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 2
cd  m 

1.2 (a) For the case where the initial velocity is positive (downward), Eq. (1.21) is

dv c
= g − d v2
dt m

Multiply both sides by m/cd

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 3

mdv m
= g − v2
cd dt cd
Define a = mg / cd

mdv
= a 2 − v2
cd dt

Integrate by separation of variables,


dv

c
= d dt
a − v2
2
m

A table of integrals can be consulted to find that

a
dx 1 x
= tanh −1
2
− x2 a a

Therefore, the integration yields

1 v c
tanh −1 = d t + C
a a m

If v = +v0 at t = 0, then

1 v
C= tanh −1 0
a a

Substitute back into the solution

1 v c 1 v
tanh −1 = d t + tanh −1 0
a a m a a

Multiply both sides by a, taking the hyperbolic tangent of each side and substituting a gives,
mg  gcd −1 cd

v= tanh t + tanh v (1)
c  m mg 0 
d  

(b) For the case where the initial velocity is negative (upward), Eq. (1.21) is

dv c
= g + d v2
dt m
Multiplying both sides of Eq. (1.8) by m/cd and defining a = mg / cd yields

mdv
= a2 + v2
cd dt

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 4

Integrate by separation of variables,


dv

c
= d dt
a +v
2 2
m

A table of integrals can be consulted to find that

a
dx 1 x
= tan −1
2
+ x2 a a

Therefore, the integration yields

1 v c
tan −1 = d t + C
a a m

The initial condition, v(0) = v0 gives

1 v
C= tan −1 0
a a

Substituting this result back into the solution yields

1 v c 1 v
tan −1 = d t + tan −1 0
a a m a a

Multiplying both sides by a and taking the tangent gives

 c v 
v = a tan  a d t + tan −1 0 
 m a

or substituting the values for a and simplifying gives

mg  gcd −1 cd

v= tan t + tan v  (2)
c  m mg 0
d  

(c) We use Eq. (2) until the velocity reaches zero. Inspection of Eq. (2) indicates that this occurs when the
argument of the tangent is zero. That is, when
gcd −1 cd
t + v =
zero tan 0 0
m mg

The time of zero velocity can then be computed as

m
t zero = − tan −1 cd v 0
gcd mg

Thereafter, the velocities can then be computed with Eq. (1.9),

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 5

mg  gcd 
v= tanh (t − t zero ) (3)
 
cd  m 

Here are the results for the parameters from Example 1.2, with an initial velocity of –40 m/s.
68.1  0.25 
t =− tan −1 (−40) = 3.470239 s
zero
9.81(0.25)  68.1(9.81) 
 

Therefore, for t = 2, we can use Eq. (2) to compute

68.1(9.81)  9.81(0.25) 0.25  m
v= tan (2) + tan −1 (−40) = −14.8093

0.25  68.1 68.1(9.81)  s

 

For t = 4, the jumper is now heading downward and Eq. (3) applies
68.1(9.81)  9.81(0.25)  m
v= tanh (4 − 3.470239) = 5.17952

0.25  68.1  s
 

The same equation is then used to compute the remaining values. The results for the entire calculation are
summarized in the following table and plot:

t (s) v (m/s)
0 -40
2 -14.8093
3.470239 0
4 5.17952
6 23.07118
8 35.98203
10 43.69242
12 47.78758

60
40
20
0
-20 0 4 8 12

-40

1.3 (a) This is a transient computation. For the period ending June 1:

Balance = Previous Balance + Deposits – Withdrawals + Interest

Balance = 1512.33 + 220.13 – 327.26 + 0.01(1512.33) = 1420.32

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 6
The balances for the remainder of the periods can be computed in a similar fashion as tabulated below:

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 7

Date Deposit Withdrawal Interest Balance

1-May $1,512.33
$220.13 $327.26 $15.12
1-Jun $1,420.32
$216.80 $378.61 $14.20
1-Jul $1,272.72
$450.25 $106.80 $12.73
1-Aug $1,628.89
$127.31 $350.61 $16.29
1-Sep $1,421.88

dB
(b) = D(t) −W (t) + iB
dt

(c) for t = 0 to 0.5:

dB
= 220.13 − 327.26 + 0.01(1512.33) = −92.01
dt
B(0.5) = 1512.33 − 92.01(0.5) = 1466.33

for t = 0.5 to 1:
dB
= 220.13 − 327.260 + 0.01(1466.33) = −92.47
dt
B(0.5) = 1466.33 − 92.47(0.5) = 1420.09

The balances for the remainder of the periods can be computed in a similar fashion as tabulated below:

Date Deposit Withdrawal Interest dB/dt Balance

1-May $220.13 $327.26 $15.12 -$92.01 $1,512.33
16-May $220.13 $327.26 $14.66 -$92.47 $1,466.33
1-Jun $216.80 $378.61 $14.20 -$147.61 $1,420.09
16-Jun $216.80 $378.61 $13.46 -$148.35 $1,346.29
1-Jul $450.25 $106.80 $12.72 $356.17 $1,272.12
16-Jul $450.25 $106.80 $14.50 $357.95 $1,450.20
1-Aug $127.31 $350.61 $16.29 -$207.01 $1,629.18
16-Aug $127.31 $350.61 $15.26 -$208.04 $1,525.67
1-Sep $1,421.65

(d) As in the plot below, the results of the two approaches are very close.
$1,700 Bi-monthly
$1,600 Monthly

$1,500
$1,400
$1,300
$1,200
M M J A S

1.4 At t = 12 s, the analytical solution is 50.6175 (Example 1.1). The numerical results are:

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 8

step v(12) absolute relative error

2 51.6008 1.94%
1 51.2008 1.15%
0.5 50.9259 0.61%

where the relative error is calculated with

analytical −numerical
absolute relative error = 100%
analytical

The error versus step size can be plotted as

2.0%

1.0%

0.0% relative error

0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5

Thus, halving the step size approximately halves the error.

