%d;whk; mj;jpahak;

Ma;T Kiwapay;

mwpKfk;

mjpgu;fspd; jiyikj;Jt jpwd;fs; ,ilepiy tFg;G khztu;fspd; tpQ;Qhd ghl

fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; nra;Kiwapid Nkk;gLj;Jtjw;fhf mjpgu;fs; ifahSk;
cj;jpfis kjpg;gpLjy; vd;gJ ,t;tha;tpd; gpujhd Nehf;fkhf mike;Js;sJ. ,t;
mj;jpahakhdJ Ma;T tbtk;> Ma;T Fbj;njhifAk; khjpupnaLg;Gk;> jfty;
Nrfupf;Fk; fUtpfs;> jfty; gFg;gha;T Kiwfs; njhlu;ghf tpupthf Muha;fpd;wJ.

,ilepiy khztu;fspd; tpQ;Qhd ghl fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jiy Nkk;gLj;j jiyikJt

jpwd;fs; nfhz;l mjpgu;fs; ifahSk; cf;jpfs;> fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; njhlu;ghf
Mrpupau;fs;> khztu;fs; nfhz;Ls;s kdg;ghq;Ffs;> jilahd fhuzpfs;> tpQ;Qhd
ghl fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jiy Nkk;gLj;j mjpgu;fspd; jiyikj;Jt jpwd;fis tpUj;jp
nra;tjw;fhd cghaq;fs;> El;gq;fs; Nghd;w tplaq;fis mwptjhf ,t;tha;T
mikfpd;wJ. mstPl;L Ma;T Kiwapdhy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk; ,t;tha;tpy; fpz;zpah
fy;tp tyaj;Jf;Fl;gl;l %d;W fy;tp Nfhl;lq;fspy; fhzg;gLfpd;w 5 1AB> 17
1C ghlrhiyfspd; mjpgu;fs;> Mrpupau;fs;> khztu;fs; ,izj;Jf; nfhs;sg;gl;ldu;.
tpdh nfhj;J> Neu;fhzy;> Mtzq;fs; vd;gtw;wpd; %ykhf jfty;fs; jpul;lg;gl;L
mit rjtPjk;> tpfpjk; tiuglq;fs; ml;ltizfs; %ykhf gFg;gha;Tf;F
cl;gLj;jg;gl;ld.

Ma;tpd; Nehf;fk;

gpujhd Nehf;fk;

,ilepiy khztu;fspd; tpQ;Qhd ghl fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jiy Nkk;gLj;Jtjpy;

mjpgu;fspd; jiyikj;Jt jpwd;fis kjpg;gpLjYk;> Nkk;gLj;Jtjw;fhd
El;gq;fis>cf;jpfis tpje;Jiuj;jYk;.

1
cg Nehf;fq;fs;

1. ,ilepiy khztu;fspd; tpQ;Qhd ghl fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jiy Nkk;gLj;j

mjpgu;fsplk; fhzg;gLk; jiyikj;Jt jpwd;fs; gw;wpa Mrpupau;fspd;
vjpu;ghu;f;if.
2. ,ilepiy khztu;fspd; tpQ;Qhd ghl fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jiy Nkk;gLj;Jtjpy;
cs;s jilfis ,dq;fhZjy;.
3. ,ilepiy khztu;fspd; tpQ;Qhd ghl fw;wy; fw;gpj;jiy
Nkk;gLj;Jtjw;fhd El;gq;fs;> cghaq;fis tpije;Jiuj;jy;.

Ma;T tbtk;

