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Full Download PDF of Test Bank For Essential Calculus 2nd Edition: James Stewart All Chapter
Full Download PDF of Test Bank For Essential Calculus 2nd Edition: James Stewart All Chapter
Full Download PDF of Test Bank For Essential Calculus 2nd Edition: James Stewart All Chapter
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a. 4, 2
b. 0
c.
d. –4, 12
e.
ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 1.1.4b
MSC: Bimodal NOT: Section 1.1
3. The graph shown gives the weight of a certain person as a function of age. Find the age at
which the person started an exercise program.
a. 54
b. 38
c.
d. 20
e. 35
ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 1.1.9
MSC: Bimodal NOT: Section 1.1
a.
b.
c.
d.
ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: 1.1.21
MSC: Bimodal NOT: Section 1.1
a.
b.
c.
d. h
e. none of these
ANS: E PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 1.1.22
MSC: Bimodal NOT: Section 1.1
a. (–, 0)
b.
c.
d. (–, 0) (0, )
ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: 1.1.25
MSC: Bimodal NOT: Section 1.1
7. Find the domain and sketch the graph of the function. What is its range?
f (x) =
a. D: (– , ); R: [–1, ) c. D: (– , ); R: (– , 3]
y y
9 9
8 8
7 7
6 6
5 5
4 4
3 3
2 2
1 1
–2 –1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 x –2 –1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 x
–1 –1
b. D: (– , ); R: (– , 0] (3, ) d. D: (– , ); R: [0, )
y y
4 10
3 9
2 8
1 7
6
–1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 x
–1 5
–2 4
–3 3
–4 2
–5 1
–6
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 x
8. Find an expression for the function whose graph is the bottom half of the parabola
.
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
9. A rectangle has perimeter m. Express the area of the rectangle as a function of the
length of one of its sides.
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
10. An open rectangular box with volume has a square base. Express the surface area of
the box as a function of the length of a side of the base.
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
11. Determine whether the function whose graph is given is even, odd, or neither.
y
10
–10 –8 –6 –4 –2 2 4 6 8 10 x
–2
–4
–6
–8
–10
a. Even
b. Neither
c. Odd
ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 1.1.55
MSC: Bimodal NOT: Section 1.1
12. If the point is on the graph of an even function, what other point must also be on the
graph?
a.
b.
c.
d.
e. None of these
ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 1.1.57a
MSC: Bimodal NOT: Section 1.1
a.
b.
c.
NUMERIC RESPONSE
ANS: ,
PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 1.1.4a
MSC: Numerical Response NOT: Section 1.1
ANS:
ANS:
ANS: even
SHORT ANSWER
2 f = ( x)
1
–4 –3 –2 –1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 x
–1
–2
–3
–4
–5
a. Find f (1).
b. Find the value of x for which (i) and (ii) .
c. Find the domain and range of f.
ANS:
a. 0
b. (i) 2 (ii) 1, 3
c. D: [1, 4], R: [–3, 1]
2. If f (x) =
ANS:
f (–4) = 19, f (0) = 3, f (1) = 1.
ANS:
Odd
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1. The relationship between the Fahrenheit and Celsius temperature scales is given by the
linear function.
a.
, Fahrenheit temperature corresponding to
e.
, Celsius temperature corresponding to
2. The monthly cost of driving a car depends on the number of miles driven. Julia found that in
October it cost her to drive mi and in July it cost her to drive mi.
Express the monthly cost C as a function of the distance driven d assuming that a linear
relationship gives a suitable model.
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 1.2.14a
MSC: Bimodal NOT: Section 1.2
3. Many physical quantities are connected by inverse square laws, that is, by power functions
of the form
.
In particular, the illumination of an object by a light source is inversely proportional to the
square of the distance from the source. Suppose that after dark you are in a room with just
one lamp and you are trying to read a book. The light is too dim and so you move
the distance to the lamp. How much brighter is the light?
a.
times
b. 9 times
c.
times
d. times
e.
times
NUMERIC RESPONSE
1. The relationship between the Fahrenheit and Celsius temperature scales is given by the
linear function.
