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3. “Children who watch violent cartoons will become more aggressive.” According to the scientific method, this
statement is most likely a ____________
a) conclusion.
b) result.
c) hypothesis.
Correct. This statement is an educated guess about the effects of violent cartoons.
d) fact.
Incorrect. This is merely a testable statement about the effects of violent cartoons on children’s behavior.
ANS: b, p. 4, C, LO=1.1, (2)
% correct 81 a= 4 b= 81 c= 0 d= 15 r = .19

4. A general principle or a set of principles that attempts to explain how a set of separate facts are related to one
another is called ____________
a) a theory.
Correct. A theory explains different bits of information and their relationship to each other.
b) an hypothesis.
Incorrect. A hypothesis is an educated guess, or a speculation about the answer to a research question.
c) applied research.
d) basic research.
ANS: a, p. 4, F, LO=1.1, (2)

5. The first step in any scientific investigation is _______________.

a) forming the hypothesis
Incorrect. This step follows the development of a question to test.
b) observing and theorizing
Correct. This is the first step in any scientific investigation.
c) coming to a conclusion
d) designing a study
ANS: b, p. 4, F, LO=1.1, (1)

6. Forming a hypothesis is the second step in a scientific investigation. This step is derived from which goal of
psychology?
a) describing
Incorrect. The question comes from observing a situation and asking “What is happening?” This is a description.
b) explaining
Correct. Forming a hypothesis attempts to explain the question you are asking.
c) predicting
d) changing
ANS: b, p. 4, C, LO=1.1, (3)

7. After reading about the possible causes of schizophrenia, a scientist thinks that a virus is the most likely cause.
What term most accurately describes the scientist’s idea?
a) hypothesis
Correct. A hypothesis is an “educated guess” based on solid information.
b) dependent variable
c) extraneous variable
d) experimental estimate
Incorrect. Experimental estimate is not a valid term used in science.
ANS: a, p. 4, A, LO=1.1, (2)

8. Jeremy has some doubt about another researcher's claim of discovering ESP in all humans. Jeremy decides that
he will try to conduct the same study himself. Jeremy will be doing a(n) ____________
a) replication.
Correct. Replication is a future repeat of research to see if the findings or outcomes are consistent.
 b) pilot study.
Incorrect. A pilot study is the “first” in a series of research investigations.
c) longitudinal study.
d) qualitative study.
ANS: a, pp. 4-5, A, LO=1.1, (2)

9. Researchers must report their results completely whether the hypothesis was supported or not. Complete reporting
is necessary for the purpose of ______________.
a) educational knowledge
b) replication
Correct. Others must know what was done so they can repeat the procedure and make sure everything was done
correctly.
c) finding a better way to support the hypothesis
Incorrect. Complete reporting of methods is mainly for replication, not just finding support of the hypothesis.
d) publication
ANS: b, p. 5, F, LO=1.1, (2)

Learning Objective 1.2 – What are the goals of psychology?

10. The goals of psychology are to _____

a) explore the conscious and unconscious functions of the human mind.
b) understand, compare, and analyze human behavior.
Incorrect. Human behavior is only one part of psychology.
c) improve psychological well-being in all individuals from birth until
death.
d) describe, explain, predict, and influence behavior.
Correct. These adequately help uncover the mysteries of behavior.
ANS: d, p. 5, F, LO=1.2, (1)

11. The four goals of psychology are to describe, explain, ____________, and influence behavior and mental
processes.
a) increase
b) decrease
c) predict
Correct. One of the four goals of psychology is gaining the ability to predict future events or behaviors.
d) standardize
Incorrect. Standardizing mental processes and behaviors, which would involve making them all the same, is not a
possibility in psychology or any other science.
ANS: c, p. 5, C, LO=1.2, (2)

12. Which of the following is NOT a goal of psychological researchers?

a) to describe behavior and mental processes
b) to explain behavior and mental processes
c) to note behavior and mental processes
Correct. Description and explanation are goals of psychological research, as are predicting and influencing
behaviors.
d) to influence behavior and mental processes
Incorrect. Influence, which is sometimes described as controlling behaviors, is one of the goals of psychological
research.
ANS: c, p. 5, C, LO=1.2, (2)

13. Mei was sent to the school psychologist to be tested. Based on her IQ scores it was decided that she would do
well in the gifted child program. This is an example of which goal of psychology?
a) describing behavior
b) explaining behavior
Incorrect. Explaining focuses on why it is happening.
c) predicting behavior
Correct. Mei’s score served as a predictor (“would do well”) of performance.
d) controlling behavior
ANS: c, p. 5, A, LO=1.2, (2)
% correct 76 a= 8 b= 7 c= 76 d= 9 r = .20

14. A psychologist is interested in finding out why identical twins have different personalities. This psychologist is
most interested in the goal of ______________.
a) description
Incorrect. “Why” does not describe; it explains.
b) explanation
Correct. “Why” asks for an explanation.
c) prediction
d) influence
ANS: b, p. 5, F, LO=1.2, (1)

15. The question “Why is it happening?” refers to which of the following goals in psychology?
a) description
Incorrect. Describing does not answer the question why.
b) explanation
Correct. Asking “why” calls for an explanation.
c) prediction
d) influence
ANS: b, p. 5, F, LO=1.2, (1)

16. Dr. Lewis has been studying Bobby's poor academic performance and has come to expect that Bobby is most
easily distracted right after lunch. Dr. Lewis has met which goal?
a) description
b) explanation
c) prediction
Correct. Dr. Lewis has observed Bobby’s behavior in the past, and is making a prediction about future behaviors.
d) influence
Incorrect. Dr. Lewis has not introduced any attempts to change or control Bobby’s behavior, so the goal of
influence has not (yet) been met.
ANS: c, p. 5, A, LO=1.2, (2)

17. The question “How can it be changed?” refers to which of the following goals in psychology?
a) description
b) explanation
c) prediction
Incorrect. Prediction does not cause change.
d) influence
Correct. Influence modifies behavior.
ANS: d, p. 5, F, LO=1.2, (1)

18. Professor Perdomo has instituted a program that he has determined will improve the memories of his psychology
students. This is an example of which goal of psychology?
a) prediction
Incorrect. Prediction often comes before influence, but in this example the professor’s attempts to change behaviors
makes “influence” the best answer.
b) influence
Correct. Professor Perdomo is attempting to change (or influence) psychological functions (memory) in his
students.
c) explanation
d) description
ANS: b, p. 5, A, LO=1.2, (2)

19. The question “What is happening?” refers to which of the following goals in psychology?
a) description
Correct. Asking “what” means asking for a description.
b) explanation
Incorrect. Explanation goes beyond “what.”
c) prediction
d) control
ANS: a, p. 5, F, LO=1.2, (1)
% correct 28 a= 28 b= 58 c= 11 d= 2 r = .26

20. The question “When will it happen again?” refers to which of the following goals in psychology?
a) description
b) explanation
Incorrect. Explanation deals with the present.
c) prediction
Correct. Prediction deals with future events.
d) control
ANS: c, p. 5, F, LO=1.2, (1)
% correct 92 a= 0 b= 4 c= 92 d= 4 r = .36

21. Psychologists who give potential employees tests that determine what kind of job those employees might best
perform are interested in the goal of _____________.
a) description
b) explanation
Incorrect. The test is predicting, not explaining.
c) prediction
Correct. The test predicts behavior.
d) control
ANS: c, p. 5, A, LO=1.2, (2)
% correct 83 a= 7 b=41 c= 83 d= 7 r = .29

22. Description is to assessment as _________ is to prognosis.

a) prediction
Correct. A prognosis is a prediction of what will happen.
b) explanation
Incorrect. An explanation does not indicate future outcomes.
c) indication
d) influence
ANS: a, p. 5, C, LO=1.2, (3)

23. Which goal of psychology is most closely met through naturalistic observation?
a) altering behavior
b) predicting behavior
Incorrect. Naturalistic observation involves just watching and describing. No predictions are made.
c) describing behavior
Correct. Naturalistic observation involves watching and describing
d) controlling behavior
ANS: c, p. 5 & 18, C, LO=1.2 & 1.7, (3)

24. A teacher tells the school psychologist that Kate is late to class, does not turn in her homework, squirms around
a lot in her seat, and swings her feet constantly. This is an example of which goal of psychology?
a) describing behavior
Correct. We only know WHAT she is doing.
 b) explaining behavior
Incorrect. Explaining focuses on why it is happening, not what is happening.
c) predicting behavior
d) controlling behavior
ANS: a, p. 5, A, LO=1.3, (2)
% correct 85 a= 85 b= 14 c= 0 d= 0 r = .34

25. Dr. Wang is conducting a study to test ways of helping students reduce stress during exams. While taking
practice exams, one group of students is trained in deep muscle relaxation and a second group is trained to visualize
success. Dr. Wang's study compares the effectiveness of these two stress-reduction strategies. This is an example of
_________
a) basic research.
Incorrect. Basic research seeks more general scientific understanding, but is not necessarily tied to answering
specific practical problems.
b) applied research.
Correct. Research that seeks to solve practical problems, such as the stress experienced by students during
examination time, is called applied research.
c) observational research.
d) theoretical research.
ANS: b, p. 6, A, LO=1.2, (2)

26. __________ research explores such topics as the nature of memory, brain function, or motivation.
a) Applied
Incorrect. Applied research is used to answer specific, real-world, practical problems rather than general scientific
concepts.
b) Conceptual
c) Basic
Correct. These are several topics covered by basic research, which seeks general scientific understanding.
d) Behavioral
ANS: c, p. 6, C, LO=1.2, (2)

27. Samuel is working to develop a new program to assist the elderly in improving their memories. Samuel is doing
__________ research.
a) geriatric
b) basic
Incorrect. Research that seeks to solve practical problems is called applied research.
c) scientific
d) applied
Correct. Research that seeks to solve practical problems, such as the decrease in memory of the elderly, is called
applied research.
ANS: d, p. 6, A, LO=1.2, (2)

Exploring Psychology’s Roots

Learning Objective 1.3 – What roles did Wundt and Titchener play in the founding of psychology?

28. In 1879, in Leipzig, Germany, the first psychological laboratory was developed by ______________.
a) William James
b) William Tell
c) Wilhelm Wundt
Correct. Wundt established the first psychological laboratory.
d) Sigmund Freud
Incorrect. Freud’s theory came later, and he had no lab.
ANS: c, p. 6, F, LO=1.3, (1)
% correct 88 a= 7 b= 1 c= 88 d= 4 r = .23
% correct 100 a= 0 b= 0 c= 100 d= 0 r = .00
29. ____________ is generally considered to be the “father of psychology.”
a) Max Wertheimer
b) William James
c) Wilhelm Wundt
Correct. Wundt is credited with being the founder of the first laboratory of psychology in 1879.
d) Sigmund Freud
Incorrect. Freud’s theories have had enormous influence on the field of psychology, but the correct answer to this
question is Wilhelm Wundt.
ANS: c, p. 6, F, LO=1.3, (1)

30. The school of psychology called structuralism used a technique called __________, which involved reporting
the contents of consciousness to study a person’s experiences.
a) intervention
Incorrect. Intervention has a totally different meaning than introspection, even though it looks similar.
b) introspection
Correct. This requires self-examination of the structure of the mind.
c) insight inventory
d) induction
ANS: b, p. 6, F, LO=1.3, (2)
% correct 96 a= 0 b= 96 c= 4 d= 0 r = .24

31. The major emphasis of structuralism was the ____________

a) perception of whole units or patterns.
b) analysis of the basic elements of conscious mental experience.
Correct. The structuralists felt that the goal of psychology should be to identify the basic elements of the human
mental experience.
c) function of conscious mental experience.
Incorrect. It was the functionalists who felt that the emphasis of the field of psychology should be on discovering the
functions of the human mental experience.
d) scientific study of behavior.
ANS: b, pp. 6-7, F, LO=1.3, (1)

32. Why was the perspective followed by Wilhelm Wundt and his followers called structuralism?
a) They wanted to identify the major brain structures.
b) Their primary goal was to understand the physiology of the mind.
Incorrect. It was the structure of thought, not physiology.
c) They focused their efforts on analyzing the elements of the nervous system.
d) Their primary focus was on describing the structure of conscious experience.
Correct. Structure was key in the definition.
ANS: d, pp. 6-7, F, LO=1.3, (1)
% correct 48 a= 30 b= 19 c= 4 d= 48 r = .18

33. At the close of the nineteenth century, Gerhard is excited to find that he has been accepted for training in the
psychology laboratory of Wilhelm Wundt. It is likely that Gerhard will be trained to ________________
a) analyze how to break down his sensations into their most basic elements.
Correct. Wundt was a structuralist.
b) determine the function or purpose of a particular human behavior.
Incorrect. Wundt was not a functionalist.
c) listen intently while individuals tell him of their depression or nervousness.
d) carefully feel the bumps on a person’s head in order to determine his or her character traits.
ANS: a, pp. 6-7, A, LO=1.3, (2)

34. What is the best analogy for Wundt’s and Titchener’s mission for psychology?
a) a chart listing the basic chemical elements
Correct. They wanted to break down the mind into basic elements.
b) a list of the courses required for graduation
c) a list of the types of clothing sold at a retail outlet
d) a computer program for word processing a term paper
Incorrect. A computer program does not have basic elements.
ANS: a, pp. 6-7, C, LO=1.3, (3)

35. Dr. Smith wants to know more about how our sensations become perceptions. She has developed a drawing that
can be interpreted in different ways, depending on which parts of the drawing the viewer focuses on. Now she is
showing the drawing to different people, and asking them to report what they see, any thoughts they may have as
they view the drawing, and how their thoughts influence their perceptions. Dr. Smith's approach to this research
most closely resembles ____________
a) structuralism.
Correct. Dr. Smith is asking her participants to use introspection in order to identify the basic units of their
conscious experience. This is consistent with the goals of structuralism.
b) functionalism.
Incorrect. The functionalists did not feel that identifying the basic elements of one’s mental experiences, as Dr.
Smith is doing, was a useful goal for the science of psychology.
c) Gestalt psychology.
d) evolutionary psychology.
ANS: a, pp. 6-7, A, LO=1.3, (3)

36. Participants in research early in psychology’s history might have been asked to view a chair and describe its
color, shape, and texture and other aspects of their conscious experience. These individuals would have been using a
method called _________.
a) hypnosis
b) introspection
Correct. In introspection you describe your conscious thoughts.
c) psychosurgery
d) psychoanalysis
Incorrect. Psychoanalysis was not concerned with these issues.
ANS: b, p. 6, C, LO=1.3, (2)

37. Which of the following terms do NOT belong together?

a) structuralism; observable behavior
Correct. Structuralism focuses on introspection, which is not observable.
b) Gestalt; whole
c) psychoanalysis; unconscious conflict
Incorrect. These terms do belong together.
d) natural selection; functionalism
ANS: a, pp. 6–10, C, LO=1.3-1.7, (3)

38. Advocates of the school of structuralism were criticized for their reliance upon introspection ____________
a) because it did not provide for individual measurements of responses.
b) because it lacked objectivity.
Correct. Because there was no way to verify the findings of an individual’s attempt to use introspection, it was
criticized for lacking objectivity.
c) because it relied too much upon free association.
Incorrect. Free association is a concept from Freud’s psychoanalysis, not from structuralism.
d) because it did not lend itself to experimentation.
ANS: b, p. 7, C, LO=1.3, (3)

Learning Objective 1.4 – Why is functionalism important in the history of psychology?

39. Who was an early proponent of functionalism?
a) Ivan Pavlov
b) William James
Correct. James was a functionalist.
c) Wilhelm Wundt
Incorrect. Wundt was a structuralist.
d) Max Wertheimer
ANS: b, p. 7, F, LO=1.4, (1)
% correct 100 a= 0 b= 100 c= 0 d= 0 r = .00

40. The school of psychology called functionalism was strongly influenced by the pioneering work of
____________
a) Sigmund Freud.
Incorrect. The theories of Sigmund Freud and William James were quite opposed to each other.
b) Gustav Fechner.
c) Ernst Weber.
d) Charles Darwin.
Correct. William James based his original theories of functionalism on the concepts of evolution proposed by
Charles Darwin.
ANS: d, p. 7, F, LO=1.4, (1)

41. If a functionalist from the 1870s were alive today, where would we most likely find him?
a) in a laboratory, studying principles of perception
b) in a school, working to improve teaching methods
Correct. Functionalists applied research.
c) in a mountain retreat, contemplating the meaning of life
d) in a sleep laboratory, trying to determine if our need for sleep is biologically based
Incorrect. This would be considered pure research.
ANS: b, p. 7, C, LO=1.4, (3)

Learning Objective 1.5 – In what ways have women and minorities shaped the field of psychology, both in the past
and today?