fpz;zpah tyaj;jpy; fhzg;gLfpd;w 1AB>1C ghlrhiyfspy; cs;s ,ilepiy

tFg;G khztu;fspd; tpQ;Qhdg; ghl fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jiy Nkk;gLj;j ghlrhiy
mjpgu;fspd; jiyikj;Jt jpwd;fs; vt;thW fhzg;gLfpd;wJ vd;gjid kjpg;gpLjy;
vDk; ,e;j Ma;tpd; tbtkhf tpguz mstPl;L Ma;T Kiw fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.
tpguz Ma;T KiwahdJ xU tplak; njhlu;ghd fle;j fhy fUj;Jf;fs;> mtw;wpd;
jw;fhy Nghf;F> fle;j fhy epiyikfs;> rkfhyj;jpy; vt;thW nry;thf;F
nrYj;Jfpd;wJ Nghd;wtw;iw njspTgLj;Jfpd;wJ. vd(Khan 2006) Fwpg;gpLtNjhL
mstPl;L Ma;thdJ tpiuthd Ma;T gpur;ridfis nfhz;ljhf fhzg;gLk;.
rpwg;ghd jpl;lkply;> ftdkhd gFg;gha;T Nghd;wtw;wpd; %ykhf ju;f;f uPjpahf
jPu;Tfis Kd;itg;gNj tpguz msit Ma;T KiwahFk; vdf; Fwpg;gpLfpd;whu;.

,jw;Nfw;g fpz;zpah fy;tp tyaj;jpy; fhzg;gLk; %d;W fy;tp Nfhl;lq;fspy; cs;s

1AB>1C ghlrhiyfspd; mjpgu;fs;> Mrpupau;fs;> khztu;fs; Nghd;Nwhu;fsplk;
,Ue;J jfty;fisg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;sg;gl;L mtw;wpid gFg;gha;T nra;J fpz;zpah
tyaj;jpy; fhzg;gLfpd;w ghlrhiyfspd; ,ilepiy tFg;Gfspd; tpQ;Qhd ghl
fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jiy Nkk;gLj;Jtjpy; mjpgu;fspd; jiyikj;Jt jpwd;fspd;
Kf;fpaj;Jtj;jpid kjpg;gpLtjw;F tptuz mstPl;L Ma;T KiwNa nghUj;jkhdJ
vd Ma;thsupdhy; ,t;tha;T Kiw gad;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.

2
Fbj;jifAk; khjpup vLg;Gk;

fpz;zpah fy;tp tyaj;Jf;F nkhj;jkhf %d;W fy;tpf; Nfhl;lq;fs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.

,jpy; 1AB> 1C> type 1> type 11> type 111 ghlrhiyfSk; cs;sd. Fwpj;j
,t;tha;tpd; ,yf;F Fbahf Fwpj;j fy;tpf; Nfhl;lj;jpy; fhzg;gLfpd;w 1AB> 1C
ghlrhiyfis Kfhik nra;fpd;w mjpgu;fs;> ,ilepiy tFg;gpw;F tpQ;Qhd ghlk;
fw;gpf;Fk; Mrpupau;fs;> ,ilepiy tFg;G fy;tp fw;Fk; khztu;fs;
cs;slf;fg;gLfpd;wdu;.

fpz;zpah fy;tp Nfhl;lq;fSf;F cl;gl;l ghlrhiyfspd; tpguq;fs; fPNo

ml;ltizapy; fhl;lg;gLfpd;wJ.

ml;ltiz 3.1 fpz;zpah fy;tp tya ghlrhiyfs;

ghy;uPjpahf

ghlrhiy Mz; ngz fytd; nkhj;jk;

1AB 2 1 2 5

1C 11 5 1 17
Tif II - - 18 18

Tif III - - 22 22

nkhj;jk; 13 6 43 72

%yk; fpz;zpah tya fy;tp fhupahyak;

ml;ltizapd; gb fpz;zpah tyaj;jpy; nkhj;jkhf 72 ghlrhiyfs; cs;sd. ,jpy;

Ma;T Fbj;njhifAld; fhzg;gLfpd;w 1AB>1C ghlrhiyapy; Fbj;njhifahf
nfhs;sg;gLfpd;wd. ,e;j Ma;T Fwpj;njhifapy; ,Ue;J xU Fwpj;j
vz;zpf;ifapyhNdhiu njupT nra;tjdhy; Vw;gLk; Ma;Tf;FO Ma;T khjpup
vdg;gLk;. Ma;Tf;Fb njhifapd; midj;J cWg;gpdu;fisAk; cl;gLj;j
KbAkhd re;ju;g;gj;jpy; khjpup vLj;jy; ,lk; ngWk;. ,e;j Ma;tpd; khjpupahf njupT
nra;ag;gl;l ghlrhiyfspd; mjpgu;fs; Mrpupau;fs; khztu;fs; MfpNahu; cs;sdu;.