ANS: ; slope =
2. It makes sense that the larger the area of a region, the larger the number of species that
inhabit the region. Many ecologists have modeled the species-area relation with a power
function and, in particular, the number of species S of bats living in caves in central Mexico
has been related to the surface area A measured in of the caves by the equation
(a) The cave called mission impossible near puebla, mexico, has surface area of .
How many species of bats would expect to find in that cave?
(b) If you discover that species of bats live in cave estimate the area of the cave.
ANS:
a) species
b)
MULTIPLE CHOICE
a.
b.
c.
d.
a.
b. 1
c.
d.
a. 3.18
b.
c.
d.
e.
ANS: E PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 1.3.20a
MSC: Bimodal NOT: Section 1.3
NUMERIC RESPONSE
and zooming in toward the point where the graph crosses the y-axis, estimate the value of
ANS:
at the given numbers (correct to six decimal places). Use the results to guess the value of the
limit
ANS:
SHORT ANSWER
1. Complete the table by computing at the given values of x, accurate to five decimal
places. Use the results to guess at the indicated limit, if it exists, to three decimal places.
ANS:
x
–0.34483 –0.33445 –0.33344 –0.33322 –0.33223 –0.32258
–0.333
2. Complete the table by computing at the given values of x, accurate to five decimal
places. Use the results to guess at the indicated limit, if it exists, to three decimal places.
ANS:
0.1
3. Complete the table by computing at the given values of x, accurate to five decimal
places. Use the results to guess at the indicated limit, if it exists, to three decimal places.
ANS:
0.2
MULTIPLE CHOICE
a. 12
b. –12
c. 6
d. –1
ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: 1.4.3
MSC: Bimodal NOT: Section 1.4
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 1.4.4
MSC: Bimodal NOT: Section 1.4
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 1.4.11
MSC: Bimodal NOT: Section 1.4
a. 2
b. 5
c. 3
d. Does not exist
ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 1.4.13
MSC: Bimodal NOT: Section 1.4
a.
b.
c.
d. 1
ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: 1.4.14
MSC: Bimodal NOT: Section 1.4
a.
b. 1
c.
d.
e. does not exist
ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 1.4.17
MSC: Bimodal NOT: Section 1.4
a.
b.
c.
NUMERIC RESPONSE
2
ANS:
15
ANS:
ANS: 0
SHORT ANSWER
1. Find the limit , if it exists.
ANS:
ANS:
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1. Choose an equation from the following that expresses the fact that a function f is
continuous at the number .
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 1.5.11
MSC: Bimodal NOT: Section 1.5
a.
b. 1
c. 0
d.
e.
ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 1.5.28
MSC: Bimodal NOT: Section 1.5
4. Determine where f is discontinuous.
a. 0 only
b.
c. only
d.
e. only
ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 1.5.31
MSC: Bimodal NOT: Section 1.5
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
ANS: E PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 1.5.33
MSC: Bimodal NOT: Section 1.5
NUMERIC RESPONSE
1. For determine whether f is continuous from the right, from the left, or neither.
ANS: neither
ANS:
MULTIPLE CHOICE
a. and
b. both
c. both 1
d. and
e. and
ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 1.6.13
MSC: Bimodal NOT: Section 1.6
a. 5
2
b. 2
7
c. 2
5
d. 7
5
e. 5
7
ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: 1.6.19
MSC: Bimodal NOT: Section 1.6
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: 1.6.32
MSC: Bimodal NOT: Section 1.6
a.
b.
c.
d.
e. None of these
ANS: E PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 1.6.35
MSC: Bimodal NOT: Section 1.6
NUMERIC RESPONSE
ANS:
The short march which follows calls for no comment. The final
allegro is introduced by recitative passages for the first violin, gaining
in passion, culminating in a dramatic run over the diminished
seventh chord which bears some resemblance to the opening of the
allegro of the first movement. There is a passing sigh before the last
movement begins, Allegro appassionato.
The theme itself is in the form of a dialogue between first and second
violins. It merges into the first variation without perceptible break in
the music. Here the theme is carried by the second violin, the first
filling the pauses with a descending figure. This clause of the theme
is then repeated by the viola, the 'cello taking the rôle of the first
violin. The second clause of the theme is similarly treated.
