Tasks Lab Session 7

This lab session allows us discover the importance of s-plane to study the frequency response of a
system at a given input signals. In mathematics and engineering, the s-plane is the complex plane on
which Laplace transforms are graphed. It is a mathematical domain where, instead of viewing processes
in the time domain modeled with time-based functions, they are viewed as equations in the frequency
domain. It is used as a graphical analysis tool in engineering and physics.

Poles and Zeros of a transfer function are the frequencies for which the value of the denominator and
numerator of transfer function becomes infinite and zero respectively. The values of the poles and the
zeros of a system determine whether the system is stable, and how well the system performs.

The Objective of this lab session to study s-plane and plot impulse and frequency response for different
pole zero location in s-plane. Also to determine weather system is FIR (finite impulse response) or IIR
(infinite impulse response).

The lab code to observe the plots at different locations:

clear all; close all; clc; subplot(3,1,2)
Num = [1]; [H w]=freqs(Num,Den);
Den = poly([0]); % At origin mag=abs(H);
sys=tf(Num,Den) plot(w,mag)
zeros=roots(Num) xlabel('Frequency (\omega)')
poles=roots(Den) ylabel('Gain |H(\omega)|')
figure; title('Frequency Response')
subplot(3,1,1) axis tight
pzmap(sys) grid
xlim([-3 3]) subplot(3,1,3)
ylim([-3 3]) impulse(sys,'r')
grid

Task-1: Analysis of 1st order Analog system [one pole at origin]

a) Generate pole zero constellation of an analog system in s-plane having only one pole at s = 0

b) Write the transfer function of a system

c) Plot the corresponding frequency response and impulse response of a system. Also comment on the
stability of system.
Imaginary Axis (seconds -1 )

Pole-Zero Map
2 1
H (s) =
0
s
-2

100
-3 -2 -1 0
Real Axis (seconds -1)
Frequency Response
1 2 3
Stability: marginally stable.
Gain |H( )|

80
60
40
The impulse response of this system
20
neither dies out nor damages the
1 2 3 4 5
Frequency ( )
6 7 8 9 10
system
Impulse Response
2
Amplitude

0
0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1 0.12 0.14 0.16 0.18 0.2
Time (seconds)
 Task-2: Analysis of 1st order Analog system [one pole at LHP]
a) Generate pole zero constellation of an analog system in s-plane having only one pole at: s = -0.5

b) Write the transfer function of a system

c) Plot the corresponding frequency response and impulse response of a system. Also comment on the
stability of system.
Imaginary Axis (seconds-1)

Pole-Zero Map
2
1
0 H (s) = s +0.5
-2

-3 -2 -1 0
Real Axis (seconds -1)
Frequency Response
1 2 3
Stability: Stable.
Gain |H( )|

1.5

1
The Impulse response of the
0.5 system dies out so it is a totally
stable system.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Frequency ( )

Impulse Response
1
Amplitude

0.5

0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
Time (seconds)

Task-3: Analysis of 1st order Analog system [one pole at RHP]

a) Generate pole zero constellation of an analog system in s-plane having only one pole at: s=0.5

b) Write the transfer function of a system

 c) Plot the corresponding frequency response and impulse response of a system. Also comment on the
stability of system.

Task-4: Analysis of 2nd order Analog system [poles at jω axis]

a) Generate pole zero constellation of an analog system in s-plane having pure imaginary poles at:
s= jω =±j*pi/2 1
H (s) = s +0.5
b) Write the transfer function of a system
Stability: Unstable
Imaginary Axis (seconds -1)

Pole-Zero Map

Changing the pole location to the

2

RHP caused an infinite impulse

0

-2
response while the frequency 1
-3 -2 -1 0
Real Axis (seconds -1)
1 2 3
response is H the( s same.
)= 2 The system’s
Frequency Response s +2.467
40
stability is defined from its impulse
Gain |H( )|

30
Stability:
response. We canMarginally stable.
also observe
20
10
that the
Thepole location
frequency is playing
response of an
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 important
10 role here.
this system is impulsive that
Frequency ( )

Impulse Response
dictates the sinusoidal
1
nature of the impulse
response. So moving the
Amplitude

0
poles along imaginary axis is
-1
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800
basically manipulating the
Time (seconds) sinusoids.

c) Plot the corresponding frequency response and impulse response of a system. Also comment on the
stability of system.