42. She became the first female president of the American Psychological Association in 1905.
a) Margaret Floy Washburn
b) Francis Sumner
c) Mary Whiton Calkins
Correct. Mary Whiton Calkins was elected president of the APA in 1905, and was the first female to hold this
position.
d) Christine Ladd-Franklin
Incorrect. Ladd-Franklin had to wait over 40 years to receive her doctorate from Johns Hopkins University, but she
was not the president of the APA in 1905.
ANS: c, p. 8, F, LO=1.5, (2)

43. __________ was a prominent female psychologist who wrote the books The Animal Mind (1908) and Movement
and Mental Imagery (1916).
a) Mary Whiton Calkins
b) Christine Ladd-Franklin
c) Margaret Floy Washburn
Correct. After getting her doctorate from Cornell University, Washburn went on to a promising career including
authoring these two important books.
d) Anna Freud
Incorrect. Anna Freud was a very prominent psychologist who followed in her father’s path, but the right answer to
this question is Margaret Floy Washburn.
ANS: c, p. 8, F, LO=1.5, (2)
44. Despite having to wait 40 years after completing the requirements to be awarded her Ph.D., __________
persevered and developed a well-respected, evolutionary theory of color vision.
a) Mary Whiton Calkins
b) Margaret Floy Washburn
c) Rosalie Raynor
Incorrect. Raynor worked with John B. Watson in his pioneering work in the area of behaviorism.
d) Christine Ladd-Franklin
Correct. Ladd-Franklin was made to wait over 40 years for her doctorate solely because of her gender.
ANS: d, p. 8, F, LO=1.5, (2)

45. He is known as the “father of African American psychology.”

a) Francis Cecil Sumner
Correct. Sumner was the chair of the psychology department at Howard University, which was well known as an
African American institution of higher learning.
b) Albert Sidney Beckham
c) Kenneth Clark
Incorrect. Clark did very important research into the effects of racial segregation, but the correct answer to this
question is Francis Cecil Sumner.
d) Porter Lincoln Jackson
ANS: a, p. 8, F, LO=1.5, (2)

46. The first psychology laboratory at an African American university was established by __________ at Howard
University.
a) Kenneth Clark
b) Francis Cecil Sumner
c) Albert Sidney Beckham
Correct. Beckham established that laboratory after doing revolutionary research into the wide-ranging applicability
of intelligence.
d) George Sánchez
Incorrect. Sanchez did important work demonstrating the presence of bias against Hispanic individuals in
intelligence tests.
ANS: c, p. 8, F, LO=1.5, (2)

Schools of Thought in Psychology

Learning Objective 1.6 – How do behaviorists explain behavior and mental processes?

47. Which type of psychologist would be most likely to argue that a criminal engages in unlawful behavior because
he grew up around older boys who engaged in criminal activities?
a) Gestaltist
b) behavioralist
Correct. This theory focused on learned behavior.
c) psychodynamic
Incorrect. This theory focused on unconscious influences.
d) functionalist
ANS: b, p. 9, C, LO=1.6, (2)

48. John B. Watson believed that psychology should involve the study of _________.
a) behavior
Correct. He thought that was the most scientific.
b) the mind
c) the brain
d) consciousness
Incorrect. This was not observable.
ANS: a, p. 9, F, LO=1.6, (1)

49. What advice might John B. Watson have offered to psychologists of his time?
a) “Focus on observable behavior.”
Correct. Behaviorism was founded on the study of observable behavior.
b) “Life is an effort to overcome inferiority.”
c) “We cannot know others until we know ourselves.”
Incorrect. Watson only studied what he observed.
d) “Remember that what we accomplish is due to the composition of our genes.”
ANS: a, p. 9, A, LO=1.6, (1)
% correct 75 a= 75 b= 6 c= 14 d= 3 r = .38

50. The school of psychology called behaviorism was started by __________

a) B.F. Skinner.
Incorrect. Skinner kept behaviorism in the forefront of psychological thought through his work in the 1960s and
beyond.
b) John B. Watson.
Correct. Watson, who was influenced by the work of Ivan Pavlov, was one of the founders of the school of
behaviorism.
c) Abraham Maslow.
d) Edward B. Titchener.
ANS: b, p. 9, F, LO=1.6, (1)

51. Behaviorism is still a major force in modern psychology due to the profound influence of __________
a) Alfred Adler.
b) Gustav Fechner.
c) John B. Watson.
Incorrect. Watson, who was influenced by the work of Ivan Pavlov, was one of the founders of the school of
behaviorism, but it was Skinner who kept behaviorism active in the 1960s and beyond.
d) B. F. Skinner.
Correct. Skinner kept behaviorism in the forefront of psychological thought through his work in the 1960s and
beyond.
ANS: d, p. 9, F, LO=1.6, (2)

52. Skinner's research showed that ____________ is an integral factor for both learning and maintaining a particular
behavior.
a) perception
b) reinforcement
Correct. Reinforcement, or reward, was a hallmark of Skinner’s work. He demonstrated that the outcomes of an
action could affect future repetition of that action.
c) recognition
d) compliance
Incorrect. Compliance is a concept that is discussed in the chapter on social psychology, and is not directly tied to
the work of B. F. Skinner.
ANS: b, p. 9, C, LO=1.6, (2)

53. You are mostly a product of your environment. Parents, teachers, friends and experiences in life all operate to
shape your behaviors and determine who you become. This summarizes the __________ perspective in psychology.
a) behavioral
Correct. The behavioral school of thought suggests that we are largely shaped by influences that surround us in our
environments.
b) biological
c) evolutionary
d) psychoanalytic
Incorrect. The psychoanalytic school of thought suggests that our early childhood experiences, along with
unconscious sexual and destructive impulses, shape who we are.
ANS: a, p. 9, C, LO=1.6, (1)

54. Which founding contributors to psychology helped develop behaviorism?

a) Gestalt and Wundt
b) Freud and Watson
Incorrect. Freud was a psychoanalyst.
c) Watson and Skinner
Correct. They contributed to behaviorism.
d) Pavlov and Wundt
ANS: c, p. 9, C, LO=1.6, (2)

55. Suppose you were a graduate student studying for a Ph.D. in psychology in the 1920s. Your advisor was strongly
influenced by John B. Watson. Which of the following might your advisor consider an acceptable choice for your
research?
a) a survey of daydreams
b) an analysis of how specific behaviors are acquired
Correct. Watson believed observable behavior should be the focus of study.
c) a survey of sexual imagery in dreams of men and women
d) an analysis of the thought processes students report while answering test items
Incorrect. You cannot observe thought processes.
ANS: b, p. 9, A, LO=1.6, (2)
% correct 81 a=7 b= 81 c=3 d= 7 r = .45

56. Who claimed that behavior is affected by positive reinforcement?

a) William James
b) Sigmund Freud
Incorrect. Freud did not emphasize positive reinforcement.
c) B. F. Skinner
Correct. Skinner believed that behavior that is followed by good consequences is reinforced.
d) Wilhelm Wundt
ANS: c, p. 9, F, LO=1.6, (1)
% correct 72 a= 13 b= 10 c= 72 d= 6 r = .51
% correct 63 a= 9 b= 8 c= 63 d= 18 r = .53

Learning Objective 1.7 – What do psychoanalytic psychologists believe about the role of the unconscious?

57. Which statement summarizes the psychoanalytic view of Sigmund Freud?

a) The mind is like an iceberg in that only a small part of its substance is visible.
Correct. Freud used the analogy of the iceberg to represent the different levels of awareness in each human being.
b) Life is a constant striving for superiority.
Incorrect. The ideas of striving for superiority were first introduced by neo-Freudian Alfred Adler.
c) The mind is one great blooming, buzzing confusion.
d) Introspection is not a proper scientific technique in psychology.
ANS: a, p. 10, C, LO=1.7, (1)

58. The belief that the unconscious mind has an influence on one’s behavior is part of what early field of
psychology?
a) structuralism
Incorrect. Structuralism does not examine the unconscious.
b) functionalism
c) psychoanalysis
Correct. The unconscious is a major component of psychoanalysis.
 d) behaviorism
ANS: c, p. 10, F, LO=1.7, (1)
% correct 56 a= 7 b= 9 c= 56 d= 27 r = .37

59. What did Sigmund Freud consider as the key to understanding the nervous disorders he observed?
a) free will
b) brain physiology
Incorrect. There was no physical cause to the problems patients had.
c) unconscious mind
Correct. Freud’s entire theory centered on the unconscious.
d) external consequences
ANS: c, p. 10, C, LO=1.7, (2)

60. The class is playing a game of Jeopardy! and it is your turn. “I'll take Pioneers in Psychology for $50.” The
revealed answer is “Focused on unconscious factors and relied on the case study method.” Just before the buzzer
sounds, what will you say?
a) “Who is B. F. Skinner?”
Incorrect. Skinner rejected the unconscious.
b) “Who are the humanists?”
c) “Who is Sigmund Freud?”
Correct. Freud based his entire theory on the unconscious.
d) “Who are the behaviorists?”
ANS: c, p. 10, C, LO=1.7, (2)
% correct 81 a= 7 b= 0 c=81 d= 12 r = .19

61. Carl Jung, Alfred Adler, and Karen Horney were students of Sigmund Freud who eventually separated from
Freud’s teachings and developed their own theories. In doing so, they became known as __________
a) neo-Freudians.
Correct. These individuals all started off as students of Freud, but eventually set off in their own directions.
b) renegades.
c) psychiatrists.
Incorrect. A psychiatrist is a medical doctor with specialized training in mental health. Jung, Adler, and Horney are
all referred to as neo-Freudians.
d) psychologists.
ANS: a, p. 10, F, LO=1.7, (1)

Learning Objective 1.8 – According to Maslow and Rogers, what motivates human behavior and mental processes?

62. You attend a lecture by a psychologist who uses terms such as free will, innate goodness, and self-actualization.
Which psychological perspective is most consistent with the points the psychologist presented?
a) behaviorism
Incorrect. This perspective does not suggest free will or human nature.
b) humanism
Correct. This perspective suggests people have many choices.
c) functionalism
d) psychodynamics
ANS: b, p. 10, A, LO=1.8, (2)

63. Humanistic psychology emerged as a reaction against __________

a) structuralism and functionalism.
Incorrect. The ideas of structuralism and functionalism were generally defunct before humanism emerged as the
“third force” in psychology.
b) behaviorism and psychoanalysis.
Correct. Humanism felt that psychoanalysis was too negative and behaviorism was too deterministic.
c) cognitive psychology and structuralism.
d) Gestalt psychology and psychoanalysis.
ANS: b, p. 10, C, LO=1.8, (2)

64. Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow represent the __________ school of psychology.
a) humanistic
Correct. Maslow and Rogers are credited as being the founders of the humanistic school of psychology.
b) behavioral
Incorrect. John B. Watson is generally thought of as the founder of behaviorism in psychology, and his work was
influenced by Ivan Pavlov.
c) psychoanalytic
d) cognitive
ANS: a, p. 10, F, LO=1.8, (1)

65. Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow emphasized that people have __________
a) free will.
Correct. The idea that each person is free to act as they choose is central to the concepts of humanism.
b) subconscious drives.
c) a desire to harm others.
Incorrect. The concept of an unconscious destructive drive, or ““thanatos,” is central to the work of Freud and the
psychoanalytic school of psychological thought.
d) physical needs that must be satisfied.
ANS: a, p. 10, C, LO=1.8, (2)

66. Self-actualization was part of which of the following perspectives?

a) behaviorism
Incorrect. Self-actualization was not part of that perspective.
b) cognitive perspective
c) functionalism
d) humanism
Correct. Humanists talk about self-actualization.
ANS: d, p. 10, F, LO=1.8, (1)
% correct 74 a= 11 b= 11 c= 4 d= 74 r = .26

67. Which perspective focuses on free will and self-actualization?

a) psychoanalysis
Incorrect. This theory does not acknowledge free will.
b) humanism
Correct. Humanist theory focuses on free will and self-actualization.
c) cognitive perspective
d) behaviorism
ANS: b, p. 10, F, LO=1.8, (1)

Learning Objective 1.9 – What is the focus of cognitive psychology?

68. In the early part of the past century, psychologists who broke down thought processes into their basic elements
and analyzed them were called structuralists. What term might we use to describe psychologists with similar
interests today?
a) Gestalt
Incorrect. Gestaltists were not involved in breaking down thought processes into basic elements.
b) cognitive
Correct. The cognitive perspective focuses on breaking down thought processes, such as memory, problem-solving,
reasoning, and other forms of cognition.
 c) behavioral
d) humanistic
ANS: b, p. 10, C, LO=1.9, (3)

69. We are not passive creatures who respond reflexively to environmental reinforcements and punishments. We use
reasoning and problem solving strategies to make decisions that shape our lives. This argument summarizes the
main point of __________
a) Gestalt psychology.
Incorrect. Gestalt psychologists emphasize the “whole” of human existence, which includes both behaviors and
environmental influences, as well as internal mental processes.
b) humanistic psychology.
c) cognitive psychology.
Correct. Cognitive psychologists stress the influence of mental processes on our lives.
d) behaviorism.
ANS: c, p. 10, C, LO=1.9, (3)

70. The cognitive perspective emphasizes the role of __________ that underlie behavior.
a) biological processes and heredity
b) choices that lead to growth and self-actualization
Incorrect. Growth and self-actualization are central to the humanistic school of psychology, not the cognitive
perspective.
c) mental processes
Correct. The mental processes involved in the acquisition and application of knowledge are central to the cognitive
school of psychology.
d) the unconscious and early childhood experiences
ANS: c, p. 10, F, LO=1.9, (1)

71. The information-processing approach in cognitive psychology assumes that the human mind __________
a) processes information in much the same way as a computer.
Correct. The sequential processing of information that is key to the functioning of a computer is thought to be
similar to the way the human mind functions in the information-processing perspective.
b) is controlled by unconscious levels of processing similar to animal instincts.
c) is so vast and complicated that it cannot be studied scientifically.
Incorrect. While this model may, in fact, agree that the human mind is enormous and very complex, it does not
suggest that there is no way to study such complexity.
d) processes information in a stream of consciousness triggered by the constantly changing environment.
ANS: a, pp. 10-11, C, LO=1.9, (3)

72. The early perspective called Gestalt psychology has evolved into the current perspective called
_______________.
a) psychoanalysis
b) cognitive psychology
Correct. Gestalt psychology is now part of cognitive psychology, which focuses on perception as well as learning,
memory, and thought processes.
c) behavioral psychology
Incorrect. This area of psychology only focuses on observable behavior.
d) social psychology
ANS: b, pp. 10-11, F, LO=1.9, (1)

73. Which type of early psychologist believed that “the whole is more than the sum of its parts”?
a) Gestaltist
Correct. The Gestaltists studied the perception of wholes.
b) behaviorist
 c) structuralist
Incorrect. Structuralists focused on the elements of consciousness.
d) functionalist
ANS: a, p. 11, F, LO=1.9, (2)

74. “The whole is greater than the sum of the parts” is a statement associated with the perspective of
______________
a) introspection.
b) functionalism.
c) psychoanalysis.
Incorrect. Psychoanalysis was concerned with unconsciousness, not “wholes.”
d) Gestalt psychologists.
Correct. “The whole is greater than the sum of the parts” was the theme of the Gestaltists.
ANS: d, p. 11, F, LO=1.9, (1)
% correct 55 a= 14 b= 21 c= 11 d= 55 r = .43

75. While on a visit to a large city, you observe several billboards in which a series of lights seems to move. Which
perspective in psychology would most likely help you understand this phenomenon?
a) Gestalt
Correct. Gestaltists focused on perception of wholes.
b) behavioral
c) humanistic
d) psychodynamic
Incorrect. This theory focused on the unconscious.
ANS: a, p. 11, C, LO=1.9, (3)

76. The German word Gestalt roughly means __________

a) belief or attitude.
b) capacity or ability.
Incorrect. This is not the right translation. The best translation of Gestalt is “whole.”
c) emotion or feeling.
d) whole, form or pattern.
Correct. The meaning “whole” forms the basis of the Gestalt school of psychological thought.
ANS: d, p. 11, F, LO=1.9, (2)

77. Max Wertheimer’s demonstration of the “phi phenomenon” was used to promote the ideas of __________
a) humanistic psychology.
Incorrect. The phi phenomenon is not discussed in humanistic psychology. It is central to the concepts of Gestalt
psychology.
b) Gestalt psychology.
Correct. The phi phenomenon explains how individual sensory “units” are perceived as a combined whole.
c) behavioral psychology.
d) structural psychology.
ANS: b, p. 11, F, LO=1.9, (1)

Learning Objective 1.10 – What is the main idea behind evolutionary psychology?