The remaining six variations are clearly set apart from each other by
changes in the time signature. There is a variation marked piu
mosso, really alla breve, which is a dialogue between first violin and
'cello, accompanied at first monotonously by the other two
instruments, later with more variety and animation. The next is an
andante moderato e lusinghiero, in which the theme is arranged as a
canon at the second, first between the two lower instruments, later
between the two higher. This leads to an adagio in 6/8 time, in which
the theme is broken up into passage work. The next and fifth
variation (allegretto, 2/4) is the most hidden of all. The notes of the
theme are separated and scattered here and there among the four
parts. But the sixth, an adagio in 9/4 time, is simpler. The seventh,
and last, is a sort of epilogue, a series of different statements of the
theme, at first hidden in triplet runs; then emerging after a long trill, in
its simplest form, in the key of C major; then in A major with an
elaborated accompaniment; in F major, simple again; and finally
brilliantly in A major.
The following Presto in E major, alla breve, is very long, but is none
the less symmetrical and regular in structure. It is in effect a scherzo
and trio. The scherzo is in the conventional two sections, both of
which are built upon the same subject. The second section is broken
by four measures (molto poco adagio!); and there is a false start of
the theme, following these, in G-sharp minor, suddenly broken by a
hold. This recalls the effect of the very opening of the movement, a
single measure, forte, by the 'cello, as if the instrument were starting
off boldly with the principal subject. But a full measure of silence
follows, giving the impression that the 'cello had been too precipitate.
The Trio section offers at first no change of key; but a new theme is
brought forward. Later the key changes to A major, and the rhythm is
broadened. A series of isolated pizzicato notes in the various
instruments prepares the return of the Scherzo (without repeats).
The Trio follows again; and there is a coda, growing more rapid, after
the Scherzo has been repeated for the second time.
After the C-sharp minor quartet, the last quartet—in F major, opus
135—appears outwardly simple. It shares with the first of the series
simplicity and regularity of form; and is, like the quartet in E-flat
major, calm and outspoken, rather than disturbed, gloomy, or
mysterious. It is the shortest of all the last quartets.
The first movement is in perfect sonata form. The first theme (viola)
has a gently questioning sound, which one may imagine mocked by
the first violin. The second theme, in C major, is light, almost in the
manner of Haydn. The movement builds itself logically out of the
opposition of these two motives, the one a little touched with
sadness and doubt, the other confidently gay. The Scherzo which
follows needs no analysis. Two themes, not very different in
character, are at the basis. The second is presented successively in
F, G, and A, climbing thus ever higher. The climax at which it arrives
is noteworthy. The first violin is almost acrobatic in the expression of
wild humor, over an accompaniment which for fifty measures
consists of the unvaried repetition of a single figure by the other
three instruments in unison. Following this fantastical scherzo there
is a short slow movement in D-flat major full of profound but not
tragic sentiment. The short theme, flowing and restrained, undergoes
four variations; the second in C-sharp minor, rather agitated in
character; the third in the tonic key, giving the melody to the 'cello;
and the fourth disguising the theme in short phrases (first violin). To
the last movement Beethoven gave the title, Der schwer gefasste
Entschluss. Two motives which occur in it are considered, the one as
a question: Muss es sein? the other as the answer: Es muss sein.
The former is heard only in the introduction, and in the measures
before the third section of the movement. The latter is the chief
theme. Whether or not these phrases are related to external
circumstances in Beethoven’s life, the proper interpretation of them
is essentially psychological. The question represents doubt and
distrust of self. The answer to such misgivings is one of deeds, not
words, of strong-willed determination and vigorous action. Of such
the final movement of the last quartet is expressive. Such seems the
decision which Beethoven put into terms of music.
FOOTNOTES:
[70] The famous Schuppanzigh quartet met every Friday morning at the house of
Prince Lichnowsky. Ignaz Schuppanzigh (b. 1776) was leader. Lichnowsky himself
frequently played the second violin. Franz Weiss (b. 1788), the youngest member,
hardly more than a boy, played the viola. Later he became the most famous of the
viola players in Vienna. The 'cellist was Nikolaus Kraft (born 1778).
