B. Choose the correct option.

1. Which of the following is the outer

dark region of kidney?

a. Cortex. (V]
b. Nephron. []
c. Medulla. []
d. Pelvis. []

2.The excretory organs are

a. Kidneys and stomach. []

b. Kidneys and lung.
c. Skin and nose. []
d. Stomach and intestine. )

3. The blood vessel carrying metabolic

wastes into the kidney is

a. Renal vein.)
b. Renal artery. [1
C. Aorta. []
d. Vena cava. []

4. The excess amino acid is changed

into urea by

a. Gallbladder. []
4. The excess amino acid is
into urea by changed

a. Gall bladder.
b. lungs. [)
c. Liver. V
d. Pancreas. J

5. Before being removed from the

kidneys, the urine is collected in
a. Renal medulla.]
b. Renal Pelvis. [
c. Renal cortex.
d. Renal tubule. []

C. Write true or false. Correct the false

statements by changing the last
word/s.

1. Apart from excretion, the other

function of kidney is secretion. (F]

Apart from excretion, the other

function of kidney is osmoregulation.
2. The function of kidney is to filter
urine. (F]

= The function of kidney is to filter

blood.

3. The urinary bladder stores urine

temporarily. [T]

4. The opening of urethra is controlled

by a valve. [F]

= The opening of urethra is controlled

by sphincter muscle.

5. High concentration of calcium

Oxalate can cause kidney stones. T|

D. Choose the odd one out and give

reasons for your choice.

1. ureter, urethra, bladder, cortex.

= Odd - cortex, it is the part of kidney.

The others are the part of excretory
system.

2. carbon dioxide, glucose, urea, uric

acid.

ana absorbed by body. The others are

2. carbon dioxide, glucose, urea, uric
acid.

=Odd - glucose, it is useful substance

and absorbed by body. The others are
waster materials or by product of
glucose.

3. cortex, medulla, pelvis, ureter.

= Odd- ureter, it is the part of excretory

system. The others are part of kidney.

4. kidney, skin,stomach, lung.

= Odd - stomach, it is the digestive

organ. Others are excretory organs.

E. State the exact location of the

following organs.
1. Kidneys.

= Located juts above the waist, one on

each side of the backbone. The right
kidney is positioned slightly lower than
the left one.
2. Nephrons.

=Each kidney contains about a million

nephrons. These nephrons are
surrounded by capillaries.

3. Renal medulla.

=Inner part of the kidney.

4. Ureter.

= Ureters are a pair of tube-like

structures that originate from the renal
pelvis of both the kidneys.

5. Urethra.

= The urethra is a short muscular tube

that arises from the lower end of the
urinary bladder.

SECTION I

F. Define the following terms.

1. Excretion.
SECTION II

F. Define the following terms.

1. Excretion.

= Excretion is the process by which

metabolic wastes are removed from the
body of an organism.

2. UTI.

= Urinary track infection (UTI) is an

infection that affects organs of the
urinary system such as the bladder,
ureter, and kidneys.

3.Urinary Bladder.

= The urinary bladder is a muscular bag

like structure present below the ureters
in the lower abdomen.

4. Micturition.

= The process of expulsion of urine to

the exterior is called micturition.

5. Nephrons.
 G. Differentiate between the following
pair of words based on what is given in
the bracket.

1. Ureter and urethra. (function)

= Ureters receive urine from the kidneys

and transport it downwards towards the
urinary bladder.
Urethra releases urine out of the body.

2. Excretion and respiration. (process)

= Excretion releases waste materials

out of the body. On the other hand,
respiration releases energy from food.

3.Lungs and skin. (excretory product)

= Lungs produce carbon dioxide skin
produce sweat, which is a mixture of
water, sodium salts, and nitrogenous
wastes, such as urea.

4. Excretion and osmoregulation.

(definition)

= Excretion is the process by which

metabolic wastes are removed from the
body of an organism.
Other than excretion, the kidney also
helps in maintainina a halanna hatinn
4 Excretion and osmoregulation.
(definition)
=Excretion is the process by which
metabolic wastes are removed from the
body of an organism.
Other than excretion, the kidney also
helps in maintaining a balance between
salt and water content in the body. This
process is called osmoregulation.

5. Renal cortex and renal medulla.

(location)

= Renal cortex is located in the outer

part of the kidneys but renal medulla is
located in the inner part of the kidneys.

H. Give reason for the following.

1. Metabolic wastes need to be

removed from the body.

= Metabolic wastes need to be removed

from the body because most of these
wastes are toxic and if allowed to
accumulate can be harmful to the body.

2. The flow of urine is regulated.

= The flow of urine is regulated to
controlthe amant at
2. The flow of urine is regulated.

= The flow of urine is regulated to

controlthe amount of water in the body.

3. It is advisable to drink sufficient

water to avoid the formation of kidney
stones.

= It is advisable to drink sufficient water

to avoid the formation of kidney stones
because water will prevent high
concentration of mineral wastes, such
as calcium Oxalate and calcium
phosphate, in the blood that is filtered
by the kidneys.

4. The lungs are excretory organs.

= The lungs are excretory organs

because carbon dioxide is removed
from the bloodstream by lungs, which is
then exhaled.

5. A person can live with one kidney.

= A person can live with one kidney. If

one kidney fails to function, the other
kidney enlarges and takes over th
function of the damaged kidney.
I. Short answer questions.

1. Name the different excretory organs

of human body.