78. __________ focuses on how humans have adapted the behaviors required for survival in the face of
environmental challenges over time.
a) Gestalt psychology
Incorrect. Gestalt psychology focuses on the experiencing of one’s “whole” existence. The best answer to this
question is evolutionary psychology.
b) Environmental psychology
 c) Evolutionary psychology
Correct. Evolutionary psychology looks at the long-term survival of the human species over many generations, even
as environmental demands have changed over time.
d) Cognitive psychology
ANS: c, p. 12, C, LO=1.10, (2)

79. __________ psychology combines elements of cognitive psychology, evolutionary biology, anthropology and
neuroscience.
a) Structural
Incorrect. Structuralism was the first psychological perspective, though it was contributed to by philosophy and
physiology.
b) Evolutionary
Correct. All of these fields combined to help create the discipline of evolutionary psychology.
c) Gestalt
d) Functionalist
ANS: b, p. 12, F, LO=1.10, (1)

80. Evolutionary psychology attempts to explain the universality of language usage in humans by pointing to
__________
a) the survival advantage of having an efficient means of communication.
Correct. Evolutionary psychology looks at traits, behaviors, and tendencies that help to preserve the survival of the
species.
b) the survival advantage of a generalized intelligence factor.
c) the role of language in mate selection among humans.
d) the role of parental practices in the way that infants acquire language.
Incorrect. This would be the focus of a cognitive and/or developmental psychologist, not an evolutionary
psychologist.
ANS: a, p. 12, C, LO=1.10, (1)

81. Dr. Mosher is a psychologist who tries to understand how people select their mates. She must be a(n)
___________________ .
a) behavioral psychologist
b) cognitive psychologist
c) evolutionary psychologist
Correct. Evolutionary psychologists look at how human mate selection evolved.
d) biopsychological psychologist
Incorrect. Mate preference is an evolutionary issue.
ANS: c, p. 12, A, LO=1.10, (2)

82. Which perspective assumes that human behavior may have developed in certain directions because it served a
useful function in preserving the species?
a) psychoanalysis
b) behaviorism
c) cognitive psychology
Incorrect. This area is interested in thought processes.
d) evolutionary psychology
Correct. Evolutionary psychologists believe that human behavior may have developed in certain directions because
it was useful in preserving the species.
ANS: d, p. 12, F, LO=1.10, (1)

Learning Objective 1.11 – How is biological psychology changing the field of psychology?

83. Professor Beverly approaches questions about human behavior from a perspective that emphasizes bodily events
and chemicals, such as hormones, associated with behavior. It is most likely that she accepts which of the following
psychological approaches?
a) biopsychological
Correct. The biopsychological perspective looks at the relationship between body chemistry and behavior.
b) learning
c) cognitive
d) sociocultural
Incorrect. The sociocultural perspective focuses on culture and sociology, not biology.
ANS: a, p. 12, A, LO=1.11, (1)
% correct 91 a= 91 b= 2 c= 6 d= 1 r = .49
% correct 93 a= 93 b= 0 c= 0 d= 7 r = .56

84. This combines the work of psychologists, biologists, biochemists, and medical researchers in the study of the
structure and function of the nervous system.
a) evolutionary psychology
Incorrect. Neuroscience helped contribute to the field of evolutionary psychology, not the other way around!
b) environmental psychology
c) systematic psychology
d) neuroscience
Correct. All of these fields help form the discipline of neuroscience.
ANS: d, p. 12, F, LO=1.11, (1)

85. Biological psychologists examine the relationships between specific biological factors and specific behaviors in
order to __________
a) explain individual differences.
Correct. Biological psychology seeks to understand the uniqueness of each individual human body, and how those
differences affect our individual behaviors.
b) explain the functioning of the brain.
Incorrect. This answer is not entirely wrong, but the best answer is that biological psychologists look to understand
individual differences.
c) examine the effects of drugs on behavior.
d) examine the evolutionary basis for cultural differences.
ANS: a, p. 12, C, LO=1.11, (3)

Learning Objective 1.12 – What kinds of variables interest psychologists who take a sociocultural approach?

86. If you are interested in how one’s background and cultural experiences influence their behaviors and stresses,
you are interested in the __________ perspective.
a) behavioral
b) sociocultural
Correct. This approach focuses on social environment.
c) psychodynamic
d) cognitive
Incorrect. This approach focuses on individual thought processes, not groups of people.
ANS: b, p. 13, F, LO=1.12, (2)

87. In studying the bystander effect, a researcher is interested in looking at differences between prison guards in
China and the United Kingdom. The researcher is taking a __________ in this cross cultural study.
a) Eurocentric perspective
b) egocentric perspective
c) culturio perspective
Incorrect. Not a real term or concept discussed in the book.
d) sociocultural perspective
Correct. The researcher is looking at cultures from a sociocultural perspective.
ANS: d, p. 13, C, LO=1.12, (3)
88. Dr. Ngaro feels that an individual's behavior can best be understood if one understands the cultural influences
surrounding that individual. This is an example of the __________
a) sociocultural perspective.
Correct. Factors such as culture, religion, race, gender and physical challenges are all examples of things that are of
interest to a sociocultural psychologist.
b) biological perspective.
c) humanist perspective.
Incorrect. Cultural influences that contribute to each individual’s uniqueness are not ignored by humanistic
psychologists, but the best answer is the sociocultural perspective.
d) evolutionary perspective.
ANS: a, p. 13, A, LO=1.12, (1)

89. The __________ stresses the importance of social and cultural influences on human behavior.
a) sociocultural approach
Correct. These are the primary areas of emphasis to a sociocultural psychologist.
b) systems theory approach
c) neuroscience approach
d) eclectic approach
Incorrect. An eclectic approach draws from multiple theories. The best answer to this question is the sociocultural
approach.
ANS: a, p. 13, F, LO=1.12, (1)

90. The sociocultural approach is frequently considered to be part of the broader context of a systems perspective,
which points out that __________
a) multiple factors interact with each other to influence our behavior.
Correct. Multiple influences, such as family, peers, media, and culture are considered in a systems perspective.
b) different levels of analysis are necessary to understand human behavior.
c) human behavior cannot be equated with the behavior of other organisms.
d) the totality of human behavior is greater than the sum of its parts.
Incorrect. This is the main concept of the Gestalt, not the systems, perspective.
ANS: a, p. 13, C, LO=1.12, (2)

Learning Objective 1.13 – What are psychological perspectives, and how are they related to an eclectic position?

91. Jamaal, a practicing psychologist, prefers to choose from a combination of approaches when trying to deal with a
specific client behavior. Jamaal takes a(n) __________ position.
a) humanistic
Incorrect. When a theory draws form many different perspectives, it is called an eclectic position.
b) client-centered
c) sociocultural
d) eclectic
Correct. An eclectic approach draws from several different psychological theories.
ANS: d, p. 15, A, LO=1.13, (2)

Thinking about Theories and Research

Learning Objective 1.14 – How do psychologists evaluate theories?

92. A theory is said to have heuristic value if __________

a) it stimulates debate and motivates researchers to pursue research related to the theory.
Correct. Even theories that are “off the wall” and seen as being ridiculous can have heuristic value if they stimulate
discussion and debate among researchers.
 b) it explains a fairly narrow area of behavior.
c) it focuses attention on observations that cannot be readily explained in other ways.
d) it provides solutions for real-world problems.
Incorrect. This is an explanation of applied research (versus basic research), not heuristic value.
ANS: a, p. 16, C, LO=1.14, (2)

93. Freud’s theory has been criticized for being relatively untestable. It is still taught in introductory psychology
classes, in part because of its __________
a) heuristic value.
Correct. Though some are very passionate in their disdain of Freudian theories, there can be no argument that such
theories have had massive influence on the field of psychology. This is the essence of heuristic value.
b) shock value.
c) explanatory power.
Incorrect. Freud’s theories are, by and large, untestable in psychological research, and thus their ability to truly
explain things is limited.
d) ability to predict behavior.
ANS: a, p. 16, C, LO=1.14, (1)

Learning Objective 1.15 – How can critical thinking be used to interpret media reports of psychological research?

94. The process of objectively evaluating claims, propositions, and conclusions to determine whether they follow
logically from the evidence is known as __________
a) critical thinking.
Correct. Critical thinking occurs when we objectively evaluate concepts and claims based on their merit, rather than
summarily accepting or dismissing them for other reasons.
b) evaluation.
c) heuristic thinking.
d) suspension of judgment.
Incorrect. Suspension of judgment is one of the three key concepts in critical thinking.
ANS: a, p. 16, F, LO=1.15, (1)

95. Which of the following is not one of the characteristics of critical thinking?
a) Critical thinking requires a willingness to modify or abandon prior judgments
b) Critical thinking reminds us to suspend judgment
Incorrect. This is an important criterion for critical thinking.
c) Critical thinking reminds us that some authorities should not be questioned.
Correct. It is not true that some authorities should not be questioned; evidence is more important than expertise.
d) Critical thinking requires independent thinking
ANS: c, p. 16. C, LO=1.15, (3)

96. Critical thinking means making judgments based on ________________.

a) emotion
b) keeping a closed mind
c) reason and logical evaluation
Correct. Reason and logic are necessary to think critically.
d) authority and expertise
Incorrect. Authorities are often wrong.
ANS: c, pp. 16-17, F, LO=1.15, (1)

Descriptive Research Methods

Learning Objective 1.16 - How do psychological researchers use naturalistic and laboratory observation?

97. Which of the following statements is true about naturalistic observation?

 a) It recreates natural conditions in the laboratory as closely as possible to make an experiment more valid.
Incorrect. Naturalistic observation does not involve recreating anything.
b) It involves observing behavior in its natural context.
Correct. Naturalistic observation does involve observing behavior in its natural context.
c) It is basically the same process as objective introspection.
d) It involves observing behavior in the lab without taking formal notes or using technological equipment
to measure the experimental findings.
ANS: b, p. 18, F, LO=1.16, (1)
% correct 89 a= 7 b= 89 c= 2 d= 3 r = .45

98. At the football game, Meghan found herself focusing on and noting the behaviors of the people watching the
game. Meghan was engaging in __________ observation.
a) applied
b) naturalistic
Correct. Naturalistic observation occurs when one watches behaviors without influencing them.
c) clinical
d) direct
Incorrect. Naturalistic observation is a form of direct observation, but this is not the best answer to this question.
ANS: b, p. 18, A, LO=1.16, (2)

99. Sandy is interested in determining how long bear cubs stay with their mother. She spends several years studying
their behavior in Yellowstone Park noting date of birth, time of leaving mother, etc. for several bear families. This is
an example of __________
a) the case study method.
b) naturalistic observation.
Correct. Sandy is attempting to study and understand a phenomenon by observing it without influencing it. This is
the essence of naturalistic observation.
c) the survey method.
d) the experimental method.
Incorrect. This could only be an experiment if Sandy took cubs, divided them into groups, and manipulated some
variable related to their relationship with their mother. This would not only be dangerous, but also, well, stupid!
ANS: b, p. 18, A, LO=1.16, (1)

100. When you watch dogs play in the park or watch how your professors conduct their classes, you are engaging in
a form of __________.
a) case study research
Incorrect. Case study research follows one person closely for a long period of time.
b) naturalistic observation
Correct. In naturalistic observation, you are just watching—that is, observing.
c) survey research
d) psychometric study
ANS: b, p. 18, A, LO=1.16, (1)
% correct 96 a= 2 b= 96 c= 1 d= 1 r = .20

101. Dr. Littman-Smith is conducting research in Kenya into the ways that mothers and their toddlers interact
throughout the day. Given the purpose of her study, it is most likely that she is engaged in
______________________
a) naturalistic observation.
Correct. Naturalistic observation involves observing and describing, which is what the doctor seeks to do.
b) laboratory observation.
c) case study research.
Incorrect. Case study research focuses on one subject at a time and involves more than simple observation and
description.
d) experimental research.
ANS: a, p. 18, A, LO=1.16, (1)
102. Which of the following is NOT a limitation of naturalistic observation?
a) researchers have no control over the situation
b) researchers must wait for events to occur
c) behavior often occurs spontaneously
Correct. The spontaneity of events is what is often most valued when doing naturalistic observation. It is not a
limitation of this method of doing research.
e) researchers cannot reach conclusions about cause-and-effect relationships
Incorrect. This is one of the limits of naturalistic observation. The only way to show cause and effect relationships is
to do a formal experiment.
ANS: c, p. 18, C, LO=1.16, (2)

103. Sandi believes that people who eat at McDonald’s are overweight, so she decides to do a naturalistic
observation of people who eat at McDonald’s. What should most concern us about Sandi’s observations?
a) the observer effect
Incorrect. The observer effect would come into play only if the McDonald’s customers were to become aware of
Sandi observing them.
b) the bystander effect
c) observer bias
Correct. Sandi has a bias about McDonald’s customers, which might affect her observations due to a phenomenon
known as observer bias.
d) subject bias
ANS: c, p. 18, A, LO=1.16, (2)

104. Which research method involves watching behaviors as they occur without intervening or altering the
behaviors in any way?
a) case study
Incorrect. Case studies involve interacting with subjects, not just watching them, in order to get as much
information about them as possible.
b) experiment
c) correlational studies
d) naturalistic observation
Correct. Naturalistic observation involves watching behaviors without intervening.
ANS: d, p. 18, F, LO=1.16, (1)

105. Observing behavior as it happens in real-life natural settings without imposing laboratory controls is known as
the __________
a) naturalistic observation method.
Correct. Naturalistic observation entails observing behavior as it happens in real-life settings without imposing
laboratory controls.
b) experimental method.
c) survey method.
Incorrect. Surveys involve asking questions, not observing behavior.
d) psychometric approach.
ANS: a, p. 18, F, LO=1.16, (1)

106. What represents a distortion in a researcher's observation?

a) observer expectancy
Incorrect. Observer bias is a form of expectation, but observer expectancy is not the best answer to this question.
b) observer drift
c) observer bias
Correct. Observer bias can occur when a researcher’s expectations about what he/she will see colors their
observations of what actually occurs.
d) the Pygmalion effect
ANS: c, p. 18, F, LO=1.16, (1)

107. Shannon is a researcher who studies sleep patterns in humans. Shannon most likely uses __________
a) laboratory observation.
Correct. Laboratory observation is useful for situations where more control is needed than can be applied in
naturalistic observation.
b) only adult participants.
c) naturalistic observation.
Incorrect. The level of control that would be needed in a sleep study would not be possible in a naturalistic
observation. It would also be highly unethical to watch people while they sleep without them knowing about it. In
fact, this would usually be illegal!
d) structured observation.
ANS: a, p. 18, A, LO=1.16, (2)

Learning Objective 1.17 – What are the advantages and disadvantages of the case study?

108. To understand the criminal mind, you might study one criminal, like the “Unabomber,” in great detail.
Extensive interviews, questionnaires, and psychological tests might provide interesting information about the mental
processing in such a person. This type of study would be an example of a __________
a) case study.
Correct. The gathering of large amounts of information about a single subject is the definition of a case study.
b) survey study.
c) laboratory study.
d) naturalistic observation study.
Incorrect. The kind of information that is gathered in this question indicates a case study, not a naturalistic
observation. One might argue that it could be very dangerous to “naturalistically observe” a person such as the
Unabomber!
ANS: a, pp. 18-19, A, LO=1.17, (2)

109. A detailed description of a particular individual being studied or treated is called __________
a) a representative sample.
b) a case study.
Correct. A case study involves a detailed description of a particular individual.
c) a single-blind study.
d) a naturalistic observation.
Incorrect. Naturalistic observation involves more than one individual.
ANS: b, pp. 18-19, F, LO=1.17, (1)

110. In the 1970s, a 13-year-old girl was found locked up in a room, strapped to a potty chair. Since she had grown
up in a world without human speech, researchers studied “Genie’s” ability to acquire words, grammar, and
pronunciation. This type of research is called __________
a) a case study.
Correct. A case study looks at only one person in great detail.
b) a representative sample.
c) a single-blind study.
d) a naturalistic observation.
Incorrect. Naturalistic observation involves studying more than one individual.
ANS: a, pp. 18-19, A, LO=1.17, (3)

111. A case study would be the most appropriate method to investigate which of these topics?
a) The ways in which the games of boys differ from the games of girls.
b) The development of a male baby raised as a female after a surgical error destroyed his penis.
Correct. A case study involves investigating only one person in great detail.
c) The math skills of students in Japan as compared to those of U.S. students.
Incorrect. A case study involves investigating only one person and is not appropriate for comparing cultures.
d) Physiological changes that occur when people watch violent movies.
ANS: b, pp. 18-19, C, LO=1.17, (2)

112. Sigmund Freud’s primary research approach was __________

a) the naturalistic study.
b) survey research.
c) experimental study.
Incorrect. Freud did not do formal experiments, and in fact most of his theories are not testable using formal
experiments.
d) the case study.
Correct. The basis of most of Freud’s theories came from in-depth studies of individual clients, which is the
description of a case study.
ANS: d, p. 19, F, LO=1.17, (2)

113. Which of the following does a case study allow you to do?
a) apply findings to different cultures
b) generalize findings to larger groups
Incorrect. A lack of generalizability is one of the main criticisms of the case study approach.
c) establish the cause of behaviors
d) advance knowledge in an area of psychology
Correct. The high amount of information that can be gathered in a case study can advance many different theories of
psychology, but the case study does have limitations as well.
ANS: d, p. 19, C, LO=1.17, (3)

114. You overhear psychology students preparing for a test. They note that one of the research methods often “fails
to generalize.” Which method is the MOST likely topic of their discussion?
a) correlation
b) case study
Correct. A case study focuses on one subject, and the information gained from it might not be generally true of other
similar subjects.
c) experiment
d) surveys
Incorrect. Surveys typically do generalize because the samples taken are somewhat random.
ANS: b, p. 19, A, LO=1.17, (2)
% correct 42 a= 15 b= 42 c= 8 d= 34 r = .49

Learning Objective 1.18 – How do researchers ensure that survey results are useful?

