres-
ence of Brownian motion inside a duct. Jawad et al.26 studied the
MHD thin film flow in three-dimensional flow over a rotating plane
while considering suction/injection effects.
Recently, many researchers have tried the mixed or hybrid
nanofluids, which are prepared with two different types of nanopar-
ticles, either in composite or mixture form. The concept of using
hybrid nanofluids is basically to further improve the thermophysical
properties, especially the heat transfer rate as compared to ordi-
nary or single particle nanofluids. As hybrid nanofluids are a new
kind of nanofluids, the evaluation process for judging their perfor-
mance is still in the development phase. It is expected to achieve
high performance in terms of heat transfer properties using hybrid
nanofluids. Ahmadi et al.27 studied the use of hybrid nanofluids
in the field of solar technologies and compared the advantages
of hybrid nanofluids with those of ordinary nanofluids. Okonkwo
et al.28 investigated and compared the thermal conductivities of sin-
gle particle nanofluids (Al2 O3 /H2 O) and hybrid nanofluids contain-
ing particles of Fe–Al2 O3 . Ahmed et al.29 examined experimentally
the performance of nanofluids with hybrid nanofluids in the refrig-
eration of chilled water of the high voltage air conditioning (HVAC)
system. Sun et al.30 compared the numerical results of heat trans-
fer rate pertaining to various nanofluids and hybrid nanofluids for
impinging jets. Waini et al.31 studied the heat transfer effects for the
unsteady flow of hybrid nanofluids flowing over a stretched sheet.
Toghraie et al.32 experimentally investigated the variation of the
thermal conductivity of hybrid nanofluids (TiO2 –ZnO/EG) on the
temperature and concentration of nanoparticles. Fallah et al.33 stud-
ied analytically the boundary layer flow of (SiC–TiO2 /DO) hybrid
nanofluids in three dimensions over a porous spinning disk under
the action of a permanent magnetic field in the vertical direction.
Khan et al.34 calculated the generation and transfer of entropy in
Darcy hybrid nanofluids due to the stretchable plan surface. Khan
et al.35 described the generation of entropy for CNTs for dissipa-
tive flow due to the effect of the radiative flux between two rotating
coaxial disks.
Recently, research has been conducted to resolve the various
flow problems with different perspectives,36–40 which motivate the
authors to investigate and study the water based SWNCT 3D flow of
hybrid nanofluids flowing over a stretching disk with velocity slip
TABLE II. Values for thermal conductivity, specific conductivity, and density for the base fluid and the respective nanoparticles.
Index of physical quantities
Thermal conductivity (k) in kg m−3
Specific conductivity (Cp) in J kg−1 K−1
Density (ρ) in W m−1 K−1
AIP Advances 10, 055122 (2020); doi: 10.1063/1.5143937
© Author(s) 2020
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conditions when a constant magnetic force is acting on the flow.
Thermal radiation and convective conditions are held responsible
for the transportation of heat in the flow.
The main aspects of this study are as follows:
● An innovative design of the radiative flow of MHD hybrid
nanofluids (Al2 O3 –Cu/H2 O) over a convectively heated
rotating disk with velocity slip effects has been modeled,
and partial differential equations (PDEs) representing the
flow model are being transformed into a system of ordinary
differential equations (ODEs) using the capacity of suitable
similarity transformations.
● Numerical analysis of the hybrid nanofluid model is pre-
sented by using the strength of the Lobatto IIIA technique in
order to examine the impact of different parameters of inter-
est on velocity fields, temperature, and skin friction (force of
friction between moving fluids within the enclosed wall).
● Numerical and graphical representations of the results of the
Lobatto IIIA technique for a number of scenarios of the sys-
tem verify the value of the presented scheme as an alternate,
accurately effective, and reliable solver.
The remaining scheme of this paper is presented as follows:
Thermophysical properties of nanofluids and hybrid nanofluids are
discussed in Sec. II; mathematical modeling of the problem is dis-
cussed in Sec. III; and results and discussion of the numerical results
are placed in Sec. IV; while in Sec. V, conclusions along with future
recommended studies are provided.
II. THERMOPHYSICAL PROPERTIES
The hybrid nanofluid consisting of nanoparticles Cu (ϕ1 ) and
Al2 O3 (ϕ2 ) in H2 O is taken as the base fluid. Furthermore, the solid
volume fraction for Al2 O3 and Cu has been fixed. Moreover, (ϕ1
+ ϕ2 ) represents the total volume fraction (ϕhnf ) of hybrid nanoflu-
ids (Al2 O3 –Cu/H2 O). The numerical values for different thermal
properties for the base fluid and nanoparticles are represented in
Table II,31,41,42 numerical values for different shapes of nanoparticles
are represented in Table III, and Table IV42 displays the mathe-
matical relations for different properties of nanofluids and hybrid
nanofluids. The parameters ρf , ρs1 , ρs2 , (cp )s1 , (cp )s2 , (cp )f , (cp )hnf
represent the density of the fluid, density of Cu and Al2 O3 nanopar-
ticles, specific heat of nanoparticles of Cu and Al2 O3 , and specific
heat of base fluids and hybrid nanofluids, respectively. ks1 , ks2 , kf ,
and khnf represent the thermal conductivity of Cu, Al2 O3 , base fluids,
and hybrid nanofluids, respectively.
Nano-particles
Base-fluid
Water, H2 O Cu Al2 O3
997.10 8933.0 3970.0
4179.0 385.0 765.0
0.6130 400.0 40.0
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TABLE III. Geometrical appearance (size) of the nanoparticles.