1.5 (a) The force balance is

dv c'
=g− v
dt m

Applying Laplace transforms,

g c'
sV − v(0) = − V
s m
Solve for

g v(0)
V = + (1)
s(s + c '/ m) s + c '/ m

The first term to the right of the equal sign can be evaluated by a partial fraction expansion,
g A B
= + (2)
s(s + c '/ m) s s + c '/ m

g A(s+c '/ m) +Bs

=
s(s + c '/ m) s(s + c '/ m)

Equating like terms in the numerators yields

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 9

A+ B = 0
c'
g= A
m
Therefore,

mg mg
A= B=−
c' c'

These results can be substituted into Eq. (2), and the result can be substituted back into Eq. (1) to give

mg / c ' mg / c ' v(0)

V = − +
s s + c '/ m s + c '/ m

Applying inverse Laplace transforms yields

mg mg −(c '/ m)t

v= − e + v(0)e −(c '/m)t
c' c'
or
v = v(0)e−(c '/ m)t +
mg
c'
(
1− e−(c '/ m)t )
where the first term to the right of the equal sign is the general solution and the second is the particular
solution. For our case, v(0) = 0, so the final solution is

v=
mg
c'
(
1− e−(c '/ m)t )
Alternative solution: Another way to obtain solutions is to use separation of variables,

 g − c ' v dv =  dt
1

The integrals can be evaluated as

 c' 
ln  g − v 
−  m  = t +C
c '/ m

where C = a constant of integration, which can be evaluated by applying the initial condition

 c' 
ln  g − v(0) 
C=−  m 
c '/ m

which can be substituted back into the solution

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 10

 c'   c' 
ln g − v ln g − v(0)
 m   

=t  
m
−
−
c '/ m c '/ m

This result can be rearranged algebraically to solve for v,

v = v(0)e −(c '/ m)t +

mg
c'
(
1− e−(c '/ m)t )
where the first term to the right of the equal sign is the general solution and the second is the particular
solution. For our case, v(0) = 0, so the final solution is

v=
mg
c'
(
1− e −(c '/ m)t )
(b) The numerical solution can be implemented as

 12.5 
v(2) = 0 + 9.81 − (0) 2 = 19.62
 68.1 
 12.5 
v(4) = 19.62 + 9.81 − (19.62) 2 = 32.0374
 68.1 

The computation can be continued and the results summarized and plotted as:

t v dv/dt
0 0 9.81
2 19.6200 6.4968
4 32.6136 4.3026
6 41.2187 2.8494
8 46.9176 1.8871
10 50.6917 1.2497
12 53.1911 0.8276
 58.0923

60

40

20

0
0 4 8 12

Note that the analytical solution is included on the plot for comparison.
gm
1.6 v(t) = (1 − e −(c'/ m) t )
c'
9.81(70) m
jumper #1: v(t) = (1 − e −(12/70) 9 ) = 44.99204
12 s
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 11

9.81(80)
jumper #2: 44.99204 = (1 − e−(15/80) t )
15

44.99204 = 52.32 − 52.32e −0.1875 t

0.14006 = e −0.1875 t
ln 0.14006
t= = 10.4836 s
−0.1875

1.7 Note that the differential equation should be formulated as

dv cd
=g− vv
dt m

This ensures that the sign of the drag is correct when the parachutist has a negative upward velocity. Before
the chute opens (t < 10), Euler’s method can be implemented as

 0.25 
v(t + t) = v(t) + 9.81 − v v  t
 80 

After the chute opens (t  10), the drag coefficient is changed and the implementation becomes

 1.5 
v(t + t) = v(t) + 9.81 − v v  t
 80 

Here is a summary of the results along with a plot:

Chute closed Chute opened

t v dv/dt t v dv/dt
0 -20.0000 11.0600 10 51.5260 -39.9698
1 -8.9400 10.0598 11 11.5561 7.3060
2 1.1198 9.8061 12 18.8622 3.1391
3 10.9258 9.4370 13 22.0013 0.7340
4 20.3628 8.5142 14 22.7352 0.1183
5 28.8770 7.2041 15 22.8535 0.0172
6 36.0812 5.7417 16 22.8707 0.0025
7 41.8229 4.3439 17 22.8732 0.0003
8 46.1668 3.1495 18 22.8735 0.0000
9 49.3162 2.2097 19 22.8736 0.0000
20 22.8736 0.0000

60
40
20
0
-20 0 5 10 15

-40

1.8 (a) The first two steps are

c(0.1) = 100 − 0.175(10)0.1 = 98.25 Bq/L

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 12

c(0.2) = 98.25 − 0.175(98.25)0.1 = 96.5306 Bq/L

The process can be continued to yield

t c dc/dt
0 100.0000 -17.5000
0.1 98.2500 -17.1938
0.2 96.5306 -16.8929
0.3 94.8413 -16.5972
0.4 93.1816 -16.3068
0.5 91.5509 -16.0214
0.6 89.9488 -15.7410
0.7 88.3747 -15.4656
0.8 86.8281 -15.1949
0.9 85.3086 -14.9290
1 83.8157 -14.6678

(b) The results when plotted on a semi-log plot yields a straight line

4.6

4.5

4.4
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1

The slope of this line can be estimated as

ln(83.8157) −ln(100)
= −0.17655
1

Thus, the slope is approximately equal to the negative of the decay rate. If we had used a smaller step size,
the result would be more exact.
1.9 The first two steps yield

 450 450 
y(0.5) = 0 + 3 sin 2 (0) − 0.5 = 0 + (−0.36) 0.5 = −0.18
 1250 1250 

 450 450 
y(1) = −0.18 + 3 sin 2 (0.5) − 0.5 = − 0.18 + (−0.11176) 0.5 = −0.23508
 1250 1250 

The process can be continued to give the following table and plot:

t y dy/dt t y dy/dt
0 0.00000 -0.36000 5.5 1.10271 0.17761
0.5 -0.18000 -0.11176 6 1.19152 -0.27568
1 -0.23588 0.40472 6.5 1.05368 -0.31002
1.5 -0.03352 0.71460 7 0.89866 0.10616
2 0.32378 0.53297 7.5 0.95175 0.59023
2.5 0.59026 0.02682 8 1.24686 0.69714
3 0.60367 -0.33849 8.5 1.59543 0.32859
3.5 0.43443 -0.22711 9 1.75972 -0.17657