115. Bernice received a phone call from a person interested in finding out her views on a specific politician. It is
likely that she is a participant in a __________
a) sample.
Incorrect. Bernice may be a part of a survey sample, but this is not the best answer to this question.
b) population.
c) survey.
Correct. Surveys are often used to assess people’s attitudes or opinions on various topics.
d) representative sample.
ANS: c, p. 19, A, LO=1.18, (1)

116. Which of the following questions could be answered best by using the survey method?
a) What is the effect of ingesting alcohol on problem-solving ability?
Incorrect. Surveying students about their problem-solving abilities while drunk would allow too much room for
subjectivity and give results with no accurate standards for analysis or comparison.
b) Does wall color affect the frequency of violence in prison populations?
c) Do students prefer a grading system with or without pluses and minuses?
Correct. Student preferences are about opinions, and surveys are good at gathering the opinions of many people.
d) What is the relationship between number of hours of study per week and grade point average?
ANS: c, p. 19, C, LO=1.18, (2)
% correct 88 a= 2 b= 1 c= 88 d= 8 r = .46

117. A researcher stops people at the mall and asks them questions about their attitudes toward gun control. Which
research technique is being used?
a) survey
Correct. A survey asks the same questions of many people.
b) experiment
c) case study
d) naturalistic observation
Incorrect. Naturalistic observation never involves asking questions.
ANS: a, p. 19, C, LO=1.18, (1)
% correct 95 a= 95 b= 1 c= 4 d= 1 r = .22

118. Participants selected for a survey from a population make up a group referred to as a __________
a) subpopulation.
Incorrect. “Subpopulation” is not a formal term in psychological research.
b) critical mass.
c) subgroup.
d) sample.
Correct. A sample represents the population from which it is drawn.
ANS: d, p. 19, F, LO=1.18, (1)

119. A __________ includes all the subgroups within a given population in numbers that are proportionally equal to
those found in that population.
a) selective sample
b) survey group
c) biased sample
Incorrect. A biased sample occurs when it does not accurately reflect, or represent, the population from which it is
drawn.
d) representative sample
Correct. A proper sample should accurately reflect, or represent, the population from which it is drawn.
ANS: d, p. 19, F, LO=1.18, (1)

120. In conducting a survey of the sexual behaviors of young adults, which sampling technique below would be the
most “scientific”?
a) taking a random sample of 2,000 young adults
Correct. If the research is exploring the population of young adults, then the sample should be drawn from young
adults as well without any additional specifications or restrictions.
b) polling 10,000 young adults who volunteer for the survey
c) polling readers of magazines like Playboy
d) polling college students on a nearby campus
Incorrect. Given the often inflated sexual culture of a college campus, this would probably not be a sample that
perfectly represents the population of “all” young adults.
ANS: a, p. 19, A, LO=1.18, (2)
121. Dr. Wiseman wants to know about the alcohol consumption patterns among college juniors in the United
States. He should __________
a) give the survey to every college junior in the country.
Incorrect. It is impossible to survey every college junior.
b) remember that sample size is the most critical factor in survey research.
c) require students’ names on each survey to avoid the tendency to lie.
d) draw a representative sample among college juniors.
Correct. A representative sample should give enough information to enable him to generalize his findings to all
juniors.
ANS: d, p. 19, A, LO=1.18, (2)
% correct 85 a= 8 b= 7 c=0 d= 85 r = .27

122. A group of randomly selected subjects for study that matches the population on important characteristics such
as age and sex is called __________
a) volunteer bias.
b) a representative sample.
Correct. A representative sample is a randomly selected group that matches the population on important
characteristics.
c) the experimental group.
Incorrect. An experimental group is not necessarily representative of the population.
d) the control group.
ANS: b, p. 19, F, LO=1.18, (1)

123. The editors of Scientific American are able to obtain a representative sample of their readers in order to assess
their attitudes toward preservation of the rain forests in Costa Rica. When interpreting the results of their survey, the
editors will be able to __________
a) apply the results to the entire U.S. population.
Incorrect. Readers of Scientific American are not representative of the entire U.S. population.
b) apply the results to Costa Rica.
c) apply the results to subscribers of Scientific American.
Correct. The editors picked a representative sample of their own readers.
d) apply the result to scientists.
ANS: c, p. 19, A, LO=1.18, (2)

124. The magazine Desperate Wives publishes a survey of its female readers called “The Sex Life of the American
Wife.” It reports that 87 percent of all wives like to make love in rubber boots. A more accurate title for this survey
would be __________
a) “Rubber Boot Preferences and the American Wife.”
b) “The New Sexuality in America: Rubber Boots in Bed!”
c) “The Sex Lives of Our Readers: Desperate Wives Women Respond.”
Correct. The article, like the survey, should focus on the readers of the magazine.
d) “Sex in America: These Boots Were Made for Walking and for. . . .”
Incorrect. The results of the survey do not apply to all Americans, only to the readers of the magazine.
ANS: c, p. 19, C, LO=1.18, (2)

125. The magazine Desperate Wives publishes a survey of its female readers called “The Sex Life of the American
Wife.” It reports that 87 percent of all wives like to make love in rubber boots. The critical flaw in this research
would be __________
a) the fact that the sample is not representative of American wives.
Correct. The survey asks only readers of the magazine, and they are not representative of all American wives.
b) the fact that a psychological test, rather than a survey, should have been given.
Incorrect. There is no mention of the need for a psychological test in this situation.
c) the fact that rubber boots are not equally available in all regions of the country.
d) the fact that making love has not been operationally defined.
ANS: a, p. 19, A, LO=1.18, (2)
% correct 30 a= 30 b= 11 c= 26 d= 33 r = .23

126. The social desirability response is seen when participants __________

a) deliberately mislead the researcher.
Incorrect. While some survey respondents may try to mislead a researcher the social desirability effect refers to those
who are more interested in presenting themselves positively.
b) try to present themselves in a good light.
Correct. When a survey question focuses on a very touchy or sensitive subject, participants may answer in a way
that makes them look good but is not entirely honest.
c) provide inaccurate information because they misunderstand the questions.
d) deliberately avoid stressful subjects.
ANS: b, p. 20, F, LO=1.18, (2)

Learning Objective 1.19 – What are the strengths and weaknesses of the correlational method?

127. A(n) ___ is a measure of how strongly two variables are related to one another.
a) independent variable
Incorrect. The independent variable is the variable that the experimenter manipulates.
b) dependent variable
c) experimental effect
d) correlation
Correct. A correlation measures how strongly two variables are related.
ANS: d, p. 21, F, LO=1.19, (1)
% correct 93 a= 0 b= 4 c= 3 d= 93 r = .56

128. Which method would be used to measure the degree of relationship between two variables like alcohol
consumption and grades?
a) the case study
b) the correlational method
Correct. A correlation is a relationship between two variables.
c) the experimental method
Incorrect. An experiment is used to determine cause-and-effect, not just the “degree” of a relationship.
d) the meta-analysis method
ANS: b, p. 21, F, LO=1.19, (1)

129. The word correlation is often used as a synonym for __________

a) validity.
Incorrect. Validity is unrelated to correlation.
b) reliability
c) variable
d) relationship
Correct. Correlation means relationship.
ANS: d, p. 21, F, LO=1.19, (2)

130. Drinking orange juice is negatively correlated with the risk of cancer. Based on this information, which of the
following statements is true?
a) The more orange juice you drink, the higher your risk of cancer.
Incorrect. When the two variables move up or down together, that is a positive correlation.
b) The more orange juice you drink, the lower your risk of cancer.
Correct. When as one variable goes up (juice drinking) the other goes down (risk of cancer), that is a negative
correlation.
c) The less orange juice you drink, the lower your risk of cancer.
d) Drinking orange juice causes people to be cancer free.
ANS: b, p. 21-22, C, LO=1.19, (3)
% correct 88 a= 6 b= 88 c= 6 d= 1 r = .20
% correct 89 a= 4 b= 0 c= 89 d= 7 r = .19

131. Which of the following correlation coefficients represents the STRONGEST relationship?
a) -.97
Correct. Of all of the answers, this one is the closest to + 1.00 without going over.
b) +.79
c) +1.03
Incorrect. It is not possible to have a correlation greater than + 1.00.
d) -.82
ANS: a, p. 21, F, LO=1.19, (3)

132. Which of the following correlation coefficients represents the WEAKEST relationship?
a) -.97
Incorrect. Even though this coefficient is negative, it is still the strongest because its number (regardless of its sign)
is the closest to 1.00.
b) +.49
Correct. The closer a correlation coefficient gets to zero (whether it is positive or negative), the weaker the
relationship it indicates.
c) +.83
d) -.52
ANS: b, p. 21, F, LO=1.19, (3)

133. Which of the following statements is correct concerning correlation coefficients?

a) A correlation of +.89 is strong and –.89 is weak.
Incorrect. Both +.89 and –.89 are equally strong since they are the same distance from 0.
b) A correlation of +.89 and –.89 are both strong and equally so.
Correct. Both +.89 and –.89 are the same distance from 0.
c) Correlation coefficients are indicators of cause and effect.
d) A correlation of +1.5 is very strong
ANS: b, p. 21, A, LO=1.19, (3)
% correct 56 a= 15 b= 56 c= 4 d= 26 r = .19

134. A correlation is a numerical measure of the __________

a) unintended changes in participants’ behavior due to cues from the experimenter.
Incorrect. There are no cues involved in correlation.
b) relationship between two variables.
Correct. Relationship strength is determined by the numerical correlation.
c) behaviors of participants of different ages compared at a given time.
d) behaviors of participants followed and periodically assessed over time .
ANS: b, p. 21, F, LO=1.19, (1)

135. A correlation coefficient represents two things: __________ and __________.

a) a representative sample; strength
b) strength; direction of the relationship
Correct. These are the two concepts that a correlation coefficient represents.
c) the experimental group; control group
d) direction of the relationship; expectant functionality
Incorrect. Direction of the relationship is accurate, but expectant functionality is a made-up term.
ANS: b, pp. 21-22, F, LO=1.19, (3)

136. A correlation coefficient shows that smoking and life expectancy are indeed related. As a result, a researcher
could predict _____________ if the direction of the relationship is known.
a) if a person smokes a lot of cigarettes, he or she will have less money monthly to buy gas
b) the person’s life expectancy will go up or down based on the number of cigarettes the person smokes
daily
Correct. The directionality of the correlation coefficient can predict this relationship.
c) if a person smokes cigarettes, he or she will eventually develop lung cancer
d) a person’s lungs will repair themselves and he or she will live a longer life
Incorrect. The correlation mentioned did not include information about lungs.
ANS: b, pp. 21-22, C, LO=1.19, (2)

137. A correlation coefficient shows that alcohol consumption and driving accidents are indeed related. As a result,
a researcher could predict _____________ if the direction of the relationship is known.
a) the number of arrests a person has will go up or down based on the type of car an individual drives
b) the number of driving accidents a person has will go up or down based on the number of alcoholic drinks
consumed
Correct. The directionality of the correlation coefficient can predict this relationship.
c) the number of arrests will increase the fewer drinks an individual consumes
d) the number of driving accidents a person has will contribute to the number of days spent in jail
Incorrect. The correlation mentioned did not include information about days spent in jail.
ANS: b, pp. 21-22, A, LO=1.19, (2)

138. All of the following variables, except for , would probably show a positive correlation.
a) height and weight
Incorrect. These variables go in the same direction.
b) men’s educational level and their income
c) alcohol consumption and scores on a driving test
Correct. In this case one goes up the other goes down.
d) school grades and IQ scores
ANS: c, pp. 21-22, C, LO=1.19, (2)

139. All of the following variables, except for , would probably show a negative correlation.
a) average income and the incidence of dental disease
b) adult shoe size and IQ scores
Correct. There is no correlation (i.e., relationship) here.
c) the value of a car and the age of a car
d) hours spent watching TV and grade-point average
Incorrect. As one goes up, the other goes down, and that is a negative correlation.
ANS: b, pp. 21-22, C, LO=1.19, (3)

140. A negative correlation means that __________

a) high values of one variable are associated with low values of the other.
Correct. A negative correlation means that high values of one variable are associated with low values of the other.
b) high values of one variable are associated with high values of the other.
Incorrect. A negative correlation means that high values of one variable are associated with low values of the other.
c) low values of one variable are associated with low values of the other.
d) there is no relationship between the two variables.
ANS: a, pp. 21-22, F, LO=1.19, (1)

141. Mrs. Mathews, a second-grade teacher, has noted that when students increase their compliance with her
requests, their sharing behavior also increases. This is called a(n) ___________
a) correlation coefficient.
b) negative correlation.
c) inverse correlation.
Incorrect. An inverse relationship between variables is indicated by a negative correlation. This is not the case in
this example. This question indicates a direct relationship, or a positive correlation.
d) positive correlation.
Correct. In this relationship, both variables move in the same direction. This is a positive correlation.
ANS: d, p. 21, A, LO=1.19, (2)
142. Georgio notices that the cooler it is outside the harder it is for him to stay awake. For Georgio, the relationship
between feeling drowsy and the outdoor temperature is a(n) __________
a) correlation coefficient.
b) negative correlation.
Correct. As one variable goes down the other goes up. This is a negative correlation.
c) inverse relationship.
Incorrect. This is an inverse relationship, but in correlational terms this is a negative correlation.
d) positive correlation.
ANS: b, pp. 21-22, A, LO=1.19, (2)

143. Julie finds that the number of hours she sleeps each night is related to the scores she receives on quizzes the
next day. As her sleep approaches 8 hours, her quiz scores improve; as her sleep drops to 5 hours, her quiz scores
show a similar decline. Julie realizes that __________
a) there is a negative correlation between the number of hours she sleeps and her
quiz grades.
Incorrect. Both variables in the example move in the same direction and, therefore, have
a positive correlation.
b) there is a positive correlation between the number of hours she sleeps and her quiz grades.
Correct. Both variables in the example move in the same direction and, therefore, have a positive correlation.
c) her low quiz scores are caused by sleep deprivation the night before a quiz.
d) she should sleep about 10 hours a night to ensure 100 percent quiz grades.
ANS: b, pp. 21-22, A, LO=1.19, (2)

144. Which of the following provides a likely example of two positively correlated variables?
a) hours spent playing computer games and hours spent outdoors
b) annual number of days missed from work and annual production bonus wages
c) average daily temperature and number of people at the beach
Correct. As temperature rises, so too would the number of people at the beach. This is a positive correlation.
d) number of students an instructor has in a class and time spent with each individual
Incorrect. It is reasonable to assume that the larger a class is, the less time a teacher would have to spend with each
student. This inverse relationship is a negative correlation.
ANS: c, p. 21, C, LO=1.19, (3)

145. Which of the following would be true if the number of hours students spend watching T.V. is negatively
correlated with their grades in school?
a) Students who watch less T.V. would have the higher grades.
Correct. This relationship indicates a negative correlation, as the two variables move in the opposite direction.
b) Students who watch more T.V. would have the higher grades.
c) T.V. viewing would not be related to grades in any systematic way.
d) T.V. viewing would be the independent variable in the study.
Incorrect. There are no independent or dependent variables in correlational research. These are experimental terms.
ANS: a, p. 21, C, LO=1.19, (2)

146. The relationship between smoking and lung cancer was noted in several studies years before the Surgeon
General of the United States was willing to claim that cigarette smoking did cause lung cancer. What was the
primary reason for the reluctance?
a) Cause-and-effect conclusions should not be made from correlational data.
Correct. Correlational research cannot be used to determine relationships of causality. That requires an experiment.
b) The samples were not representative of the population.
c) The study results were contaminated by experimenter effects.
Incorrect. It is not possible to have “experimenter effects” in a study that is not an experiment.
d) The tobacco industry funded several important studies that found different conclusions.
ANS: a, p. 22, A, LO=1.19, (2)
147. Professor Holden gives a psychology exam on the origins of intelligence. She gives a short answer question
based on the IQ scores of a parent–child pair. In order to answer the question correctly, her students need to
remember that __________
a) a parent’s high IQ does not necessarily cause a child to have a high IQ.
Correct. Correlation does not prove causation.
b) given these variables, the correlation will be positive.
Incorrect. The fact that a parent has a high IQ is not necessarily related to his or her child’s IQ.
c) given these variables, the correlation will be negative.
d) given these variables, the correlation will be uncorrelated.
ANS: a, p. 22, A, LO=1.19, (3)

The Experimental Method

Learning Objective 1.20 – Why do researchers use experiments to test hypotheses about cause-effect relationships?