3
ghlrhiyfspd; njupT

fpz;zpah fy;tptyaj;jpy; cs;s fy;tp Nfhl;lq;fspy; fhzg;gLk; 1AB> 1C

ghlrhiyfs; Ma;tpd; khjpupfshf njupT nra;ag;gl;ld. fhuzk; ,t;thA
ghlrhiyia Kfhik nra;fpd;w mjpgu;fspd; jiyikj;Jt jpwd;fs; vt;thW
,ilepiy khztu;fspd; tpQ;Qhd ghlj;ij tpUj;jp nra;tjw;fhf Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk;
cgha El;gq;fis kjpg;gpLtjw;F nghUj;jkhdjhf ,e;jg; ghlrhiyfNs
khjpupfshf njupT nra;ag;gl;ld. njuptpid fPo;tUk; ml;ltiz fhl;Lfpd;wJ.

ml;ltiz 3.2 ghlrhiyfspd; njupT

ghy;uPjpahf khjpup

ghlrhiy Mz; ngz fytd; nkhj;jk; Mz; ngz fytd; nkhj;jk

1AB 2 1 2 5 2 1 2 5

1C 11 5 1 17 11 5 1 17

Tif II - - 18 18 - - - -

Tif III - - 22 22 - - - -

nkhj;jk; 13 6 43 72 - - - 23

%yk :; Ma;T

njupT nra;ag;gl;l 22 ghlrhiyapy; cs;s mjpgu;fSk; khjpupfshf

nfhs;sg;gLfpd;wdu;. Mrpupau;fspd; njupthdJ Nehf;fk; fUjpa khjpup vLg;G
Kiwahf mikfpd;wJ. ,yFthf jfty;fis Nrfupg;gjw;fhfNt ,t; khjpup Kiw
njupT nra;ag;gl;lJ. khztu;fspd; njupthdJ. Kiwik rhu; vOe;jkhd khjpup
vLg;G Kiw mikfpd;wJ. ,ilepiy tFg;gpy; fy;tp fw;Fk; khztu;fspd; gl;baypy;
,Ue;J xt;nthU ghlrhiyfspYk; xU egUk; njupT nra;ag;gl;ld. khztu;fspd;
vz;zpf;if mjpfkhf ,Ue;jjhy; ,t; khjpup vLg;G Kiw njupT nra;ag;gl;lJ.
khjpupahf nfhy;yg;gl;l Mrpupaupd; taJ mbg;gilapyhd tptuj;jpid fPo;tUk;
ml;ltiz fhl;Lfpd;wJ.

4
ml;ltiz 3.3 mjpgu; , Mrpupau;, khztu;fs; njupT

ghlrhiy tif mjpgu; Mrpupau; khztu;fs;

A 1AB 1 1 2

B 1AB 1 1 2

C 1AB 1 1 2

D 1C 1 1 2

E 1C 1 1 2

F 1C 1 1 2

G 1C 1 1 2

H 1C 1 1 2

I 1C 1 1 2

J 1C 1 1 2

K 1C 1 1 2

L 1C 1 1 2

M 1C 1 1 2

N 1C 1 1 2

O 1C 1 1 2

P 1AB 1 1 2

Q 1AB 1 1 2

R 1C 1 1 2

S 1C 1 1 2

T 1C 1 1 2

U 1C 1 1 2

V 1C 1 1 2
nkhj;jk; - 22 22 44

%yk :; Ma;T

5
mjpgu;> Mrpupau;> khztu;fs; njupT ,e;j Ma;tpy; nkhj;jkhf 23 ghlrhiyfs;
Ma;tpd; khjpupfshf njupT nra;ag;gl;ld. ,jpy; cs;s mjpgu;fs;> Mrpupau;fs;>
khztu;fs; njuptpid gpd;tUk; tifapy; ml;ltizg;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ.

