Tasks Lab Session 8

z-plane: A z-plane is a mathematical domain used in the analysis and design of discrete-time systems,
particularly in the field of digital signal processing. In the z-plane, complex numbers are represented by
z = σ + jω, where σ and ω are real numbers, and j is the imaginary unit.

The main difference between the s-plane and the z-plane lies in their application domains. The s-plane is
used for continuous-time systems in analog signal processing, while the z-plane is utilized for discrete-
time systems in digital signal processing.

The z-plane is crucial in digital signal processing as it allows for the representation and analysis of
discrete-time signals and systems. It plays a vital role in designing digital filters, control systems, and
various other applications.
clear all;close xlim([0 180]) mag=abs(H); subplot(3,1,3)
all;clc; grid plot((w*180)/ impulse(sys,'r')
Num = poly([0]); xlim([-3 3]), pi,mag) grid
Den = ylim([-1.5 xlabel('\omega H=dfilt.df1(Num,
poly([0.9*exp(j*pi),0.9 1.5]) (in degrees)') Den);
*exp(-j*pi)]); subplot(3,1,2) ylabel('Gain | A=isfir(H)
sys=tf(Num,Den,1) [H H(\omega)|')
figure w]=freqz(Num,D title('Frequency
subplot(3,1,1) en); Response')
pzmap(sys)

Task-1: Analysis of 1st order Digital system [one pole inside the Unit circle at DC]
a) Generate pole zero constellation in z-plane for the following roots of a digital system:

b) Write the transfer function of a system [see command window]

[zero: 𝑧 = 0 & pole: 𝑧 = 0.9∠0]
c) Determine that whether the digital system is FIR or IIR

d) Plot corresponding frequency response and impulse response of a digital system.

Pole-Zero Map
1
Imaginary Axis

0
z
H ( s )=
-1
z−0.9
-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
Real Axis
10
Frequency Response
The system is IIR.
Gain |H( )|

0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180
(in degrees)

Impulse Response
1
Amplitude

0.5

0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
Time (seconds)
Task 2. Analysis of 1st order Digital system [pole inside the Unit circle at Fs/2]
a) Generate pole zero constellation in z-plane for the following roots of a digital system:
[zero: 𝑧 = 0 & pole: 𝑧 = 0.9∠ ± 𝜋]
b) Write the transfer function of a system
c) Determine that whether the digital system is FIR or IIR
d) Plot corresponding frequency response and impulse response of a digital system.

Pole-Zero Map
Imaginary Axis

0 z
H ( S )= 2
-1
z +1.8 z +0.81
-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
Real Axis
100
Frequency Response
The system is IIR
Gain |H( )|

50

0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180
(in degrees)

Impulse Response
5
Amplitude

-5
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Time (seconds)

Task 3. Analysis of 1st order Digital system [one pole at the DC location of Unit circle]
a) Generate pole zero constellation in z-plane for the following roots of a digital system:
[zero: 𝑧 = 0 & pole: 𝑧 = 1∠0]
b) Write the transfer function of a system
c) Determine that whether the digital system is FIR or IIR
d) Plot corresponding frequency response and impulse response of a digital system.

Pole-Zero Map
Imaginary Axis

1
z
0 H ( S )=
z−1
-1

-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 The system is IIR.

Real Axis
Frequency Response
200
Gain |H( )|

100

0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180
(in degrees)

Impulse Response
2
Amplitude

0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
Time (seconds)
Task4. Analysis of 1st order Digital system [pole at the Fs/2 location of Unit circle]
a) Generate pole zero constellation in z-plane for the following roots of a digital system:
b) Write the transfer function of a system. [zero: 𝑧 = 0 & pole: 𝑧 = 1∠ ± 𝜋]
c) Determine that whether the digital system is FIR or IIR
d) Plot corresponding frequency response and impulse response of digital system.

Pole-Zero Map
Imaginary Axis

z
H ( s )=
0
2
-1 z + 2 z +1
-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3

10 4
Real Axis
Frequency Response The system is IIR.
3
Gain |H( )|

0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180
(in degrees)

10 4 Impulse Response
1
Amplitude

-1
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000 9000 10000
Time (seconds)

Task 5: Analysis of 1st order Digital system [one pole outside the Unit circle at DC]

a) Generate pole zero constellation in z-plane for the following roots of a digital system:
b) Write the transfer function of a system [zero: 𝑧 = 0 & pole: 𝑧 = 1.1∠0]
c) Determine that whether the digital system is FIR or IIR.
d) Plot corresponding frequency response and impulse response of a digital system.

Pole-Zero Map
Imaginary Axis

-1
z
-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
H ( s )=
10
Real Axis
Frequency Response z−1.1
Gain |H( )|

The system is IIR

5

0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180
(in degrees)

Impulse Response
10 28
10
Amplitude

0
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700
Time (seconds)
Task 6. Analysis of 1st order Digital system [pole outside the Unit circle at Fs/2]
a) Generate pole zero constellation in z-plane for the following roots of a digital system:
b) Write the transfer function of a system. [zero: 𝑧 = 0 & pole: 𝑧 = 1.1∠ ± 𝜋]
c) Determine that whether the digital system is FIR or IIR
d) Plot corresponding frequency response and impulse response of a digital system.