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 13

4 0.32087 0.25857 9.5 1.67144 -0.35390

4.5 0.45016 0.67201 10 1.49449 -0.04036
5 0.78616 0.63310

2.0

1.5

1.0

0.5
0.0
0 2 4 6 8 10
-0.5

1.10 The first two steps yield

 450 2 150(1 +0)1.5 

y(0.5) = 0 + 3 sin (0) − 0.5 = 0 − 0.12(0.5) = − 0.06
 
1250 1250
 
 450 2 150(1 − 0.06) 1.5 

y(1) = −0.06 + 3 sin (0.5) − 0.5 = −0.06 + 0.13887(0.5) = 0.00944

 
1250 1250
 

The process can be continued to give

t y dy/dt t y dy/dt
0 0.00000 -0.12000 5.5 1.61981 0.02876
0.5 -0.06000 0.13887 6 1.63419 -0.42872
1 0.00944 0.64302 6.5 1.41983 -0.40173
1.5 0.33094 0.89034 7 1.21897 0.06951
2 0.77611 0.60892 7.5 1.25372 0.54423
2.5 1.08058 0.02669 8 1.52584 0.57542
3 1.09392 -0.34209 8.5 1.81355 0.12227
3.5 0.92288 -0.18708 9 1.87468 -0.40145
4 0.82934 0.32166 9.5 1.67396 -0.51860
4.5 0.99017 0.69510 10 1.41465 -0.13062
5 1.33772 0.56419
2.0
1.5

1.0
0.5

0.0
0 2 4 6 8 10
-0.5

1.11 When the water level is above the outlet pipe, the volume balance can be written as

dV
= 3sin 2 (t) − 3( y − yout )1.5
dt

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 14

In order to solve this equation, we must relate the volume to the level. To do this, we recognize that the
volume of a cone is given by V = r2y/3. Defining the side slope as s = ytop/rtop, the radius can be related to
the level (r = y/s) and the volume can be reexpressed as


V = y3
3s 2

which can be solved for

3s2V
y=3 (1)


and substituted into the volume balance

1.5
dV  3s 2V 
= 3sin (t) − 3  3
2
−y  (2)
dt   out

 

For the case where the level is below the outlet pipe, outflow is zero and the volume balance simplifies to
dV
= 3sin 2 (t) (3)
dt

These equations can then be used to solve the problem. Using the side slope of s = 4/2.5 = 1.6, the
initial volume can be computed as


V (0) = 0.83 = 0.20944 m3
3(1.6) 2

For the first step, y < yout and Eq. (3) gives

dV
(0) = 3sin 2 (0) = 0
dt

and Euler’s method yields

dV
V (0.5) = V (0) + (0)t = 0.20944 + 0(0.5) = 0.20944
dt

For the second step, Eq. (3) still holds and

dV
(0.5) = 3sin 2 (0.5) = 0.689547
dt
dV
V (1) = V (0.5) + (0.5)t = 0.20944 + 0.689547(0.5) = 0.554213
dt

Equation (1) can then be used to compute the new level,

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 15

3(1.6)2 (0.554213)
y= 3 = 1.106529 m


Because this level is now higher than the outlet pipe, Eq. (2) holds for the next step

dV
(1) = 2.12422 − 3 (1.106529 −1) = 2.019912
1.5
dt
V (1.5) = 0.554213 + 2.019912(0.5) = 2.984989

The remainder of the calculation is summarized in the following table and figure.

t Qin V y Qout dV/dt

0 0 0.20944 0.8 0 0
0.5 0.689547 0.20944 0.8 0 0.689547
1 2.12422 0.554213 1.106529 0.104309 2.019912
1.5 2.984989 1.564169 1.563742 1.269817 1.715171
2 2.480465 2.421754 1.809036 2.183096 0.29737
2.5 1.074507 2.570439 1.845325 2.331615 -1.25711
3 0.059745 1.941885 1.680654 1.684654 -1.62491
3.5 0.369147 1.12943 1.40289 0.767186 -0.39804
4 1.71825 0.93041 1.31511 0.530657 1.187593
4.5 2.866695 1.524207 1.55031 1.224706 1.641989
5 2.758607 2.345202 1.78977 2.105581 0.653026
5.5 1.493361 2.671715 1.869249 2.431294 -0.93793
6 0.234219 2.202748 1.752772 1.95937 -1.72515
6.5 0.13883 1.340173 1.48522 1.013979 -0.87515
7 1.294894 0.902598 1.301873 0.497574 0.79732
7.5 2.639532 1.301258 1.470703 0.968817 1.670715
8 2.936489 2.136616 1.735052 1.890596 1.045893
8.5 1.912745 2.659563 1.866411 2.419396 -0.50665
9 0.509525 2.406237 1.805164 2.167442 -1.65792
9.5 0.016943 1.577279 1.568098 1.284566 -1.26762
10 0.887877 0.943467 1.321233 0.5462 0.341677

2.5
2
1.5
1
0.5
0
0 2 4 6 8 10
V y

1.12
J s kJ
Qstudents = 35 ind 80  20 min  60  = 3, 360 kJ
ind s min 1000 J

PVMwt (101.325 kPa)(11m  8m  3m − 35 0.075 m 3 )(28.97 kg/kmol)

m= = = 314.796 kg
RT (8.314 kPa m3 / (kmol K)((20 + 273.15)K)
Q 3, 360 kJ
T = students = = 14.86571 K
mCv (314.796 kg)(0.718 kJ/(kg K))

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 16

Therefore, the final temperature is 20 + 14.86571 = 34.86571oC.

1.13 M - M
in out =0

Food + Drink + Air In + Metabolism = Urine + Skin + Feces + Air Out + Sweat
Drink = Urine + Skin + Feces + Air Out + Sweat − Food − Air In − Metabolism
Drink = 1.4 + 0.35 + 0.2 + 0.4 + 0.3 −1− 0.05 − 0.3 = 1.3 L

1.14 (a) The force balance can be written as:

dv R2
m = −mg(0) +c v v
d
dt (R + x) 2

Dividing by mass gives

dv R2 c
= −g(0) + dvv
dt (R + x) 2
m

(b) Recognizing that dx/dt = v, the chain rule is

dv dv
=v
dt dx

Setting drag to zero and substituting this relationship into the force balance gives
dv g(0) R 2
=−
dx v (R + x) 2

(c) Using separation of variables

R2
v dv = −g(0) dx
(R + x)2

Integrating gives
v2 R2
= g(0) +C
2 R+x

Applying the initial condition yields

v 20 R2
= g(0) +C
2 R+0

which can be solved for C = v02/2 – g(0)R, which can be substituted back into the solution to give
v2 R2 v2
= g(0) + 0 − g(0)R
2 R+x 2

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 17

or

R2
v =  v02 + 2g(0) − 2g(0)R
R+x

Note that the plus sign holds when the object is moving upwards and the minus sign holds when it is
falling.