Shape of nanoparticles Platelets Cylindrical Bricks

Size (s) 5.7 4.9 3.7

TABLE IV. Expressions for different thermophysical properties of nanofluids and hybrid nanofluids.

Physical quantity Type Relation

μf
Nanofluid μnf = 5/
(1 − ϕ) 2
Viscosity (μ)
μf
Hybrid nanofluid μhnf = 5/ 5/
(1 − ϕ1 ) 2 (1 − ϕ 2
2)

ρs
Nanofluid ρnf = ρf [(1 − ϕ) + ( )ϕ]
ρf
Density (ρ)
ρs1
Hybrid nanofluid ρhnf = ρf [(1 − ϕ1 ) + ( )ϕ1 ](1 − ϕ2 ) + ϕ2 ρs2
ρf
⎡ ⎤
⎢ (ρcp )s ⎥
Nanofluid ⎢(1 − ϕ) + (ρc ) ϕ⎥
(ρcp )nf = (ρcp )f ⎢ ⎥
⎢ p f ⎥
Heat capacity (cp) ⎣ ⎦
⎡ ⎤
⎢ (ρcp )s1 ⎥
Hybrid nanofluid [ρcp ]hnf ⎢(1 − ϕ1 ) + (ρc ) ϕ1 ⎥(1 − ϕ2 ) + ϕ2 (ρcp )s2
= [ρcp ]f ⎢ ⎥
⎢ p f ⎥
⎣ ⎦
knf (s − 1)kf − (s − 1)(kf − ks )ϕ + ks
Nanofluid =
kf (s − 1)kf + (kf − ks )ϕ + ks

Thermal conductivity (k) khnf ks2 + kbf (s − 1) − ϕ2 (s − 1)(kbf − ks2 )

= ,
Hybrid nanofluid kbf ks2 + kbf (s − 1) + ϕ2 (kbf − ks2 )

kbf ks1 + kf (s − 1) − ϕ1 (s − 1)(kf − ks1 )

where =
kf ks1 + kf (s − 1) + ϕ1 (kf − ks1 )

III. MATHEMATICAL DEVELOPMENT ∂u ∂u v2 ∂ 2 u 1 ∂u ∂2u u

ρhnf [u +w + ] = μhnf [ 2 + ( ) + 2 − 2 ]
Consider the incompressible 3D flow of SWCNTs flowing over ∂r ∂z r ∂r r ∂r ∂z r
a rotating stretchable disk. The features of thermal radiation and − σhnf B20 u, (2)
thermal convection are being investigated. z = 0 is being consid-
ered as the axis for rotation with the angular velocity Ω. Tf and T
are the surface temperature of the disk and temperature of the ambi-
∂u ∂v uv ∂ 2 v 1 ∂v ∂2v v
ent liquid, respectively, whereas B0 represents the constant magnetic ρhnf [u +w + ] = μhnf [ 2 + ( ) + 2 − 2 ]
field acting along the z-direction. u, v, and w are the velocity compo- ∂r ∂z r ∂r r ∂r ∂z r
nents acting along r, ϕ, and z directions, respectively. Therefore, the − σhnf B20 v, (3)
momentum and energy equation of the flow system can be written
as follows:43