148. The research method that is used to explore cause-and-effect relationships between variables is __________
a) the experimental method.
Correct. Experimentation is the only form of research that allows for the concluding of cause and effect
relationships.
b) naturalistic observation.
c) the correlational method.
Incorrect. The main limitation of the correlational method is its inability to determine cause and effect relationships.
d) the case study.
ANS: a, p. 23, F, LO=1.20, (3)

149. In Alan Lang’s (1975) classic experiment on the effects of alcohol on aggression, Lang found ___________
a) alcohol caused more aggression.
Incorrect. It was the belief that they had drunk alcohol, not the ingestion of alcohol itself, that led to increases in
aggressive behavior.
b) alcohol made students less aggressive.
c) intoxicated students were more sociable and less aggressive.
d) the expectation of drinking alcohol, not the alcohol itself, caused students to be more aggressive.
Correct. Even those who had been served very little (or no) alcohol acted as if they were impacted by liquor when
they thought they had been drinking.
ANS: d, pp. 23-24, F, LO=1.20, (3)

Learning Objective 1.21 – How do independent and dependent variables differ?

150. The administration of Midwest State University wants to know if arrangement of chairs affects student
participation in classrooms. What would be a good operational definition of the dependent variable in an experiment
designed to measure this relationship?
a) class size: under 50 or over 50
b) number of students enrolled in each class
c) chair arrangement: theater style or circular
Incorrect. Chair arrangement is controlled by the experimenter and is, therefore, the independent variable.
d) frequency with which students ask questions
Correct. Counting the number of questions students ask is one measurable way to define the dependent variable,
which is student participation.
ANS: d, p. 24, C, LO=1.21, (3)
% correct 47 a= 4 b= 11 c= 38 d= 47 r = .45

151. Adaris has always been drawn to the saying “Absence makes the heart grow fonder,” and she decides to
incorporate this saying into her research project. Adaris is trying to define absence in a way that can be empirically
tested. She is attempting to find an appropriate __________
 a) hypothesis.
Incorrect. A hypothesis is an educated guess, not a definition.
b) operational definition.
Correct. Operational definitions define terms in ways that render them measurable.
c) double-blind study.
d) theory.
ANS: b, p. 24, A, LO=1.21, (1)
% correct 48 a= 37 b= 48 c= 1 d= 14 r = .42

152. A researcher is investigating the effects of exercise on weight. What are the independent and dependent
variables in this experiment?
a) The dependent variable is weight; the independent variable is exercise.
Correct. The exercise is controlled by the experimenter and is, therefore, independent of anything the participants
do, whereas the participants’ weight is expected to be dependent on the amount of exercise.
b) The independent variable is calories consumed; the dependent variable is diet.
c) The independent variable is weight; the dependent variable is calories consumed.
d) The dependent variable is amount of exercise; the independent variable is calories consumed.
Incorrect. The exercise is controlled by the experimenter and is, therefore, the independent variable.
ANS: a, p. 24, A, LO=1.21, (2)
% correct 78 a= 78 b= 4 c= 0 d= 19 r = .66

153. A variable that the experimenter manipulates is called a(n) __________

a) coefficient of correlation.
b) dependent variable.
Incorrect. The dependent variable is what is measured.
c) control condition.
d) independent variable.
Correct. Independent variables are controlled by the experimenter.
ANS: d, p. 24, F, LO=1.21, (1)
% correct 70 a= 1 b= 21 c= 8 d= 70 r = .42

154. With the experimental method, the independent variable is __________ and the dependent variable is
__________
a) uncontrolled; controlled.
Incorrect. The independent variable is the condition that is controlled by the researcher, while the dependent variable
is the condition that is measured.
b) manipulated; measured.
Correct. The researcher controls and manipulates the independent variable, and observes and measures the
dependent variable.
c) measured; known.
d) unknown, known.
ANS: b, p. 24, C, LO=1.21, (2)

155. In Alan Lang’s experiment, aggression was defined as the intensity and duration of shocks given the
accomplice. These measures represented the __________ variable.
a) experimental
b) independent
Incorrect. The independent variable was the administration of alcohol, because this was what was controlled by Lang
in the study.
c) dependent
Correct. Aggression was measured in Lang’s experiment. This makes it the dependent variable.
d) control
ANS: c, p. 24, A, LO=1.21, (3)
156. Which of the following variables is presumed to vary as a result of the researcher's manipulation of another
factor or condition?
a) control
b) dependent
Correct. The dependent variable is thought to vary with the manipulation of the independent variable.
c) independent
Incorrect. The independent variable is so named because it does not rely, or “depend,” on the movement of any other
experimental condition or situation.
d) random
ANS: b, p. 24, F, LO=1.21, (3)

157. Professor Caine is running an experiment to determine if exercise affects memory retention. Two groups of
participants are given the same list of 25 words and allowed 15 minutes to study them. Then one group sits idly in a
classroom while the other participates in an hour-long aerobic work-out. After the work-out each group is tested in
the classroom on the list of words. What is the independent variable in this study?
a) the aerobic work-out
Correct. This is the condition or situation that is manipulated by the experimenter, so it is the independent variable.
b) the word list
c) scores on the test
Incorrect. This is the experimental condition that is measured or observed, and thus it is the dependent variable.
d) time allowed to study
ANS: a, p. 24, A, LO=1.21, (2)

158. A psychology instructor studying the effects of the order of test items on test scores gave half the class a test in
which the item order reflected the order in the textbook. The other half received the same questions in random order.
What was the dependent variable in this experiment?
a) the order of the items
Incorrect. The order of the test items is the condition that is being manipulated by the instructor, so it is the
independent variable.
b) the method used to assign participants to groups
c) the students’ scores on the two versions of the test
Correct. The instructor is measuring the score on the test, not manipulating the scores. This makes it the dependent
variable.
d) the difficulty of the items on the test
ANS: c, p. 24, A, LO=1.21, (3)

159. Students from two groups were sent one-at-a-time into a room to receive a set of instructions pertaining to four
simple tasks they were supposed to perform. The first group was met by a kindly individual who carefully explained
in a cheerful manner what was expected of them. The second group was met by the same man, but this time he was
angry and aggressive and forcefully demanded compliance. The experimenter then left the room and each student
was observed through a one-way mirror to see how long it took them to complete all four tasks. The independent
variable in this experiment is __________
a) time required to complete the four tasks.
Incorrect. This is the condition that is being measured by the researcher, so it is the dependent variable.
b) the demeanor or attitude presented by the experimenter.
Correct. This is the experimental condition that is being manipulated by the researcher, so it is the independent
variable.
c) the number of tasks the students were required to perform.
d) the isolation of the students.
ANS: b, p. 24, A, LO=1.21, (3)

160. An operational definition is __________

a) a statement that attempts to predict a set of phenomena and specifies relationships among variables that
can be empirically tested.
 b) an organized system of assumptions and principles that purports to explain a specified set of phenomena
and their interrelationships.
Incorrect. Operational definitions are not assumptions.
c) the precise meaning of a term used to describe a variable, such as a type of behavior, that researchers
want to measure.
Correct. Preciseness is essential for the scientific method.
d) the principle that a scientific theory must make predictions that are specific enough to expose the theory
to the possibility of disconfirmation.
ANS: c, p. 24, F, LO=1.21, (1)

161. Marcy is trying to define anxiety in a way that can be empirically tested. She is attempting to find an
appropriate __________
a) hypothesis.
Incorrect. A hypothesis is an educated guess, not a definition.
b) operational definition.
Correct. Operational definitions define responses in terms that allow them to be measured.
c) double-blind study.
d) theory.
ANS: b, p. 24, A, LO=1.21, (1)

162. In order to increase typing speed Minisoft has redesigned its keyboard and provided a chime that is related to
typing speed. The company wants to know if its innovations affect typing speed. Identify the independent and
dependent variables in this proposed study.
a) The dependent variable is the chime; the independent variables are the chime and typing speed.
b) The dependent variable is speed of typing; the independent variables are the keyboard design and the
chime.
Correct. The speed of typing is expected to be dependent on the keyboard design and chime, which are independent
variables controlled by the experimenter.
c) The dependent variable is keyboard design; the independent variables are the speed of typing and the
chime.
Incorrect. Both the keyboard design and the chime are independent variables controlled by Minisoft.
d) The dependent variable is the number of errors made; the independent variables are the chime and the
speed of typing.
ANS: b, p. 24, C, LO=1.21, (2)

163. In a laboratory, smokers are asked to “drive” using a computerized driving simulator equipped with a stick shift
and a gas pedal. The object is to maximize the distance covered by driving as fast as possible on a winding road
while avoiding rear-end collisions. Some of the participants smoke a real cigarette immediately before climbing into
the driver’s seat. Others smoke a fake cigarette without nicotine. You are interested in comparing how many
collisions the two groups have. In this study, the independent variable is __________
a) the use of nicotine.
Correct. The nicotine is controlled by the experimenter and is, therefore, the independent variable.
b) the use of a driving simulator.
c) the number of collisions.
Incorrect. The number of collisions is believed to be dependent on the consumption of nicotine and is, therefore, the
dependent variable.
d) the driving skills of each driver.
ANS: a, p. 24, A, LO=1.21, (2)

164. In a laboratory, smokers are asked to “drive” using a computerized driving simulator equipped with a stick shift
and a gas pedal. The object is to maximize the distance covered by driving as fast as possible on a winding road
while avoiding rear-end collisions. Some of the participants smoke a real cigarette immediately before climbing into
the driver’s seat. Others smoke a fake cigarette without nicotine. You are interested in comparing how many
collisions the two groups have. In this study, the dependent variable is __________
a) the use of nicotine.
Incorrect. The nicotine is controlled by the experimenter and is, therefore, the independent variable
b) the use of a driving simulator.
c) the number of collisions.
Correct. The number of collisions is believed to be dependent on the consumption of nicotine and is, therefore, the
dependent variable.
d) the driving skills of each driver.
ANS: c, p. 24, A, LO=1.21, (2)

Learning Objective 1.22 – Why are experimental and control groups necessary?

165. In a laboratory, smokers are asked to “drive” using a computerized driving simulator equipped with a stick shift
and a gas pedal. The object is to maximize the distance covered by driving as fast as possible on a winding road
while avoiding rear-end collisions. Some of the participants smoke a real cigarette immediately before climbing into
the driver’s seat. Others smoke a fake cigarette without nicotine. You are interested in comparing how many
collisions the two groups have. In this study, the cigarette without nicotine is __________
a) the control group.
Correct. A control group gets either no treatment or treatment with no effect; in this case, experimenters are
controlling for the possibility that the cigarette itself (not the nicotine) might cause people to get into collisions.
b) the driving simulator.
c) the experimental group.
Incorrect. The experimental group does get treatment that is expected to have an effect, whereas the control group
gets either no treatment or treatment without effect.
d) the no-control group.
ANS: a, pp. 24-25, A, LO=1.22, (2)
% correct 78 a= 78 b= 0 c= 2 d= 0 r = .44

166. Billy Bob is a participant in a study investigating the effectiveness of Ritalin in treating ADHD. Billy Bob has
ADHD, but is in a group that received sugar pills instead of Ritalin. Billy Bob is in the __________ group.
a) experimental
Incorrect. Participants in the experimental group do receive the independent variable, which in this case is Ritalin.
b) random
c) control
Correct. Participants in the control group do not get the independent variable, which in this case is Ritalin.
d) observational
ANS: c, pp. 24-25, F, LO=1.22, (1)

167. A researcher has conducted an experiment in which she assigned all of her students four hours of homework
the night before a test; in order to see what effect the extra stress has on test performance. The study is flawed
because the researcher did not include a(n) __________
a) control group.
Correct. In order for this to be a proper experiment, the researcher would have to compare the test performance of
those students to the performance of students who were assigned a normal amount of homework (or zero change
from the usual routine).
b) experimental group.
c) independent variable.
Incorrect. There is no lack of independent variable in this project. The independent variable is the amount of
homework that is assigned.
d) dependent variable.
ANS: a, pp. 24-25, A, LO=1.22, (3)

Learning Objective 1.23 – What kinds of factors introduce bias into experimental studies?

168. Which of the following is NOT a source of confounding variables?

a) random assignment
Correct. Random assignment is used to counteract the confound of selection bias.
b) selection bias
c) placebo
Incorrect. The placebo effect, where a participant’s expectation about the effects of an experimental intervention can
influence the outcomes of the research, is a type of confounding variable.
d) experimenter bias
ANS: a, p. 26, F, LO=1.23, (2)

169. All of the following are accurate statements regarding random assignment EXCEPT __________
a) it is a procedure for assigning people to experimental and control groups.
b) it is a procedure in which each subject has the same possibility of being assigned to a given group.
c) it is a procedure in which subjects are assigned to a positive correlation or a negative correlation
condition.
Correct. Subjects can never be assigned to a type of correlation.
d) it is a procedure that allows individual characteristics to be roughly balanced between groups
Incorrect. Random assignment does allow individual characteristics to be roughly balanced between groups.
ANS: c, p. 26, F, LO=1.23, (1)
% correct 63 a= 11 b= 7 c= 63 d= 19 r = .19

170. In experiments, random assignment is used to avoid __________

a) selection bias.
Correct. Random assignment helps offset the confounding variable of the selection bias.
b) the placebo effect.
Incorrect. The placebo effect can be offset by a double-blind method, but not by using random assignment.
c) experimenter bias.
d) the dependent variable effect.
ANS: a, p. 26, F, LO=1.23, (2)

171. Which of the following is CORRECT concerning random assignment?

a) In random assignment each participant has an equal chance for each condition.
Correct. In random assignment each participant has an equal chance of being assigned.
b) In random assignment each participant is assigned alphabetically to each condition.
c) Random assignment can only be determined after an experiment is over.
d) The best formula for random assignment is birth dates.
Incorrect. Birth dates are not random because many people are born on the same day.
ANS: a, p. 26, F, LO=1.23, (1)
% correct 90 a= 90 b= 2 c= 4 d= 4 r = .20

172. When participants in a control group are given a fake treatment, the researcher is trying to measure or control
for __________
a) selection bias.
b) the placebo effect.
Correct. A placebo is an intervention that causes no significant change to the dependent variable in question.
c) experimenter bias.
d) the dependent variable effect.
Incorrect. There is no such thing as a “dependent variable effect.”
ANS: b, p. 26, C, LO=1.23, (1)

173. Gerard is a participant in a research study. He is certain that he knows the intent of the study and acts
accordingly. This is an example of a(n) __________
a) participant effect.
b) selection bias.
c) experimenter bias.
Incorrect. Experimenter bias does not involve participants’ knowledge about the true intent of a research study, but
rather the researcher’s anticipation of what the results of a study will be.
d) placebo effect.
Correct. When expectations about the influence of a particular experimental condition affects the outcomes (or the
perception of outcome) of that experimental condition, this is the placebo effect.
ANS: d, p. 26, C, LO=1.23, (3)

174. Which of the following situations best illustrates the placebo effect?
a) You sleep because you are tired.
b) You throw up after eating bad meat.
Incorrect. Throwing up after eating bad food is caused by a physiological reflex, not by expectations, as would be
the case in a placebo effect.
c) You have surgery to repair a defective heart valve.
d) You drink a nonalcoholic drink and become “intoxicated” because you think it contains alcohol.
Correct. The placebo effect is brought on by expectations, and in this case you felt drunk only because you believed
you were drinking alcohol.
ANS: d, p. 26, F, LO=1.23, (2)
% correct 94 a= 5 b= 1 c= 0 d= 94 r = .32