(d) Euler’s method can be developed as

 g(0) R2 
v(xi+1 ) = v(xi ) +  −  (xi+1 − xi )
v(xi ) (R + xi ) 2

The first step can be computed as

 9.81 (6.37 106 ) 2 
v(10, 000) = 1,500 +  − 2  (10, 000 − 0) = 1,500 + (−0.00654)10, 000 = 1434.600
 1, 500 (6.37 10 + 0) 
6

The remainder of the calculations can be implemented in a similar fashion as in the following table

x v dv/dx v-analytical
0 1500.000 -0.00654 1500.000
10000 1434.600 -0.00682 1433.216
20000 1366.433 -0.00713 1363.388
30000 1295.089 -0.00750 1290.023
40000 1220.049 -0.00794 1212.475
50000 1140.643 -0.00847 1129.884
60000 1055.973 -0.00912 1041.049
70000 964.798 -0.00995 944.206
80000 865.317 -0.01106 836.579
90000 754.742 -0.01264 713.299
100000 628.359 -0.01513 564.197

For the analytical solution, the value at 10,000 m can be computed as

6 2
(6.37 10 )
v = 1,500 2 + 2(9.81) − 2(9.81)(6.37 106 ) = 1433.216
(6.37 10 +10, 000)
6

The remainder of the analytical values can be implemented in a similar fashion as in the last column of the
above table. The numerical and analytical solutions can be displayed graphically.
1600 v-analytical
1200 v-
800 numerical

400
0

0 20000 40000 60000 80000 100000

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 18

1.15 The volume of the droplet is related to the radius as

4 r 3
V = (1)
3

This equation can be solved for radius as

3V
r=3 (2)
4

The surface area is

A = 4 r 2 (3)

Equation (2) can be substituted into Eq. (3) to express area as a function of volume

2/3
A = 4 
3V 

 
4

This result can then be substituted into the original differential equation,
2/3
dV  3V 
= −k 4   (4)
dt  4 

The initial volume can be computed with Eq. (1),

4r 3 4(2.5)3
V = = = 65.44985 mm3
3 3

Euler’s method can be used to integrate Eq. (4). Here are the beginning and last steps

t V dV/dt
0 65.44985 -6.28319
0.25 63.87905 -6.18225
0.5 62.33349 -6.08212
0.75 60.81296 -5.98281
1 59.31726 -5.8843
•
•
•
9 23.35079 -3.16064
9.25 22.56063 -3.08893
9.5 21.7884 -3.01804
9.75 21.03389 -2.94795
10 20.2969 -2.87868

A plot of the results is shown below. We have included the radius on this plot (dashed line and right scale):

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 19

80
V r 2.4
60
40 2
20
0 1.6
0 2 4 6 8 10

Eq. (2) can be used to compute the final radius as

3(20.2969)
r=3 = 1.692182
4

Therefore, the average evaporation rate can be computed as

(2.5 −1.692182) mm mm
k= = 0.080782
10 min min

which is approximately equal to the given evaporation rate of 0.08 mm/min.

1.16 Continuity at the nodes can be used to determine the flows as follows:

Q1 = Q2 + Q3 = 0.7 + 0.5 = 1.2 m3 s

Q10 = Q1 = 1.2 m3 s
Q9 = Q10 − Q2 = 1.2 − 0.7 = 0.5 m3 s
Q4 = Q9 − Q8 = 0.5 − 0.3 = 0.2 m3 s
Q5 = Q3 − Q4 = 0.5 − 0.2 = 0.3 m3 s
Q6 = Q5 − Q7 = 0.3 − 0.1 = 0.2 m3 s

Therefore, the final results are

1.2 0.5 0.3

0.7 0.2 0.2 0.1

0.5 0.3
1.2

1.17 The first two steps can be computed as

T (1) = 70 +  −0.019(70 − 20)  2 = 68 + (−0.95)2 = 68.1

T (2) = 68.1+  −0.019(68.1− 20)  2 = 68.1 + (−0.9139)2 = 66.2722

The remaining results are displayed below along with a plot of the results.

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 20

t T dT/dt t T dT/dt
0 70.00000 -0.95000 12.00000 59.62967 -0.75296
2 68.10000 -0.91390 14.00000 58.12374 -0.72435
4 66.27220 -0.87917 16.00000 56.67504 -0.69683
6 64.51386 -0.84576 18.00000 55.28139 -0.67035
8 62.82233 -0.81362 20.00000 53.94069 -0.64487
10 61.19508 -0.78271

80

70

60

50
0 5 10 15 20

1.18 (a) For the constant temperature case, Newton’s law of cooling is written as

dT
= −0.135(T −10)
dt

The first two steps of Euler’s methods are

dT
T (0.5) = T (0) − (0)  t = 37 + 0.12(10 − 37)(0.5) = 37 − 3.2400  0.50 = 35.3800
dt
T (1) = 35.3800 + 0.12(10 − 35.3800)(0.5) = 35.3800 − 3.0456  0.50 = 33.8572

The remaining calculations are summarized in the following table:

t Ta T dT/dt
0:00 10 37.0000 -3.2400
0:30 10 35.3800 -3.0456
1:00 10 33.8572 -2.8629
1:30 10 32.4258 -2.6911
2:00 10 31.0802 -2.5296
2:30 10 29.8154 -2.3778
3:00 10 28.6265 -2.2352
3:30 10 27.5089 -2.1011
4:00 10 26.4584 -1.9750
4:30 10 25.4709 -1.8565
5:00 10 24.5426 -1.7451

(b) For this case, the room temperature can be represented as

Ta = 20 − 2t

where t = time (hrs). Newton’s law of cooling is written as

dT
= −0.12(T − 20 + 2t)
dt

The first two steps of Euler’s methods are

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 21

T (0.5) = 37 + 0.12(20 − 37)(0.5) = 37 − 2.040  0.50 = 35.9800

T (1) = 35.9800 + 0.12(19 − 35.9800)(0.5) = 35.9800 − 2.0376  0.50 = 34.9612

The remaining calculations are summarized in the following table:

t Ta T dT/dt
0:00 20 37.0000 -2.0400
0:30 19 35.9800 -2.0376
1:00 18 34.9612 -2.0353
1:30 17 33.9435 -2.0332
2:00 16 32.9269 -2.0312
2:30 15 31.9113 -2.0294
3:00 14 30.8966 -2.0276
3:30 13 29.8828 -2.0259
4:00 12 28.8699 -2.0244
4:30 11 27.8577 -2.0229
5:00 10 26.8462 -2.0215

Comparison with (a) indicates that the effect of the room air temperature has a significant effect on the
expected temperature at the end of the 5-hr period (difference = 26.8462 – 24.5426 = 2.3036oC).