njupT nra;ag;gl;l 22 ghlrhiyapy; cs;s mjpgu;fSk; khjpupfshf

nfhs;sg;gLfpd;wdu;. Mrpupau;fspd; njupthdJ Nehf;fk; fUjpa khjpup vLg;G
Kiwahf mikfpd;wJ. ,yFthf jfty;fis Nrfupg;gjw;fhfNt ,t; khjpup Kiw
njupT nra;ag;gl;lJ. khztu;fspd; njupthdJ. Kiwik rhu; vOe;jkhd khjpup
vLg;G Kiw mikfpd;wJ. ,ilepiy tFg;gpy; fy;tp fw;Fk; khztu;fspd; gl;baypy;
,Ue;J xt;nthU ghlrhiyfspYk; xU egUk; njupT nra;ag;gl;ld. khztu;fspd;
vz;zpf;if mjpfkhf ,Ue;jjhy; ,t; khjpup vLg;G Kiw njupT nra;ag;gl;lJ.
khjpupahf nfhy;yg;gl;l taJ mjpgu;fspd; mbg;gilapyhd tptuj;jpid fPo;tUk;
ml;ltiz fhl;Lfpd;wJ.

ml;ltiz 3.4 taJ mbg;gilapy; Mrpupau;fspd; njupT

taJ mjpgu;fspd; vz;zpf;if

20-30 -

30-40 2

40-50 8

50 ,w;FNky; 12

%yk :; Ma;T

ml;ltizapy; Fwpg;gplg;gLtjw;F mikthf njupT nra;ag;gl;l mjpgu;fspd; taJ

mbg;gilapy; Nehf;Fk;NghJ 20 njhlf;fk; 30 tajpw;Fl;gl;Nlhu vtUk; ,y;iy;>
30f;F Nkw;gl;l taJ mbg;gilapy; Mrpupau;fs; gutyhf njupT nra;ag;gl;L Ma;tpy;
,izj;Jf; nfhs;sg;gl;ldu;.

6
juT Nrfupg;G fUtpfs;

,ilepiy tpQ;Qhd ghl fw;gpj;jiy Nkk;gLj;jypy; jiyikj;Jt jpwd;fs; nfhz;l

mjpgu;fspy; fhzg;gLfpd;w <Lghl;bid kjpg;gPL nra;tjw;F Njitahd jfty;fis
Nrfupg;gjw;fhf Ma;thsu; gpd;tUk; Kf;fpa fUtpfs; gad;gLj;jg;gl;ld.

1. tpdh nfhj;J - mjpgu;

2. Neu;fhzy; - Mrpupau;fs;> khztu;fs;.
3. Mtzq;fs; - tya fy;tpapy; ghlrhiy njhlu;ghd mwpf;if.

,t;thW mjpgu;fs;> Mrpupau;fs;> khztu;fsplkpUe;J Ma;Tf;Fj; Njitahd

jfty;fs; ngWtjw;F KbT nra;ag;gl;lJ. ,jw;F mikthf mjpgu;fsplk; tpdh
nfhj;jhfTk; Mrpupau;fs; khztu;fsplk; Neu;fhzy; %ykhfTk; jfty;fs;
jpul;lg;gl;L Ma;tpid Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;lJ. jpul;lg;gl;l Kiw ml;ltizapy;
fhl;lg;gLfpd;wJ.

ml;ltiz 3.5 juT Nrfupg;G fUtpfs;

Ma;T Nehf;fk; mjpgu; Mrpupau; khztu;fs; Mtzq;fs;

mjpgu;fsplk; fhzg;gLk;
jiyikj;Jt jpwdfs;
gq;fspg;Gnjhlu;ghd
mjpgu;fs;>Mrpupau;fs;>khztu;fs; _
kdg;ghq;F
,ilepiy khztu;fspd;
tpQ;Qhd ghl fw;wy; -
fw;gpj;jiy Nkk;gLj;j mjpgUf;F _
jilahf cs;s fhuzpfs;

%yk :; Ma;T

njupT nra;ag;gl;l Ma;T tpdhf;fSf;F xd;Wf;F Nkw;gl;l fUtpfs; %ykhf

juTfs; jpul;lg;gl;ld. mjpgu;fsplk; fhzg;gl Ntz;ba 21 Mk; E}w;whz;L
jiyikj;Jt jpwd;fs;> mjpgfs;> Mrpupau;fs;> khztu;fs; MfpNahuplk; ,Ue;J
jpul;lg;gl;l jfty;fs;> mtu;fspd; kdepiy> kw;Wk; ,ilepiy khztu;fspd;
tpQ;Qhd ghl fw;wy; fw;gpj;jiy Nkk;gLj;j jilahf cs;s fhuzpfs;
Nghd;wtw;wpid mwptjw;F Mtzq;fs; gad;gLj;jg;gltpy;iy.