[71] Förster (1748-1823) forms an important link between Haydn and Beethoven.
[74] Only Schuppanzigh himself, and Weiss, the violist, remained of the original
four who first played Beethoven’s quartets opus 18 at the palace of Prince
Lichnowsky. The second violinist was now Karl Holz, and the 'cellist Joseph Linke.
CHAPTER XVII
THE STRING ENSEMBLE SINCE
BEETHOVEN
The general trend of development: Spohr, Cherubini, Schubert—
Mendelssohn, Schumann and Brahms, etc.—New developments:
César Franck, d’Indy, Chausson—The characteristics of the
Russian schools: Tschaikowsky, Borodine, Glazounoff and others
—Other national types: Grieg, Smetana, Dvořák—The three great
quartets since Schubert and what they represent; modern
quartets and the new quartet style: Debussy, Ravel, Schönberg—
Conclusion.
I
There is little history of the string quartet to record after the death of
Beethoven in 1827. It has undergone little or no change or
development in technique until nearly the present day. The last
quartets of Beethoven taxed the powers of the combined four
instruments to the uttermost. Such changes of form as are to be
noted in recent quartets are the adaptation of new ideas already and
first put to test in music for pianoforte, orchestra, or stage. The
growth of so-called modern systems of harmony affect the string
quartet, but did not originate in it. A tendency towards richer or fuller
scoring, towards continued use of pizzicato or other special effects,
and a few touches of new virtuosity here and there, reflect the
general interest of the century in the orchestra and its possibilities of
tone-coloring. But it is in the main true that after a study of the last
quartets of Beethoven few subsequent quartets present new
difficulties; and that, excepting only a few, the many with which we
shall have to do are the expressions of the genius of various
musicians, most of whom were more successful in other forms, or
whose qualities have been made elsewhere and otherwise more
familiar.
Less perhaps than any other form will the string quartet endure by
the sole virtue of being well written for the instruments. Take, for
example, the thirty-four quartets of Ludwig Spohr. Spohr was during
the first half of the nineteenth century the most respected musician in
Germany. He was renowned as a leader, and composer quite as
much as he was world-famous as a virtuoso. He was especially
skillful as a leader in quartet playing. He was among the first to bring
out the Beethoven quartets, opus 18, in Germany. He was under a
special engagement for three years to the rich amateur Tost in
Vienna to furnish chamber compositions. No composer ever
understood better the peculiar qualities of the string instruments;
none was ever more ambitious and at the same time more serious.
Yet excluding the violin concertos and an occasional performance of
his opera Jessonda, his music is already lost in the past. Together
with operas, masses, and symphonies, the quartets, quintets, and
quartet concertos, are rapidly being forgotten. The reason is that
Spohr was more conscientious than inspired. He stood in fear of the
commonplace. His melodies and harmonies are deliberately
chromatic, not spontaneous. Yet shy as he was of
commonplaceness in melody and harmony, he was insensitive to a
more serious commonplaceness.
But the point is that Spohr’s quartets have not lived. In neatness of
form and in treatment of the instruments they do not fall below the
greatest. They are in these respects superior to those of Schumann
for example. The weakness of them is the weakness of the man’s
whole gift for composition; and they represent no change in the art of
writing string quartets.
Ludwig Spohr.
Another man whose quartets are theoretically as good as any is
Cherubini. Of the six, that in E-flat major, written in 1814, is still
occasionally heard.
On the other hand, Schubert, a man with less skill than either Spohr
or Cherubini, has written quartets which seem likely to prove
immortal. Fifteen are published in the complete Breitkopf and Härtel
edition of Schubert’s works. Of these the first eleven may be
considered preparatory to the last four. They show, however, what is
frequently ignored in considering the life and art of Schubert—an
unremitting effort on the part of the young composer to master the
principles of musical form.
II
We may say that Schubert applied himself to the composition of
string quartets with a special devotion and ultimately with great
success; that certain qualities of his genius were suited to an
expression in this form. Mendelssohn applied himself to all branches
of music with equal facility and with evidently little preference. Most
of his chamber music for strings alone, however, belongs to the early
half of his successful career. This in the case of Mendelssohn does
not mean, as in the case of almost every other composer, that the
quartets may not be the expression of his fully-matured genius.
