Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Economics
Economics
Economics
Personal Income
eg: subsidy by govt.
Compensation to employees
NDP
Expenditure Method
Financial year 1 April to 31st March
Maintenance of Infrastructure
components
Construction of any infrastructure
of budget
Purchase of land/machinery
Loan
Repayment of Loan
Increase in general level of prices of
goods & services
a mismatch between worker’s skill &
availability of job Purchasing power decreases in case of inflation
Structural unemployment
eg: technology advancement, like machinery Money illusion concept
replacing farmer labour Inflation Irwin Fisher
MV = PT
degree - unemployment, seen in Urban part of
Educated unemployment
India During inflation the debtor/borrower benefits
more than the lender Demand side inflation
type of unemployment while searching for a Demand Pull
new job “Too many dollars chasing too few goods”
Frictional unemployment Cause of Inflation
eg: an employee leaving current job to move to Supply side inflation
a better one (seen in Urban) Types of Cost Pull
Wholesale Price Index Increase in cost of any factors of production &
when some people seem to be employed but
Unemployment input cost
are not, marginal productivity is zero More weightage to manufactured goods
Disguised/Hidden unemployment
eg: Agriculture sector does not capture the changes in the prices of
WPI
services
Recession in economy (upturn & downturn)
Base Year - 2011-12
When economy revives, there is opportunity to
employment, seen in Urban Published by: Office of Economic Advisor (OEA)
Ministry of Commerce & Industry
eg: Great Recession Cyclical unemployment
Measurement Consumer Price Index
Employment based on the seasonal basis
of Inflation More weightage to food items
Seen more rural part of India Seasonal Unemployment Inflation (inc.) & Unemployment (inc.)
Checked from consumers perspective
eg: Light or fireworks sellers during Diwali
No economic activity
Stagflation Base Year - 2011-12
Great Depression - 1929-1939
Inflation (inc.) & Unemployment (dec.) have Published by: National Statistic Office (NSO)
inverse relationship Great Recession - 2007-2009 CPI Ministry of Statistics & Program
Implementation (MoSPI)
Inflation &
Index of Industrial Production
Unemployment
Base Year: 2011-12
Refinery products
IIP Creeping 3-4%
Electricity
Walking 4-10%
Steel
Types of Inflation Running 10-20%
Crude oil
8 core industries have Galloping 20-100%
40% contributions
Natural gas Disinflation Rate of inflation is decreasing
Hyper 100%
Cement
opposite of disflation
Fertilizer
Deflation Fall in the general level of prices
Crude Oil
Purchasing power increases
Provides micro loans/micro financial services Reserve Bank of India was established
as Independent body
Minimum requirement of Micro Finance Loans:
75% of total assets on recommendation of
Hilton Young Commission, 1926
Estd. through recommendation of a NBFC-MFI
Eg: Bajaj Finance, Muthoot Finance, Mahindra committee: Malegam Committee, 2010 (also 1st setup of RBI Headquarter
and Mahindra 1st April 1935
sees issues of MFIs) - Calcutta, At present
RBI Act of 1934
They are registered under Companies Act of To qualify for NBFC MFI license they should Headquarter - Mumbai in 1937
1956 have at least 75% of assets in Microfinance
Banking Regulation Act, 1949 1st RBI Governor - Osborne Smith
Gives loans and advances on gold
eg: Loan, Savings, Insurance loans upto 50,000 Sishu Hot Money - Assets such as stocks, deposits,
Functions of RBI Currency printing
bonds, etc
Microfinance loans is given to households loans upto 50,000-5 lakhs Kishore 3 types loan
having income less than Rs.1.25 lakhs/annum
loans upto 5 lakhs-10 lakhs Tarun
gave concept of Grameen Model Banks, 1970 Father of Micro Finance system
and was given Nobel Prize - Muhammed Yunus (Bangladesh)
Chairman - Madhabi Puri Buch (1st women, 1st non IAS chairman)
Fiscal Policy
Repurchase agreement
Quantitative tools
2% NDTL is a limit
overnight loan
Monetary Policy
Marginal Standing Facility
Monetary
Policy Tools
6 members Executive
3 Govt.
a maximum amount of new money created by
Qualitative tools banks for every dollar of reserves
Money Multiplier
Currency with public
Currency in circulation
Securitisation And Reconstruction of Financial Currency with bank
Assets &Enforcement of Security Interest Act
Saving Account
Provides power to the bank/any financial Demand Deposit
institution to seize the property of a Current Account
defaulting borrower Deposits with Bank
SARFAESI Act 2002 Fixed Deposit
Term Deposit
who would not pay to banks even it he has the
Wilful Defaulter
Types of Money Recurring Deposit
ablity to do so
Bank Deposits with RBI
Consolidates the existing laws on bankruptcy Insolvency & Bankruptcy Code, 2016 Deposits with RBI
Other deposits with RBI
Demand Deposit
Financial entity setup to buy NPAs
Postal Deposit same as bank
Term Deposit
Recovery of NPAs
BASEL II - 2004
Quantity theory of money
eg: Toothpaste
Many sellers
selling homogenous products Supply Curve
Many buyers Transaction motive
Perfect Competition
future
Free entry and exit
Precautionary motive
People hold money
eg: Agricultural products Receipt expenditure for three purposes
by J M Keynes (Father of Economics)
Speculative motive
Father of Modern Economics -
Adam Smith
Price Elasticity
Target - 8%
Achieved - 7.6% 10th FYP Target - 4.5%
Moderately successful
Achieved - 4.27%
Concept by - Prof. Raj Krishna 1980-85 Duration During Indira Gandhi Target - 5.6%
Hindu Rate of Growth a big failure
Achieved - 3.3%
India from 1960-80 has seen 1978 National Income Duration 1974-78
slow economic growth
Modernisation of technology Removal of poverty (Garibi Hatao)
Unemployment Key Focus 6th FYP 5th FYP Attainment of self reliance
Rolling Plan
introduced Established NABARD Basic needs to be provided to all
Key Focus Minimum Needs Programme (1974)
Landless Labour Employment Guarantee 20 points programme (1975)
Programme (RLEGP) on 15 August 1983
During Janta Govt./Moraji Desai RRBs were setup (1975)
Target - 5.2%
successful
Duration: 1978-80 Achieved - 5.7% Target - 4.4%
a bit successful
Achieved - 4.8%
Emphasis was on employment Key focus
Also known as service sector
Focused on the action of govt./countries take
to influence broader economies
It is that part of economy where business
produce services
Macroeconomics GDP, NI, Inflation