∂u ∂w u ∂w ∂w ∂ 2 w 1 ∂w ∂ 2 w
+ + = 0, (1) ρhnf [u +w ] = μhnf [ 2 + + 2 ], (4)
∂r ∂z r ∂r ∂z ∂r r ∂r ∂z

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∂T ∂T 16 σ ∗ T∞3 χ ′′ χ ′
+w ] = (khnf + f (η) = 0, f ′ (η) = S + f (η), g(η) = 1 + g (η),
(ρcp )hnf [u
∂r ∂z 3 k ∗
) A1 A1
Kf (12)
∂ 2 T ∂ 2 T 1 ∂T θ′ (η) = − γ(1 − θ(η)) at η = 0,
×[ 2 + 2 + ]. (5) Khnf
∂r ∂z r ∂r
f ′ (η) → 0, g(η) → 0, θ(η) → 0 when η → ∞,
Thermal convection is the process of heat transfer from one point
to the other point in the system. Equation (5) represents the law of
whereas the variables involved in Eqs. (8)–(12) are defined as
conservation of energy in which the left-hand side of the equation
represents the convection terms; hence, these terms involve fluid √
velocity components. ε √ hf υf 4σT 3
Boundary conditions (BCs) are S = , χ = L1 μf 2Ω/υf , γ = , Rd = ∗ ∞ ,
Ω kf 2Ω k kf
(13)
∂u ∂v
u = rϵ + L1 ( )μhnf , v = rΩ + L1 ( )μhnf , w = 0, 4σf B20 υf (ρcp )f
∂z ∂z M= , Pr = .
Ωρf kf
∂T
−khnf = hf (Tf − T) at z = 0, (6)
∂z Mathematical relationships for skin friction coefficients and the
u → 0, v → 0, T → T∞ at z → ∞, Nusselt number are

where L1 and ϵ represent the wall slip coefficient and parameter 1/

2 1 ′′
Cf Reα = 5/ 5/ f (0),
for stretching, respectively. The following similarity transformations (1 − ϕ1 ) 2 (1 − ϕ
2)
2
will be introduced to get ODEs from the above PDEs. The condition
on similarity transformation is that it must satisfy the law of conser- 1/
2 1 ′
Cg Reα = 5/ 5/ g (0), (14)
vation of mass identically, whereas all other conservation laws must (1 − ϕ1 ) 2 (1 − ϕ
2)
2
become dimensionless,
−1/
2
khnf ′
√ NuReα =− θ (0).
u = rΩf ′ (η), v = rΩg(η), w = − 2Ωνf f (η), kf
¿ (7)
Á 2Ω T − T∞ Here, Reα = 2r2 Ω
represents the local Reynolds number.
η=Á
À z, θ(η) = . υf
νf Tf − T∞

The continuity equation [Eq. (1)] will be identically satisfied, IV. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
whereas Eqs. (2)–(5) yield Transformed ODEs of the flow problem in Eqs. (7)–(10) are
numerically solved by using the technique of Lobatto IIIA by invok-
1
(2f ′′′ ) − f ′2 + g 2 + 2ff ′′ − Mf ′ = 0, (8) ing MATLAB routine bvp4c, as shown in the schematic process
A1 A2 flow chart in Fig. 1, while the details of the solver can be studied
in Ref. 44.
1 The convergence and stability have been checked for all
(2g ′′ − 2λf ′′ ) − 2f ′ g + 2fg ′ − 2λff ′ − Mg = 0, (9) involved physical parameters. Several graphical and numerical
A1 A2
results have been prepared and presented in detail. The influence
of different physical parameters λ, Rd (radiation parameter), M
1 Khnf 4 (magnetic parameter), γ (Biot Number), χ (velocity slip parame-
[ + Rd]θ′′ + A3 f θ′ = 0 (10) ter), S (stretching strength parameter), and Pr (Prandtl number) on
Pr Kf 3 velocity fields f (η), f ′ (η), and g(η) and the temperature field θ(η)
is shown. Figures 2–7 and Tables V–XII demonstrate the above-
in which
mentioned numerical results. Numerical computations have been
5/
2,
done by selecting the following approximations of the variables
A1 = [(1 − ϕ1 )(1 − ϕ2 )] involved in this problem: λ = 0.1, Rd = 0.3, M = 0.5, γ = 0.1,
ρs1 ρs2 χ = 0.1, S = 0.3, and Pr = 6.2.
A2 = [1 − ϕ2 ][(1 − ϕ1 ) + ( )ϕ1 ] + ( )ϕ2 , Figures 2(a)–2(d) show the changing effects of f (η), f ′ (η),
ρf ρf (11) g(η), and θ(η) on λ, respectively. It has been observed that increas-
⎡ ⎤ ing the value of λ will result in the increase in velocity fields,
⎢ ⎛ (ρcp )s1 ⎞ ⎥ (ρc )
A3 = [1 − ϕ2 ]⎢ ⎥ ⎛ p s2 ⎞ i.e., f (η), f ′ (η), and g(η), while a low temperature field will result
⎢(1 − ϕ1 ) + ⎝ (ρc ) ⎠ϕ1 ⎥ + ⎝ (ρc ) ⎠ϕ2
⎢
⎣ p f ⎥
⎦ p f due to the high value of λ. Figures 3(a) and 3(b) demonstrate the
effects of f (η) and θ(η) for the various values of Rd, respectively.
and the BCs are Figures 3(c) and 3(d) show the variation of g(η) and θ(η) for