7
tpdh nfhj;J

tpdhf;nfhj;jpd; tsu;r;rp fl;lq;fs;

jiyikj;Jt jpwd;fs; nfhz;l ghlrhiy mjpgu;fs; ,ilepiy khztu;fspd;

tpQ;Qhd ghl fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jiy tpUj;jp nra;tjw;fhf ifahYk; cj;jpfis
kjpg;gPL nra;tjw;Fupa jfty;fis Mrpupau;fsplkpUe;J ngw jPu;khdpf;fg;gl;lJ.
khjpupfshf 23 Mrpupau;fs; ,q;F jftyhspfshf fhzg;gLfpd;wdu;. xt;nthU
MrpupauplkpUe;J jfty;fis jpul;Ltjw;fhf ,t; tpdhf;nfhj;J mike;jpUe;jJ.
,t;tpdhf;fj;jpid jahupf;Fk; NghJ Kjypy; Mrpupau;fsplkpUe;J vd;ndd;d
jfty;fs; ngWjy; Ntz;Lk; vd;W jPu;khdpf;fg;gl;lJ. mit Kiwahf
ml;ltizg;gLj;jg;gl;L guprPyidf;F cl;gLj;jg;gl;lJld; Njitahd tplaq;fs;
NkYk; Nru;j;Jf; nfhs;sg;gl;L Njitaw;w tplaq;fs; ePf;fg;gl;lJ. ,jd; gpd;du;
Vida jpUj;jq;fs; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;ld.

Mrpupau;fSf;fhd tpdhf;fj;jpy; Mrpupau;fspd; Nrit fhyk;> mDg;gTk;> gapw;rp>

mjpgupd; jiyikj;Jt jpwd;fs;> mjpgu; Mrpupau; cwT> ,ilepiy khztu;fspd;
tpQ;Qhd ghl tpUj;jpf;F mjpgu; ifahSk; cf;jp> mjw;fhf Mrpupau;fis
topg;gLj;Jk; tpjk;> khztu;fspd; kdg;ghq;F> khztu;fis ntspg;gLj;Jk; tpjk;
,ilepiy khztu;fspd; tpQ;Qhd ghl tpUj;jpf;F jilahf cs;s fhuzpfs;
tpUj;jp nra;a Nkw;nfhs;Sk; cghaq;fs; gw;wpa gy;NtW jfty;fis mwpe;J
nfhs;sf;$ba tifapy; tpdhf;fs; jahupf;fg;gl;ld. ,t; tpdhf;fs; jahupf;fg;gLk;
NghJ gy;NtW tifahd tpdhf;fs; ftzj;jpy; nfhs;sg;gl;ld. mit rupahd
tpilfis(√) vdTk; milahsk; %yk; njupT nra;Ak; tiuapyhd tpdhf;fSf;F
Kd;Dupik mbg;gilapy; tpilfis tupirg;gLj;j $ba tpdhf;fshfTk;
mike;jpUe;jd.

Kiwapy; jahupf;fg;gl;l tpdhf;fs; kaf;fkw;w njspthd nkhop gpuNahfj;jpYk;

mike;jpUe;jNjhL> tpdhf;fs; jahupf;fg;gLk; NghJ Ma;Tf;F nghUj;jkhd
jfty;fis toq;Ffpd;w jd;ik kw;Wk; Mrpupau; mwpT kl;lj;jpw;F Vw;g ,Uf;fpd;w
jd;ik vd;gd ftzj;jpw; nfhs;sg;gl;ld.

mjd; gpd;du; tpdhf;fs; Kiwahf xOq;FgLj;jg;gl;Ls;sjh vd;W

mtjhdpf;fg;gl;lJ. tpil vOJtjw;F toq;fg;gl;l mwpTj;jy;fis Mrpupau;fs;
njspthf tpsq;fpf; nfhs;sf; $ba tifapy; cs;sjh vd mtu;fs; kdf; ftiyf;F