Pole-Zero Map
Imaginary Axis

z
H ( s )=
-1

2
-3 -2 -1
Real Axis
0 1 2 3
z + 2.2 z +1.21
Frequency Response
100
The system is IIR.
Gain |H( )|

50

0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180
(in degrees)

Impulse Response
10 27
5
Amplitude

-5
0 100 200 300 400 500 600
Time (seconds)

Task 7: Analysis of 2nd order Digital system [poles at origin]

a) Generate pole zero constellation in z-plane for the following roots of a digital system:
b) Write the transfer function of a system [zeros: 𝑧 = 0.8944∠ ± 2𝜋/3) & poles: 𝑧 = 0]
c) Determine that whether the digital system is FIR or IIR
d) Plot corresponding frequency response and impulse response of a digital system.

Pole-Zero Map
Imaginary Axis

0
2
z + 0.8944 z+ 0.8
-1 H ( s )=
z
-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
Real Axis
3
Frequency Response The system is FIR.
Gain |H( )|

0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180
(in degrees)

0.5

0
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
Task 8: Analysis of 2nd order Digital system [complex poles inside the Unit circle].

a) Generate pole zero constellation in z-plane for the following roots of a digital system:
b) Write the transfer function of a system. [zeros: 𝑧 = 1∠ ± 𝜋/2) & poles: 𝑧 = 0.8∠ ± 𝜋/4]
c) Determine that whether the digital system is FIR or IIR
d) Plot corresponding frequency response and impulse response of a digital system.
Pole-Zero Map
Imaginary Axis

2
-1
z +1
-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 H ( s )= 2
Real Axis
Frequency Response z −1.313 z+ 0.64
6
Gain |H( )|

4 The system is IIR.

2

0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180
(in degrees)

Impulse Response
2
Amplitude

-2
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
Time (seconds)

Task 9: Analysis of 2nd order Digital system [complex poles at the Unit circle]
a) Generate pole zero constellation in z-plane for the following roots of a digital system:
b) Write the transfer function of a system. [zeros: 𝑧 = 1∠ ± 𝜋/2) & poles: 𝑧 = 1∠ ± 𝜋/4]
c) Determine that whether the digital system is FIR or IIR
d) Plot corresponding frequency response and impulse response of a digital system.
Pole-Zero Map
Imaginary Axis

-1
z ²+1
-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 H ( s )=
Real Axis z ² +1.414 z+ 1
10 15 Frequency Response
15
The system is IIR
Gain |H( )|

10

0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180
(in degrees)

Impulse Response
5
Amplitude

-5
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000 9000 10000
Time (seconds)
Task 10: Analysis of 2nd order Digital system [complex poles outside the Unit circle]
a) Generate pole zero constellation in z-plane for the following roots of a digital system:
b) Write the transfer function of a system. [zeros: 𝑧 = 1∠ ± 𝜋/2) & poles: 𝑧 = 1.2∠ ± 𝜋/4]
c) Determine that whether the digital system is FIR or IIR
d) Plot corresponding frequency response and impulse response of a digital system.

Pole-Zero Map
Imaginary Axis

-1
z ²+ 1
H ( s )=
-3 -2 -1 0
Real Axis
1 2 3
z ²−1.697 z +1.44
Frequency Response
6
The system is IIR.
Gain |H( )|

0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180
(in degrees)

Impulse Response
10 28
1
Amplitude

-1
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350
Time (seconds)

Task 11: Analysis of 2nd order Digital system [complex zeros inside the Unit circle]
a) Generate pole zero constellation in z-plane for the following roots of a digital system:
b) Write the transfer function of a system. [zeros: 𝑧 = 0.8∠ ± 𝜋/2) & poles: 𝑧 = 0.8∠ ± 𝜋/4]
c) Determine that whether the digital system is FIR or IIR
d) Plot corresponding frequency response and impulse response of a digital system.

Pole-Zero Map
Imaginary Axis

1 2
z +0.64
0 H ( s )= 2
-1 z −1.131 z +0.64
-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
Frequency The system is IIR
RealResponse
Axis
5
Gain |H( )|

0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180
(in degrees)
Impulse Response
2
Amplitude

-2
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
Time (seconds)
Task 12: Analysis of 2nd order Digital system [complex zeros outside the Unit circle]
a) Generate pole zero constellation in z-plane for the following roots of a digital system:
b) Write the transfer function of a system. [zeros: 𝑧 = 1.2∠ ± 𝜋/2) & poles: 𝑧 = 0.8∠ ± 𝜋/4]
c) Determine that whether the digital system is FIR or IIR
d) Plot corresponding frequency response and impulse response of a digital system
Pole-Zero Map
Imaginary Axis

2
-1
z +1.44
-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 H ( s )= 2
Real Axis
Frequency Response z −1.131 z +0.64
10
Gain |H( )|

5
The system is IIR.

0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180
(in degrees)

Impulse Response
5
Amplitude

-5
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
Time (seconds)

General Discussion for Predicting the response of the system:

We can analyze the pole-zero plot in the z-plane to determine whether a system is an Infinite
Impulse Response (IIR) or Finite Impulse Response (FIR) filter.
Infinite Impulse Response (IIR) Filters:
 IIR filters have poles that may be located anywhere in the z-plane.
 Presence of poles outside the unit circle (poles with magnitude greater than 1) is a
characteristic feature of IIR filters.
 IIR filters can have both finite and infinite-duration responses.
Finite Impulse Response (FIR) Filters:
 FIR filters have all their poles located at the origin (z = 0).
 FIR filters have zeros that can be located anywhere in the z-plane, but they must not be
outside the unit circle (zeros with magnitude greater than 1).
 FIR filters are always stable and have a finite-duration response.
In summary, if you observe poles outside the unit circle in the z-plane, it indicates an IIR filter. If
all the poles are at the origin (z = 0) and there are no poles outside the unit circle, it suggests an
FIR filter.