(c) The solutions for (a) Constant Ta, and (b) Cooling Ta are plotted below:
40
Constant Ta
36 Cooling Ta

32

28

24
0:00 1:00 2:00 3:00 4:00 5:00

1.19 The two equations to be solved are

dv c
= g − d v2
dt m
dx
=v
dt

Euler’s method can be applied for the first step as

dv  0.25 2 
v(2) = v(0) + (0)t = 0 +  9.81− (0)  (2) = 19.6200
dt 68.1
 
dx
x(2) = x(0) + (0)t = 0 + 0(2) = 0
dt

For the second step:

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 22

dv  0.25 
v(4) = v(2) + (2)t = 19.6200 + 9.81 − (19.6200) 2  (2) = 19.6200 + 8.3968(2) = 36.4137
dt 68.1
 
dx
x(4) = x(2) + (2)t = 0 +19.6200(2) = 39.2400
dt
The remaining steps can be computed in a similar fashion as tabulated and plotted below:

t x v dx/dt dv/dt
0 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 9.8100
2 0.0000 19.6200 19.6200 8.3968
4 39.2400 36.4137 36.4137 4.9423
6 112.0674 46.2983 46.2983 1.9409
8 204.6640 50.1802 50.1802 0.5661
10 305.0244 51.3123 51.3123 0.1442

60 300

40 200

20 100

0 0
0 2 4 6 8 10
v x

1.20 (a) The force balance with buoyancy can be written as

dv 1
m = mg −  v v AC − Vg
d
dt 2

Divide both sides by mass,

dv  V  ACd
= g 1− − vv
dt m 2m
 

(b) For a sphere, the mass is related to the volume as in m = sV where s = the sphere’s density (kg/m3).
Substituting this relationship gives

dv    ACd
= g  1− − vv
dt   s  2  sV

The formulas for the volume and projected area can be substituted to give
dv    3 C
=g − − dv v
1 
dt  s  4  s d

(c) At steady state (dv/dt = 0),

  −  3  C d 2
g s = v
 s  4s d

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 23

which can be solved for the terminal velocity

4 gd  s − 
v=
3Cd   

(d) Before implementing Euler’s method, the parameters can be substituted into the differential equation to
give

dv  1000  3(1000)0.47 2
= 9.81 1− − v = 6.176667 −13.055556v 2
dt 2700 4(2700)(0.01)
 

The first two steps for Euler’s method are

v(0.03125) = 0 + (6.176667 −13.055556(0) 2 )0.03125 = 0.193021

v(0.0625) = 0.193021 + (6.176667 −13.055556(0.193021) 2 )0.03125 = 0.370841

The remaining steps can be computed in a similar fashion as tabulated and plotted below:

t v dv/dt
0 0.000000 6.176667
0.03125 0.193021 5.690255
0.0625 0.370841 4.381224
0.09375 0.507755 2.810753
0.125 0.595591 1.545494
0.15625 0.643887 0.763953
0.1875 0.667761 0.355136
0.21875 0.678859 0.160023
0.25 0.683860 0.071055

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2
0.0
0 0.0625 0.125 0.1875 0.25

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Another random document with
no related content on Scribd:
 The centers of local communities are to be found at the point of
highest land value in the intersection of two business streets. These
local community centers are also characterized by the concentration
of retail business, of banks, of restaurants, and of the large and
magnificent palaces of amusement, like motion picture houses and
public dance halls. If high land values indicate the center of the
community, the lowest land values generally define its periphera.

CHART I

Schematic Representation of the Division of a Community

into Neighborhoods by the Intersection of Two Business
Streets.

But if the intersection of two business streets determines the

trade center, these same streets divide it into neighborhoods. In
Chart I on this page is offered a schematic representation of a
Chicago local community, Woodlawn, with its economic center at the
intersection of the two main business streets of Sixty-Third Street
and Cottage Grove Avenue. At this intersection land values are five
thousand dollars a front foot. Woodlawn falls into four
neighborhoods, A, B, C, and D, divided from each other by these
same intersecting business streets. It is interesting that each of these
neighborhoods has its own public school. Even more significant is
the fact that an attempt to unite two struggling churches of the same
denomination in two of these neighborhoods into one strong church
failed because neither would surrender its location.
It seems almost axiomatic to state that community and
neighborhood work must take into account the operation of these
silent but continuous ecological forces and work with them rather
than against them. Yet how often are social centers located on the
edge, rather than at the center, of a neighborhood. In the location of
a neighborhood center the consequences which flow from the play of
ecological forces must be heeded, because they condition the
development of its work and the radius of its influence.
Cultural forces.—Ecological or economic forces are naturally
basic to the play of cultural forces. Culture, as the social heritage of
the group, implies both a locality to which it is indigenous and a
constant, rather than a changing, social situation. Chicago, like other
large cities, has its cultural communities, each of which has, if not a
local area, at least a local center. Hobohemia, Bohemia, Philistia, the
Ghetto, and the Gold Coast are cultural communities.
Movement in the person, as from one social location to another,
or any sudden change as caused by an invention, carries with it the
possibility or the probability of cultural decadence. The cultural
controls over conduct disintegrate; impulses and wishes take random
and wild expression. The result is immorality and delinquency; in
short, personal and social disorganization. An illustration of cultural
decadence as a result of movement is the excessively high rate of
juvenile delinquency among the children of immigrant parents. To
what extent have neighborhood workers gauged the effect of the
daily newspaper, the motion picture, the automobile, and the radio,
in releasing the child, the youth, and the adult from the confines of
the neighborhood and of bringing them into contact with the city-
wide, nation-wide, and world-wide life of our time?
These changes taking place in community life may be observed
in a dramatic form in commercialized recreation. The day of the
neighborhood public dance hall and the neighborhood motion
picture show has passed, or at least is passing. Young people are
deserting the neighborhood recreation centers and are thronging to
centers outside the local community, to the high-class, magnificent
dance gardens and palaces, and to the so-called “wonder” theaters of
the “bright light” areas.
A realignment of the leisure-time movements of urban young
people is taking place, which every agency engaged in neighborhood
work must take into account. Is the neighborhood as a factor in the
lives of youth soon to become a situation of the past? Can
settlements and social centers expect to hold back the tide of the
forces of city life?
A map of the residences of dance hall patrons which shows both
the disappearance of the small public dance hall from the
neighborhood and the concentration of large dance halls in “bright
light” areas is all the more significant because it portrays the
phenomenon of promiscuity. By promiscuity is meant primary and
intimate behavior upon the basis of secondary contacts. In the village
type of neighborhood, where everyone knows everyone else, the
social relationships of the young people were safeguarded by the
primary controls of group opinion. But in the public dance hall,
where young people are drawn from all parts of the city, this old
primary control breaks down. Is not this the basic reason why social
workers find the dance hall so recurring a factor in personal
disorganization and delinquency? As yet, however, we have no
satisfactory study of the dance hall as a social world of youth. Two
new social types—the “sheik” and the “flapper”—have been created
by the dance hall and the motion picture, but they are regarded as
subjects for jest rather than for serious study.
 Form 1.—The Neighborhood Triangle.