8
cl;glhkYk; tpil juf;$bajhf cs;sjh vd;Wk; guprPypid nra;ag;gl;lJ. ,t;
tpdhf;fj;J Ma;thsupd; ghlrhiyahd fpz;zpah tyaj;jpy; cs;s fy;tp
Nfhl;lj;jpw;F cl;gl;l 5 1AB> 17 1C ghlrhiyfspYk; fw;gpf;Fk; tpQ;Qhd ghl
Mrpupau;fSf;F Kd;Ndhb Ma;tpw;fhf toq;fg;gl;lJ. gpd; tpku;rdq;fisAk;>
fUj;Jf;fisAk; vLj;Jf;nfhz;L tpdh nfhj;J kPz;Lk; kWrPyikf;fg;gl;L ,Wjpj;
jfty; Nrfupg;G jahupf;fg;gl;lJ.

tpdhnfhj;J mikg;G

mjpgu;fSf;fhd tpdhf;fj;jhdJ gy gFjpfshf nfhz;ljhfTk; mike;jpUe;jJ.

,jpy; Kjyhk; gFjp mjpgu;fspd; Ra tpguq;fis mwptjhf ,Ue;jJ. ,jpy; mtuJ
fy;tpj; jfik> njhopy; mDgtk;> jd;ik> ghy;> Nrit fhyk; Nghd;wtw;iw
mwpaf;$bajhf Ie;J tpdhf;fs; tbtikf;fg;gl;ld. ,uz;lhk; gFjp
mjpgu;fspdJk;> Mrpupau;fp dJk; kdg;ghq;fpid mwptjhfTk; ,Ue;jd. ,jpy; 5
tpdhf;fs; cl;gl;bUe;jd. %d;whk; gFjpapy; Mrpupau;fs; khztu;fspd;
vjpu;ghu;f;iffs; vt;thW mike;jpUe;jd vd;gij mwptjhf MW tpdhf;fSk;
mike;J ,Ue;jd. ehd;fhtJ gFjp ,ilepiy khztu;fspd; tpQ;Qhd ghl
tpUj;jpf;F jilahf cs;s fhuzpfs; gw;wp mwptjhf mikfpd;wJ. ,g;gFjpapy;
MW tpdhf;fs; cl;gl;bUe;jd. ,t;thW gy gFjpfs; nfhz;ljhf mjpgu;fSf;fhd
tpdh nfhj;J mike;jpUe;jd.

,e;j tpdhf;fj;jpy; fhzg;gLfpd;w tpdhf;fs; ,jw;F Kjy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l

nghUj;jkhd Ma;Tfspy; cs;s tpdhf;fspd; khjpupfis xj;jjhf jahupf;fg;gl;lJ.
ghlrhiyapd; juTfs; njhlu;ghfTk; nghUj;jkhd Ma;tpy; gad;gLj;jg;gl;l
tpdhf;fspid xj;jjhf mikf;fg;gl;lJ. NkYk; Vida tpdhf;fs; midj;Jk;
Ma;tpd; Njit fUjp Ma;thsupdhy; jahupf;fg;gl;lJ.

tpdhf;nfhj;jpd; epu;thfk;

Mrpupau;fs;> mjpgu;fsplkpUe;J jfty;fis jpul;Lk; Nehf;fj;ij nfhz;L mtu;fspd;

mDkjpiag; ngw;Wf; nfhz;L tpdhf;nfhj;jpy; jfty;fis jpul;Ltjd; Nehf;fk;
njspTgLj;jg;gl;lJld; jfty;fs; Ma;Tf;F khj;jpuk; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; vd;Wk;
jfty;fis ,ufrpakhf Ngzp ghJfhf;fg;gLk; vDk; cj;juthjKk; jfty;fs;
ngw;wtu;fsplk; toq;fg;gl;lNjhL> mjpgu;>Mrpupau;f;Sf;fhd tpdh nfhj;Jf;fs;
toq;fg;gl;L Fwpg;gpl;l Neuj;jpy; mit kPz;Lk; ngwg;gl;ld. ahUf;Fk; $Ljyhd
fhy mtfhrk; toq;fg;gltpy;iy.