175. The placebo effect means __________

a) all conditions in an experiment are the same.
b) that there is no control group.
Incorrect. The placebo effect is one reason why it’s necessary to have a control group.
c) the expectations of the participants influence their behavior.
Correct. The placebo effect occurs when the expectations of the participants influence their behavior.
d) experimenter bias causes the subjects to act strangely.
ANS: c, p. 26, F, LO=1.23, (1)

176. Ken is planning on studying the influence of intelligence on the ability to recall events from the 1960s. If Ken
does not account for variables such as age that could also influence one’s ability to recall these events, age could be
considered a(n) __________
a) random variable.
b) dependent variable.
c) confounding variable.
Correct. Any variable that may influence outcome and is not controlled is called a confounding variable.
d) independent variable.
Incorrect. This variable is accounted for and controlled.
ANS: c, p. 26, A, LO=1.23, (2)

177. Sandy Sue was participating in an experiment in which she was given a pill that was supposed to cause her to
get drowsy. Five minutes after taking the pill, Sandy Sue reported that she felt drowsy and wanted to lie down. The
pill was actually made of sugar and had no ingredients to cause drowsiness. How do you explain Sandy Sue’s
drowsy feeling?
a) experimenter effect
b) placebo effect
Correct. The placebo effect occurs when the expectations of participants influence their behavior; in this case Sandy
Sue expected the pill to make her drowsy, and that expectation, not the pill itself, made her feel drowsy.
c) subject bias
Incorrect. Sandy Sue is not biased, as she had no knowledge of the hypothesis.
d) treatment effect
ANS: b, p. 26, A, LO=1.23, (2)

178. When a researcher allows his/her expectations about the study to influence the results, __________ has
occurred.
 a) selection bias
c) the placebo effect
Incorrect. The placebo effect refers to the expectations of the participant, not the experimenter.
c) experimenter bias
Correct. When an experimenter sacrifices his/her objectivity, even unintentionally, it is called experimenter bias.
d) the dependent variable effect
ANS: c, p. 26, C, LO=1.23, (1)

179. Participants in a study on how age affects reaction time were asked to press a button every time they heard a
buzzer. A person standing at a podium in front of them triggered the buzzer by flipping a hidden switch. During the
experiment the switch operator began to flinch slightly before the buzzer sounded. The results of this study would be
confounded due to ___________
a) inferential bias.
b) experimenter bias.
Correct. When an experimenter unintentionally gives signals to the participants that will impact the dependent
variable, this is a type of experimenter bias.
c) selection bias.
Incorrect. Selection bias occurs when the sample that is selected for a research study is not representative of the
population from which it is drawn.
d) control bias.
ANS: b, p. 26, A, LO=1.23, (2)

180. Double-blind studies control for __________

a) only the placebo effect.
b) only the experimenter effect.
Incorrect. Double-blind studies also control for placebo effects.
c) both the placebo effect and the experimenter effect.
Correct. In double-blind studies, neither the participants nor the individuals running the experiment know which
participants are in the experimental group.
d) extrinsic motivation
ANS: c, p. 26, F, LO=1.23, (1)

181. __________ is an experiment in which neither the participants nor the individuals running the experiment know
if participants are in the experimental or the control group until after the results are tallied.
a) The double-blind study
Correct. The double-blind study is an experiment in which neither the participants nor the individuals running the
experiment know if participants are in the experimental or the control group.
b) Field research
c) The single-blind study
Incorrect. In a single-blind study, only the participants are “blind.”
d) Correlational research
ANS: a, p. 26, F, LO=1.23, (1)
% correct 96 a= 96 b= 1 c= 1 d= 3 r = .19

Learning Objective 1.24 – What are the limitations of the experimental method?

182. Some experiments are criticized because the laboratory conditions under which they are conducted are too
different from real-world conditions. These experiments may not be __________
a) generalizable to the real world.
Correct. In such cases, it would be difficult to generalize, or apply, the findings from a laboratory to a more “real
world” setting.
b) internally valid.
Incorrect. Generalizability refers to external, not internal, validity.
c) reliable.
d) believable.
ANS: a, p. 27, C, LO=1.24, (2)
Participants in Psychological Research

Learning Objective 1.25 – In what ways can participants bias research results?

183. Angela failed to note that she could only find female participants for her research study. This is an example of
__________
a) placebo effect.
b) experimenter bias.
Incorrect. Gender bias is an example of selection bias, not experimenter bias.
c) gender bias.
Correct. In this case the fact that all of her participants were female might influence her results, and thus the failure
to note that and take it into account is an example of gender bias.
d) random selection.
ANS: c, p. 28, A, LO=1.25, (1)

184. The language used to report results of studies of older participants, such as “deteriorating” and “decline” may
indicate the presence of __________
a) ageism.
Correct. Such language paints aging participants in a decidedly negative light. This is an example of ageism.
b) sexism.
Incorrect. The language is derogatory regarding the age of the participants, not their genders.
c) discrimination.
d) jingoism.
ANS: a, pp. 28-29, C, LO=1.25, (1)

Learning Objective 1.26 – What ethical rules must researchers follow when humans are involved in studies?

185. Each of the following is a common ethical guideline suggested by the American Psychological Association
EXCEPT __________
a) participants must be informed of the nature of the research and its potential for harming them.
Incorrect. It’s true that participants must be informed of the nature of the research and any risks that the research
carries for harming the participants.
b) participants cannot be deceived or have information concealed from them at any time during an
experiment.
Correct. Participants may be deceived or have information concealed from them at any time during an experiment
as long as such deception is justified.
c) risks, possible adverse effects, and limitations on confidentiality must be spelled out in advance.
d) informed consent must be documented.
ANS: b, p. 29, F, LO=1.26, (2)

186. Each of the following is a common ethical guideline suggested by the American Psychological Association
EXCEPT __________
a) all research must conform to local, state, and federal laws and regulations.
b) investigators must debrief participants.
Incorrect. It’s true that investigators must debrief participants.
c) participants can be paid, but cannot be offered excessive payment.
d) debriefing may be omitted when young children are involved.
Correct. It’s not true that debriefing may be omitted when young children are involved.
ANS: d, p. 29, F, LO=1.26, (3)

187. Each of the following is a common ethical guideline suggested by the American Psychological Association
EXCEPT __________
a) data remain confidential.
b) participants may be deceived about the true nature and intent of the research in which they are
participating.
 c) researchers are not required to report the findings of their research in an appropriate forum.
Correct. The APA code states that psychological research must be presented in an appropriate manner and medium.
d) deception must be justified.
Incorrect. This is one of the principles and the question asks for exceptions.
ANS: c, p. 29, F, LO=1.26, (2)

188. Which of the following is a common ethical guideline suggested by the American Psychological Association?
a) Participants do not have to be debriefed about the true nature and intent of the research in which they
have participated.
b) Participants cannot be deceived about aspects of the research.
c) Participants cannot be subjected to any physically or emotionally painful stimuli.
Incorrect. It is not a basic principle that participants cannot be subjected to any physically or emotionally painful
stimuli.
d) Deception must be justified.
Correct. It is a basic principle that deception must be justified.
ANS: d, p. 29, F, LO=1.26, (2)
% correct 74 a=15 b= 7 c= 4 d= 74 r = .31

189. Experimenters can justify the use of deception because __________

a) there is informed consent.
b) research is more important than people.
Incorrect. It is a basic principle that people come first, research second.
c) it may be necessary for the experiment to work.
Correct. Deception is justified if the study wouldn’t work any other way.
d) it is not that harmful.
ANS: c, p. 29, F, LO=1.26, (2)

190. The most recent set of ethical standards adopted by the American Psychological Association was in which
year?
a) 1981
Incorrect. The APA’s ethical standards have been updated several times since 1981.
b) 2000
c) 1992
d) 2002
Correct. Though it may seem odd that it has been nearly a decade since the ethical code has been updated, 2002
was the last version of the ethical standards that was formally released.
ANS: d, p. 29, F, LO=1.26, (1)

191. Giving a participant full information about all aspects of an experiment after the participant has fulfilled his or
her role in an experiment is referred to as __________
a) confounding.
b) debriefing.
Correct. The APA ethical standards for research require participants to be informed of the true nature of the
research to which they have contributed.
c) deception.
Incorrect. Deception is allowed in research, but informing participants of the deception that has been used is called
debriefing.
d) random assignment.
ANS: b, p. 29, F, LO=1.26, (1)

Learning Objective 1.27 – Why are animals used in research?

192. Which of the following statements concerning using animals in research is correct?
a) There are no ethical guidelines when it comes to animals.
b) There are rules that prevent the killing of animals.
Incorrect. Some animals are killed during research procedures, and there are no rules for preventing this.
 c) Pain and suffering of animals are allowed but only when necessary.
Correct. Pain and suffering of animals are allowed under scientific guideline, though steps should be taken to
minimize this phenomenon.
d) New ethical guidelines prevent the use of primates in psychological research.
ANS: c, pp. 29-30, C, LO=1.27, (2)

193. The American Psychological Association (APA) __________

a) supports animal research.
Correct. Animal research is supported by the APA, but there are ethical standards that must be considered when
using animals as subjects.
b) does not support animal research.
Incorrect. Animal research is very important in psychological research, but researchers are obligated to follow
some rules regarding their treatment of animals, even if the animals must die as a part of the investigation.
c) supports research with rodents but not with other animals.
d) stopped supporting animal research in 1986.
ANS: a, pp. 29-30, F, LO=1.27, (1)

194. An animal killed in the United States is most commonly __________

a) used for garments.
b) killed by hunters.
c) used in research.
Incorrect. A rather small percentage of those animals killed in the USA are killed for research purposes.
d) used for food.
Correct. A vast majority of animals killed in the USA are killed for food.
ANS: d, p. 30, F, LO=1.27, (2)

195. The APA code of ethics requires researchers who use animals to __________
a) minimize the animal’s discomfort.
Correct. If an animal must be caused pain for research purposes, researchers must make sure that pain is kept to the
absolute minimum possible.
b) rehabilitate animals after experimental work is complete.
c) release animals that are no longer needed.
d) kill animals when they are no longer needed.
Incorrect. Some animals die in the course of research, but there is no reason that all animal subjects must be killed
when the research has concluded.
ANS: a, p. 30, F, LO=1.27, (1)

Psychologists at Work

Learning Objective 1.28 – Who are some of the specialists working within psychology?

196. Dr. Gertzman works in a hospital clinic where she diagnoses and treats people with mental disorders. Dr.
Gertzman is a __________
a) counseling psychologist.
Incorrect. Counseling psychologists tend to work with clients who have less severe cases of psychopathology or with
those who are looking for help with “problems of everyday living.”
b) physiological psychologist.
c) developmental psychologist.
d) clinical psychologist.
Correct. Clinical psychologists often work with people suffering from moderate to severe mental disorders.
ANS: d, p. 31, A, LO=1.28, (2)

197. If you were having trouble adjusting to school, divorce, or a loss of a job, you would benefit most by seeing a
__________
a) counseling psychologist.
Correct. These would be topics that would be frequently seen in the clients who consulted with a counseling
psychologist.
b) physiological psychologist.
c) developmental psychologist.
d) clinical psychologist.
Incorrect. Clinical psychologists tend to work with those suffering from moderate to severe mental illnesses.
ANS: a, p. 31, A, LO=1.28, (2)

198. Dr. Cornelius is conducting a longitudinal study with a group of women who are currently in their late thirties.
He began the study when the women were ages 6 to 9 and is interested in the changes that occur in personality over
a lifetime. Dr. Cornelius is a(n) __________ psychologist.
a) counseling
b) experimental
Incorrect. Not every psychologist who conducts research is an experimental psychologist. Dr. Cornelius’s primary
interest seems to be the developmental changes that occur during different life periods.
c) developmental
Correct. The study of the changes that occur during different life periods is of primary interest to developmental
psychologists.
d) clinical
ANS: c, p. 31, A, LO=1.28, (2)

199. How an individual reacts to stress in the work place would be of most interest to __________
a) social psychologists.
Incorrect. Social psychologists are primarily concerned with the influence that people have on each other, and
social behaviors.
b) educational psychologists.
c) industrial/organizational psychologists.
Correct. The application of psychological principles to the work place is the main thrust of industrial/organizational
psychology.
d) clinical psychologists.
ANS: c, p. 31, C, LO=1.28, (1)

Learning Objective 1.29 – What kinds of employment opportunities are available for psychology majors?

200. The most common undergraduate degrees are in the fields of education and __________
a) business administration.
Correct. Business administration and education are the two most popular undergraduate college degrees.
b) psychology.
Incorrect. Psychology degrees are not in the top two most common degrees conferred at undergraduate institutions.
c) communications.
d) biology.
ANS: a, p. 31, F, LO=1.29, (2)

201. The APA reports that it takes __________ beyond the bachelor’s degree to obtain a Ph.D. in psychology.
a) about 5 years
Correct. While there are many factors that can influence the amount of time it can take to obtain a doctorate in
psychology, 5 years is the average according to the APA.
b) about 4 years
c) about 2 years
Incorrect. A student could earn a Master’s degree in 2 years, but that would not be enough time to earn a Ph.D.
d) about 6 years
ANS: a, p. 31, F, LO=1.29, (1)

202. Most people with a bachelor’s degree in psychology work for __________ after graduation.
a) for-profit corporations
Correct. For-profit corporations are the most common employment setting for those with a BS or a BA in
psychology.
 b) not-for-profit organizations
c) Federal or state government
d) universities and colleges
Incorrect. Those who studied psychology who work at universities or colleges usually have a graduate degree in the
field.
ANS: a, p. 31, F, LO=1.29, (2)

TRUE OR FALSE

1. The most accurate definition of the discipline of psychology today is that it is the science of behavior.
ANS: F, p. 3, LO=1.1

2. The first step in the scientific method is formulating a hypothesis.

ANS: F, p. 4, LO=1.1

3. The second step in the scientific method is formulating a hypothesis.

ANS: T, p. 4, LO=1.1

4. The goals of psychology are to describe, explain, predict, and influence behavior.
ANS: T, p. 5, LO=1.2

5. Sigmund Freud is considered the “Father of Psychology.”

ANS: F, p. 6, LO=1.3

6. Wilhelm Wundt used the method of introspection.

ANS: T, p. 6, LO=1.3

7. Sigmund Freud was the father of the psychoanalytic school of thought.

ANS: T, p. 6, LO=1.3

8. The work of African American psychologist Kenneth Clark caused the Supreme Court to rule that racial
segregation in U.S. schools was constitutional, and violated no state or federal laws.
ANS: F, p. 8, LO=1.5

9. In 1999, Richard Suinn became the first Asian American president of the American Psychological Association.
ANS: T, p. 8, LO=1.5

10. Freud felt that once sexual and aggressive urges were pushed into our unconscious, they continued to fester and
affect our day-to-day functioning.
ANS: T, p. 10, LO=1.7

11. Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow were the founders of Gestalt psychology.
ANS: F, p. 11, LO=1.8-1.9

12. Roger conducted a naturalistic observation as a project for a psychology class. He observed the interactions of
parents and children at a football game. Many of the people he observed seemed to have noticed him. Roger forgot
about observer bias.
ANS: T, p. 18, LO=1.16

13. The major advantage of naturalistic observation is the opportunity to study behavior in a controlled lab setting.
ANS: F, p. 18, LO=1.16

14. The laboratory experiment always involves watching behaviors as they occur without intervening or altering the
behaviors in any way.
ANS: F, p. 18, LO=1.16

15. Dr. Samson wanted to know how college students in his state would vote during the next election. By sampling
the seniors at his college, he can get a representative sample.
ANS: F, p. 19, LO=1.18

16. Surveys are procedures used to measure and evaluate personality traits, emotional
states, aptitudes, interests, abilities, and values.
ANS: F, p. 19, LO=1.18

17. Direction and strength are important in understanding correlation coefficients.

ANS: T, pp. 21-22, LO=1.19

18. The correlational method is usually used in studies to determine cause-effect relationships.
ANS: F, p. 21, LO=1.19

19. A negative correlation means that high values of one variable are associated with low values of the other.
ANS: T, pp. 21-22, LO=1.19

20. Independent and dependent variables are a part of every study that uses the experimental method.
ANS: T, p. 24, LO=1.21

21. Control groups should receive exactly the same treatment as the experimental effects when conducting a
research study.
ANS: F, pp. 24-25, LO=1.22

22. Random assignment is when each participant is assigned alphabetically to each condition.
ANS: F, p. 26, LO=1.23

23. Double-blind studies control only for the placebo effect.

ANS: F, p. 26, LO=1.23

24. Even today, research in psychology shows gender bias by considering male behavior more
“normal” and female behavior more “different.”
ANS: T, p. 28, LO=1.25