A study by Miss Evelyn Buchan of girl delinquency shows the

effect of the increasing mobility and promiscuity of city life upon the
behavior of youth, and suggests an interesting method of study. To
bring into clearer relief the rôle of mobility and promiscuity as
factors in behavior, a device called “the delinquency triangle” was
employed. The three points of the triangle were located by spotting
the home of the girl, the home of her male companion, and the place
of delinquency. Three typical forms of the triangle soon appeared.
Form 1 represents the traditional form of sex delinquency,
where all three points of the triangle are within the community. This
may be called the “neighborhood triangle.” In this case the intimacy
of the boy and girl might be little more than the continuance in this
country of old-world folkways, but without the protection for the girl
in subsequent marriage which the European peasant mores afford.
 Form 2.—The Mobility Triangle.

Form 2, which is “the mobility triangle,” stands for delinquency

of the type related to increased freedom of movement, where two
points of the triangle or its base, formed by the homes of the girl and
the boy, lie within the same community, but where its apex, or the
place of delinquency, is situated outside. In this case the bright-light
area becomes a place of freedom from the narrower, distant controls
of the home and the neighborhood.
 Form 3.—The Promiscuity Triangle.

In form 3, delinquency is of the type of promiscuity, because

here all the points of the triangle lie in different communities. The
intimacy developing from the casual acquaintance of the metal
worker from the steel mills with the girl from the West Side whom he
“picked up” at an amusement park may be so transient that neither
knows the family name or the address of the other.
The total effect of forces of city life, like mobility and
promiscuity, upon the neighborhood and upon our traditional
culture seems to be subversive and disorganizing. Particularly is this
true of deteriorating areas, where neighborhood work originated,
and where it is still, in any completely developed state, for the most
part confined. A series of maps has been prepared which shows
graphically what, of course, is known to social students—that the
zone of deterioration and the areas of the greatest mobility in the city
have the greatest concentration of poverty, vice, crime, juvenile
delinquency, divorce, desertion, abandoned infants, murder, and
suicide.
Political forces.—The political forces have to do with the more
formal control of public opinion and law. Neighborhood work is
concerned with political forces whenever social action is desired. Our
whole scheme of social work may be regarded, from this standpoint
at least, as social politics. But has the social worker, who is the social
politician, the same intimate knowledge of his neighborhood that the
professional politician possesses? A minimum of information which
he needs is a card catalogue of, plus some direct contact with, all the
local dynamic personalities, including gang leaders, pool hall
proprietors, leaders of all the neighborhood organizations, and of all
professional persons, like representatives of social agencies,
physicians, lawyers, clergymen, at work in his locality. More than
that, he needs to know the basic interests, the driving wishes, and the
vital problems of the men and women, the youth and the children,
living in the community.
The knowledge of these forces in neighborhood life will suggest
feasible projects and programs. Too often, however, attempts at
social control rise from ignorant good will rather than from the facts
of the situation. This is particularly true of the many futile efforts to
impose neighborly relationships upon areas which are no longer
neighborhoods.
What, then, is our answer to the question, Can neighborhood
work have a scientific basis? It can have a scientific foundation if it
will base its activities upon a study of social forces. But the social
forces of city life seem, from our studies, to be destroying the city
neighborhood. Is the neighborhood center to engage in a losing fight
against the underlying tendencies of modern urban society? This
question should be squarely faced: Is neighborhood work prepared
to base its justification for existence upon facts rather than upon
sentiment?
 There are those who are convinced that the function of the
neighborhood center is passing with the decay of the neighborhood
in the city. For myself, I am not so certain. Surely the work of the
neighborhood center must now be conceived and planned in terms of
its relationship to the entire life of the city. The work of
neighborhood centers, like that of all other social agencies, must
increasingly be placed upon the basis of the scientific study of the
social forces with which they have to deal. Especially are studies
desired of the actual effect and rôle of intimate contacts in personal
development and social control.
A feasible way for neighborhood centers to place their work
upon a scientific basis would be to stress the impulse to research that
has always been associated with the settlement movement. Thirty
years ago Mr. Robert A. Woods read a paper on “University
Settlements as Laboratories in Social Science.” The argument for
research in its relations to neighborhood work is contained in that
article. He conceived the advantage of research both to social science
and to the settlement. The growing fluidity and complexity of urban
life has but increased the force of his argument.
Neighborhood work, by the logic of the situation, if it is to evolve
a successful technique, will be compelled more and more to depend
upon research into the social forces of modern life.