9
tpdhf;fj;jpy; cs;s tpdhf;fs; gpd;tUk; gz;Gfis ntspg;gLj;Jtjhf
mike;jpUe;jJ. "kpfTk; jpUg;jpfukhdJ" XusT jpUg;jpukhdJ" jpUg;jp ,y;iy"
Kw;wpYk; jpUg;jp ,y;iy" vd;w tifapYk; tpilfs; mike;jpUe;jd.

Neu;fhzy; ml;ltiz
,e;j Ma;Tf;fhd jfty;fis jpul;Ltjw;fhf Neu;fhzy; ml;ltizAk; fUtpahf
rup nra;ag;gl;L gpd;tUk; rhuhUld; Neu;fhzy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;lJ.
 mjpgu;fs;
 Mrpupau;fs;
 khztu;fs;

,jw;F Kd;du; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;bUe;j Ma;Tfspy; ,Ue;J Neu;fhzy;

ml;ltizfis khjpupahf nfhz;L Ma;Tf;fhd Neu;fhzy; ml;ltiz
cUthf;fg;gl;lJ. jpwe;j tpdhf;fs; Nfl;fg;gl;lJld; tpilfs; xyp gjpg;G ehlh %yk;
gjpT nra;ag;gl;ld. Neu;fhzy; tpdhf;fis fpz;zpah tyaj;jpy; cs;s %d;W
Nfhl;lq;fspy; fhz;g;gLk; 5 1AB ghlrhiyfspd; mjpgu;> Mrpupau;fs;>
khztu;fSf;F toq;fg;gl;L tpdhf;fs; jpUj;jp mikf;fg;gl;lJ.

mjpgu;fSf;fhd Neu;fhzy; %yk; mjpgu;fspd; mDgtk;> Nrit> fw;wy; fw;gpj;y;

nraw;ghl;by; khztu;fisAk;> Mrpupau;fisAk; tpLgl itf;Fk; jpwd;> kw;Wk;
gy;NtW Gjpa El;gq;fis fw;g;gpg;gjpy; <LgLj;j Mrpupau;fs; cUthf;Fk; Mw;wy;
njhlu;ghd tplaq;fis mwpaf;$ba tifapy; tpdhf;fs; rpwe;j mikg;Gf;F mikg;G
nfhz;ljhf cUthf;fg;gl;lJ.
( gpd; ,izg;ig ghu;f;f)

Mrpupau;fSf;fhd Neu;fhzy; ml;ltiz MdJ mtu;fsJ fw;gpj;jy; nray;ghL>

Mrpupaupd; fw;gpj;jiy tpUj;jp nra;J nfhs;Sk; tpjk;> khztu;fspd; fy;tpapy;
mtu;fs; nfhz;Ls;s mf;fiw> mjpgu;fSld; Vw;gLk; tpjk;> fhyj;jpw;F Vw;g jk;ik
khw;Wk; kdg;ghq;Ffs; njhlu;ghd tplaq;fis mwptjhf mikapd;wJ.
(gpd;dpizg;ig ghu;f;Ff.)

khztu;fspd; Neu;fhzy; %ykhf khztu;fspd; fw;wypy; <LghL> fw;wYf;fhd

tPl;Lr; R+oy;> khztu;fspd; fw;wy
; py; cs;s Mu;tk; Nghd;w tplaq;fis mwpaf;
$bathW tpdhf;fs; jpwe;j mikg;Gilajhf cUthf;fg;gl;ld.
(gpd; ,izg;G ghu;f;f)

10
Neu;fhzy; ml;ltizapd;

epu;thfk;

,e;j Ma;tpw;fhf njupT nra;ag;gl;l ghlrhiyfspd; mjpgu;fs;> Mrpupau;fs;>

khztu;fsplk; Ma;tpd; Nehf;fk;> toq;Fk; jfty;fspd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; vd;gtw;iw
njspthf vLj;Jf; $wp mtu;fspd; Neu;fhzYf;fhd Neuk;> rk;kjk;> jpfjp Nghd;w
tplaq;fs; jPu;khdpf;fg;gl;ld. Neu;fhzypd;NghJ ngwg;gLfpd;w jfty;fs; Kiwahf
gjpT nra;tjw;fhf jfty; Mzpapd; mDkjpAld; xypg;gjpT nra;ag;gl;lJ.
jahupf;fg;gl;l jfty;fs; Vida mjpgu;fs;> Mrpupau;fs;> khztu;fs; Nghd;Nwhu;fspd;
jfty;fSld; xg;gpl;Lg; ghu;f;ff; $bajhf ,Ue;jJ.