Mendelssohn never wrote anything better than the overture to
‘Midsummer Night’s Dream.’ This before he was twenty! But having
put his soul for once into a few quartets he passed on to other works.
There are six in all. The first, opus 12, is in E-flat major. The slow
introduction and the first allegro have all the well-known and now
often ridiculed marks of the ‘Songs Without Words’: short, regular
phrases; weak curves and feminine endings; commonplace
harmonies, monotonous repetitions, uninteresting accompaniment.
The second movement—a canzonetta—is interesting as
Mendelssohn could sometimes be in light pieces; but the andante
oozes honey again, and the final allegro is very long.
The first movement of the next quartet (in F major) likewise suggests
the quintet. The style is smoothly imitative and compact; and the
theme beginning in the fifty-seventh measure casts a shadow before.
The Andante quasi Variazioni is most carefully wrought, and is rich in
sentiment. The Scherzo which follows—in C minor—is syncopated
throughout. The final allegro suggests the last movement of the B-
flat major symphony, the joyous Spring symphony written not long
before.
The last quartet (in A) may rank with the finest of his compositions.
Whether or not in theory the style is pianistic, the effect is rich and
sonorous. The syncopations are sometimes baffling, especially in the
last movement; but on the whole this quartet presents the essence of
Schumann’s genius in most ingratiating and appealing form. The
structure is free, reminding one in some ways of the D minor
symphony. But there is no rambling. The whole work is intense.
There is an economy of mood and of thematic material. One phrase
dominates the first movement; the Assai agitato is a series of terse
variations. There is a sustained Adagio in D major; and then a
vigorous finale in free rondo form, the chief theme of which is
undoubtedly related to the chief theme of the first movement.
The first sextet, in B-flat major, has won more popular favor than
many other works by the same composer. The addition of two
instruments to the regular four brought with it the same sort of
problems which were mentioned in connection with Mozart’s
quintets: i.e., the avoidance of thickness in the scoring. The group of
six instruments is virtually a string orchestra; but the sextets of
Brahms are finely drawn, quite in the manner of a string quartet.
Especially in this first sextet have the various instruments a like
importance and independence.
The first theme of the first movement (cello) is wholly melodious. The
second theme, regularly brought forward in F major, is yet another
melody, and again is announced by the violoncello. A passage of
twenty-eight measures, over a pedal point on C, follows. This closes
the first section. The development is, as might be expected, full of
intricacies. The return of the first theme is brilliantly prepared,
beginning with announcing phrases in the low registers, swelling to a
powerful and complete statement in which the two violins join. The
second movement is a theme and variations in D minor. The theme
is shared alternately by first viola and first violin. The variations are
brilliant and daring, suggesting not a little the pianoforte variations on
a theme of Paganini’s. There is a Scherzo and Trio. The main motive
of the Scherzo serves as an accompaniment figure in the Trio; and
the Trio is noteworthy for being entirely fortissimo. The last
movement is a Rondo.
In these sextets and in the three quartets, written many years later,
we have the classical model faithfully reproduced. The separate
parts are handled with unfailing polyphonic skill; there is the special
refinement of expression which, hard to define, is unmistakable in a
work that is properly a string quartet.
Opus 51, No. 1, is in C minor. The first theme is given out at once by
the first violin; a theme characteristic of Brahms, of long phrases and
a certain swinging power. Within the broadly curving line there are
impatient breaks; and the effect of the whole is one of restlessness
and agitation. This is especially noticeable when, after a contrasting
section, the theme is repeated by viola and cello under an agitated
accompaniment, and leads to sharp accents. There is no little
resemblance between this theme and Brahms’ treatment of it, and
the theme of the first movement of the C minor symphony,
completed not long before. There is throughout this movement the
rhythm, like the sweep of angry waves, which tosses in the first
movement of the symphony; an agitation which the second theme
(B-flat major, first violin) cannot calm, which only momentarily—as
just after the second theme, here, and in the third section of the
movement—is subdued.