Ernest W. Burgess
 CHAPTER IX
THE MIND OF THE HOBO: REFLECTIONS
UPON THE RELATION BETWEEN
MENTALITY AND LOCOMOTION

In the evolutionary hierarchy, as Herbert Spencer has sketched

it for us, the animal series occupied a higher position than that of the
plants. But in spite of all the progress represented in the long march
from the amoeba to man, it is still true that the human creature is a
good deal of a vegetable. This is evident in the invincible attachment
of mankind to localities and places; in man’s, and particularly
woman’s, inveterate and irrational ambition to have a home—some
cave or hut or tenement—in which to live and vegetate; some secure
hole or corner from which to come forth in the morning and return
to at night.
As long as man is thus attached to the earth and to places on the
earth, as long as nostalgia and plain homesickness hold him and
draw him inevitably back to the haunts and places he knows best, he
will never fully realize that other characteristic ambition of mankind,
namely, to move freely and untrammeled over the surface of
mundane things, and to live, like pure spirit, in his mind and in his
imagination alone.
I mention these things merely to emphasize a single point,
namely, mind is an incident of locomotion. The first and most
convincing indication of mind is not motion merely, but, as I have
said, locomotion. The plants don’t locomote, don’t move through
space; they respond more or less to stimulation, even though they
have no nerves, but they do not move through space, certainly not of
their own motion. And when they do move, they have no goal, no
destination, and that is because they have no imagination.
 Now it is characteristic of animals that they can and do change
their spots. The ability to do this implies that they are able not
merely to wag a tail or move a limb, but that they are able to co-
ordinate and mobilize the whole organism in the execution of a
single act. Mind, as we ordinarily understand it, is an organ of
control. It does not so much initiate new movements as co-ordinate
impulses, and so mobilize the organism for action; for mind, in its
substantive aspect, is just our disposition to act; our instincts and
attitudes, in other words.
Mental activity begins on the periphery, with stimuli which are
antecedent to, but ultimately discharged in, actions. But mind in the
transitive, verbal aspect is a process by which, as we say, we “make
up our minds” or change them; that is to say, it is a process by which
we define the direction in which we are going to move, and locate in
imagination the goal that we intend to seek.
Plants carry on, apparently, all the processes of metabolism
which are characteristic of animals—these are, in fact, what we mean
by the vegetative processes—but they do not go anywhere. If the
plants have minds, as some people assume they do, they must be of
that brooding, vegetative sort characteristic of those mystics who,
quite forgetful of the active world, are absorbed in the contemplation
of their own inner processes. But the characteristic of the animal,
and of the higher types of animal—everything above the oyster, in
fact—is that they are made for locomotion and for action.
Furthermore, it is in the processes of locomotion—involving, as they
do, change of scene and change of location—that mankind is enabled
to develop just those mental aptitudes most characteristic of man,
namely, the aptitude and habit of abstract thought.
It is in locomotion, also, that the peculiar type of organization
that we call “social” develops. The characteristic of a social organism
—if we may call it an organism—is the fact that it is made up of
individuals capable of independent locomotion. If society were, as
some individuals have sought to conceive it, an organism in the
biological sense—if it were made up of little cells all neatly and safely
inclosed in an outer integument, or skin, in which all cells were so
controlled and protected that no single cell could by any chance have
any adventures or new experience of its own—there would be no
need for men in society to have minds, for it is not because men are
alike that they are social, but because they are different. They are
moved to act by individual purposes, but in doing so they realize a
common end. Their impulses are private, but actions are public.
In view of all this we may well ask ourselves what, if anything, is
the matter with the hobo’s mind. Why is it that with all the variety of
his experiences he still has so many dull days? Why, with so much
leisure, has he so little philosophy? Why, with so wide an
acquaintance with regions, with men, and with cities, with life in the
open road and in the slums, has he been able to contribute so little to
our actual knowledge of life?
We need not even pause for a reply. The trouble with the hobo
mind is not lack of experience, but lack of a vocation. The hobo is, to
be sure, always on the move, but he has no destination, and naturally
he never arrives. Wanderlust, which is the most elementary
expression of the romantic temperament and the romantic interest
in life, has assumed for him, as for so many others, the character of a
vice. He has gained his freedom, but he has lost his direction.
Locomotion and change of scene have had for him no ulterior
significance. It is locomotion for its own sake. Restlessness and the
impulse to escape from the routine of ordinary life, which in the case
of others frequently marks the beginning of some new enterprise,
spends itself for him in movements that are expressive merely. The
hobo seeks change solely for the sake of change; it is a habit, and, like
the drug habit, moves in a vicious circle. The more he wanders, the
more he must. It is merely putting the matter in an another way to
say that the trouble with the hobo, as Nels Anderson has pointed out
in his recent volume, The Hobo, is that he is an individualist. He has
sacrificed the human need of association and organization to a
romantic passion for individual freedom. Society is, to be sure, made
up of independent, locomoting individuals. It is this fact of
locomotion, as I have said, that defines the very nature of society.
But in order that there may be permanence and progress in society
the individuals who compose it must be located; they must be
located, for one thing, in order to maintain communication, for it is
only through communication that the moving equilibrium which we
call society can be maintained.
All forms of association among human beings rest finally upon
locality and local association. The extraordinary means of
communication that characterize modern society—the newspaper,
the radio, and the telephone—are merely devices for preserving this
permanence of location and of function in the social group, in
connection with the greatest possible mobility and freedom of its
members.
The hobo, who begins his career by breaking the local ties that
bound him to his family and his neighborhood, has ended by
breaking all other associations. He is not only a “homeless man,” but
a man without a cause and without a country; and this emphasizes
the significance, however, futile of the efforts of men like James Eads
How to establish hobo colleges in different parts of the country,
places where hobos can meet to exchange experiences, to discuss
their problems, and all of the problems of society; places, also, where
they can maintain some sort of corporate existence and meet and
exchange views with the rest of the world on a basis of something like
equality and with some hope of understanding.
The same thing may be said of the Industrial Workers of the
World, the only labor organization that has persistently sought and
to some extent succeeded in organizing the unorganizable element
among laboring men, namely, the seasonal and casual laborers. The
tendency of their efforts to organize the hobo in his own interest has
been, so far as they have been successful, to give him what he needed
most, namely, a group-consciousness, a cause, and a recognized
position in society.
If they have failed, it is due in part to the fact that so large a part
of modern industry is organized in a way which tends inevitably to
the casualization of labor. It is due, in part, to the fact that the hobo,
in so far as he is a congenital type, finds in casual and seasonal labor
a kind of occupation congenial to his temperament, for the hobo is
the bohemian in the ranks of common labor. He has the artistic
temperament. Aside from the indispensable labor of his hands, the
only important contribution which he has made to the permanent
common fund of our experience which we call our culture has been
his poetry. It is an interesting fact, however, that some of the best of
this poetry has been produced in jail. During these periods of
enforced quietude, when he could no longer move, the hobo has
vented his habitual restlessness in songs, songs of protest, the hymns
of the rebellious I.W.W., tragic little ballads describing some of the
hardships and tragedies of life on the long, gray road.
There have been many hobo poets. The most eminent of them,
Walt Whitman, reflected the restlessness and rebelliousness and
individualism of the hobo mind not only in the content but in the
very formlessness of his verse.