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FIG. 1. Schematic process flow chart of the design scheme.

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FIG. 2. Variation of f, f ′ , g, and θ on λ for

(a) f (η), (b) f ′ (η), (c) g(η), and (d) θ(η).

FIG. 3. Variation of f, θ on Rd and varia-

tion of g, θ on γ for (a) f (η), (b) θ(η), (c)
g(η), and (d) θ(η).

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FIG. 4. Variation of f, f ′ , g, and θ on M for

(a) f (η), (b) f ′ (η), (c) g(η), and (d) θ(η).

FIG. 5. Variation of f, f ′ , g, and θ on χ for

(a) f (η), (b) f ′ (η), (c) g(η), and (d) θ(η).

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FIG. 6. Variation of f, f ′ , g, and θ on S for (a) f (η), (b) f ′ (η), (c) g(η), and (d) θ(η).

FIG. 7. Variation of f and θ on Pr for (a) f (η) and (b) θ(η).

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TABLE V. Values of different physical parameters used in the model.

Scenarios Case (I) Case (II) Case (III) Case (IV)

1 λ = 1.0 λ = 1.3 λ = 1.6 λ = 2.0

2 Rd = 0.1 Rd = 0.2 Rd = 0.3 Rd = 0.4
3 M = 0.3 M = 0.4 M = 0.5 M = 0.6
4 γ = 0.1 γ = 0.2 γ = 0.3 γ = 0.4
5 χ = 0.1 χ = 0.2 χ = 0.3 χ = 0.4
6 S = 0.3 S = 0.4 S = 0.5 S = 0.6
7 Pr = 6.0 Pr = 6.2 Pr = 6.4 Pr = 6.6

1/ 1
TABLE VI. Numerical data of skin friction Cfx Rex 2 = f ′′ (0).
(1−ϕ1 )2.5 (1−ϕ2 )2.5

Scenarios Case (I) Case (II) Case (III) Case (IV)

1 0.016 705 475 379 548 7 0.014 174 924 097 172 8 0.012 018 525 008 903 6 0.009 712 102 127 840 97
2 0.016 705 475 379 548 7 0.016 705 475 379 548 7 0.016 705 475 379 548 7 0.016 705 475 379 548 7
3 0.010 792 550 829 617 5 0.013 818 419 633 366 4 0.016 705 475 379 548 7 0.019 447 491 472 253 1
4 0.016 705 475 379 548 7 0.016 705 475 379 548 7 0.016 705 475 379 548 7 0.016 705 475 379 548 7
5 0.016 705 475 379 548 7 0.016 128 309 219 384 4 0.014 260 022 983 945 9 0.012 599 687 918 577 4
6 0.016 705 475 379 548 7 0.031 167 955 995 873 6 0.046 197 356 902 950 5 0.061 710 484 699 092 0
7 0.016 705 475 379 548 7 0.016 705 475 379 548 7 0.016 705 475 379 548 7 0.016 705 475 379 548 7

1/ 1
TABLE VII. Numerical data of skin friction Cfy Rex 2 = g ′ (0).
(1−ϕ1 )2.5 (1−ϕ2 )2.5

Scenarios Case (I) Case (II) Case (III) Case (IV)