25. One of the common guidelines for ethical research is that it is not required that researchers provide their
participants with an explanation of any deception used during an experiment.
ANS: F, p. 29, LO=1.26

SHORT ANSWER

1. What is the definition of psychology?

p. 3, LO=1.1

2. Pick a goal of psychology and provide a clear example of how it works.

p. 5, LO=1.2

3. Describe a method used in one of the early schools of psychology.

pp. 6-7, LO=1.3

4. What is the main emphasis of cognitive psychology?

pp. 10-11, LO=1.9

5.What is neuroscience?
p. 12-13, LO=1.11

6. Describe a research method used in psychology.

p. 18-28 , LO=1.16-1.24

7. What is meant by the “direction of the relationship” in a correlation coefficient?

pp. 21-22, LO=1.19

8. Which two important factors contribute to the formula in measuring a correlation coefficient?
pp. 21-22, LO=1.19

9. What is an operational definition?

p. 24, LO=1.21

10. What is the difference between the control group and experimental group in a research study?
pp. 24-25, LO=1.22

11. What is random assignment?

p. 26, LO=1.23

12. Describe two of the eight common ethical guidelines for conducting research discussed in your textbook.
p. 29, LO=1.26

ESSAY

1. Using an example of a study you might conduct, go through all of the steps of the scientific method.
pp. 3-5, LO=1.1

2. Compare and contrast the two earliest perspectives of psychology. Be sure to include comparisons of founders,
methods, and philosophies.
pp. 6-7, LO=1.3–1.4

3. The contributions of women and minorities to the development of the field of psychology is too frequently
overlooked. Discuss the pioneering women and minority psychologists who helped shape the field of psychology.
pp. 7-9, LO=1.5

4. What are the strengths and weaknesses of at least three different descriptive research methods?
pp. 18-22, LO=1.16-1-19

5. Propose three methods typically used in psychology to test examine a topic such as the relationship between
marijuana use and academic performance.
pp. 18-28, LO=1.16-1.24