mjpgu;fs;> Mrpupau;fs;> khztu;fs; Nghd;nwhUldhd Neu;fhzy; jdpg;gl;l Kiwapy;

Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;ld.
,jw;fhd cjtpfs; ghlrhiy mjpgu;fs;> Mrpupau;fs; %yk; ngwg;gl;lJ. ,e;j
Neu;fhzypd;NghJ el;G Kiwahd mZFKiwfs; gad;gLj;jg;gl;lJ. rpy
ghlrhiyfspy; ,e;j Neu;fhzy; ml;ltiz Kjw;nrhjidapd; NghJ
tpku;rdq;fisAk;> fUj;Jf;fisAk; vLj;Jf;nfhz;L Neu;fhzy; ml;ltiz kPz;Lk;
kWrPyikf;fg;gl;L ,Wjp jfty; Nrfupg;Gf;F gad;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.

Mtzq;fs;

,t;tha;tpy; mjpgu;fs; jiyikj;Jt jpwd;fis tpUj;jp nra;J nfhz;L ,ilepiy

khztu;fspd; tpQ;Qhd ghl tpUj;jpia Vw;gLj;Jk; tifapy; mjpgu;fs;> Mrpupau;fs;
nrayhw;Wfpd;w tplaq;fs; njhlu;ghf ghlrhiyfspy; Ngzg;gLfpd;w Mtzq;fs;
jfty; jpul;l gad;gLj;jg;gl;ld. ,tw;wpd; %ykhf ,ilepiy khztu;fspd;
tpQ;Qhd ghl tpUj;jpapy; mjpgu;fs;> Mrpupau;fs; Nkw;nfhz;l tplaq;fs; njhlu;ghd
jfty;fis jpul;l $bajhf ,Ue;jJ.

jfty; gFg;gha;T

fpz;zpah fy;tp tyaj;jpy; fhzg;gLfpd;w %d;W fy;tpf; Nfhl;lq;fspy; fhzg;gLk;

1AB> 1Cg ghlrhiyfspy; ,ilepiy khztu;fspd; tpQ;Qhd fw;wy; fw;gpj;jy;
nray; Kiwia Nkk;gLj;Jtjw;fhf jiyikJt jpwd;fs; nfhz;l mjpgu;fspd;
<Lghl;bd; nry;thf;fpd; kPjhd ,t;tha;T tpgud uPjpahd Xu; Ma;thfNt
fUjg;gLfpd;wJ. ,e;j Ma;tpd; Gs;spfis mstpLjy;> fzf;fply;> tptupj;jy;>
ml;ltiz gLj;jy; Nghd;w nraw;ghLfs; %yk; ngwg;gl;l jfty;fis gFg;gha;T
nra;J jPu;Tfis Kd;itf;f jpl;lkplg;gl;lJ.

11
tpguz mstPl;L Ma;T Kiwapy; jfty;fis ,yFthfTk;> RUf;fkhfTk;
Kd;itg;gjd; Clhf jfty; gFg;gha;T nra;af; $bajhf ,Ue;jJ. tpdhf;nfhj;J>
Neu;fhzy; %ykhf ngwg;gl;l jfty;fspd; rjtPjk;> tpfpjk;> tiuGfs;>
ml;ltizfs; %ykhf gFg;gha;Tf;F cl;gLj;jg;gl;ld. ,q;F mjpgu;fs;>
Mrpupau;fspd; 21 Mk; E}w;whz;L jpwd;fs;> Nrit fhyk;> tpj;jfik> ,ilepiy
khztu;fspd; tpQ;Qhd ghl mil tpw;F jilahf cs;s fhuzpfs;> khztu;fspd;
fw;wy; <LghL> kdg;ghq;F> vjpu;ghu;g;Gfs; Nghd;wd gz;G uPjpahf gFg;gha;
nra;ag;gl;ld.

12