1 0.116 200 512 198 259 0.110 788 423 836 630 0.106 668 676 327 459 0.102 802 335 568480
2 0.116 200 512 198 259 0.116 200 512 198 259 0.116 200 512 198 259 0.116 200 512 198 259
3 0.113 041 527 289 874 0.114 513 507 130 654 0.116 200 512 198 259 0.118 070 752 731 698
4 0.116 200 512 198 259 0.116 200 512 198 259 0.116 200 512 198 259 0.116 200 512 198 259
5 0.116 200 512 198 259 0.078 309 366 420 106 8 0.060 014 778 537 617 1 0.049 044 869 349 870 3
6 0.116 200 512 198 259 0.111 313 107 955 315 0.106 683 065 928 555 0.102 268 704 904 055
7 0.116 200 512 198 259 0.116 200 512 198 259 0.116 200 512 198 259 0.116 200 512 198 259

−1/ khnf
TABLE VIII. Computations for the local Nusselt number Nux Rex 2 =− kf
θ′ (0).

Scenarios Case (I) Case (II) Case (III) Case (IV)

1 0.096 156 445 114 692 9 0.096 253 023 951 992 2 0.096 331 469 078 787 7 0.096 412 045 911 888 2
2 0.096 207 045 292 066 3 0.096 181 642 056 437 8 0.096 156 445 114 692 9 0.096 131 452 583 503 9
3 0.096 362 704 154 424 0 0.096 261 229 807 116 0 0.096 156 445 114 692 9 0.096 048 968 821 325 0
4 0.096 156 445 114 692 9 0.185 194 825 467 784 0.267 877 312 297 224 0.344 861 013 466 900
5 0.096 156 445 114 692 9 0.095 689 964 859 785 9 0.095 290 983 659 770 8 0.094 941 772 977 468 5
6 0.096 156 445 114 692 9 0.096 466 090 305 872 0 0.096 706 763 159 724 7 0.096 900 254 700 726 4
7 0.096 090 536 124 689 8 0.096 156 445 114 692 9 0.096 219 542 747 704 3 0.096 279 996 075 266 3

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TABLE IX. Magnitude of relative errors for different cases.

Scenarios Case (I) Case (II) Case (III) Case (IV)

1 9.133 703 448 528 × 10−13 9.241 890 126 689 × 10−14 1.067 533 190 306 × 10−13 1.291 621 295 162 × 10−13
2 9.133 703 448 528 × 10−13 9.133 933 969 349 × 10−13 9.133 703 448 528 × 10−13 9.133 486 343 821 × 10−13
3 8.048 517 658 665 × 10−14 9.114 202 462 821 × 10−13 9.133 703 448 528 × 10−13 9.142 703 726 579 × 10−13
4 9.133 703 448 528 × 10−13 9.146 760 578 624 × 10−13 9.166 251 389 162 × 10−13 9.190 735 327 648 × 10−13
5 9.133 703 448 528 × 10−13 3.979 672 580 471 × 10−14 2.457 583 969 740 × 10−14 4.158 192 782 965 × 10−14
6 9.133 703 448 528 × 10−13 7.494 139 547 409 × 10−13 6.071 900 466 316 × 10−13 5.611 058 908 008 × 10−13
7 9.133 154 045 149 × 10−13 9.133 703 448 528 × 10−13 9.134 304 304 171 × 10−13 9.134 959 734 807 × 10−13