6. List and describe five specialties in the field of psychology. In your descriptions be sure to include specific types
of research that might be conducted.
p. 31, LO=1.28
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could, you know. He was a bowler if you like. I’ve bowled at Biffin for
hours an’ hours, yet if I begin to try medium the ‘work’ don’t act.”
My tutor uttered this in a tragic tone.
“I don’t care what your pace is,” said I, carried away by her beautiful
delivery, her perfect length, her “nip,” her “devil,” her break, and,
above all, her parent’s curl in the air, which was an undoubted case
of heredity, “but your bowling’s magnificent.”
“Oh, rot!” said Grace. “It ought to be faster.”
“It’s perfectly magnificent,” said I.
“Oh, rot!” said Grace again. “Do you think I don’t know when
bowling’s real A 1? Too slow for a quick-footed bat. He’s got time to
get out and hit me most horrid. Didn’t you see Archie lift me clean
over that jolly old tent. Wasn’t it a smasher? I did feel prickly. I’d kept
’em so short, and as soon as I did pitch one up a bit that’s how he
served me.”
“By Jove!” said I; “that’s what I’ll do. It’s not quite my game, you
know, but I’m hanged if I don’t go out and hit you.”
“Oh, you will,” said the enemy, with a gleam in her eye. “We’ll see
about that. Rectory rules, you know, and lots of fielders.”
Judged in this light, my new scheme was not quite so good as it at
first appeared.
“We are a pair of jays, aren’t we,” said Grace, with amazing
friendliness. “Here we’ve both gone and given ourselves away.
You’ve shown me all about your stuff, and I’ve shown you all about
mine.”
“Yes,” I said, “we’ve certainly exposed our hands. Rather a joke. But
I never thought about it at all.”
“Nor I,” said she. “But this I will say, Dimmy. Now that I’ve seen the
sort o’ tosh you do bowl, I’m certain that I shall have just a walk over.
I always guessed it was pretty bad, your bowling, but I didn’t think it
could be quite the giddy essence of utterness that it really is. If you’ll
take my tip you’ll try lobs. I might get into two minds with those, you
know, as nobody’s quite happy with lobs. Your other sort, though,
won’t have me out in a season. I should advise you to scratch. You’ll
have an awful time if you don’t. I’m speaking plain as a friend, old
chap.”
“So beastly good of you to be so beastly friendly,” said I gloomily.
The downright Grace certainly meant to behave nicely. Her advice
was perfectly well-meant and sincere; but how impossible it was to
take it! I would prefer to sacrifice my personal dignity rather than my
opportunity. Besides, her complete indifference to the result of our
encounter was a great humiliation in itself. Could she have by any
chance forgotten the stakes for which I was to play? I deemed it wise
to sound her.
“Well, I will scratch on one condition,” said I.
“My dear Dimmy,” said she, “I’m not asking a favour, you know.
Entirely in your own interests, I can assure you. You are at liberty to
play the match or scratch it as you just please. Matter of perfect
indifference to me, you know. Merely suggested scratching to spare
you a tremendous licking. Don’t matter to me personally one way or
the other, a little bit.”
“Oh, it don’t,” said I, feeling both hot and emotional; and had a
traction-engine been taking the liberty of going over me, I don’t think
I could have felt more crushed.
“Why should it?” said Grace, gazing at me with big-eyed
demureness.
“My dear Grace,” said I; “my dear Grace.”
Her eyes grew bigger.
“What’s up, old chap?” said she.
“You’re not forgetting,” I said anxiously; “you’re not forgetting, I hope,
what this match means to me. You promised to give my claims the
most serious consideration if I won, didn’t you?”
Grace’s reply was laughter. I sought to compensate my injuries a
little by persuading myself that this ebullience on the part of Grace
was in the worst possible taste. But this I knew to be a chimera,
raised from the ruins of my self-esteem; for Grace was that forthright,
fearless kind of soul who had only to do a thing to create the
precedent for it. Somehow she seemed quite unable to lose her
breeding for a moment, as, by some strange oversight, the science
of snobbery had been omitted from her education altogether.
Therefore she did not spend her time in committing the very
solecisms that she strove most to avoid. Could she have been bred
in England?
This trite reflection, Impatient Reader, is not really a digression, but
is a device introduced to allow Grace full time to have her laugh out.
When it was ended at last, I said mildly:—
“What’s the joke, Grace?”
“Why, the joke is that you’ve not got the slightest earthly, my dear
chap,” said Grace. “Else do you think I’d have taken those absurd
conditions?”
This was comforting in the extreme! It was no more than I deserved
though. But my imperial Anglo-Saxon rose in all the majesty of his
Rudyard Kipling.
“All right,” said I; “but this is going to be no walk over. I’m going all
the way, I can tell you, Grace. A game’s never won till it’s lost.”
“I’m glad you’re cheerful,” said Grace, “’cause your gruelling’ll be so
prime that you’ll want a dreadful lot of cheerfulness. It just makes me
shudder to think what’ll happen to you, Dimmy.”
“You can’t intimidate me,” said I; “you can’t make me funk you.”
“That’ll come later,” said Grace, “when you go on to bowl!”
“Cricket, cricket, and still cricket!”
It was the voice of the Rector, who had come upon us unobserved.
“Mornin’, Father,” said his daughter. “All serene this morning? You
were reading Livy rather late last night, weren’t you? Oh, you literary
men, your hours are dreadful!”
“If you are too ironical,” said the Rector, accepting the cheek she so
promptly offered him—yes, I mean in both a figurative and a literal
sense. I certainly intended no pun, but if one has to deal with the
confounded English language, how is one to avoid its pitfalls?—“If
you are too ironical,” said the Rector, “I’ll preach a fifty minutes’
sermon to-morrow, Laura.”
As was subsequently explained, this was quite the most effective
means of dealing with the misdemeanours of Miss Grace.
 CHAPTER XIX
A Case for M.C.C.
CONTRARY to expectation, breakfast was dispatched in sufficiently
reasonable time to permit my match with Grace to start about
eleven. Needless to say, Grace herself arranged the details. The
seven cricketers who were not playing on this occasion, instead of
being allowed to act the part of mere lookers-on, received orders to
field for both sides. “And, Toddles,” said Grace, in an intimidating
tone, “if you drop Dimmy and then take me, I’ll never forgive you.”
Her father, to my great uneasiness, was to be installed as scorer,
under his usual convenient willow tree; and the notorious Biffin she
proposed to nominate as umpire. Acting on the joint advice of
Toddles and Archie, I entered a formal protest against Biffin being
allowed to stand in this important fixture. This matter, which involved
much more than I had suspected, was debated at the breakfast-
table.
“Oh,” said Grace, “you’ve nothing against Biffin’s personal character,
I hope?”
“Oh, no,” said I; “it’s only that he don’t quite command my
confidence, you know.”
“How funny!” said Grace; “’cause I have every confidence in Biffin.
He knows the game, his eyesight’s good, his decisions are as
prompt as possible, and his judgment’s wonderful. Can’t expect
more of an umpire, can you? Of course, he might be better looking,
but that’s his misfortune, poor man! Besides, I never think it’s wise to
have an umpire who’s too good-looking. One’s liable to watch him,
instead of the ball, don’t you see.”
“Dimsdale, don’t you be bluffed,” said Charlie. “She’s a regular Arthur
Roberts at the game of bluff. She knows as well as anybody that
Biffin’s umpiring is worth about five hundred runs a year to her. The
darned impudent decisions I’ve seen that bounder Biffin give are
something cruel. If he’s given her in once, he’s given her in six times
when she’s been stumped yards out of her ground, simply on
account of the tip of the wicket-keeper’s nose being in front of the
wicket. Pretty barefaced to come it once, but six times is what I
should call immoral.”
“Shows his knowledge o’ the game,” said Biffin’s defender, “and his
attention to the fine points of it, too. There’s lots of umpires ’ud not
have noticed that, and I should have had to have gone out.”
“They’d not, that’s a cert.,” said Charlie; “and that you would have
had to have gone out is a dead cert.”
“I s’pose, Charlie,” said Grace, “that the tip o’ the wicket-keeper’s
nose is a part of his person, isn’t it? And Rule 42 says——”
“Here, no more cucumbers!” cried T. S. M. hastily.
“Dimsdale, don’t you budge,” said Carteret. “If you consent to Biffin,
you’ll be shamefully rooked.”
“What’s Dimmy got to do with it?” said Grace. “Is Dimmy the M.C.C.,
or what? If I say Biffin’s going to stand, Biffin will stand, and don’t you
think he won’t; ’cause if you do, you’ll be in error.”
“Go it, Lord Harris!” said Toddles. “Just hear Harris! Oh, you
autocratic person! Talk about George, why, you’re worse than a
colonel of militia!”
The case was being conducted with great fervour by both sides.
There was quite a formidable array of counsel for the prosecution.
Indeed, Grace’s defence of the indefensible Biffin had for once
caused her to stand absolutely alone. She was no whit abashed,
though. Nor did she descend to mere argument. She was thoroughly
satisfied with her own opinion, and was prepared to enforce it in the
teeth of male criticism of the most destructive kind.
“Biffin’s an unmitigated ruffian,” said Archie. “And if I can help it, he’ll
never stand again.”
“But you can’t help it, Archie,” said his sister; “’cause if I want him to
stand, he will stand, don’t you see?”
“He’s an unprincipled person,” said the little parson. “And I marvel
that Grace’s moral nature can countenance him.”
“I’ll have a bob each way on ‘moral nature,’ Toddles,” said Grace.
“His umpirin’s too thick to talk about,” said T. S. M. “Why, at Harrow
——”
“Yes, at Harrow,” said Grace. This prompt seizure of her opportunity
was of no avail, however. Public opinion was now entirely with T. S.
M. Poor Grace stood alone. She consoled herself with a massive
piece of toast, with butter and marmalade to match.
“Seeing that Dimsdale’s happiness is at stake,” said Toddles, with an
air of patronage and protection that was perfectly insufferable, “we
shall do well to stick by him in this, and give him our undivided
support. We’ll admit that he’s not much chance under the most
favourable conditions; but with Biffin as umpire he’s as good as
plucked before he goes on the field. Besides, we want this to be a
sporting event. Fair play all round, you know, and no favour, and may
the best man win.”
“Toddles,” said the keen Grace, pausing an instant in her well-
organized assault on the toast and marmalade, “you’re mixed. Sort
yourself out a bit. Toddles, you’re talking rot.”
“Oh, but, my dear Grace,” said I, “it’s not rot for me, I can assure
you. It’s a matter for earnest consideration.”
It was really enjoyable to feel such a weight of public opinion behind
one. It was evidently a crisis that had been coming slowly to a head
for years. Here was the opportunity of the long-suffering to test the
legality of Grace’s uncompromising attitude on the Biffin question. In
the somewhat technical language of the barrister, they were simply
making a test case of it, in order to get a judicial pronouncement as
to whether in future Grace was to be licensed to do as she liked.
“O’ course I shall, James,” said Grace; “I always do, don’t I?”
“I’ll tell you what,” said Archie, “I suggest that the question be
submitted to arbitration. We’ll submit it to the Guv’nor, and take his
verdict as final. Will you agree to that, Grace?”
“You know quite well, Archie,” said Grace, in a honeyed voice, “that I
am always perfectly willing for you to fill up your spare time in a way
that’s profitable and amusing to yourself, providing it’s not likely to do
you personally any harm, or to lead astray those who are younger
than you are. Talk it over by all means with your father, Archie, but if I
say Biffin will stand, you can take my word for it.”
The high-wrought state of public opinion, that was enough to make
the French pause and the Sultan tremble, merely appeared to incite
the dauntless Grace to new audacity. She positively snapped her
fingers at it, and ate her toast and marmalade with an air of the most
victorious unconcern.
“H’m,” said the little parson, in his best clerical tone; “she seems to
be a person of character and ideas. What’s to be done? We can’t let
Dimsdale be knocked down and walked over on an occasion of this
sort. Grace, I certainly think that your uncompromising attitude on
this vexed question is greatly to be deplored.”
“Deplore away,” said Grace, helping herself to butter. “What an
amusing little man you are, Toddles!”
Affairs were at a deadlock. How was it possible to negotiate if one
side would insist on having its own way?
“It’s a sort of diplomatic impasse,” said Archie. “What’s to be done?
Suppose we take Biffin by main force and put him under the
cucumber frame, and keep him fastened down? There’d be no more
bad decisions then.”
“Plenty of bad language, though,” said some person of wit.
“And we wouldn’t release him,” said Carteret, “until Grace had
actually played an innings without damaging the eyesight of the
cucumbers or otherwise mutilating them.”
“I call Grace’s behaviour beas’ly bad form,” said the Harrow captain.
“Oh, I know it’s beastly bad form,” said Grace; “but then, you see,
Tommy, one has to play pretty low down to gain the appreciation of
one’s family.”
Had Grace’s cause only been a just one, the manner in which she
maintained it against all comers must have evoked unqualified
admiration. The cabal was powerless in the face of her despotic
attitude. They said hard things, and they said rude things, as
brothers will, even if they have a sister who is a first-class angel of
an unimpeachable appearance. But although Grace stood alone,
discredited, out of favour, a fallen idol, and a mark for some very
cutting observations, mostly the Harrow captain’s, who saw his
moment, and, boylike, was exulting in it—despite all this, Grace
continued to consume toast and marmalade as valiantly as ever.
Now and then she diversified this proceeding by looking daggers at
Toddles, when that irrepressible little clergyman made faces at her.
Now and then she introduced a brief remark on her own account,
that on examination proved to be as flinty and hard-edged as a chip
of granite. It was plain that the exercise of a considerable force of
character had been the secret of Grace’s ascendancy and pre-
eminence in regard to these great men. And having obtained her
power, she did not hesitate to abuse it, as they say her sex generally
do.
“In my opinion,” said Archie, “there’s been a mistake in Grace’s
destiny. Her arrogance and sweet unreasonableness makes her look
a bit out of drawing, I think. Strikes me that Nature planned her for a
Gladstone or a Mailyphist, and then made her a girl for fun. But I
believe she simply doesn’t care what we think of her.”
“Oh, yes, I do, you know, Archie,” said Grace; “I’m as cut up as can
be. I’m quite put off my game. You had better let us have some more
toast, Jane. Toddles, pass the marmalade—and the butter. Yes, I
think I’ll have the butter, too.”
However, in my eyes Grace’s splendid isolation had such a nobility,
such a dignity, such a pathos of its own, that it struck me with some
suddenness that a little magnanimity might not be altogether out of
place. It was patent, however, that her brothers had such firm
convictions on the point at issue that they were not likely to exercise
it. Therefore, I had a try myself.
“My dear Grace,” said I, “don’t let’s worry about Biffin any more. I’m
perfectly willing for him to stand, you know.”
“What!” cried the whole table with one voice.
Yet I ask you what could a fellow do under the circumstances?
Splendid isolation is magnificent, of course, but not being one of
Grace’s brothers, how could I help pitying the isolated?
The storm of contumely that my unconditional surrender provoked
was woeful. Even the gallant Optimist reviled me. Their unanimity
was crushing. It was not the question at issue that mattered so
much; it was the general principle. It always is the general principle.
They considered themselves betrayed. They had pledged
themselves and their interests entirely in my cause, and then I calmly
go over to the other side and merge that cause in the enemy’s. In
fact, in the impassioned language of Toddles, the more they
examined the fine points of my conduct, the deeper the iron entered
into their souls.
“Jolly good o’ the iron,” said Grace; “improve ’em no end. Been
wanting a tonic a long time.”
Grace, indeed, I am glad to state, took an entirely different view of
my behaviour. Never had I seen her face so brightly eloquent as
when she laid down her coffee-cup and looked at me.
“Dimmy,” said she, “you’re a good sort, that’s what you are—a
ripping good sort. Dimmy, you’re A 1!”
Her tone implied that she meant it, too. And really it was decidedly
consoling to feel that we stood together facing scorn and disfavour
on every hand. But it seemed that the tactful Grace knew how, when,
and where to be generous. Or, no, I’m quite sure her generosity was
not studied at all. It was just unaided nature!
“Look here, you men,” said she; “as Dimmy’s such a good sort, he’s
not going to be such a good sort, do you see? No, I don’t mean that
exactly; I mean——”
“If it’s sheer cheek that you mean, which we’ve every reason to fear
that it is,” said Toddles, “we shall be very grateful if you’ll be content
to consider it said. If we have any more before lunch I’m thinking that
some of the batting won’t be of a very high order at Tonbridge on
Monday.”
“That’ll do, Toddles,” said Grace. “Have a rest now, there’s a good
little man. What was I saying? Oh, as Dimmy’s done the right thing,
I’m going to do the right thing, too. Father, will you stand to-day,
please?”
A rousing cheer greeted this announcement.
“I’ve always said,” remarked George, “that more can be done by the
kindness method in the treatment of these wild natures than cruelty,
firearms, and that sort of thing. Here’s Grace lying down now,
apparently as tame and docile as a kitten, without the use of red-hot
irons or anything of the kind. And it’s so much better than burning
her fur, don’t you know.”
The Rector consenting to stand, the affair terminated. Biffin, for that
day at least, had to be content with the humbler functions of the
scorer.
Breakfast over, we trooped out into the sun. And as we did so I am
free to confess that my attire was a trifle irregular. Carteret being the
most medium-built man amongst us, except in the matter of girth,
and, therefore, the most resembling me, had very kindly lent me his
buckskins; Charlie lent me one of his shirts, which, to my infinite
pleasure, he assured me was the one he wore in the ’Varsity match,
when he got so many Oxford wickets, and paid so very little for them;
while Archie subscribed the identical pair of unmentionables in which
he made his record score against Sussex at Brighton last year. In
passing, it should be noted that record scores have quite a habit of
getting themselves made against Sussex at Brighton. It is probably
the sea air.
Despite this peculiar and rather extensive outfit, and an unbiassed
umpire withal, I was earnestly assured that I could not possibly have
a look in. In fact, Grace was popularly supposed to be invincible in
single combat under Rectory rules, on the Rectory wicket. A copy of
the rules aforesaid was duly deposited in the Rector’s hands before
the match began. And, although I was privileged to peruse them, the
one conclusion to which they helped me was, that although the laws
of the M.C.C. had very kindly and thoughtfully provided nine several
ways in which a batsman might get out, those of the Rectory had
most generously furnished nine and ninety.
I’ll admit at once that I had not the least confidence in myself.
Everybody took a simple-minded pleasure in telling me that Grace
never had been beaten single-handed on her own playing-piece.
“My boy,” said the little parson, with his excruciating friendliness,
“that brown-haired, brown-faced, brown-booted, brown-hollanded
person, familiarly known as Grace, is as full of wiles, tricks, and low
devices as a certain person with a toasting-fork and a curly tail whom
I shall not even permit myself to mention. If you can take Grace
down a peg, posterity becomes your servant. Your fame will be for all
time, your name will be in Wisden. For I believe I’m right in saying
that under these conditions Grace would knock spots off half the
Middlesex eleven.”
“Certain of it,” said Archie pleasantly. “She’s a holy terror; and the
charm of it is, Dimsdale, that she never has made a secret of what
she’s going to do to you.”
“Why should I?” said Grace. “I’m going to give him a most awful
licking for last night’s horrible behaviour.”
“All right,” said I meekly; “lick away.”
“Dimmy,” said she, “if I don’t, I’ll give you a scarf-pin.”
“I shall require more than a scarf-pin,” said I. And the emphasis I
used was unmistakable.
“By Jove!” said Grace, “I was forgetting that. Thanks for the
reminder, old chap. Will you call, or shall I?”
Next moment Grace had won the toss.
“Dimmy,” said she, “as your bowling’s so thoroughly depressing, and
you’re not likely to have me out in a year, I think you’d better bat first.
Get your pads on.”
 CHAPTER XX
A Case for Another Eminent Authority
WHEN I buckled on Toddles’ pads I had all the symptoms of a bad
attack. I was a trifle dizzy, I was half blind, my heart just seemed to
be trying what it could do, while my limbs were equally irresponsible.
There was a great jug of cider laid on a table under the trees, and
the Optimist would insist on my taking a draught of it, ere I went in to
bat.
Grace placed her field with consummate care. Everybody was
laughing as I took my guard.
“Don’t think he’ll stay three minutes,” said Carteret, quite audibly.
Had Carteret only known, it was the kind of remark to make me stay
three hours. That slice of Anglo-Saxon in my constitution, that I have
already had occasion to advertise, objects above all things to be
walked over rough-shod. I knit my teeth. I determined to perish or
prevail. That moment, though, I should have been very well satisfied
had the perishing anticipated itself by occurring there and then.
Grace’s bowling was much as I had judged it to be. I knew her
hereditary peculiarities would take a terrible amount of negotiating.
And they certainly did. The very first ball I turned half round to, with
the idea of getting it away to leg, whereon the flight, slow as it was,
so deceived me that had it not been for my exceedingly thoughtful
and well-trained right leg I should have suffered the humiliation of
being clean bowled middle stump.
“How’s that?” cried Grace.
“Didn’t pitch straight,” said the Rector.
I sighed my deep relief.
“There she goes,” said T. S. M. from extra cover. “Begins her games
at once. If Biffin had been standin’ it would have been ‘Hout, Miss!’
sure as a gun. Lucky for you, Dimsdale.”
“Tommy,” said Grace, “will you have the goodness to change places
with Toddles at short-leg? Very close in please, Tommy. I’m going to
bowl a few half-volleys just outside the leg stick; so you will look out
for your face, won’t you? And you won’t funk ’em, will you, Tommy?
And young boys shouldn’t be quite so jolly cheeky, should they?”
In addition to her curl, there were several other things appertaining to
Grace’s bowling that required watching. Her length was perfect, and,
strangely enough, like her model the great Alfred Shaw, she had
acquired the trick of heightening and lowering her delivery without
any appreciable change in the action, but a pretty considerable
amount in the flight. And, better than this, or worse, she was
mistress in a measure of the painfully difficult art of making
occasional balls “hang.” Although the Rectory wicket was well-nigh
perfect, one had to watch her all the way, and then be prepared to
alter one’s tactics at the last moment. She could make them “do a
bit” both ways, and, in addition to all these accomplishments, she
had the imperturbable temperament of the really great bowler—she
didn’t mind being hit. That attitude of mind is undoubtedly the hall-
mark of the master. She kept pitching up to me in the most
audacious way. But I resolutely refused to “have a go,” until at last
she had the downright impudence to send me a particularly slow full
toss to leg, which I, of course, promptly cracked to the fence for four.
“Thought you wouldn’t be able to resist that,” she said winningly.
“And do have a smack at this, Dimmy, just for fun.”
“This” was a particularly silly-looking half-volley well on the leg-side
also. Having tasted the delights of a fourer so recently, I was
naturally a bit headstrong and uplifted. I had a full sweep at it, and in
the heat of the moment utterly ignored the fatal curl. As a
consequence I caught it on the extreme end of my bat, and it went
spinning up a considerable height, straight into the hands of mid-on.
My very soul groaned. To be caught napping so absurdly and so
palpably! My emotions were so bitter that gall becomes honey by
comparison. For I had walked into the trap with my eyes open.
Now the Optimist was the fieldsman at mid-on. And the dear, kind
Optimist, most unselfish of men, had a fellow feeling that made him
wondrous kind! The Optimist shaped for the catch in the crudest
manner. He dropped me inexcusably in consequence. It was idle of
him to urge, as urge he did, that the sun was in his eyes, and that he
couldn’t see the catch. As the bowler fiercely pointed out, the sun
was directly behind him.
“It must have been the shadow, then,” said the Optimist unblushingly.
The roars of laughter that greeted his unscrupulous behaviour and
his subsequent effrontery were infectious. Even the Rector
contributed a hearty guffaw.
“Little Clumpton’s sold you this time!” cried T. S. M. in ecstasy. “You
may be very clever, Grace, but you’ve just got left.”
The bowler’s dignity and self-restraint were really very fine, however.
“He’ll simply get it all the worse when I go in,” was her Spartan
answer.
“We shall all take extremely great care to collar anything you put up,
though,” said T.S.M., “so you’d better play piano till you’ve got the
runs off.”
Grace continued to bowl even wilier and slower than before. Runs
were very difficult to obtain, but, nevertheless, I warily, cautiously
obtained a few. The bulk of them were made by means of leg
touches and pushes, and occasional big singles into the country.
She was too slow to cut; behind-the-wicket strokes were, by Rectory
rules and the laws of single wicket also, ineligible. But I was able
once to regale myself with a hit past cover for three. This was the
only time, however, that I got a chance to play my favourite stroke,
as the bowler was evidently of opinion that it was too expensive to
feed. I had made twenty-three by careful play when I got into two
minds with one that curled outrageously, and hung as well. I returned
it as tamely as possible to the bowler, who clasped it lovingly and
said: “Poor old Dimmy! Did ’um, then!”
Thereon she walked off under the trees to a little light and liquid
refreshment, which for her partook of the nature of that innocuous
concoction known as stone-ginger; whilst I ruefully unbuckled the
pads of the ironical Toddles.
All things considered, I felt that I had no reason to be dissatisfied
with my score. Twenty-three was quite the maximum of what I had
expected to get, as from the first I had not been disposed to under-
rate the excellence of Grace’s bowling. Indeed, she was kind enough
to say herself, in a reflective tone,—
“Your batting’s really very decent, Dimmy, very decent, indeed, you
know. So glad you watch the ball. Strikes me you’re the sort o’ man
to get runs on a bad wicket. With a bit more experience you ought to
do things. Oughtn’t he, boys?”
“Oh, of course,” said T. S. M. “If he can get twenty-three against your
bowlin’ he must be phenomenal. Reg’lar freak—fit for Barnum!”
“You’ve never got twenty-three against it, Tommy, anyhow,” said
Grace.
“Such a beas’ly bore, don’t-cher-know,” said the Harrow captain
wearily, “to keep hittin’ girls to the fence, and then havin’ to go and
fag after it for ’em.”
“Why, you know quite well, Tommy,” said his sister, in a very pained
voice, “that I’ve never let you fetch a ball for me in your life. No,
never. It’s shameful of you, Tommy, to talk like that, ’cause it’s not
true. Look here, you men, it’s not true, is it?”
“Oh, dear, no,” said Toddles. “You’d scorn to do it, Grace. We all
know that. You’re far too good a sportsman—I mean sportswoman.”
“Stick to the man,” said Grace. “Sounds so much primer, somehow.”
“What’s Toddles up to now?” said Charlie suspiciously. “Whenever
he talks to Grace in that kind of way there’s something behind it.
Does he want to smoke in the drawing-room, or is it breakfast in
bed? Grace, distrust that man. Last time he was allowed to put sugar
in his tea with his fingers, instead of the tongs.”
“I like that,” said Grace. “Why, that’s what you all do, you horrible
creatures! Even Dimmy does.”
“‘Even Dimmy does!’” repeated Archie. “That’s your batting, my boy.”
And as I actually saw Grace blush at Archie’s pointed remark I
began to persuade myself that it really must be my batting.
When Grace went in, she did not put on pads, for a sufficient reason,
but it amused us all, and particularly her parent, to see her don a
right-hand batting glove.
“It’s all right, father,” said she. “Sha’n’t need it, of course. It’s only out
of respect for Dimmy, you know. Looks a bit cheeky to go in with
nothing on, as though you were only playing golf or marbles, or
something like that.”
“Or having a bath,” said Toddles, sotto voce.
It was characteristic of Grace that she never held people guilty of
laughing directly at her. And I am not sure, either, whether this
simpleness of mind did not spring from a sublime faith in herself and
all her works. Certainly when she set about getting the twenty-four
runs necessary for my defeat, she proceeded to wipe them off in a
magnificently confident manner. My first three balls yielded five.
This certainly would not do. I must try lobs. But why, oh, why had my
youth been so grievously misspent? Oh, why, I asked myself in the
bitterness of my spirit had I always been bat in hand at the nets,
slogging away for hours, instead of doing now and then a little
honest bowling? It made me giddy to think of what service a decent
length and a fair command of the ball would be to me at this
moment. Oh, if I could only bowl! If I could only bowl! Young men, I
exhort you to heed these awful consequences. Batting in itself is
very alluring, but there are other things in cricket besides a cut for
four, delightful as that is. When the other side are in, it is well to have
a dim idea of how to get them out. At this dread hour, owing to the
errors of my childhood, I had not, alas! the remotest notion how to do
so.
Nevertheless, the veiled jeers of the field, the frank amusement of
the umpire, and the downright contempt of the person wielding the
willow, made my Anglo-Saxon once more rise within me. Grace’s
does-he-call-this-bowling air was most exasperating. But I still went
on in my dogged, defiant, get-there-sometime style. I might be
without hope, but I was determined that the enemy should not know
it.
Bowling slow, elementary, underhand twisters, I kept running after
them up the pitch in a frankly dare-devil manner, and several times
took red-hot cracks travelling to mid-off about ten yards from Grace’s
bat. Runs continued to come, however, just as they thought fit
apparently, but my fielding was so whole-hearted that broad grins
presently succeeded derisive smiles on the faces of those who
witnessed it. But the five became fifteen in no time. Nine more and
all was over. The imminence of disaster nerved me to superhuman
efforts. Grace mistimed one ball a little, and as it rose from her bat
for a short distance, I sprawled arms and legs up the pitch, and
literally hurled myself at it. I just contrived to touch it with my finger-
tips as it fell. Had it come off it would have been something to talk
about; as it was, it cost divers seasoned cricketers a blink of
astonishment.
 “I just contrived to touch it.”
Willow, the King.] [Page 306.

“Dimmy,” said the one wielding the willow, “aren’t you afraid o’ your
backbone at all?”
It was apparent that she was becoming impressed. With that thought
I recalled the words of the penetrating Archie: “All women have their
weakness. Grace’s is for good fielding.” I must show her what I could
do. After vainly striving to reach one that she pulled well wide of mid-
on for three, she said,—
“Dimmy, please don’t do that. It worries me. I’m so afraid that you’ll
twist yourself into something that could never be untied. That would
be horrible, wouldn’t it? And I’m so afraid of your backbone.”
“It is in your own power,” said I, “to end these gyrations. You have
only got to get out, you know.”
Her score had now reached twenty. Four more and a life’s happiness
was wrecked. Hope there was none. She was thoroughly set, and
capable of doing anything with the miserable stuff that I was rolling
up. It was in vain that I altered the position of the field after the
delivery of every ball. She inevitably dispatched the one that followed
past the precise place from which the man had just been taken. Her
batting was really cruel in its complacence and resource. The grim
gleam that illuminated her look knocked at my heart. A gleam does
not knock as a rule, I know, but many and strange things are allowed
to happen to the heart of a man in my desperate predicament. The
light-minded fieldsmen thought it quite a joke, however, and they
proferred no end of wise suggestions. Had I not better have my point
a bit squarer; my mid-off a bit deeper; my extra cover a bit more
round; and the two men guarding the cucumber frame standing in
front of the cucumbers, instead of sitting on the woodwork?
I thanked them in a chastened tone for being so very helpful.
My pitiful bowling has already been the subject of various painful
home truths. But I do believe that my fielding was not unworthy of
kind phrases. At least, it argues unusual excellence to gain the open
approbation of the great. Yet when I stopped three smashing half-