Task-5: Analysis of 2nd order Analog system [complex poles at LHP]:

Imaginary Axis (seconds )
-1

Pole-Zero Map

-2

-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
Real Axis (seconds -1)
Frequency Response
Gain |H( )|

1.5

0.5

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Frequency ( )

10 26 Impulse Response
2
Amplitude

0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
Time (seconds)
 a) Generate pole zero constellation of an analog system in s-plane having complex conjugate poles
at: s=σ+jω=-0.5±j*pi/2

b) Write the transfer function of a system

c) Plot the corresponding frequency response and impulse response of a system. Also comment on the
stability of system.

Task-6: Analysis of 2nd order Analog system [complex poles at RHP]

1
H ( s )=
Imaginary Axis (seconds -1)

2
Pole-Zero Map
s +s +2.72
2

0 Stability: Stable.
-2
Placing complex poles at LHP
-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
Real Axis (seconds -1)
Frequency Response
causes an stable oscillating
0.6
decaying exponential impulse
Gain |H( )|

0.4
response.
0.2

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Frequency ( )

10 12 Impulse Response
5
Amplitude

-5
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
Time (seconds)

a) Generate pole zero constellation of an analog system in s-plane having complex conjugate poles at:
s=σ±jω=0.5±jpi/2

b) Write the transfer function of a system

c) Plot the corresponding frequency response and impulse response of a system. Also comment on the
stability of system.

Task-7: Analysis of 2nd order Analog system [complex zeros and poles at LHP]
Imaginary Axis (seconds )
-1

Pole-Zero Map 1
2
H ( s )= 2
s −s+2.72
0

-2 Stability: Unstable.
-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
Real Axis (seconds -1)
Frequency Response
Moving the poles to RHP
0.6
again causes an unstable
Gain |H( )|

0.4
impulse response.
0.2

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Frequency ( )

Impulse Response
0.5
Amplitude

-0.5
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
Time (seconds)

S=j*pi/2,-j*pi/2
 a) Generate pole zero constellation of an analog system in s-plane for given roots.

b) Write the transfer function of a system

c) Plot the corresponding frequency response and impulse response of a system. Also comment on the
stability of system.

Task-8: Effect of system’s poles on system stability

Change the location of poles of a system defined in Task-7 from L.H.S of s-plane to axis first, ands2then to
+2.467
R.H.S of s-plane and observe the effects on impulse response and frequency response ( S )a=system.
H of 2
s +0.4 s+0.657
Imaginary Axis (seconds -1)

Pole-Zero Map Stability: Stable.

2
2
Placing s +2.467
0 H ( Szeros
)= 2 and poles near
-2 s −0.4
to each other s +0.657
causes a sudden
-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 rise and a fall in the
Real Axis (seconds -1) Stability: Unstable.
6
Frequency Response
frequency response.
Moving the poles to RHP
Gain |H( )|

2 causes an unstable system at

again, the same frequency
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Frequency ( ) response.
10 26 Impulse Response
2
Amplitude

-2
0 50 100 150 200 250 300
Time (seconds)

Task-9: Effect of system’s zeros on system stability

Imaginary Axis (seconds -1 )

Pole-Zero Map
2

-2

-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
Real Axis (seconds -1)
Frequency Response
6
Gain |H( )|

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Frequency ( )

Impulse Response
2
Amplitude

-2
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Time (seconds)
 Modify the location of zeros of a system defined in Task-7 from to 𝑠 = ±(𝜋/2) to 𝑠 = -0.1 ± 𝑗(𝜋/2).
Do not change the location of poles. Does the impulse response change? Can we place analog system’s
zeros on the right-hand plane [RHP]?

2
s ± 0.2 s +2.477
H ( s )= 2
s −0.4 s +0.657
Stability (for zeros at RHP):
unstable.

Stability (for zeros at LHP):

stable.

Remember the system poles

remain at RHP, so the response
remains unstable for either
conditions.
Imaginary Axis (seconds -1)

Pole-Zero Map
2

-2

-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
Real Axis (seconds -1)
Frequency Response
6
Gain |H( )|

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Frequency ( )

10 26 Impulse Response
2
Amplitude

-2
0 50 100 150 200 250 300
Time (seconds)