TABLE X. Data for the number of meshes for various cases. various values of γ, respectively. It has been observed that both
velocity and temperature fields are increased for higher values of
Scenarios Case (I) Case (II) Case (III) Case (IV) Rd and γ. Figures 4(a)–4(d) show the changing behavior of f (η),
f ′ (η), g(η), and θ(η) on different values of M, respectively. Reduc-
1 987 999 1202 999
tion in the values of velocity fields f (η), f ′ (η), and g(η) is observed
2 987 987 987 987 for higher values of M, while a reverse behavior is observed for
3 999 993 987 973 the temperature field. Figures 5(a)–5(d) demonstrate the behav-
4 987 987 987 987 ior of f (η), f ′ (η), g(η), and θ(η) on increasing the values of χ,
5 987 999 999 890 respectively. Large values of χ result in the reduction in the val-
6 987 983 979 975 ues of velocity fields f (η), f ′ (η), and g(η), and a reverse behavior
7 987 987 987 987 is observed for the temperature field. Figures 6(a)–6(d) demon-
strate the behavior of f (η), f ′ (η), g(η), and θ(η) on increasing
values of S, respectively. It has been observed that for large val-
ues of S, an increase in velocity fields, i.e., f (η), f ′ (η), and g(η),
TABLE XI. Data for ODE evaluation for various cases. is being observed, whereas a low temperature field is observed
for higher values of S. Figures 7(a) and 7(b) demonstrate the
Scenarios Case (I) Case (II) Case (III) Case (IV) behavior of f (η) and θ(η) on increasing values of Pr, respectively.
Through plots, it can easily be seen that with the increase in the
1 34 277 34 480 41 333 38 982 value of Pr, velocity field f (η) enhances, whereas the value of the
2 34 277 34 277 34 277 34 277 temperature field θ(η) reduces. Figures 8(a)–8(d) display the bar
1
3 37 477 34 378 34 277 32 093 chart representation of numerical values of skin friction Cfx Rex /2
4 34 277 34 277 34 277 34 277 1 ′′
= (1−ϕ )5/2 (1−ϕ )5/2 f (0) against λ, χ, M, and S, respectively.
1 2
5 34 277 34 480 32 483 30 848
Figures 9(a) and 9(b) show the bar chart illustration of numerical
6 34 277 34 208 34 140 34 072 1
values of skin friction Cfy Rex /2 = (1−ϕ )5/21(1−ϕ )5/2 g ′ (0) against χ
7 34 277 34 277 34 277 34 277 1 2
and λ, respectively, whereas Figs. 9(c) and 9(d) represent the data
−1 k
for the variation of heat transfer Nux Rex /2 = − khnff θ′ (0) against γ
and Pr, respectively.
TABLE XII. Data for BC evaluation for various cases.
Table V shows the default values of the involved parameters
Scenarios Case (I) Case (II) Case (III) Case (IV) for different cases of numerical computation. Variations of λ, Rd,
M, γ, χ, S, and Pr are represented in scenario (1) to scenario (7),
1 89 89 91 109 respectively. Obtained values of skin friction and the Nusselt num-
2 89 89 89 89 ber are shown in Tables VI–VIII. Numerical values for the maxi-
mum error encountered during each case of all scenarios are rep-
3 91 89 89 88
resented in Table IX. The total number of meshes for every case of
4 89 89 89 89 all scenarios is being represented in Table X, whereas the number
5 89 89 88 88 of evaluations for ODEs in respect of every case of all scenarios is
6 89 89 89 89 tabulated in Table XI. Table XII represents the total counting for the
7 89 89 89 89 evaluation of boundary conditions of the system for each case of all
scenarios.

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1/
FIG. 8. Bar chart representation of skin friction (Cfx Rex 2) for different parameters: (a) λ (b) χ, (c) M, and (d) S.

1/
FIG. 9. Bar chart representation of skin friction (Cfy Rex 2) and the Nusselt number for different parameters: (a) λ, (b) χ, (c) γ, and (d) Pr.

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© Author(s) 2020
 AIP Advances
V. CONCLUSIONS
Through the above study and investigation, the following fea-
tures of the MHD radiative flow of hybrid nanofluids with slip effects
can be observed:
● f (η), f ′ (η), and g(η) yield an enhancement with the increase
in λ and S, whereas β(η) declines with the greater values of λ
and S.
● f (η), f ′ (η), and g(η) are reduced with the increase in M
and χ, whereas β(η) decreases with the increase in M
and χ.
● Both the velocity field f (η) and temperature field β(η)
increase with the increase in Rd and γ.
● f (η) enhances for greater values of Pr, whereas β(η) reduces
with the increase in Pr.
1
● Skin friction Cfx Rex /2 enhances for larger values of M and
S, whereas it reduces for greater values of λ and χ.
1 Heat Mass Transfer 44, 7–14 (2013).
● The value of skin friction Cfy Rex /2 increases with the
increase in M and drops for large values of χ, λ, and S.
● Accelerated results with enhancement of heat transfer rate,
whereas the reverse performance is experienced for Rd, M,
and χ.
In the future, one may investigate in numerical computing the
solvers based on artificial intelligence algorithms45–51 to study the
dynamics of the radiative flow of MHD hybrid nanofluids (Al2 O3 –
Cu/H2 O) over a convectively heated stretchable rotating disk with
velocity slip effects.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
This work was supported by the Natural Science Foundation of
Jiangsu Province, China (Grant No. BK20190973).
All authors of this manuscript acknowledged that there is no
conflict of interest.
DATA AVAILABILITY
All data used in this research are available within the
manuscript.
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