= The different excretory organs of

human body are - Lungs, Skin, Kidneys,
and Liver.

2. List four different excretory wastes

produced in human beings.

Four different excretory wastes

produced in human beings are - carbon
dioxide, sweat, urine and bile pigments.

3. Which blood vessels carries

metabolic wastes into kidney?

= Renal vein carries metabolic wastes

into kidney.

4. Name two useful substances that are

reabsorbed into the blood.

= Two useful substances that are

reabsorbed into the blood are glucose
and amino acids.
5. What is the cause of
formation?
kidney stone

= Kidney stone formation

generally
Occurs when there is constantly high
concentration of mineral wastes, such
às calcium Oxalate and calcium
phosphate, in the blood that is filtered
by the kidneys.

Insufficient water intake along with a

diet rich in calcium are the main causes
of kidney stones.

J. Long answer questions.

1. Draw a labelled diagram of the

human excretory system.

Kidnevs
Renal arteries
J. Long answer questions.

1. Draw a labelled diagram of the

human excretory system.

Kidnevs
Renal arteries

Renal veins
Ureters

-Urinary bladder
Urethra

Human Excretory System

2. Name the excretory organs other

than kidneys and mention the excretory
wastes produced by them.

= The excretory organs other than

kidneys are -

O Lungs : During respiration, glucose is

broken down in body cells to produce
wastes in the form of carbon dioxide
and water. The carbon dioxide is
removed from the bloodstream by
lungs, which is then exhaled.
2. Name the excretory organs other
than kidneys and mention the excretory
wastes produced by them.

= The excretory organs other than

kidneys are -

OLungs:During respiration, glucose is

broken down in body cells to produce
wastes in the form of carbon dioxide
and water. The carbon dioxide is
removed from the bloodstream by
lungs, which is then exhaled.

Oskin : The skin contains numerous

sweat and oil glands. The sweat glands
secrete sweat, which is a mixture of
water, sodium salts, and nitrogenous
wastes, Such as urea. It is excreted
through sweat pores in the skin. The oil
glands secrete sebum, which is a fatty
substance that is also released to the
skin surface. Sweating is important as
it helps to regulate the body
temperature and keeps the body cool.

OLiver: The excretory role of liver is

formation of urea is transported to
kidney through blood from where it is
excreted. Other than this, the bile
pigment, which are the excretory
products from the breakdown of
haemoglobin of old and worn out red
blood cells, are produced in the liver.
Bile pigments pass into the duodenum
for removal from the hodv alona with
faeces.

3. Describe the internal structure of

kidney.

= Each kidney is internally divided into

two parts : an outer dark cortex and an
inner lighter medulla. A wide, funnel
shaped cavity is present at the concave
side of the kidneys. This cavity, called
the renal pelvis, is the point where the
kidney opens into tubes called the
ureters.

4. Name the bacteria that causes

urinary tract infection. What are the
symptoms and preventive measures
taken for UTI?

= The bacteria that causes urinary tract

infection is E. Coli.

Urinary track infection causes pain in

the pelvic region, burning sensation
during urination, strong odour in urine,
and increased urgency to urinate. If
persistent or left untreated it may even
damage the organs of the urinary
system.
5. What should a person do if he is
suffering from kidney stones? Can the
stones be removed on their own?

=Drinking sufficient water (at least 8-10

glasses per day) is recommended to
avoid the development of kidney
stones. Limiting the intake of salt,
Oxalate-rich food, and animal protein
may also help to prevent kidney stone
formation.

Very small stones can pass through the

ureters, causing little or no pain.
However, when bigger stones block the
ureters, obstructing the path of urine, it
causes severe pain at the sides of the
abdomen. Such complications require
surgical removal of stones.

PICTURE STUDY

1. Study the picture given below and

answer the questions that follow.
PICTURESTUDY

1. Study the picture given below and

answer the questions that follow.

a. Name the parts labelled 1-5.

=1-Kidneys;
2- Renal veins;
3-Ureters;
4. Urinary bladder;
5. Urethra;

b. Which organ systenm do they

Constitute?

= They consist of excretory organ

system.

C. What are the functions of the

structures 1 and 4?
C. What are the functions of the
structures 1 and 4?

=The function of 1is to filtering blood

and producing urine. The function of 4
is tostore urine temporarily and remove
it later through a short tube, called the
urethra.

d. Name the liquid expelled out from

part 5. List two components present in
the liquid.

=The liquid expelled out from the part 5

0s urine.
Two components present in the liquid
are - water and urea.

2. The figure given below is the internal

structure of human kidney.

1
3

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 Which kidney, right or left, is placed
slightly lower in human body?

= Right kidney, right or left, is placed

slightly lower in human body.

b. Name the parts numbered 1 to 5.

=1- Renal cortex;

2-Renal medulla;
3- Renal artery;
4 -Ureter;
5-Renalpelvis;

c. What are the structuraland functional

units of kidney?

= Nephrons are the structural and

functional units of kidney.

d. Give the number and name of the

part of kidney where urine is collected.
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= Nephrons are the structural and

functional units of kidney.

d. Give the number and name of the

part of kidney where urine is collected.

= The part of the kidney where urine is

collected is renal pelvis. They are one in
each kidney.

e. Name any two

constituents
blood that are reabsorbed by
of the
in the kidneys. nephrons
= TWo
constituents of the blood that are
reabsorbed by nephrons in the
are - glucose and amino acids. kidneys