What do you suppose will satisfy the soul, except to walk free and own no
superior?

Nothing could better express the spirit of the old frontier which,
more than any other feature in American life, has served to
characterize American institutions and American mores. The hobo is,
in fact, merely a belated frontiersman, a frontiersman at a time and
in a place when the frontier is passing or no longer exists.

Robert E. Park
 CHAPTER X
A BIBLIOGRAPHY OF THE URBAN
COMMUNITY

The task of compiling a bibliography on the city which is to be of

use to the sociologist involves many difficulties. The materials are
scattered over many fields of investigation ranging all the way from
the various branches of the natural and social sciences to the
practical arts and crafts. Much of the material is highly technical and
abstract, while the rest is popular and full of human interest. If one
attempts to survey the whole field he is likely to be led into tempting
bypaths which lead far afield and in the end arrive nowhere.
Moreover, the bibliographer has neither chart nor compass to guide
him in his search, for the sociologist himself is not yet certain of the
meaning of the concept “city” and of the relationship of his science to
the phenomenon.
Specialization has gone so far that no one can hope to become an
expert in more than one field in a lifetime. The sanitary engineer,
interested in urban sanitation, is mainly concerned with drainage
systems, pumps, sewer pipes, and incinerators; but the accountant,
the political scientist, and the sociologist are not primarily interested
in these matters. At first glance the sociologist might be tempted to
pass over such material as lying outside his province, while he would
be less likely to pass over materials relating to parks, playgrounds,
schools, infant mortality, city-planning, and non-voting, because
these institutions and processes have traditionally held the
sociologist’s interest. And yet it is within the realm of possibility that
such a question as that of the type of sewer pipe that is to be
employed in a city drainage system may become one with which the
sociologist is as legitimately concerned as the question of city-
planning or juvenile delinquency.
 The problem of deciding what is pertinent and what is
extraneous is, then, obviously an important one. While the
sociologist may be intensely interested in a subject matter pertaining
to another science or craft, he has his own distinctive point of view,
methodology, and objective, and since he cannot be an expert
engineer, city manager, and sociologist all at the same time, he must
accept the data of these other specialists when they happen to form
the subject matter of his investigation. The sociologist is no more a
housing specialist or a zoning specialist or a social case worker in a
metropolitan social agency than he is an urban engineer or health
officer, but he may have an important contribution to make to all of
these activities, and may in turn acquire from these technicians a
body of materials which shed light on his own problems and yield to
sociological analysis. What is to be included or excluded from a
sociological bibliography of the city depends upon the sociological
definition of the city.
Although the literature on the city extends as far back as the city
itself, the subject is now being studied with renewed interest and
with a new point of view. If we were compiling a complete
bibliography we would most likely begin with the classical discussion
of Socrates in the second book of Plato’s Republic and follow the
increasingly complex and scattered writings up to the present day,
when we can scarcely find a science that does not have something to
contribute to the subject. But this is not the aim of this bibliography.
The attempt is here made to note just that part of the literature
which has something to offer to the sociologist in the way of source
material, point of view, method, and interpretation. A great deal, no
doubt, has been included which is of little value. At the same time
much has been necessarily omitted which is important. Some effort
was made to avoid excessive duplication, but this attempt has not
been wholly successful. The list of books and articles includes many
works which were inaccessible at the time the bibliography was
compiled, and whose contents could therefore not be examined. They
are included because either the titles were suggestive or else the
reputation of the authors merited attention.
The contribution which a bibliography is able to make to the
study of any subject lies probably as much in the viewpoint it
incorporates and the method of presentation it uses as in the
references it presents. The scheme of classification here employed
may lay claim to offering a rather new approach to the study of the
city. It will probably have to be modified as new material is
discovered and as the sociologists themselves continue to make their
own distinctive contributions. It ought to offer an index to the
aspects of the city that promise most in the way of results from
research. At the same time it may be of assistance in organizing and
funding the rapidly increasing body of knowledge concerning the
sociology of the city.
 A TENTATIVE SCHEME FOR THE
CLASSIFICATION OF THE LITERATURE OF
[74]
THE SOCIOLOGY OF THE CITY

I. The City Defined

1. Geographically: by site, situation, topography,

density
2. Historically: by political status, title, law
3. Statistically: by census
4. As an economic unit
5. Sociologically

II. The Natural History of the City

1. Ancient cities: Asia, Egypt, Greece, Rome

2. The medieval city
3. The modern city

III. Types of Cities

1. Historical types
2. Location types: sea coast, inland, river, lake
3. Site types: plain, valley, mountain, hill, harbor,
island
4. Functional types: capital, railroad, port,
commercial, industrial, resort, cultural
5. The town, the city, and the metropolis
6. Structural types: the natural city and the planned
city
IV. The City and Its Hinterland
1. The trade area
2. The commuting area: the metropolitan area
3. The administrative city
4. The city and its satellites
5. The city and its cultural periphery
6. The city and world economy

V. The Ecological Organization of the City

1. Natural areas
2. The neighborhood
3. The local community
4. Zones and zoning
5. The city plan

VI. The City as a Physical Mechanism

1. Public utilities: water, gas, electricity

2. Means of communication: telephone, mails,
telegraph, street-car, busses, automobile
3. Streets and sewers
4. Public safety and welfare: fire, police, health
departments, social agencies
5. Schools, theaters, museums, parks, churches,
settlements
6. Recreation
7. City government: the city manager, the boss
8. Food supply, stores (department and chain stores)
9. Steel construction: the skyscraper